Im the Guy They Called

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U.S. Supreme Court

UNITED STATES v. NIXON, 418 U.S. 683 (1974)

418 U.S. 683

UNITED STATES v. NIXON, PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES, ET AL.

CERTIORARI BEFORE JUD!ENT TO THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE

DISTRICT OF COLU!BIA CIRCUIT.

N". 73#1766.

A$%&' J&* 8, 1974.

D'+' J&* -4, 1974.

[ Footnote * ] Together with No. 73-1834, Nixon, re!i"ent o# the Unite" St$te! %. Unite" St$te!, $&!o

on 'ertior$ri (e#ore )u"gment to the !$me 'ourt.

Fo&&owing in"i'tment $&&eging %io&$tion o# #e"er$& !t$tute! ( 'ert$in !t$## mem(er! o# the +hite ou!e

$n" po&iti'$& !upporter! o# the re!i"ent, the Spe'i$& ro!e'utor #i&e" $ motion un"er Fe". u&e Crim.

ro'. 17 '/ #or $ !u(poen$ "u'e! te'um #or the pro"u'tion (e#ore tri$& o# 'ert$in t$pe! $n"

"o'ument! re&$ting to pre'i!e& i"enti#ie" 'on%er!$tion! $n" meeting! (etween the re!i"ent $n"

other!. The re!i"ent, '&$iming exe'uti%e pri%i&ege, #i&e" $ motion to 0u$!h the !u(poen$. The i!tri't

Court, $#ter tre$ting the !u(poen$e" m$teri$& $! pre!umpti%e& pri%i&ege", 'on'&u"e" th$t the Spe'i$&

ro!e'utor h$" m$"e $ !u##i'ient !howing to re(ut the pre!umption $n" th$t the re0uirement! o# u&e

17 '/ h$" (een !$ti!#ie". The 'ourt there$#ter i!!ue" $n or"er #or $n in '$mer$ ex$min$tion o# the

!u(poen$e" m$teri$&, h$%ing re)e'te" the re!i"ent2! 'ontention! $/ th$t the "i!pute (etween him

$n" the Spe'i$& ro!e'utor w$! non)u!ti'i$(&e $! $n intr$-exe'uti%e 'on#&i't $n" (/ th$t the )u"i'i$r&$'e" $uthorit to re%iew the re!i"ent2! $!!ertion o# exe'uti%e pri%i&ege. The 'ourt !t$e" it! or"er

pen"ing $ppe&&$te re%iew, whi'h the re!i"ent then !ought in the Court o# 5ppe$&!. The Spe'i$&

ro!e'utor then #i&e" in thi! Court $ petition #or $ writ o# 'ertior$ri (e#ore )u"gment No. 73-1766/ $n"

the re!i"ent #i&e" $ 'ro!!-petition #or !u'h $ writ 'h$&&enging the gr$n"-)ur $'tion No. 73-1834/. The

Court gr$nte" (oth petition!. e&"

1. The i!tri't Court2! or"er w$! $ppe$&$(&e $! $ #in$& or"er un"er 8 U.S.C. 191, w$! there#ore

proper& in the Court o# 5ppe$&!, 8 U.S.C. 1:4, when the petition #or 'ertior$ri (e#ore )u"gment

w$! #i&e" in thi! Court, $n" i! now proper& (e#ore thi! Court #or re%iew. 5&though !u'h $n or"er i!

norm$&& not #in$& $n" !u()e't to $ppe$&, $n ex'eption i! m$"e in $ &imite" '&$!! o# [418 U.S. 683,

684] '$!e! where "eni$& o# imme"i$te re%iew wou&" ren"er impo!!i(&e $n re%iew wh$t!oe%er o# $n

in"i%i"u$&2! '&$im!, Unite" St$te! %. $n, 4; U.S. :3;, :33 . Su'h $n ex'eption i! proper in the

uni0ue 'ir'um!t$n'e! o# thi! '$!e where it wou&" (e in$ppropri$te to !u()e't the re!i"ent to the

pro'e"ure o# !e'uring re%iew ( re!i!ting the or"er $n" in$ppropri$te to re0uire th$t the i!tri't Court

pro'ee" ( $ tr$"ition$& 'ontempt 'it$tion in or"er to pro%i"e $ppe&&$te re%iew. p. 69;-69.

. The "i!pute (etween the Spe'i$& ro!e'utor $n" the re!i"ent pre!ent! $ )u!ti'i$(&e 'ontro%er!.

p. 69-697.

$/ The mere $!!ertion o# $n intr$-(r$n'h "i!pute, without more, "oe! not "e#e$t #e"er$& )uri!"i'tion.

Unite" St$te! %. <CC, 337 U.S. 46 . . 693.

(/ The 5ttorne =ener$& ( regu&$tion h$! 'on#erre" upon the Spe'i$& ro!e'utor uni0ue tenure $n"$uthorit to repre!ent the Unite" St$te! $n" h$! gi%en the Spe'i$& ro!e'utor exp&i'it power to

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+i&&i$m Snow Fr$te!, 5n"rew C. $&&, Spen'er . ?oer, $n" enr . Done! #i&e" $ (rie# #or

re!pon"ent >hr&i'hm$n in No. 73-1766. Dohn A. ?r$ #i&e" $ (rie# #or re!pon"ent Str$'h$n in No. 73-

1766.Fn

Fn [418 U.S. 683, 686] Norm$n or!en $n" Ae&%in +u&# #i&e" $ (rie# #or the 5meri'$n Ci%i& i(ertie!

Union $! $mi'u! 'uri$e urging $##irm$n'e o# the i!tri't Court )u"gment.

A. C<>F DUST<C> ?U=> "e&i%ere" the opinion o# the Court.

Thi! &itig$tion pre!ent! #or re%iew the "eni$& o# $ motion, #i&e" in the i!tri't Court on (eh$&# o# the

re!i"ent o# the Unite" St$te!, in the '$!e o# Unite" St$te! %. Ait'he&& .C. Crim. No. 74-11;/, to

0u$!h $ thir"-p$rt !u(poen$ "u'e! te'um i!!ue" ( the Unite" St$te! i!tri't Court #or the i!tri't o#

Co&um(i$, pur!u$nt to Fe". u&e Crim. ro'. 17 '/. The !u(poen$ "ire'te" the re!i"ent to pro"u'e

'ert$in t$pe re'or"ing! $n" "o'ument! re&$ting to hi! 'on%er!$tion! with $i"e! $n" $"%i!er!. The

'ourt re)e'te" the re!i"ent2! '&$im! o# $(!o&ute exe'uti%e pri%i&ege, o# &$' o# )uri!"i'tion, $n" o#

#$i&ure to !$ti!# the re0uirement! o# u&e 17 '/. The re!i"ent $ppe$&e" to the Court o# 5ppe$&!. +egr$nte" (oth the Unite" St$te!2 petition #or 'ertior$ri (e#ore )u"gment No. 73-1766/, 1 $n" $&!o the

re!i"ent2! 'ro!!-petition #or 'ertior$ri [418 U.S. 683, 687] (e#ore )u"gment No. 73-

1834/, (e'$u!e o# the pu(&i' import$n'e o# the i!!ue! pre!ente" $n" the nee" #or their prompt

re!o&ution. 417 U.S. 97 $n" 96; 1974/.

n A$r'h 1, 1974, $ gr$n" )ur o# the Unite" St$te! i!tri't Court #or the i!tri't o# Co&um(i$ returne"

$n in"i'tment 'h$rging !e%en n$me" in"i%i"u$&! 3 with %$riou! o##en!e!, in'&u"ing 'on!pir$' to

"e#r$u" the Unite" St$te! $n" to o(!tru't )u!ti'e. 5&though he w$! not "e!ign$te" $! !u'h in the

in"i'tment, the gr$n" )ur n$me" the re!i"ent, $mong other!, $! $n unin"i'te" 'o'on!pir$tor. 4 n

5pri& 18, 1974, upon motion o# the Spe'i$& [418 U.S. 683, 688] ro!e'utor, !ee n. 8, in#r$, $!u(poen$ "u'e! te'um w$! i!!ue" pur!u$nt to u&e 17 '/ to the re!i"ent ( the Unite" St$te!

i!tri't Court $n" m$"e return$(&e on A$ , 1974. Thi! !u(poen$ re0uire" the pro"u'tion, in

$"%$n'e o# the Septem(er 9 tri$& "$te, o# 'ert$in t$pe!, memor$n"$, p$per!, tr$n!'ript!, or other

writing! re&$ting to 'ert$in pre'i!e& i"enti#ie" meeting! (etween the re!i"ent $n" other!. : The

Spe'i$& ro!e'utor w$! $(&e to #ix the time, p&$'e, $n" per!on! pre!ent $t the!e "i!'u!!ion! (e'$u!e

the +hite ou!e "$i& &og! $n" $ppointment re'or"! h$" (een "e&i%ere" to him. n 5pri& 3;, the

re!i"ent pu(&i'& re&e$!e" e"ite" tr$n!'ript! o# 43 'on%er!$tion!B portion! o# ; 'on%er!$tion!

!u()e't to !u(poen$ in the pre!ent '$!e were in'&u"e". n A$ 1, 1974, the re!i"ent2! 'oun!e& #i&e"

$ !pe'i$& $ppe$r$n'e $n" $ motion to 0u$!h the !u(poen$ un"er u&e 17 '/. Thi! motion w$!

$''omp$nie" ( $ #orm$& '&$im o# pri%i&ege. 5t $ !u(!e0uent he$ring, 6 # urther motion! to expungethe gr$n" )ur2! $'tion n$ming the re!i"ent $! $n unin"i'te" 'o'on!pir$tor $n" #or prote'ti%e or"er!

$g$in!t the "i!'&o!ure o# th$t in#orm$tion were #i&e" or r$i!e" or$&& ( 'oun!e& #or the re!i"ent.

n A$ ;, 1974, the i!tri't Court "enie" the motion to 0u$!h $n" the motion! to expunge $n" #or

prote'ti%e or"er!. 377 F. Supp. 136. <t #urther or"ere" the re!i"ent or $n !u(or"in$te o##i'er,

o##i'i$&, or emp&oee with 'u!to" or 'ontro& o# the "o'ument! or [418 U.S. 683, 689] o()e't!

!u(poen$e", i"., $t 1331, to "e&i%er to the i!tri't Court, on or (e#ore A$ 31, 1974, the origin$&! o#

$&& !u(poen$e" item!, $! we&& $! $n in"ex $n" $n$&!i! o# tho!e item!, together with t$pe 'opie! o#

tho!e portion! o# the !u(poen$e" re'or"ing! #or whi'h tr$n!'ript! h$" (een re&e$!e" to the pu(&i' (

the re!i"ent on 5pri& 3;. The i!tri't Court re)e'te" )uri!"i'tion$& 'h$&&enge! ($!e" on $ 'ontentionth$t the "i!pute w$! non)u!ti'i$(&e (e'$u!e it w$! (etween the Spe'i$& ro!e'utor $n" the Chie#

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>xe'uti%e $n" hen'e intr$-exe'uti%e in 'h$r$'terB it $&!o re)e'te" the 'ontention th$t the Du"i'i$r

w$! without $uthorit to re%iew $n $!!ertion o# exe'uti%e pri%i&ege ( the re!i"ent. The 'ourt2!

re)e'tion o# the #ir!t 'h$&&enge w$! ($!e" on the $uthorit $n" power! %e!te" in the Spe'i$&

ro!e'utor ( the regu&$tion promu&g$te" ( the 5ttorne =ener$&B the 'ourt 'on'&u"e" th$t $

)u!ti'i$(&e 'ontro%er! w$! pre!ente". The !e'on" 'h$&&enge w$! he&" to (e #ore'&o!e" ( the

"e'i!ion in Nixon %. Siri'$, 1:9 U.S. 5pp. .C. :8, 487 F." 7;; 1973/.

The i!tri't Court he&" th$t the )u"i'i$r, not the re!i"ent, w$! the #in$& $r(iter o# $ '&$im o# exe'uti%e

pri%i&ege. The 'ourt 'on'&u"e" th$t, un"er the 'ir'um!t$n'e! o# thi! '$!e, the pre!umpti%e pri%i&ege

w$! o%er'ome ( the Spe'i$& ro!e'utor2! prim$ #$'ie "emon!tr$tion o# nee" !u##i'ient& 'ompe&&ing

to w$rr$nt )u"i'i$& ex$min$tion in 'h$m(er! . . . . 377 F. Supp., $t 133;. The 'ourt he&", #in$&&, th$t

the Spe'i$& ro!e'utor h$" !$ti!#ie" the re0uirement! o# u&e 17 '/. The i!tri't Court !t$e" it!

or"er pen"ing $ppe&&$te re%iew on 'on"ition th$t re%iew w$! !ought (e#ore 4 p. m., A$ 4. The 'ourt

#urther pro%i"e" th$t m$tter! #i&e" un"er !e$& rem$in un"er !e$& when tr$n!mitte" $! p$rt o# the

re'or".

n A$ 4, 1974, the re!i"ent #i&e" $ time& noti'e o# $ppe$& #rom the i!tri't Court or"er, $n" the

'erti#ie" re'or" #rom the i!tri't Court w$! "o'ete" in the Unite" [418 U.S. 683, 69;] St$te! Court

o# 5ppe$&! #or the i!tri't o# Co&um(i$ Cir'uit. n the !$me "$, the re!i"ent $&!o #i&e" $ petition #or

writ o# m$n"$mu! in the Court o# 5ppe$&! !eeing re%iew o# the i!tri't Court or"er.

$ter on A$ 4, the Spe'i$& ro!e'utor $&!o #i&e", in thi! Court, $ petition #or $ writ o# 'ertior$ri (e#ore

)u"gment. n A$ 31, the petition w$! gr$nte" with $n expe"ite" (rie#ing !'he"u&e. 417 U.S. 97 .

n Dune 6, the re!i"ent #i&e", un"er !e$&, $ 'ro!!-petition #or writ o# 'ertior$ri (e#ore )u"gment. Thi!

'ro!!-petition w$! gr$nte" Dune 1:, 1974, 417 U.S. 96; , $n" the '$!e w$! !et #or $rgument on Du&

8, 1974.

I

DU<S<CT<NThe thre!ho&" 0ue!tion pre!ente" i! whether the A$ ;, 1974, or"er o# the i!tri't Court w$! $n$ppe$&$(&e or"er $n" whether thi! '$!e w$! proper& in the Court o# 5ppe$&! when the petition #or'ertior$ri w$! #i&e" in thi! Court. 8 U.S.C. 1:4. The Court o# 5ppe$&!2 )uri!"i'tion un"er 8 U.S.C.191 en'omp$!!e! on& #in$& "e'i!ion! o# the "i!tri't 'ourt!. Sin'e the $ppe$& w$! time& #i&e" $n"$&& other pro'e"ur$& re0uirement! were met, the petition i! proper& (e#ore thi! Court #or 'on!i"er$tioni# the i!tri't Court or"er w$! #in$&. 8 U.S.C. 1:4 1/, 1;1 e/.

The #in$&it re0uirement! o# 8 U.S.C. 191 em(o"ie! $ !trong 'ongre!!ion$& po&i' $g$in!t

pie'eme$& re%iew!, $n" $g$in!t o(!tru'ting or impe"ing $n ongoing )u"i'i$& pro'ee"ing (inter&o'utor $ppe$&!. See, e. g., Co((&e"i' %. Unite" St$te!, 3;9 U.S. 33, 34 -36 194;/. Thi!

re0uirement or"in$ri& promote! )u"i'i$& e##i'ien' $n" h$!ten! the u&tim$te termin$tion o# &itig$tion. <n

$pp&ing thi! prin'ip&e to $n or"er "ening $ motion to 0u$!h $n" re0uiring the pro"u'tion o# e%i"en'e

pur!u$nt[418 U.S. 683, 691] to $ !u(poen$ "u'e! te'um, it h$! (een repe$te"& he&" th$t the or"er

i! not #in$& $n" hen'e not $ppe$&$(&e. Unite" St$te! %. $n, 4; U.S. :3;, :3 1971/B Co((&e"i' %.

Unite" St$te!, !upr$B 5&ex$n"er %. Unite" St$te!, ;1 U.S. 117 19;6/. Thi! Court h$!

'on!i!tent& he&" th$t the ne'e!!it #or expe"ition in the $"mini!tr$tion o# the 'rimin$& &$w )u!ti#ie!

putting one who !ee! to re!i!t the pro"u'tion o# "e!ire" in#orm$tion to $ 'hoi'e (etween 'omp&i$n'e

with $ tri$& 'ourt2! or"er to pro"u'e prior to $n re%iew o# th$t or"er, $n" re!i!t$n'e to th$t or"er with







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the 'on'omit$nt po!!i(i&it o# $n $")u"i'$tion o# 'ontempt i# hi! '&$im! $re re)e'te" on $ppe$&. Unite"

St$te! %. $n, !upr$, $t :33.The re0uirement o# !u(mitting to 'ontempt, howe%er, i! not without ex'eption $n" in !ome in!t$n'e!the purpo!e! un"er&ing the #in$&it ru&e re0uire $ "i##erent re!u&t. For ex$mp&e, in er&m$n %. Unite"St$te!, 47 U.S. 7 1918/, $ !u(poen$ h$" (een "ire'te" to $ thir" p$rt re0ue!ting 'ert$in exhi(it!Bthe $ppe&&$nt, who owne" the exhi(it!, !ought to r$i!e $ '&$im o# pri%i&ege. The Court he&" $n or"er'ompe&&ing pro"u'tion w$! $ppe$&$(&e (e'$u!e it w$! un&ie& th$t the thir" p$rt wou&" ri! $'ontempt 'it$tion in or"er to $&&ow imme"i$te re%iew o# the $ppe&&$nt2! '&$im o# pri%i&ege. <"., $t 1-13.Th$t '$!e #e&& within the &imite" '&$!! o# '$!e! where "eni$& o# imme"i$te re%iew wou&" ren"erimpo!!i(&e $n re%iew wh$t!oe%er o# $n in"i%i"u$&2! '&$im!. Unite" St$te! %. $n, !upr$, $t :33.

ere too, the tr$"ition$& 'ontempt $%enue to imme"i$te $ppe$& i! pe'u&i$r& in$ppropri$te "ue to the

uni0ue !etting in whi'h the 0ue!tion $ri!e!. To re0uire $ re!i"ent o# the Unite" St$te! to p&$'e

him!e&# in the po!ture o# "i!o(eing $n or"er o# $ 'ourt mere& to trigger the pro'e"ur$& me'h$ni!m #or

re%iew o# the ru&ing wou&" (e [418 U.S. 683, 69] un!eem&, $n" wou&" pre!ent $n unne'e!!$r

o''$!ion #or 'on!titution$& 'on#ront$tion (etween two (r$n'he! o# the =o%ernment. Simi&$r&, $ #e"er$&

)u"ge !hou&" not (e p&$'e" in the po!ture o# i!!uing $ 'it$tion to $ re!i"ent !imp& in or"er to in%oe

re%iew. The i!!ue whether $ re!i"ent '$n (e 'ite" #or 'ontempt 'ou&" it!e&# engen"er protr$'te"&itig$tion, $n" wou&" #urther "e&$ (oth re%iew on the merit! o# hi! '&$im o# pri%i&ege $n" the u&tim$te

termin$tion o# the un"er&ing 'rimin$& $'tion #or whi'h hi! e%i"en'e i! !ought. The!e 'on!i"er$tion!

&e$" u! to 'on'&u"e th$t the or"er o# the i!tri't Court w$! $n $ppe$&$(&e or"er. The $ppe$& #rom th$t

or"er w$! there#ore proper& in the Court o# 5ppe$&!, $n" the '$!e i! now proper& (e#ore thi! Court

on the writ o# 'ertior$ri (e#ore )u"gment. 8 U.S.C. 1:4B 8 U.S.C. 1;1 e/. =$ %. u##, 9 U.S.

:, 3; 1934/. 7

II

DUST<C<5?<<TG<n the i!tri't Court, the re!i"ent2! 'oun!e& $rgue" th$t the 'ourt &$'e" )uri!"i'tion to i!!ue the!u(poen$ (e'$u!e the m$tter w$! $n intr$-(r$n'h "i!pute (etween $ !u(or"in$te $n" !uperior o##i'er o# the >xe'uti%e ?r$n'h $n" hen'e not !u()e't to )u"i'i$& re!o&ution. Th$t $rgument h$! (eenrenewe" in thi! Court with emph$!i! on the 'ontention th$t the "i!pute "oe! not pre!ent $ '$!e or'ontro%er! whi'h '$n (e $")u"i'$te" in the #e"er$& 'ourt!. The re!i"ent2! 'oun!e& $rgue! th$t the#e"er$& 'ourt! !hou&" not intru"e into $re$! 'ommitte" to the other (r$n'he! o# =o%ernment. [418U.S. 683, 693] e %iew! the pre!ent "i!pute $! e!!enti$&& $ )uri!"i'tion$& "i!pute within the>xe'uti%e ?r$n'h whi'h he $n$&ogi@e! to $ "i!pute (etween two 'ongre!!ion$& 'ommittee!. Sin'e the>xe'uti%e ?r$n'h h$! ex'&u!i%e $uthorit $n" $(!o&ute "i!'retion to "e'i"e whether to pro!e'ute $'$!e, Con#i!'$tion C$!e!, 7 +$&&. 4:4 1869/B Unite" St$te! %. Cox, 34 F." 167, 171 C5:/, 'ert."enie" !u( nom. Cox %. $u(erg, 381 U.S. 93: 196:/, it i! 'onten"e" th$t $ re!i"ent2! "e'i!ion i!#in$& in "etermining wh$t e%i"en'e i! to (e u!e" in $ gi%en 'rimin$& '$!e. 5&though hi! 'oun!e&'on'e"e! th$t the re!i"ent h$! "e&eg$te" 'ert$in !pe'i#i' power! to the Spe'i$& ro!e'utor, he h$!

not w$i%e" nor "e&eg$te" to the Spe'i$& ro!e'utor the re!i"ent2! "ut to '&$im pri%i&ege $! to $&&m$teri$&! . . . whi'h #$&& within the re!i"ent2! inherent $uthorit to re#u!e to "i!'&o!e to $n exe'uti%eo##i'er. ?rie# #or the re!i"ent 4. The Spe'i$& ro!e'utor2! "em$n" #or the item! there#ore pre!ent!,in the %iew o# the re!i"ent2! 'oun!e&, $ po&iti'$& 0ue!tion un"er ?$er %. C$rr, 369 U.S. 186 196/,!in'e it in%o&%e! $ textu$&& "emon!tr$(&e gr$nt o# power un"er 5rt. <<.

The mere $!!ertion o# $ '&$im o# $n intr$-(r$n'h "i!pute, without more, h$! ne%er oper$te" to "e#e$t

#e"er$& )uri!"i'tionB )u!ti'i$(i&it "oe! not "epen" on !u'h $ !ur#$'e in0uir. <n Unite" St$te! %.

<CC,337 U.S. 46 1949/, the Court o(!er%e", 'ourt! mu!t &oo (ehin" n$me! th$t !m(o&i@e the

p$rtie! to "etermine whether $ )u!ti'i$(&e '$!e or 'ontro%er! i! pre!ente". <"., $t 43;. See $&!o

owe&& %. A'Corm$', 39: U.S. 486 1969/B <CC %. Der!e Cit, 3 U.S. :;3 1944/B Unite" St$te! ex

re&. Ch$pm$n %. FC, 34: U.S. 1:3 19:3/B Se'ret$r o# 5gri'u&ture %. Unite" St$te!, 347 U.S.

64: 19:4/B FA? %. <!(r$n"t!en Co., 3:6 U.S. 481, 483 n. 19:8/B Unite" St$te! %. A$rine


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?$n'orpor$tion, $nte, p. 6;B $n" Unite" St$te! %. Conne'ti'ut N$tion$& ?$n, $nte, p. 6:6. [418 U.S.

683, 694]

ur !t$rting point i! the n$ture o# the pro'ee"ing #or whi'h the e%i"en'e i! !ought - here $ pen"ing

'rimin$& pro!e'ution. <t i! $ )u"i'i$& pro'ee"ing in $ #e"er$& 'ourt $&&eging %io&$tion o# #e"er$& &$w! $n"

i! (rought in the n$me o# the Unite" St$te! $! !o%ereign. ?erger %. Unite" St$te!, 9: U.S. 78,

88193:/. Un"er the $uthorit o# 5rt. <<, , Congre!! h$! %e!te" in the 5ttorne =ener$& the power to

'on"u't the 'rimin$& &itig$tion o# the Unite" St$te! =o%ernment. 8 U.S.C. :16. <t h$! $&!o %e!te" in

him the power to $ppoint !u(or"in$te o##i'er! to $!!i!t him in the "i!'h$rge o# hi! "utie!. 8 U.S.C.

:;9, :1;, :1:, :33. 5'ting pur!u$nt to tho!e !t$tute!, the 5ttorne =ener$& h$! "e&eg$te" the

$uthorit to repre!ent the Unite" St$te! in the!e p$rti'u&$r m$tter! to $ Spe'i$& ro!e'utor with uni0ue

$uthorit $n" tenure. 8 The regu&$tion gi%e! the [418 U.S. 683, 69:] Spe'i$& ro!e'utor exp&i'it

power to 'onte!t the in%o'$tion o# exe'uti%e pri%i&ege in the pro'e!! o# !eeing e%i"en'e "eeme"

re&e%$nt to the per#orm$n'e o# the!e !pe'i$&& "e&eg$te" "utie!. 9 38 Fe". eg. 3;739, $! $men"e"

( 38 Fe". eg. 38;:.

So &ong $! thi! regu&$tion i! ext$nt it h$! the #or'e o# &$w. <n Unite" St$te! ex re&. 5''$r"i %.

Sh$ughne!!, 347 U.S. 6; 19:4/, regu&$tion! o# the 5ttorne =ener$& "e&eg$te" 'ert$in o# hi!

"i!'retion$r power! to the ?o$r" [418 U.S. 683, 696] o# <mmigr$tion 5ppe$&! $n" re0uire" th$t

?o$r" to exer'i!e it! own "i!'retion on $ppe$&! in "eport$tion '$!e!. The Court he&" th$t !o &ong $!

the 5ttorne =ener$&2! regu&$tion! rem$ine" oper$ti%e, he "enie" him!e&# the $uthorit to exer'i!e the

"i!'retion "e&eg$te" to the ?o$r" e%en though the origin$& $uthorit w$! hi! $n" he 'ou&" re$!!ert it

( $men"ing the regu&$tion!. Ser%i'e %. u&&e!, 3:4 U.S. 363, 388 19:7/, $n" Hit$re&&i %. Se$ton, 3:9

U.S. :3: 19:9/, re$##irme" the ($!i' ho&"ing o# 5''$r"i.

ere, $! in 5''$r"i, it i! theoreti'$&& po!!i(&e #or the 5ttorne =ener$& to $men" or re%oe theregu&$tion "e#ining the Spe'i$& ro!e'utor2! $uthorit. ?ut he h$! not "one !o. 1; So &ong $! thi!

regu&$tion rem$in! in #or'e the >xe'uti%e ?r$n'h i! (oun" ( it, $n" in"ee" the Unite" St$te! $! the

!o%ereign 'ompo!e" o# the three (r$n'he! i! (oun" to re!pe't $n" to en#or'e it. Aoreo%er, the

"e&eg$tion o# $uthorit to the Spe'i$& ro!e'utor in thi! '$!e i! not $n or"in$r "e&eg$tion ( the

5ttorne =ener$& to $ !u(or"in$te o##i'er with the $uthori@$tion o# the re!i"ent, the 5'ting 5ttorne

=ener$& pro%i"e" in the regu&$tion th$t the Spe'i$& ro!e'utor w$! not to (e remo%e" without the

'on!en!u! o# eight "e!ign$te" &e$"er! o# Congre!!. N. 8, !upr$.

The "em$n"! o# $n" the re!i!t$n'e to the !u(poen$ pre!ent $n o(%iou! 'ontro%er! in the or"in$r

!en!e, (ut th$t $&one i! not !u##i'ient to meet 'on!titution$& !t$n"$r"!. <n the 'on!titution$& !en!e,'ontro%er! me$n! more th$n "i!$greement $n" 'on#&i'tB r$ther it me$n! the in" o# 'ontro%er!

'ourt! tr$"ition$&& re!o&%e. ere [418 U.S. 683, 697] $t i!!ue i! the pro"u'tion or nonpro"u'tion o#

!pe'i#ie" e%i"en'e "eeme" ( the Spe'i$& ro!e'utor to (e re&e%$nt $n" $"mi!!i(&e in $ pen"ing

'rimin$& '$!e. <t i! !ought ( one o##i'i$& o# the >xe'uti%e ?r$n'h within the !'ope o# hi! expre!!

$uthoritB it i! re!i!te" ( the Chie# >xe'uti%e on the groun" o# hi! "ut to pre!er%e the 'on#i"enti$&it

o# the 'ommuni'$tion! o# the re!i"ent. +h$te%er the 'orre't $n!wer on the merit!, the!e i!!ue! $re

o# $ tpe whi'h $re tr$"ition$&& )u!ti'i$(&e. Unite" St$te! %. <CC, 337 U.S., $t 43; . The in"epen"ent

Spe'i$& ro!e'utor with hi! $!!erte" nee" #or the !u(poen$e" m$teri$& in the un"er&ing 'rimin$&

pro!e'ution i! oppo!e" ( the re!i"ent with hi! !te$"#$!t $!!ertion o# pri%i&ege $g$in!t "i!'&o!ure o#

the m$teri$&. Thi! !etting $!!ure! there i! th$t 'on'rete $"%er!ene!! whi'h !h$rpen! thepre!ent$tion o# i!!ue! upon whi'h the 'ourt !o &$rge& "epen"! #or i&&umin$tion o# "i##i'u&t














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'on!titution$& 0ue!tion!. ?$er %. C$rr, 369 U.S., $t ;4 . Aoreo%er, !in'e the m$tter i! one $ri!ing in

the regu&$r 'our!e o# $ #e"er$& 'rimin$& pro!e'ution, it i! within the tr$"ition$& !'ope o# 5rt. <<< power.

<"., $t 198.

<n &ight o# the uni0uene!! o# the !etting in whi'h the 'on#&i't $ri!e!, the #$'t th$t (oth p$rtie! $re

o##i'er! o# the >xe'uti%e ?r$n'h '$nnot (e %iewe" $! $ ($rrier to )u!ti'i$(i&it. <t wou&" (e in'on!i!tent

with the $pp&i'$(&e &$w $n" regu&$tion, $n" the uni0ue #$'t! o# thi! '$!e to 'on'&u"e other th$n th$t

the Spe'i$& ro!e'utor h$! !t$n"ing to (ring thi! $'tion $n" th$t $ )u!ti'i$(&e 'ontro%er! i! pre!ente"

#or "e'i!ion.

III

U> 17 '/The !u(poen$ "u'e! te'um i! 'h$&&enge" on the groun" th$t the Spe'i$& ro!e'utor #$i&e" to !$ti!#the re0uirement! o# Fe". u&e Crim. ro'. 17 '/, whi'h go%ern! [418 U.S. 683, 698] the i!!u$n'e o#!u(poen$! "u'e! te'um in #e"er$& 'rimin$& pro'ee"ing!. <# we !u!t$ine" thi! 'h$&&enge, there wou&"(e no o''$!ion to re$'h the '&$im o# pri%i&ege $!!erte" with re!pe't to the !u(poen$e" m$teri$&. Thu!

we turn to the 0ue!tion whether the re0uirement! o# u&e 17 '/ h$%e (een !$ti!#ie". See 5r$n!$!oui!i$n$ =$! Co. %. ept. o# u(&i' Uti&itie!, 3;4 U.S. 61, 64 1938/B 5!hw$n"er %. TH5, 97 U.S.88, 346 -347 1936/ ?r$n"ei!, D., 'on'urring/.

u&e 17 '/ pro%i"e!

5 !u(poen$ m$ $&!o 'omm$n" the per!on to whom it i! "ire'te" to pro"u'e the (oo!, p$per!,

"o'ument! or other o()e't! "e!ign$te" therein. The 'ourt on motion m$"e prompt& m$ 0u$!h or

mo"i# the !u(poen$ i# 'omp&i$n'e wou&" (e unre$!on$(&e or oppre!!i%e. The 'ourt m$ "ire't th$t

(oo!, p$per!, "o'ument! or o()e't! "e!ign$te" in the !u(poen$ (e pro"u'e" (e#ore the 'ourt $t $

time prior to the tri$& or prior to the time when the $re to (e o##ere" in e%i"en'e $n" m$ upon their

pro"u'tion permit the (oo!, p$per!, "o'ument! or o()e't! or portion! thereo# to (e in!pe'te" ( the

p$rtie! $n" their $ttorne!. 5 !u(poen$ #or "o'ument! m$ (e 0u$!he" i# their pro"u'tion wou&" (e unre$!on$(&e oroppre!!i%e, (ut not otherwi!e. The &e$"ing '$!e in thi! Court interpreting thi! !t$n"$r" i! ?owm$n$ir Co. %. Unite" St$te!, 341 U.S. 14 19:1/. Thi! '$!e re'ogni@e" 'ert$in #un"$ment$&'h$r$'teri!ti'! o# the !u(poen$ "u'e! te'um in 'rimin$& '$!e! 1/ it w$! not inten"e" to pro%i"e $me$n! o# "i!'o%er #or 'rimin$& '$!e!, i"., $t ;B / it! 'hie# inno%$tion w$! to expe"ite the tri$& (pro%i"ing $ time $n" p&$'e (e#ore tri$& #or the in!pe'tion o# [418 U.S. 683, 699] !u(poen$e"m$teri$&!, 11 i(i". 5! (oth p$rtie! $gree, '$!e! "e'i"e" in the w$e o# ?owm$n h$%e gener$&&#o&&owe" Du"ge +ein#e&"2! #ormu&$tion in Unite" St$te! %. <o@i$, 13 F. . . 33:, 338 SNG 19:/, $!to the re0uire" !howing. Un"er thi! te!t, in or"er to re0uire pro"u'tion prior to tri$&, the mo%ing p$rtmu!t !how 1/ th$t the "o'ument! $re e%i"enti$r 1 $n" re&e%$ntB / th$t the $re not otherwi!epro'ur$(&e re$!on$(& in $"%$n'e o# tri$& ( exer'i!e o# "ue "i&igen'eB 3/ th$t the p$rt '$nnot

proper& prep$re #or tri$& without !u'h pro"u'tion $n" in!pe'tion in $"%$n'e o# tri$& $n" th$t the #$i&ureto o(t$in !u'h in!pe'tion m$ ten" unre$!on$(& to "e&$ the tri$&B $n" 4/ th$t [418 U.S. 683,7;;] the $pp&i'$tion i! m$"e in goo" #$ith $n" i! not inten"e" $! $ gener$& #i!hing expe"ition.

5g$in!t thi! ($'groun", the Spe'i$& ro!e'utor, in or"er to '$rr hi! (ur"en, mu!t '&e$r three

hur"&e! 1/ re&e%$n'B / $"mi!!i(i&itB 3/ !pe'i#i'it. ur own re%iew o# the re'or" ne'e!!$ri&

$##or"! $ &e!! 'omprehen!i%e %iew o# the tot$& !itu$tion th$n w$! $%$i&$(&e to the tri$& )u"ge $n" we

$re unwi&&ing to 'on'&u"e th$t the i!tri't Court erre" in the e%$&u$tion o# the Spe'i$& ro!e'utor2!

!howing un"er u&e 17 '/. ur 'on'&u!ion i! ($!e" on the re'or" (e#ore u!, mu'h o# whi'h i! un"er

!e$&. # 'our!e, the 'ontent! o# the !u(poen$e" t$pe! 'ou&" not $t th$t !t$ge (e "e!'ri(e" #u&& (

the Spe'i$& ro!e'utor, (ut there w$! $ !u##i'ient &ie&ihoo" th$t e$'h o# the t$pe! 'ont$in!

'on%er!$tion! re&e%$nt to the o##en!e! 'h$rge" in the in"i'tment. Unite" St$te! %. =ro!!, 4 F. . .

138 SNG 19:9/. +ith re!pe't to m$n o# the t$pe!, the Spe'i$& ro!e'utor o##ere" the !worn





















te!timon or !t$tement! o# one or more o# the p$rti'ip$nt! in the 'on%er!$tion! $! to wh$t w$! !$i" $t

the time. 5! #or the rem$in"er o# the t$pe!, the i"entit o# the p$rti'ip$nt! $n" the time $n" p&$'e o#

the 'on%er!$tion!, t$en in their tot$& 'ontext, permit $ r$tion$& in#eren'e th$t $t &e$!t p$rt o# the

'on%er!$tion! re&$te to the o##en!e! 'h$rge" in the in"i'tment.

+e $&!o 'on'&u"e there w$! $ !u##i'ient pre&imin$r !howing th$t e$'h o# the !u(poen$e" t$pe!

'ont$in! e%i"en'e $"mi!!i(&e with re!pe't to the o##en!e! 'h$rge" in the in"i'tment. The mo!t 'ogent

o()e'tion to the $"mi!!i(i&it o# the t$pe" 'on%er!$tion! here $t i!!ue i! th$t the $re $ 'o&&e'tion o#

out-o#-'ourt !t$tement! ( "e'&$r$nt! who wi&& not (e !u()e't to 'ro!!-ex$min$tion $n" th$t the

!t$tement! $re there#ore in$"mi!!i(&e he$r!$. ere, howe%er, mo!t o# the t$pe! $pp$rent& 'ont$in

'on%er!$tion! [418 U.S. 683, 7;1] to whi'h one or more o# the "e#en"$nt! n$me" in the in"i'tment

were p$rt. The he$r!$ ru&e "oe! not $utom$ti'$&& ($r $&& out-o#-'ourt !t$tement! ( $ "e#en"$nt in

$ 'rimin$& '$!e. 13 e'&$r$tion! ( one "e#en"$nt m$ $&!o (e $"mi!!i(&e $g$in!t other "e#en"$nt!

upon $ !u##i'ient !howing, ( in"epen"ent e%i"en'e, 14 o# $ 'on!pir$' $mong one or more other

"e#en"$nt! $n" the "e'&$r$nt $n" i# the "e'&$r$tion! $t i!!ue were in #urther$n'e o# th$t 'on!pir$'.

The !$me i! true o# "e'&$r$tion! o# 'o'on!pir$tor! who $re not "e#en"$nt! in the '$!e on tri$&. utton

%. >%$n!, 4;; U.S. 74, 81 197;/. e'or"e" 'on%er!$tion! m$ $&!o (e $"mi!!i(&e #or the &imite"

purpo!e o# impe$'hing the 're"i(i&it o# $n "e#en"$nt who te!ti#ie! or $n other 'o'on!pir$tor who

te!ti#ie!. =ener$&&, the nee" #or e%i"en'e to impe$'h witne!!e! i! in!u##i'ient to re0uire it! pro"u'tion

in $"%$n'e o# tri$&. See, e. g., Unite" St$te! %. C$rter, 1: F. . . 367, [418 U.S. 683, 7;] 371 C

19:4/. ere, howe%er, there $re other %$&i" potenti$& e%i"enti$r u!e! #or the !$me m$teri$&, $n" the

$n$&!i! $n" po!!i(&e tr$n!'ription o# the t$pe! m$ t$e $ !igni#i'$nt perio" o# time. 5''or"ing&, we

'$nnot 'on'&u"e th$t the i!tri't Court erre" in $uthori@ing the i!!u$n'e o# the !u(poen$ "u'e!

te'um.

>n#or'ement o# $ pretri$& !u(poen$ "u'e! te'um mu!t ne'e!!$ri& (e 'ommitte" to the !oun"

"i!'retion o# the tri$& 'ourt !in'e the ne'e!!it #or the !u(poen$ mo!t o#ten turn! upon $ "etermin$tion

o# #$'tu$& i!!ue!. +ithout $ "etermin$tion o# $r(itr$rine!! or th$t the tri$& 'ourt #in"ing w$! without

re'or" !upport, $n $ppe&&$te 'ourt wi&& not or"in$ri& "i!tur( $ #in"ing th$t the $pp&i'$nt #or $ !u(poen$

'omp&ie" with u&e 17 '/. See, e. g., Sue %. Chi'$go Tr$n!it 5uthorit, 79 F." 416, 419 C57 196;/B

Shotin %. Ne&!on, 146 F." 4; C51; 1944/.

<n $ '$!e !u'h $! thi!, howe%er, where $ !u(poen$ i! "ire'te" to $ re!i"ent o# the Unite" St$te!,

$ppe&&$te re%iew, in "e#eren'e to $ 'oor"in$te (r$n'h o# =o%ernment, !hou&" (e p$rti'u&$r&

meti'u&ou! to en!ure th$t the !t$n"$r"! o# u&e 17 '/ h$%e (een 'orre't& $pp&ie". Unite" St$te! %.

?urr, : F. C$!. 3;, 34 No. 14,69"/ CC H$. 18;7/. From our ex$min$tion o# the m$teri$&! !u(mitte"

( the Spe'i$& ro!e'utor to the i!tri't Court in !upport o# hi! motion #or the !u(poen$, we $re

per!u$"e" th$t the i!tri't Court2! "eni$& o# the re!i"ent2! motion to 0u$!h the !u(poen$ w$!

'on!i!tent with u&e 17 '/. +e $&!o 'on'&u"e th$t the Spe'i$& ro!e'utor h$! m$"e $ !u##i'ient

!howing to )u!ti# $ !u(poen$ #or pro"u'tion (e#ore tri$&. The !u(poen$e" m$teri$&! $re not $%$i&$(&e

#rom $n other !our'e, $n" their ex$min$tion $n" pro'e!!ing !hou&" not $w$it tri$& in the

'ir'um!t$n'e! !hown. ?owm$n $ir Co. %. Unite" St$te!, 341 U.S. 14 19:1/B Unite" St$te! %.

<o@i$, 13 F. . . 33: SNG 19:/. [418 U.S. 683, 7;3]

I/

T> C5<A F <H<>=>

A












$%ing "etermine" th$t the re0uirement! o# u&e 17 '/ were !$ti!#ie", we turn to the '&$im th$t the

!u(poen$ !hou&" (e 0u$!he" (e'$u!e it "em$n"! 'on#i"enti$& 'on%er!$tion! (etween $ re!i"ent

$n" hi! '&o!e $"%i!or! th$t it wou&" (e in'on!i!tent with the pu(&i' intere!t to pro"u'e. 5pp. 48$. The

#ir!t 'ontention i! $ (ro$" '&$im th$t the !ep$r$tion o# power! "o'trine pre'&u"e! )u"i'i$& re%iew o# $

re!i"ent2! '&$im o# pri%i&ege. The !e'on" 'ontention i! th$t i# he "oe! not pre%$i& on the '&$im o#

$(!o&ute pri%i&ege, the 'ourt !hou&" ho&" $! $ m$tter o# 'on!titution$& &$w th$t the pri%i&ege pre%$i&!

o%er the !u(poen$ "u'e! te'um.

<n the per#orm$n'e o# $!!igne" 'on!titution$& "utie! e$'h (r$n'h o# the =o%ernment mu!t initi$&&

interpret the Con!titution, $n" the interpret$tion o# it! power! ( $n (r$n'h i! "ue gre$t re!pe't #rom

the other!. The re!i"ent2! 'oun!e&, $! we h$%e note", re$"! the Con!titution $! pro%i"ing $n

$(!o&ute pri%i&ege o# 'on#i"enti$&it #or $&& re!i"enti$& 'ommuni'$tion!. A$n "e'i!ion! o# thi! Court,

howe%er, h$%e une0ui%o'$&& re$##irme" the ho&"ing o# A$r(ur %. A$"i!on, 1 Cr$n'h 137 18;3/, th$t

[i]t i! emph$ti'$&& the pro%in'e $n" "ut o# the )u"i'i$& "ep$rtment to !$ wh$t the &$w i!. <"., $t 177.

No ho&"ing o# the Court h$! "e#ine" the !'ope o# )u"i'i$& power !pe'i#i'$&& re&$ting to the en#or'ement

o# $ !u(poen$ #or 'on#i"enti$& re!i"enti$& 'ommuni'$tion! #or u!e in $ 'rimin$& pro!e'ution, (ut other

exer'i!e! o# power ( the >xe'uti%e ?r$n'h $n" the egi!&$ti%e ?r$n'h h$%e (een #oun" in%$&i" $! in

'on#&i't with the Con!titution. owe&& %. A'Corm$', 39: U.S. 486 1969/B Goung!town Sheet I Tu(e

Co. %. S$wer, 343 U.S. :79 19:/. <n $ [418 U.S. 683, 7;4] !erie! o# '$!e!, the Court interprete"

the exp&i'it immunit 'on#erre" ( expre!! pro%i!ion! o# the Con!titution on Aem(er! o# the ou!e

$n" Sen$te ( the Spee'h or e($te C&$u!e, U.S. Con!t. 5rt. <, 6. oe %. A'Ai&&$n, 41 U.S.

3;6 1973/B =r$%e& %. Unite" St$te!, 4;8 U.S. 6;6 197/B Unite" St$te! %. ?rew!ter, 4;8 U.S.

:;1 197/B Unite" St$te! %. Dohn!on, 383 U.S. 169 1966/. Sin'e thi! Court h$! 'on!i!tent&

exer'i!e" the power to 'on!true $n" "e&ine$te '&$im! $ri!ing un"er expre!! power!, it mu!t #o&&ow

th$t the Court h$! $uthorit to interpret '&$im! with re!pe't to power! $&&ege" to "eri%e #rom

enumer$te" power!.

ur !!tem o# go%ernment re0uire! th$t #e"er$& 'ourt! on o''$!ion interpret the Con!titution in $

m$nner $t %$ri$n'e with the 'on!tru'tion gi%en the "o'ument ( $nother (r$n'h. owe&& %.

A'Corm$', !upr$, $t :49. 5n" in ?$er %. C$rr, 369 U.S., $t 11 , the Court !t$te"

e'i"ing whether $ m$tter h$! in $n me$!ure (een 'ommitte" ( the Con!titution to $nother (r$n'h

o# go%ernment, or whether the $'tion o# th$t (r$n'h ex'ee"! wh$te%er $uthorit h$! (een 'ommitte",

i! it!e&# $ "e&i'$te exer'i!e in 'on!titution$& interpret$tion, $n" i! $ re!pon!i(i&it o# thi! Court $!

u&tim$te interpreter o# the Con!titution.Notwith!t$n"ing the "e#eren'e e$'h (r$n'h mu!t $''or" the other!, the )u"i'i$& ower o# the Unite"St$te! %e!te" in the #e"er$& 'ourt! ( 5rt. <<<, 1, o# the Con!titution '$n no more (e !h$re" with the>xe'uti%e ?r$n'h th$n the Chie# >xe'uti%e, #or ex$mp&e, '$n !h$re with the Du"i'i$r the %eto power,or the Congre!! !h$re with the Du"i'i$r the power to o%erri"e $ re!i"enti$& %eto. 5n other'on'&u!ion wou&" (e 'ontr$r to the ($!i' 'on'ept o# !ep$r$tion o# power! $n" the 'he'! $n"($&$n'e! th$t #&ow #rom the !'heme o# $ trip$rtite go%ernment. The Fe"er$&i!t, No. 47, p. 313 S.Aitte&& e". [418 U.S. 683, 7;:] 1938/. +e there#ore re$##irm th$t it i! the pro%in'e $n" "ut o# thi!Court to !$ wh$t the &$w i! with re!pe't to the '&$im o# pri%i&ege pre!ente" in thi! '$!e. A$r(ur %.A$"i!on, !upr$, $t 177.

B

<n !upport o# hi! '&$im o# $(!o&ute pri%i&ege, the re!i"ent2! 'oun!e& urge! two groun"!, one o# whi'h

i! 'ommon to $&& go%ernment! $n" one o# whi'h i! pe'u&i$r to our !!tem o# !ep$r$tion o# power!. The

#ir!t groun" i! the %$&i" nee" #or prote'tion o# 'ommuni'$tion! (etween high =o%ernment o##i'i$&! $n"

























tho!e who $"%i!e $n" $!!i!t them in the per#orm$n'e o# their m$ni#o&" "utie!B the import$n'e o# thi!

'on#i"enti$&it i! too p&$in to re0uire #urther "i!'u!!ion. um$n experien'e te$'he! th$t tho!e who

expe't pu(&i' "i!!emin$tion o# their rem$r! m$ we&& temper '$n"or with $ 'on'ern #or $ppe$r$n'e!

$n" #or their own intere!t! to the "etriment o# the "e'i!ionm$ing pro'e!!. 1: +h$te%er the n$ture o#

the pri%i&ege o# 'on#i"enti$&it o# re!i"enti$& 'ommuni'$tion! in the exer'i!e o# 5rt. << power!, the

pri%i&ege '$n (e !$i" to "eri%e #rom the !uprem$' o# e$'h (r$n'h within it! own $!!igne" $re$ o#

'on!titution$& "utie!. Cert$in power! $n" pri%i&ege! #&ow #rom the n$ture o# enumer$te"

power!B 16 the prote'tion o# the 'on#i"enti$&it o# [418 U.S. 683, 7;6] re!i"enti$& 'ommuni'$tion!

h$! !imi&$r 'on!titution$& un"erpinning!.

The !e'on" groun" $!!erte" ( the re!i"ent2! 'oun!e& in !upport o# the '&$im o# $(!o&ute pri%i&ege

re!t! on the "o'trine o# !ep$r$tion o# power!. ere it i! $rgue" th$t the in"epen"en'e o# the

>xe'uti%e ?r$n'h within it! own !phere, umphre2! >xe'utor %. Unite" St$te!, 9: U.S. 6;, 69 -

63; 193:/B Ji&(ourn %. Thomp!on, 1;3 U.S. 168, 19; -191 1881/, in!u&$te! $ re!i"ent #rom $

)u"i'i$& !u(poen$ in $n ongoing 'rimin$& pro!e'ution, $n" there( prote't! 'on#i"enti$& re!i"enti$&

'ommuni'$tion!.

owe%er, neither the "o'trine o# !ep$r$tion o# power!, nor the nee" #or 'on#i"enti$&it o# high-&e%e&

'ommuni'$tion!, without more, '$n !u!t$in $n $(!o&ute, un0u$&i#ie" re!i"enti$& pri%i&ege o# immunit

#rom )u"i'i$& pro'e!! un"er $&& 'ir'um!t$n'e!. The re!i"ent2! nee" #or 'omp&ete '$n"or $n"

o()e'ti%it #rom $"%i!er! '$&&! #or gre$t "e#eren'e #rom the 'ourt!. owe%er, when the pri%i&ege

"epen"! !o&e& on the (ro$", un"i##erenti$te" '&$im o# pu(&i' intere!t in the 'on#i"enti$&it o# !u'h

'on%er!$tion!, $ 'on#ront$tion with other %$&ue! $ri!e!. 5(!ent $ '&$im o# nee" to prote't mi&it$r,

"ip&om$ti', or !en!iti%e n$tion$& !e'urit !e'ret!, we #in" it "i##i'u&t to $''ept the $rgument th$t e%en

the %er import$nt intere!t in 'on#i"enti$&it o# re!i"enti$& 'ommuni'$tion! i! !igni#i'$nt& "imini!he"

( pro"u'tion o# !u'h m$teri$& #or in '$mer$ in!pe'tion with $&& the prote'tion th$t $ "i!tri't 'ourt wi&&

(e o(&ige" to pro%i"e. [418 U.S. 683, 7;7]

The impe"iment th$t $n $(!o&ute, un0u$&i#ie" pri%i&ege wou&" p&$'e in the w$ o# the prim$r

'on!titution$& "ut o# the Du"i'i$& ?r$n'h to "o )u!ti'e in 'rimin$& pro!e'ution! wou&" p&$in& 'on#&i't

with the #un'tion o# the 'ourt! un"er 5rt. <<<. <n "e!igning the !tru'ture o# our =o%ernment $n" "i%i"ing

$n" $&&o'$ting the !o%ereign power $mong three 'o-e0u$& (r$n'he!, the Fr$mer! o# the Con!titution

!ought to pro%i"e $ 'omprehen!i%e !!tem, (ut the !ep$r$te power! were not inten"e" to oper$te

with $(!o&ute in"epen"en'e.

+hi&e the Con!titution "i##u!e! power the (etter to !e'ure &i(ert, it $&!o 'ontemp&$te! th$t pr$'ti'ewi&& integr$te the "i!per!e" power! into $ wor$(&e go%ernment. <t en)oin! upon it! (r$n'he!

!ep$r$tene!! (ut inter"epen"en'e, $utonom (ut re'ipro'it. Goung!town Sheet I Tu(e Co. %.

S$wer, 343 U.S., $t 63: D$'!on, D., 'on'urring/.To re$" the 5rt. << power! o# the re!i"ent $! pro%i"ing $n $(!o&ute pri%i&ege $! $g$in!t $ !u(poen$e!!enti$& to en#or'ement o# 'rimin$& !t$tute! on no more th$n $ gener$&i@e" '&$im o# the pu(&i'intere!t in 'on#i"enti$&it o# nonmi&it$r $n" non"ip&om$ti' "i!'u!!ion! wou&" up!et the 'on!titution$&($&$n'e o# $ wor$(&e go%ernment $n" gr$%e& imp$ir the ro&e o# the 'ourt! un"er 5rt. <<<.

C

Sin'e we 'on'&u"e th$t the &egitim$te nee"! o# the )u"i'i$& pro'e!! m$ outweigh re!i"enti$&

pri%i&ege, it i! ne'e!!$r to re!o&%e tho!e 'ompeting intere!t! in $ m$nner th$t pre!er%e! the e!!enti$&

#un'tion! o# e$'h (r$n'h. The right $n" in"ee" the "ut to re!o&%e th$t 0ue!tion "oe! not #ree the














Du"i'i$r #rom $''or"ing high re!pe't to the repre!ent$tion! m$"e on (eh$&# o# the re!i"ent. Unite"

St$te! %. ?urr, : F. C$!. 187, 19;, 191-19 No. 14,694/ CC H$. 18;7/. [418 U.S. 683, 7;8]

The expe't$tion o# $ re!i"ent to the 'on#i"enti$&it o# hi! 'on%er!$tion! $n" 'orre!pon"en'e, &ie the

'&$im o# 'on#i"enti$&it o# )u"i'i$& "e&i(er$tion!, #or ex$mp&e, h$! $&& the %$&ue! to whi'h we $''or"

"e#eren'e #or the pri%$' o# $&& 'iti@en! $n", $""e" to tho!e %$&ue!, i! the ne'e!!it #or prote'tion o#

the pu(&i' intere!t in '$n"i", o()e'ti%e, $n" e%en (&unt or h$r!h opinion! in re!i"enti$& "e'i!ion-

m$ing. 5 re!i"ent $n" tho!e who $!!i!t him mu!t (e #ree to exp&ore $&tern$ti%e! in the pro'e!! o#

!h$ping po&i'ie! $n" m$ing "e'i!ion! $n" to "o !o in $ w$ m$n wou&" (e unwi&&ing to expre!!

ex'ept pri%$te&. The!e $re the 'on!i"er$tion! )u!ti#ing $ pre!umpti%e pri%i&ege #or re!i"enti$&

'ommuni'$tion!. The pri%i&ege i! #un"$ment$& to the oper$tion o# =o%ernment $n" inextri'$(& roote"

in the !ep$r$tion o# power! un"er the Con!titution. 17 <n Nixon %. Siri'$, 1:9 U.S. 5pp. .C. :8, 487

F." 7;; 1973/, the Court o# 5ppe$&! he&" th$t !u'h re!i"enti$& 'ommuni'$tion! $re pre!umpti%e&

pri%i&ege", i"., $t 7:, 487 F.", $t 717, $n" thi! po!ition i! $''epte" ( (oth p$rtie! in the pre!ent

&itig$tion. +e $gree with Ar. Chie# Du!ti'e A$r!h$&&2! o(!er%$tion, there#ore, th$t [i]n no '$!e o# thi!

in" wou&" $ 'ourt (e re0uire" to pro'ee" $g$in!t the pre!i"ent $! $g$in!t $n or"in$r in"i%i"u$&.

Unite" St$te! %. ?urr, : F. C$!., $t 19.

?ut thi! pre!umpti%e pri%i&ege mu!t (e 'on!i"ere" in &ight o# our hi!tori' 'ommitment to the ru&e o# &$w.

Thi! [418 U.S. 683, 7;9] i! nowhere more pro#oun"& m$ni#e!t th$n in our %iew th$t the two#o&" $im

[o# 'rimin$& )u!ti'e] i! th$t gui&t !h$&& not e!'$pe or inno'en'e !u##er. ?erger %. Unite" St$te!, 9:

U.S., $t 88 . +e h$%e e&e'te" to emp&o $n $"%er!$r !!tem o# 'rimin$& )u!ti'e in whi'h the p$rtie!

'onte!t $&& i!!ue! (e#ore $ 'ourt o# &$w. The nee" to "e%e&op $&& re&e%$nt #$'t! in the $"%er!$r !!tem

i! (oth #un"$ment$& $n" 'omprehen!i%e. The en"! o# 'rimin$& )u!ti'e wou&" (e "e#e$te" i# )u"gment!

were to (e #oun"e" on $ p$rti$& or !pe'u&$ti%e pre!ent$tion o# the #$'t!. The %er integrit o# the

)u"i'i$& !!tem $n" pu(&i' 'on#i"en'e in the !!tem "epen" on #u&& "i!'&o!ure o# $&& the #$'t!, within

the #r$mewor o# the ru&e! o# e%i"en'e. To en!ure th$t )u!ti'e i! "one, it i! imper$ti%e to the #un'tion o#

'ourt! th$t 'ompu&!or pro'e!! (e $%$i&$(&e #or the pro"u'tion o# e%i"en'e nee"e" either ( the

pro!e'ution or ( the "e#en!e.

n& re'ent& the Court re!t$te" the $n'ient propo!ition o# &$w, $&(eit in the 'ontext o# $ gr$n" )ur

in0uir r$ther th$n $ tri$&,

th$t Kthe pu(&i' . . . h$! $ right to e%er m$n2! e%i"en'e,2 ex'ept #or tho!e per!on! prote'te" ( $

'on!titution$&, 'ommon-&$w, or !t$tutor pri%i&ege, Unite" St$te! %. ?r$n, 339 U.S. [33, 331 19:;/]B

?&$'mer %. Unite" St$te!, 84 U.S. 41, 438 193/ . . . . ?r$n@(urg %. $e!, 4;8 U.S. 66:,688197/.The pri%i&ege! re#erre" to ( the Court $re "e!igne" to prote't weight $n" &egitim$te 'ompetingintere!t!. Thu!, the Fi#th 5men"ment to the Con!titution pro%i"e! th$t no m$n !h$&& (e 'ompe&&e" in$n 'rimin$& '$!e to (e $ witne!! $g$in!t him!e&#. 5n", gener$&&, $n $ttorne or $ prie!t m$ not (ere0uire" to "i!'&o!e wh$t h$! (een re%e$&e" in pro#e!!ion$& 'on#i"en'e. The!e $n" other intere!t! $rere'ogni@e" in &$w ( pri%i&ege! [418 U.S. 683, 71;] $g$in!t #or'e" "i!'&o!ure, e!t$(&i!he" in theCon!titution, ( !t$tute, or $t 'ommon &$w. +h$te%er their origin!, the!e ex'eption! to the "em$n" #or e%er m$n2! e%i"en'e $re not &ight& 're$te" nor exp$n!i%e& 'on!true", #or the $re in "erog$tion o#the !e$r'h #or truth. 18

<n thi! '$!e the re!i"ent 'h$&&enge! $ !u(poen$ !er%e" on him $! $ thir" p$rt re0uiring the

pro"u'tion o# m$teri$&! #or u!e in $ 'rimin$& pro!e'utionB he "oe! !o on the '&$im th$t he h$! $

pri%i&ege $g$in!t "i!'&o!ure o# 'on#i"enti$& 'ommuni'$tion!. e "oe! not p&$'e hi! '&$im o# pri%i&egeon the groun" the $re mi&it$r or "ip&om$ti' !e'ret!. 5! to the!e $re$! o# 5rt. << "utie! the 'ourt! h$%e



















tr$"ition$&& !hown the utmo!t "e#eren'e to re!i"enti$& re!pon!i(i&itie!. <n C. I S. 5ir ine! %.

+$term$n S. S. Corp., 333 U.S. 1;3, 111 1948/, "e$&ing with re!i"enti$& $uthorit in%o&%ing #oreign

po&i' 'on!i"er$tion!, the Court !$i"

The re!i"ent, (oth $! Comm$n"er-in-Chie# $n" $! the N$tion2! org$n #or #oreign $##$ir!, h$!

$%$i&$(&e inte&&igen'e !er%i'e! who!e report! $re not $n" ought not to (e pu(&i!he" to the wor&". <t

wou&" (e into&er$(&e th$t 'ourt!, without the re&e%$nt in#orm$tion, !hou&" re%iew $n" perh$p! nu&&i#

$'tion! o# the >xe'uti%e t$en on in#orm$tion proper& he&" !e'ret.<n Unite" St$te! %. eno&"!, 34: U.S. 1 19:3/, "e$&ing [418 U.S. 683, 711] with $ '&$im$nt2!"em$n" #or e%i"en'e in $ Tort C&$im! 5't '$!e $g$in!t the =o%ernment, the Court !$i"

<t m$ (e po!!i(&e to !$ti!# the 'ourt, #rom $&& the 'ir'um!t$n'e! o# the '$!e, th$t there i! $

re$!on$(&e "$nger th$t 'ompu&!ion o# the e%i"en'e wi&& expo!e mi&it$r m$tter! whi'h, in the intere!t

o# n$tion$& !e'urit, !hou&" not (e "i%u&ge". +hen thi! i! the '$!e, the o''$!ion #or the pri%i&ege i!

$ppropri$te, $n" the 'ourt !hou&" not )eop$r"i@e the !e'urit whi'h the pri%i&ege i! me$nt to prote't (

in!i!ting upon $n ex$min$tion o# the e%i"en'e, e%en ( the )u"ge $&one, in 'h$m(er!. <"., $t 1;.

No '$!e o# the Court, howe%er, h$! exten"e" thi! high "egree o# "e#eren'e to $ re!i"ent2!gener$&i@e" intere!t in 'on#i"enti$&it. Nowhere in the Con!titution, $! we h$%e note" e$r&ier, i! there$n exp&i'it re#eren'e to $ pri%i&ege o# 'on#i"enti$&it, et to the extent thi! intere!t re&$te! to thee##e'ti%e "i!'h$rge o# $ re!i"ent2! power!, it i! 'on!titution$&& ($!e".

The right to the pro"u'tion o# $&& e%i"en'e $t $ 'rimin$& tri$& !imi&$r& h$! 'on!titution$& "imen!ion!.

The Sixth 5men"ment exp&i'it& 'on#er! upon e%er "e#en"$nt in $ 'rimin$& tri$& the right to (e

'on#ronte" with the witne!!e! $g$in!t him $n" to h$%e 'ompu&!or pro'e!! #or o(t$ining witne!!e!

in hi! #$%or. Aoreo%er, the Fi#th 5men"ment $&!o gu$r$ntee! th$t no per!on !h$&& (e "epri%e" o#

&i(ert without "ue pro'e!! o# &$w. <t i! the m$ni#e!t "ut o# the 'ourt! to %in"i'$te tho!e gu$r$ntee!,

$n" to $''omp&i!h th$t it i! e!!enti$& th$t $&& re&e%$nt $n" $"mi!!i(&e e%i"en'e (e pro"u'e".

<n thi! '$!e we mu!t weigh the import$n'e o# the gener$& pri%i&ege o# 'on#i"enti$&it o# re!i"enti$&'ommuni'$tion! in per#orm$n'e o# the re!i"ent2! re!pon!i(i&itie! $g$in!t the inro$"! o# !u'h $

pri%i&ege on the #$ir [418 U.S. 683, 71] $"mini!tr$tion o# 'rimin$& )u!ti'e. 19 The intere!t in

pre!er%ing 'on#i"enti$&it i! weight in"ee" $n" entit&e" to gre$t re!pe't. owe%er, we '$nnot

'on'&u"e th$t $"%i!er! wi&& (e mo%e" to temper the '$n"or o# their rem$r! ( the in#re0uent

o''$!ion! o# "i!'&o!ure (e'$u!e o# the po!!i(i&it th$t !u'h 'on%er!$tion! wi&& (e '$&&e" #or in the

'ontext o# $ 'rimin$& pro!e'ution. ;

n the other h$n", the $&&ow$n'e o# the pri%i&ege to withho&" e%i"en'e th$t i! "emon!tr$(& re&e%$nt in

$ 'rimin$& tri$& wou&" 'ut "eep& into the gu$r$ntee o# "ue pro'e!! o# &$w $n" gr$%e& imp$ir the ($!i'

#un'tion o# the 'ourt!. 5 re!i"ent2! $'now&e"ge" nee" #or 'on#i"enti$&it [418 U.S. 683, 713] in the'ommuni'$tion! o# hi! o##i'e i! gener$& in n$ture, where$! the 'on!titution$& nee" #or pro"u'tion o#

re&e%$nt e%i"en'e in $ 'rimin$& pro'ee"ing i! !pe'i#i' $n" 'entr$& to the #$ir $")u"i'$tion o# $ p$rti'u&$r

'rimin$& '$!e in the $"mini!tr$tion o# )u!ti'e. +ithout $''e!! to !pe'i#i' #$'t! $ 'rimin$& pro!e'ution

m$ (e tot$&& #ru!tr$te". The re!i"ent2! (ro$" intere!t in 'on#i"enti$&it o# 'ommuni'$tion! wi&& not

(e %iti$te" ( "i!'&o!ure o# $ &imite" num(er o# 'on%er!$tion! pre&imin$ri& !hown to h$%e !ome

(e$ring on the pen"ing 'rimin$& '$!e!.

+e 'on'&u"e th$t when the groun" #or $!!erting pri%i&ege $! to !u(poen$e" m$teri$&! !ought #or u!e

in $ 'rimin$& tri$& i! ($!e" on& on the gener$&i@e" intere!t in 'on#i"enti$&it, it '$nnot pre%$i& o%er the

#un"$ment$& "em$n"! o# "ue pro'e!! o# &$w in the #$ir $"mini!tr$tion o# 'rimin$& )u!ti'e. The











gener$&i@e" $!!ertion o# pri%i&ege mu!t ie&" to the "emon!tr$te", !pe'i#i' nee" #or e%i"en'e in $

pen"ing 'rimin$& tri$&.

D

+e h$%e e$r&ier "etermine" th$t the i!tri't Court "i" not err in $uthori@ing the i!!u$n'e o# the

!u(poen$. <# $ re!i"ent 'on'&u"e! th$t 'omp&i$n'e with $ !u(poen$ wou&" (e in)uriou! to the pu(&i'

intere!t he m$ proper&, $! w$! "one here, in%oe $ '&$im o# pri%i&ege on the return o# the !u(poen$.

Upon re'ei%ing $ '&$im o# pri%i&ege #rom the Chie# >xe'uti%e, it (e'$me the #urther "ut o# the i!tri't

Court to tre$t the !u(poen$e" m$teri$& $! pre!umpti%e& pri%i&ege" $n" to re0uire the Spe'i$&

ro!e'utor to "emon!tr$te th$t the re!i"enti$& m$teri$& w$! e!!enti$& to the )u!ti'e o# the [pen"ing

'rimin$&] '$!e. Unite" St$te! %. ?urr, : F. C$!., $t 19. ere the i!tri't Court tre$te" the m$teri$&

$! pre!umpti%e& pri%i&ege", pro'ee"e" to #in" th$t the Spe'i$& [418 U.S. 683, 714] ro!e'utor h$"

m$"e $ !u##i'ient !howing to re(ut the pre!umption, $n" or"ere" $n in '$mer$ ex$min$tion o# the

!u(poen$e" m$teri$&. n the ($!i! o# our ex$min$tion o# the re'or" we $re un$(&e to 'on'&u"e th$t

the i!tri't Court erre" in or"ering the in!pe'tion. 5''or"ing& we $##irm the or"er o# the i!tri't Court

th$t !u(poen$e" m$teri$&! (e tr$n!mitte" to th$t 'ourt. +e now turn to the import$nt 0ue!tion o# the

i!tri't Court2! re!pon!i(i&itie! in 'on"u'ting the in '$mer$ ex$min$tion o# re!i"enti$& m$teri$&! or

'ommuni'$tion! "e&i%ere" un"er the 'ompu&!ion o# the !u(poen$ "u'e! te'um.

E

>n#or'ement o# the !u(poen$ "u'e! te'um w$! !t$e" pen"ing thi! Court2! re!o&ution o# the i!!ue!

r$i!e" ( the petition! #or 'ertior$ri. Tho!e i!!ue! now h$%ing (een "i!po!e" o#, the m$tter o#

imp&ement$tion wi&& re!t with the i!tri't Court. [T]he gu$r", #urni!he" to [the re!i"ent] to prote't him

#rom (eing h$r$!!e" ( %ex$tiou! $n" unne'e!!$r !u(poen$!, i! to (e &ooe" #or in the 'on"u't o# $

["i!tri't] 'ourt $#ter tho!e !u(poen$! h$%e i!!ue"B not in $n 'ir'um!t$n'e whi'h i! to pre'e"e their(eing i!!ue". Unite" St$te! %. ?urr, : F. C$!., $t 34. St$tement! th$t meet the te!t o# $"mi!!i(i&it

$n" re&e%$n'e mu!t (e i!o&$te"B $&& other m$teri$& mu!t (e ex'i!e". 5t thi! !t$ge the i!tri't Court i!

not &imite" to repre!ent$tion! o# the Spe'i$& ro!e'utor $! to the e%i"en'e !ought ( the !u(poen$B

the m$teri$& wi&& (e $%$i&$(&e to the i!tri't Court. <t i! e&ement$r th$t in '$mer$ in!pe'tion o#

e%i"en'e i! $&w$! $ pro'e"ure '$&&ing #or !'rupu&ou! prote'tion $g$in!t $n re&e$!e or pu(&i'$tion o#

m$teri$& not #oun" ( the 'ourt, $t th$t !t$ge, pro($(& $"mi!!i(&e in e%i"en'e $n" re&e%$nt to the

i!!ue! o# the tri$& #or whi'h it i! !ought. Th$t (eing true o# $n or"in$r !itu$tion, it i! o(%iou! th$t the

i!tri't Court h$![418 U.S. 683, 71:] $ %er he$% re!pon!i(i&it to !ee to it th$t re!i"enti$&

'on%er!$tion!, whi'h $re either not re&e%$nt or not $"mi!!i(&e, $re $''or"e" th$t high "egree o#

re!pe't "ue the re!i"ent o# the Unite" St$te!. Ar. Chie# Du!ti'e A$r!h$&&, !itting $! $ tri$& )u"ge in the?urr '$!e, !upr$, w$! extr$or"in$ri& '$re#u& to point out th$t

[i]n no '$!e o# thi! in" wou&" $ 'ourt (e re0uire" to pro'ee" $g$in!t the pre!i"ent $! $g$in!t $n

or"in$r in"i%i"u$&. : F. C$!., $t 19.A$r!h$&&2! !t$tement '$nnot (e re$" to me$n in $n !en!e th$t $ re!i"ent i! $(o%e the &$w, (utre&$te! to the !ingu&$r& uni0ue ro&e un"er 5rt. << o# $ re!i"ent2! 'ommuni'$tion! $n" $'ti%itie!,re&$te" to the per#orm$n'e o# "utie! un"er th$t 5rti'&e. Aoreo%er, $ re!i"ent2! 'ommuni'$tion! $n"$'ti%itie! en'omp$!! $ %$!t& wi"er r$nge o# !en!iti%e m$teri$& th$n wou&" (e true o# $n or"in$rin"i%i"u$&. <t i! there#ore ne'e!!$r 1 in the pu(&i' intere!t to $##or" re!i"enti$& 'on#i"enti$&it thegre$te!t prote'tion 'on!i!tent with the #$ir $"mini!tr$tion o# )u!ti'e. The nee" #or 'on#i"enti$&it e%en$! to i"&e 'on%er!$tion! with $!!o'i$te! in whi'h '$!u$& re#eren'e might (e m$"e 'on'erning po&iti'$&

&e$"er! within the 'ountr or #oreign !t$te!men i! too o(%iou! to '$&& #or #urther tre$tment. +e h$%e no"ou(t th$t the i!tri't Du"ge wi&& $t $&& time! $''or" to re!i"enti$& re'or"! th$t high "egree o#"e#eren'e !ugge!te" in Unite" St$te! %. ?urr, !upr$, $n" wi&& "i!'h$rge hi! re!pon!i(i&it to !ee






to [418 U.S. 683, 716] it th$t unti& re&e$!e" to the Spe'i$& ro!e'utor no in '$mer$ m$teri$& i!re%e$&e" to $none. Thi! (ur"en $pp&ie! with e%en gre$ter #or'e to ex'i!e" m$teri$&B on'e the"e'i!ion i! m$"e to ex'i!e, the m$teri$& i! re!tore" to it! pri%i&ege" !t$tu! $n" !hou&" (e returne"un"er !e$& to it! &$w#u& 'u!to"i$n.

Sin'e thi! m$tter '$me (e#ore the Court "uring the pen"en' o# $ 'rimin$& pro!e'ution, $n" on

repre!ent$tion! th$t time i! o# the e!!en'e, the m$n"$te !h$&& i!!ue #orthwith.

5##irme"

THE DEEP THROAT RE/ELATION

<2m the =u The C$&&e" eep Thro$t

e!pite three "e'$"e! o# inten!e !pe'u&$tion, the i"entit o# eep Thro$tLthe !our'e who &e$e"

e "et$i&! o# Nixon2! +$terg$te 'o%er-up to Washington Post reporter! ?o( +oo"w$r" $n" C$r&

?ern!teinLh$! ne%er (een re%e$&e". Now, $t $ge 91, +. A$r Fe&t, num(er two $t the F.?.<. in the

e$r& 7;!, i! #in$&& $"mitting to th$t hi!tori', $nonmou! ro&e. <n $n ex'&u!i%e, H$nit F$ir put! $ n$me

$n" #$'e to one o# 5meri'$n "emo'r$'2! heroe!.

( Dohn . 2Connor

n $ !unn C$&i#orni$ morning in 5ugu!t 1999, Do$n Fe&t, $ (u! 'o&&ege Sp$ni!h pro#e!!or $n"!ing&e mother, w$! 'omp&eting 'hore! (e#ore &e$%ing #or '&$!!. She !toppe" when !he he$r" $nunexpe'te" no' $t the #ront "oor. Upon $n!wering it, !he w$! met ( $ 'ourteou!, :;-i!h m$n, whointro"u'e" him!e&# $! $ )ourn$&i!t #romThe Washington Post. e $!e" i# he 'ou&" !ee her #$ther, +.A$r Fe&t, who &i%e" with her in her !u(ur($n S$nt$ o!$ home. The m$n !$i" hi! n$me w$! ?o(+oo"w$r".

+oo"w$r"2! n$me "i" not regi!ter with Do$n, $n" !he $!!ume" he w$! no "i##erent #rom $ num(er o#

other reporter!, who h$" '$&&e" th$t wee. Thi! w$!, $#ter $&&, the :th $nni%er!$r o# the re!ign$tiono# re!i"ent i'h$r" Nixon, "i!gr$'e" in the !'$n"$& nown $! +$terg$te, $n" houn"e" #rom o##i'e in1974. The )ourn$&i!t! h$" $&& (een $!ing whether her #$therLthe num(er-two m$n in the F.?.<. "uringthe +$terg$te e$r!Lw$! eep Thro$t, the &egen"$r in!i"e in#orm$nt who, on the 'on"ition o#$nonmit, h$" !!tem$ti'$&& p$!!e" $&ong '&ue! $(out +hite ou!e mi!"ee"! to two oungreporter!. Do$n #igure" th$t !imi&$r phone '$&&! were pro($(& (eing p&$'e" to $ h$n"#u& o# other eepThro$t '$n"i"$te!.

The!e n$me!, o%er the e$r!, h$" (e'ome p$rt o# $ p$r&or g$me $mong hi!tori$n! +ho in the tope'he&on! o# go%ernment h$" mu!tere" the 'our$ge to &e$ !e'ret! to the pre!!M +ho h$" !ought toexpo!e the Nixon $"mini!tr$tion2! 'on!pir$' to o(!tru't )u!ti'e through it! m$!!i%e '$mp$ign o#po&iti'$& e!pion$ge $n" it! !u(!e0uent 'o%er-upM +ho, in"ee", h$" he&pe" (ring $(out the mo!t

!eriou! 'on!titution$& 'ri!i! !in'e the 1868 impe$'hment tri$& o# 5n"rew Dohn!onL$n", in thepro'e!!, 'h$nge" the #$te o# the n$tionM

Do$n w$! !u""en& 'uriou!. Un&ie the other!, thi! reporter h$" 'ome ( in per!on. +h$t2! more, he'&$ime" to (e $ #rien" o# her #$ther2!. Do$n ex'u!e" her!e&# $n" !poe to her "$". e w$! 86 $t thetime, $&ert though '&e$r& "imini!he" ( the e$r!. Do$n to&" him $(out the !tr$nger $t the "oor $n"w$! !urpri!e" when he re$"i& $gree" to !ee ?o(.

She u!here" him in, ex'u!e" her!e&#, $n" the two men t$&e" #or h$&# $n hour, Do$n re'$&&!. Then !hein%ite" them to )oin her #or $ "ri%e to the m$ret ne$r(. ?o( !$t in the ($'!e$t, !he !$!. < $!e"him $(out hi! &i#e, hi! )o(. e !$i" he2" (een out here on the +e!t Co$!t 'o%ering [5ri@on$ !en$tor]Dohn A'C$in2! [pre!i"enti$&] '$mp$ign $n" w$! in S$'r$mento or Fre!noL#our hour! $w$L$n"thought he2" !top (. e &ooe" $(out m $ge. < thought, =ee, [he2!] $ttr$'ti%e. &e$!$nt too. Too ($"thi! gu i!n2t !ing&e.

http://www.vanityfair.com/contributors/john-d-oconnor

http://www.vanityfair.com/contributors/john-d-oconnor



+oo"w$r" $n" Fe&t w$ite" in the '$r whi&e Do$n poppe" into the gro'er !tore. n the w$ home,Do$n remem(er!, +oo"w$r" $!e" her, +ou&" it (e $&& right to t$e our "$" to &un'h $n" h$%e $"rinM She $gree". 5n" !o, on'e ($' $t the hou!e, +oo"w$r" &e#t to get hi! '$r.

Do$n, $&w$! &ooing $#ter her "$"2! he$&th, re$&i@e" !he !hou&" pro($(& '$ution +oo"w$r" to &imither #$ther to one or two "rin!. Get when !he opene" the #ront "oor, !he 'ou&" #in" neither the reporter

nor hi! '$r. u@@&e", !he "e'i"e" to "ri%e $roun" the neigh(orhoo", on& to "i!'o%er him out!i"e theFe&t!2 !u("i%i!ion, w$&ing into $ p$ring &ot o# $ )unior high !'hoo& !ome eight (&o'! #rom the hou!e.e w$! )u!t $(out to enter $ 'h$u##eure" &imou!ine. Do$n, howe%er, w$! too po&ite to $! +oo"w$r"wh he h$" 'ho!en to p$r there. r wh, #or th$t m$tter, he h$" 'ome in $ &imo.

Th$t night her #$ther w$! e(u&&ient $(out the &un'h, re'ounting how ?o( $n" he h$" "owne"m$rtini!. Do$n #oun" it $&& $ (it o"". er #$ther h$" (een "o"ging reporter! $&& wee, (ut h$" !eeme"tot$&& 'om#ort$(&e with thi! one. 5n" wh h$" +oo"w$r" t$en !u'h pre'$ution!M Do$n tru!te" herin!tin't!. Though !he !ti&& h$"n2t m$"e the 'onne'tion (etween +oo"w$r", The Washington Post, $n"the +$terg$te !'$n"$&, !he w$! 'on%in'e" th$t thi! w$! $ &e!! th$n !eren"ipitou! %i!it.

Sure enough, in the e$r! to #o&&ow, A$r Fe&t $n" hi! "$ughter, $&ong with Do$n2! (rother, A$r )unior,$n" her !on Ni', wou&" 'ontinue to 'ommuni'$te with +oo"w$r" ( phone $n" in !e%er$& e-m$i&

ex'h$nge!/ $! Fe&t progre!!e" into hi! 9;!. Fe&t !u##ere" $ mi&" !troe in ;;1. i! ment$& #$'u&tie!(eg$n to "eterior$te $ (it. ?ut he ept hi! !pirit $n" !en!e o# humor. 5n" $&w$!, !$ Do$n, $ge" 61,$n" A$r )unior, :8, +oo"w$r" rem$ine" gr$'iou! $n" #rien"&, o''$!ion$&& in0uiring $(out Fe&t2!he$&th. 5! ou m$ re'$&&, +oo"w$r" e-m$i&e" Do$n in 5ugu!t o# ;;4, m #$ther [i!] $&!o$ppro$'hing 91. [e] !eem! h$ppLthe go$& #or $&& o# u!. ?e!t to e%erone, ?o(.

Three e$r! $#ter +oo"w$r"2! %i!it, m wi#e, D$n, $n" < h$ppene" to (e ho!ting $ r$ther &i%e& "inner#or m "$ughter Chri!t, $ 'o&&ege )unior, $n" !e%en o# her #rien"! #rom St$n#or". The $tmo!phere h$"the &e%it $n" inten!it o# $ reunion, $! !e%er$& o# the !tu"ent! h$" )u!t returne" #rom !$(($ti'$&! inSouth 5meri'$. D$n !er%e" her tpi'$& <t$&i$n-!t&e #e$!t with &$rge p&$tter! o# p$!t$, gri&&e" 'hi'en,$n" %eget$(&e!, $n" p&ent o# (eer $n" wine. ur hou!e, in A$rin Count, o%er&oo! the S$n $#$e&i&&!, $n" the !etting th$t !pring e%ening w$! per#e't #or tr$"ing !torie! $(out #$r$w$ trip!.

Ni' Done!, $ #rien" o# Chri!t2! whom < h$" nown #or three e$r!, &i!tene" $! < re&$te" $ !tor $(outm #$ther, $n $ttorne who h$" (egun hi! '$reer in io "uring +or&" +$r << ( !er%ing $! $nun"er'o%er F.?.<. $gent. +hen t$& turne" to the $&&ure $n" intrigue o# io in the 4;!, Ni' mentione"th$t hi! gr$n"#$ther, $&!o $ &$wer, h$" )oine" the (ure$u $roun" th$t time $n" h$" gone on to(e'ome $ '$reer $gent. +h$t2! hi! n$meM, < $!e".

Gou m$ h$%e he$r" o# him, he !$i". e w$! $ prett !enior gu in the F.?.<. A$r Fe&t.

< w$! (&own $w$. ere w$! $n enterpri!ing i" who w$! woring hi! w$ through !'hoo&. eremin"e" me o# m!e&# in $ w$ $n energeti' o%er$'hie%er who!e #$ther, &ie Ni'2! gr$n"#$ther, h$"!er%e" $! $n inte&&igen'e $gent. Ni' $n" < were (oth goo" high-!'hoo& $th&ete!. < went to Notre$me, the Uni%er!it o# Ai'hig$n $w S'hoo&, '&$!! o# 27, then )oine" the U.S. 5ttorne2! ##i'e in

S$n Fr$n'i!'o, u&tim$te& &$n"ing $t $ high& re!pe'te" ?$ 5re$ &$w #irm./ < h$" t$en Ni' un"er mwing, en'our$ging him to 'on!i"er !tu"ing to (e'ome $ &$wer. 5n" et < h$" no i"e$ th$t hi!gr$n"#$ther w$! the !$me guL&ong rumore" $! the in#$mou! eep Thro$tLwhom <2" he$r" $(out#or e$r! #rom m "$! $! $ #e"er$& pro!e'utor. Fe&t h$" e%en wore" with m e$r& mentor, +i&&i$mu'e&!h$u!, mo!t #$mou! #or hi! ro&e in the !o-'$&&e" S$tur"$ Night A$!!$'re, o# 1973. +hen+$terg$te !pe'i$& pro!e'utor 5r'hi($&" Cox !u(poen$e" nine Nixon t$pe re'or"ing! th$t he h$"!e'ret& m$"e in the %$& ##i'e, the pre!i"ent in!i!te" th$t Cox (e #ire". $ther th$n "i!mi!! Cox,Nixon2! $ttorne gener$&, >&&iot i'h$r"!on, $n" hi! "eput, u'e&!h$u!, re!igne" in prote!t,(e'oming n$tion$& heroe!./

eep Thro$t, in #$'t, h$" (een the hero who !t$rte" it $&&L$&ong with the two reporter! he $!!i!te",?o( +oo"w$r" $n" C$r& ?ern!tein (oth o# whom wou&" go on to m$e their )ourn$&i!ti' reput$tion!,$n" ri'he!, through their +$terg$te re%e&$tion!/. 5n" m "$ughter2! #rien", < !u!pe'te", w$! the#$mou! !our'e2! gr$n"!on. A$r Fe&tO, < ex'&$ime". Gou2re i""ing me. Gour gr$n""$" i! eepThro$tO i" ou now th$tM



Ni' $n!were" '$&m&, $n" m$(e with $n $ir o# un'ert$int, Gou now, ?ig Dohn, <2%e he$r" th$t #or $&ong time. Du!t re'ent& we2%e !t$rte" to thin m$(e it2! him.

+e &et the !u()e't "rop th$t night, turning to other m$tter!. ?ut $ #ew "$! &$ter Ni' phone" $n"$!e" me, in m ro&e $! $n $ttorne, to 'ome o%er $n" meet hi! gr$n"#$ther. Ni' $n" hi! motherw$nte" to "i!'u!! the wi!"om o# Fe&t2! 'oming #orw$r". Fe&t, Ni' !$i", h$" re'ent& $"mitte" hi!

!e'ret i"entit, pri%$te&, to intim$te!, $#ter e$r! o# hi"ing the truth e%en #rom hi! #$mi&. ?ut Fe&t w$!$"$m$nt $(out rem$ining !i&ent on the !u()e'tLunti& hi! "e$thLthining hi! p$!t "i!'&o!ure!!omehow "i!honor$(&e.

Do$n $n" Ni', howe%er, 'on!i"ere" him $ true p$triot. The were (eginning to re$&i@e th$t it mightm$e !en!e to en&i!t !omeone #rom the out!i"e to he&p him te&& hi! !tor, hi! w$, beforehe p$!!e"$w$, unher$&"e" $n" #orgotten.< $gree" to !ee A$r Fe&t &$ter th$t wee.

The i"entit o# eep Thro$t i! mo"ern )ourn$&i!m2! gre$te!t un!o&%e" m!ter. <t h$! (een !$i" th$t hem$ (e the mo!t #$mou! $nonmou! per!on in U.S. hi!tor. ?ut, reg$r"&e!! o# hi! notoriet, 5meri'$n!o'iet to"$ owe! $ 'on!i"er$(&e "e(t to the go%ernment o##i'i$& who "e'i"e", $t gre$t per!on$& ri!,

to he&p +oo"w$r" $n" ?ern!tein $! the pur!ue" the hi""en truth! o# +$terg$te.

Fir!t, !ome ($'groun". <n the e$r&-morning hour! o# Dune 17, 197, #i%e (urg&$r! were '$ught(re$ing into the he$"0u$rter! o# the emo'r$ti' N$tion$& Committee $t the +$terg$te 'omp&ex,$&ong the otom$' i%er. Two mem(er! o# the te$m were #oun" to h$%e $""re!! (oo! with !'ri((&e!+. ou!e $n" +.. The were oper$ting, $! it turne" out, on the or"er! o# >. ow$r" unt, $onetime C.<.5. $gent who h$" re'ent& wore" in the +hite ou!e, $n" =. =or"on i"", $n exPF.?.<.$gent who w$! on the p$ro&& o# the Committee to e-e&e't the re!i"ent C, pronoun'e" Creep,whi'h w$! org$ni@ing Nixon2! run $g$in!t Sen$tor =eorge A'=o%ern, the South $ot$ emo'r$t/.

Fun"! #or the (re$-in, &$un"ere" through $ Aexi'$n ($n $''ount, h$" $'tu$&& 'ome #rom the'o##er! o# C, he$"e" ( Dohn Ait'he&&, who h$" (een $ttorne gener$& "uring Nixon2! #ir!t term.Fo&&owing the (re$-in, !u!pi'ion! were r$i!e" throughout +$!hington +h$t were #i%e men with

epu(&i'$n 'onne'tion! "oing with g&o%e!, '$mer$!, &$rge $mount! o# '$!h, $n" (ugging e0uipmentin the emo'r$t!2 top '$mp$ign o##i'eM

The '$!e rem$ine" in the he$"&ine! th$n! to the "ogge" reporting o# $n un&ie& te$m o# )ourn$&i!t!,(oth in their &$te ;! C$r& ?ern!tein, $ !'ru## 'o&&ege "ropout $n" !ix-e$r %eter$n o# the Post now $writer, &e'turer, $n" Vanity Fair 'ontri(utor/, $n" ?o( +oo"w$r", $n exPn$% o##i'er $n" G$&e m$nnow $ 'e&e(r$te" $uthor $n" Post $!!i!t$nt m$n$ging e"itor/. The he$t w$! $&!o ept on (e'$u!e o#$ 'ontinuing F.?.<. in%e!tig$tion, he$"e" ( the (ure$u2! $'ting $!!o'i$te "ire'tor, A$r Fe&t, who!ete$m! inter%iewe" 86 $"mini!tr$tion $n" C !t$##er!. The!e !e!!ion!, howe%er, were 0ui'&un"ermine". The +hite ou!e $n" C h$" or"ere" th$t their &$wer! (e pre!ent $t e%er meeting.Fe&t (e&ie%e" th$t the C.<.5. "e&i(er$te& g$%e the F.?.<. #$&!e &e$"!. 5n" mo!t o# the (ure$u2! write-up! o# the inter%iew! were (eing !e'ret& p$!!e" on to Nixon 'oun!e& Dohn e$nL( none otherth$n Fe&t2! new (o!!, . $tri' =r$. =r$, the $'ting F.?.<. "ire'tor, h$" t$en o%er $#ter D. >"g$r

oo%er2! "e$th, !ix wee! (e#ore the (re$-in./ Throughout thi! perio", the Nixon '$mp "enie" $n+hite ou!e or C in%o&%ement in the +$terg$te $##$ir. 5n" $#ter $ three-month in%e!tig$tion therew$! no e%i"en'e to imp&i'$te $n +hite ou!e !t$##er!.

The +$terg$te pro(e $ppe$re" to (e $t $n imp$!!e, the (re$-in h$%ing (een exp&$ine" $w$ $! $pri%$te extortion !'heme th$t "i"n2t exten" (eon" the !u!pe't! in 'u!to". A'=o%ern 'ou&"n2t g$in'$mp$ign tr$'tion with the i!!ue, $n" the pre!i"ent w$! re-e&e'te" in No%em(er 197 ( $no%erwhe&ming m$)orit.

?ut "uring th$t #$te#u& !ummer $n" #$&&, $t &e$!t one go%ernment o##i'i$& w$! "etermine" not to &et+$terg$te #$"e $w$. Th$t m$n w$! +oo"w$r"2! we&&-p&$'e" !our'e. <n $n e##ort to eep the+$terg$te $##$ir in the new!, eep Thro$t h$" (een 'on!i!tent& 'on#irming or "ening 'on#i"enti$&in#orm$tion #or the reporter, whi'h he $n" ?ern!tein wou&" we$%e into their #re0uent !torie!, o#ten onthe Post' ! #ront p$ge.



>%er '$utiou!, +oo"w$r" $n" eep Thro$t "e%i!e" '&o$-$n"-"$gger metho"! to $%oi" t$i&! $n"e$%e!"ropper! "uring their numerou! ren"e@%ou!. <# +oo"w$r" nee"e" to initi$te $ meeting, hewou&" po!ition $n empt #&owerpot whi'h 'ont$ine" $ re" 'on!tru'tion #&$g/ to the re$r o# hi!$p$rtment ($&'on. <# eep Thro$t w$! the in!tig$tor, the h$n"! o# $ '&o' wou&" m!teriou!& $ppe$ron p$ge ; o# +oo"w$r"2! 'op o# The New York Times, whi'h w$! "e&i%ere" (e#ore !e%en e$'hmorning. Then the wou&" 'onne't $t the $ppointe" hour in $n un"ergroun" p$ring g$r$ge.

+oo"w$r" wou&" $&w$! t$e two '$(! $n" then w$& $ !hort "i!t$n'e to their meeting!./ The g$r$ge$##or"e" eep Thro$t $ "$rene" %enue #or hu!he" 'on%er!$tion, $ '&e$r %iew o# $n potenti$&intru"er!, $n" $ 0ui' e!'$pe route.+hoe%er eep Thro$t might h$%e (een, he w$! 'ert$in& $ pu(&i' o##i'i$& in pri%$te turmoi&. 5! thetwo Post reporter! wou&" exp&$in in their 1974 (ehin"-the-!'ene! (oo $(out +$terg$te, All thePresident's Men, eep Thro$t &i%e" in !o&it$r "re$", un"er the 'on!t$nt thre$t o# (eing !umm$ri&#ire" or e%en in"i'te", with no 'o&&e$gue! in whom he 'ou&" 'on#i"e. e w$! )u!ti#i$(& !u!pi'iou! th$tphone! h$" (een wiret$ppe", room! (ugge", $n" p$per! ri#&e". e w$! 'omp&ete& i!o&$te", h$%ingp&$'e" hi! '$reer $n" hi! in!titution in )eop$r". >%entu$&&, eep Thro$t wou&" e%en w$rn +oo"w$r"$n" ?ern!tein th$t he h$" re$!on to (e&ie%e e%erone2! &i#e i! in "$ngerLme$ning +oo"w$r"2!,?ern!tein2!, $n", pre!um$(&, hi! own.<n the month! th$t #o&&owe", the Post' ! expo!Q! 'ontinue" un$($te" in the #$'e o# mounting +hiteou!e pre!!ure $n" prote!t. eep Thro$t, h$%ing (e'ome more enr$ge" with the $"mini!tr$tion,

grew more (o&". <n!te$" o# mere& 'orro(or$ting #$'t! th$t the two reporter! o(t$ine" #rom other!our'e!, he (eg$n pro%i"ing &e$"! $n" out&ining $n $"mini!tr$tion-!$n'tione" 'on!pir$'. <n the #i&m%er!ion o# the (oo, o(ert e"#or" $n" u!tin o##m$n wou&" portr$ +oo"w$r" $n" ?ern!tein,whi&e $& o&(roo $!!ume" the eep Thro$t ro&e./

Soon pu(&i' out'r grew. ther me"i$ out&et! (eg$n to in%e!tig$te in e$rne!t. The Sen$te 'on%ene"ri%eting te&e%i!e" he$ring! in 1973, $n" when e p&$er! !u'h $! Dohn e$n 'ut immunit "e$&!, theentire p&ot unr$%e&e". re!i"ent Nixon, it turne" out, h$" t$pe-re'or"e" m$n o# the meeting! where!tr$tegie! h$" (een h$!he" outL$n" the 'o%er-up "i!'u!!e" in %io&$tion o# o(!tru'tion-o#-)u!ti'e&$w!/. n 5ugu!t 8, 1974, with the ou!e o# epre!ent$ti%e! '&e$r& mo%ing tow$r" impe$'hment, thepre!i"ent $nnoun'e" hi! re!ign$tion, $n" more th$n 3; go%ernment $n" '$mp$ign o##i'i$&! in $n"$roun" the Nixon +hite ou!e wou&" u&tim$te& p&e$" gui&t to or (e 'on%i'te" o# 'rime!. <n (rie#,+$terg$te h$" re$##irme" th$t no per!on, not e%en the pre!i"ent o# the Unite" St$te!, i! $(o%e the

&$w.

ue in no !m$&& p$rt to the !e'ret! re%e$&e" ( the Post, !ometime! in 'on!ort with eep Thro$t, the'ourt! $n" the Congre!! h$%e (een &o$th to gr$nt $ !itting pre!i"ent #ree rein, $n" $re gener$&& w$ro# $"mini!tr$tion! th$t might tr to impe"e $''e!! to +hite ou!e "o'ument! in the n$me o#exe'uti%e pri%i&ege. +$terg$te he&pe" !et in motion wh$t wou&" (e'ome nown $! the in"epen"ent'oun!e& &$w #or in%e!tig$ting top #e"er$& o##i'i$&!/ $n" he&pe" m$e whi!t&e-(&owing on wrong"oing!in (u!ine!! $n" go%ernment/ $ &eg$&& !$n'tione", i# !ti&& ri! $n" 'our$geou!, $'t. +$terg$tein%igor$te" $n in"epen"ent pre!!, %irtu$&& !p$wning $ gener$tion o# in%e!tig$ti%e )ourn$&i!t!. 5n" et, e%er !in'e the po&iti'$& m$e&!trom o# Nixon2! !e'on" term, eep Thro$t h$! "e'&ine" tore%e$& him!e&#. e h$! ept 0uiet through !e%en pre!i"en'ie! $n" "e!pite $n $nti'ip$te" #ortune th$tmight h$%e 'ome hi! w$ #rom $ te&&-$&& (oo, #i&m, or te&e%i!ion !pe'i$&. +oo"w$r" h$! !$i" th$t eepThro$t wi!he" to rem$in $nonmou! unti& "e$th, $n" he p&e"ge" to eep hi! !our'e2! 'on#i"en'e, $!

he h$! #or more th$n $ gener$tion. ##i'i$&&, eep Thro$t2! i"entit h$! (een nown on& to+oo"w$r", ?ern!tein, their #ormer e"itor ?en ?r$"&eeL$n" to eep Thro$t him!e&#./<n All the President's Men, the $uthor! "e!'ri(e" their !our'e $! $ m$n o# p$!!ion $n" 'ontr$"i'tion5w$re o# hi! own we$ne!!e!, he re$"i& 'on'e"e" hi! #&$w!. e w$!, in'ongruou!&, $n in'ur$(&ego!!ip, '$re#u& to &$(e& rumor #or wh$t it w$!, (ut #$!'in$te" ( it.... e 'ou&" (e row", "rin toomu'h, o%erre$'h. e w$! not goo" $t 'on'e$&ing hi! #ee&ing!, h$r"& i"e$& #or $ m$n in hi! po!ition.>%en though he w$! $ +$!hington 're$ture he w$! worn out ( e$r! o# (ure$u'r$ti' ($tt&e!, $ m$n"i!en'h$nte" with the !wit'h(&$"e ment$&it o# the Nixon +hite ou!e $n" it! t$'ti'! o# po&iti'i@inggo%ernment$& $gen'ie!. eep Thro$t w$! !omeone in $n extreme& !en!iti%e po!ition, po!!e!!ing$n $ggreg$te o# h$r" in#orm$tion #&owing in $n" out o# m$n !t$tion!, whi&e $t the !$me time 0uitew$r o# hi! ro&e $! $ 'on#i"enti$& !our'e. eep Thro$t, note" +oo"w$r" in $ &e'ture in ;;3, &ie" tohi! #$mi&, to hi! #rien"!, $n" 'o&&e$gue!, "ening th$t he h$" he&pe" u!.

5n" $! the e$r! went on, Do$n Fe&t h$" re$&& (egun to won"er whether her #$ther might )u!t (e thi!'our$geou! (ut torture" m$n.



?orn in Twin F$&&!, <"$ho, in 1913, A$r Fe&t '$me o# $ge $t $ time when the F.?.<. $gent w$! $n$r'hetp$& p$triotL$ 'rime-#ighter in $ &$n" th$t h$" (een torn ( w$r, the epre!!ion, $n" Ao(%io&en'e. $i!e" in mo"e!t 'ir'um!t$n'e!, the outgoing, t$e-'h$rge Fe&t wore" hi! w$ through theUni%er!it o# <"$ho where he w$! he$" o# hi! #r$ternit/ $n" the =eorge +$!hington Uni%er!it $wS'hoo&, m$rrie" $nother <"$ho gr$", 5u"re o(in!on, then )oine" the (ure$u in 194.

$pper, 'h$rming, $n" h$n"!ome, with $ #u&& he$" o# !$n" h$ir th$t gr$e" $ttr$'ti%e& o%er thee$r!, Fe&t re!em(&e" $'tor &o" ?ri"ge!. e w$! $ regi!tere" emo'r$t who turne" epu(&i'$n"uring the e$g$n e$r!/ with $ 'on!er%$ti%e (ent $n" $ 'ommon m$n2! &$w-$n"-or"er !tre$. #tenre&o'$ting hi! #$mi&, he wou&" 'ome to !pe$ $t e$'h new !'hoo& th$t Do$n Fe&t $tten"e"Lwe$ring $!hou&"er ho&!ter, hi""en un"er hi! pin!tripe!. <n the (ure$u, he w$! popu&$r with !uper%i!or! $n"un"er&ing! $&ie, $n" en)oe" (oth !'ot'h $n" (our(on, though he w$! e%er min"#u& o# oo%er2!e"i't! $(out hi! $gent!2 !o(riet. Fe&t he&pe" 'ur( the J$n!$! Cit Ao( $! th$t 'it2! !pe'i$& $gent in'h$rge, u!ing t$'ti'! (oth $ggre!!i%e $n" inno%$ti%e, then w$! n$me" !e'on"-in-'omm$n" o# the(ure$u2! tr$ining "i%i!ion in 196. Fe&t m$!tere" the $rt o# !u''in't, )u!t-the-#$'t!-m$2$m memowriting, whi'h $ppe$&e" to the meti'u&ou! oo%er, who m$"e him one o# hi! '&o!e!t protQgQ!. <n 1971,in $ mo%e to rein in hi! power-!eeing he$" o# "ome!ti' inte&&igen'e, +i&&i$m C. Su&&i%$n, oo%erpromote" Fe&t to $ new& 're$te" po!ition o%er!eeing Su&&i%$n, %$u&ting Fe&t to prominen'e.

+hi&e Fe&t ro!e through the r$n!, hi! "$ughter, Do$n, (e'$me "e'i"e"& $nti->!t$(&i!hment. 5!Do$n2! &i#e!t&e 'h$nge", her #$ther 0uiet& (ut !trong& "i!$ppro%e", te&&ing her th$t !he $n" her peer!remin"e" him o# r$"i'$& +e$ther Un"ergroun" mem(er!L$ #$'tion he h$ppene" to (e in the pro'e!!o# hunting "own. Do$n 'ut o## 'ont$'t with her p$rent! #or $ time !he h$! (een re'on'i&e" with her"$" #or more th$n : e$r! now/, retre$ting to $ 'ommune where, with $ mo%ie '$mer$ ro&&ing, !heg$%e (irth to her #ir!t !on, u"i Ni'2! (rother, now '$&&e" +i&&/, $ !'ene u!e" in the 1974"o'ument$r The irth of !"di. n one o''$!ion her p$rent! $rri%e" $t Do$n2! #$rm #or $ %i!it, on& to#in" her $n" $ #rien" !itting n$e" in the !un, (re$!t-#ee"ing their ($(ie!.Do$n2! (rother, A$r )unior, $ 'ommer'i$& pi&ot $n" retire" $ir-#or'e &ieuten$nt 'o&one&, !$! th$t $t th$t!t$ge their #$ther w$! utter& $(!or(e" in hi! wor. ? the time he2" got to +$!hington, A$r re'$&&!,he wore" !ix "$! $ wee, got home, h$" "inner, $n" went to (e". e (e&ie%e" in the F.?.<. moreth$n $nthing e&!e he (e&ie%e" in in hi! &i#e. For $ time, A$r !$!, hi! "$" $&!o !er%e" $! $n unp$i"te'hni'$& $"%i!er to the popu&$r 6;! TH progr$m The F..#., o''$!ion$&& going onto the !et with >#remRim($&i!t Dr., who p&$e" $n $gent with re!pon!i(i&itie! !imi&$r to Fe&t2!. e w$! $ 'oo& 'h$r$'ter,!$! the ounger Fe&t, wi&&ing to t$e ri!! $n" go out!i"e o# the ru&e (oo to get the )o( "one.<n hi! &itt&e-nown 1979 memoir, The F..#. Pyramid, 'o-written with $&ph "e To&e"$no, Fe&t 'ome!$'ro!! $! $ "own-to-e$rth 'ounterp$rt to the imperiou! oo%erL$ m$n Fe&t "eep& re!pe'te".oo%er, in Fe&t2! %iew, w$! 'h$ri!m$ti', #ei!t, 'h$rming, pett, gi$nt, gr$n"io!e, (ri&&i$nt, egoti!ti'$&,in"u!triou!, #ormi"$(&e, 'omp$!!ion$te, "omineeringB he po!!e!!e" $ purit$ni'$& !tre$, the(e$ring o# $n in#&exi(&e m$rtinet, $n" o(!e!!i%e h$(it!. oo%er in!i!te" on the !$me !e$t! in thep&$ne, the !$me room! in the !$me hote&!. [e h$" $n] imm$'u&$te $ppe$r$n'e $! i# he h$"!h$%e", !howere", $n" put on $ #re!h& pre!!e" !uit #or [e%er] o''$!ion./ Fe&t, $ more !o'i$(&e#igure, w$! !ti&& $ m$n in the oo%er mo&" "i!'ip&ine", #ier'e& &o$& to the men un"er hi! 'omm$n",$n" re!i!t$nt to $n #or'e th$t trie" to 'ompromi!e the (ure$u. Fe&t '$me to !ee him!e&#, in #$'t, $!!omething o# $ 'on!'ien'e o# the F.?.<.+e&& (e#ore oo%er2! "e$th, re&$tion! (etween the Nixon '$mp $n" the F.?.<. "eterior$te". <n 1971,Fe&t w$! '$&&e" to 16;; enn!&%$ni$ 5%enue. The pre!i"ent, Fe&t w$! to&", h$" (egun '&im(ing thew$&&! (e'$u!e !omeone $ go%ernment in!i"er, Nixon (e&ie%e"/ w$! &e$ing "et$i&! to The New YorkTimes $(out the $"mini!tr$tion2! !tr$teg #or up'oming $rm! t$&! with the So%iet!. Nixon2! $i"e!w$nte" the (ure$u to #in" the 'u&prit!, either through wiret$p! or ( in!i!ting th$t !u!pe't! !u(mit to&ie-"ete'tor te!t!. Su'h &e$! &e" the +hite ou!e to (egin emp&oing ex-C.<.5. tpe! to "o their own,home!pun !ping, 're$ting it! ne#$riou! &um(er! unit, to whi'h the +$terg$te '$"re (e&onge".Fe&t $rri%e" $t the +hite ou!e to 'on#ront $n o"" g$thering. >gi& ?u" Jrogh Dr., "eput $!!i!t$nt #or "ome!ti' $##$ir!, pre!i"e", $n" $tten"ee! in'&u"e" ex-!p >. ow$r" unt $n" o(ert A$r"i$n, $n$!!i!t$nt $ttorne gener$&L$ ($&"ing &itt&e m$n, Fe&t re'$&&e", "re!!e" in wh$t &ooe" &ie wor'&othe! $n" "irt tenni! !hoe! !hu##&ing $(out the room, $rr$nging the 'h$ir! $n" < [#ir!t] too him to(e $ mem(er o# the '&e$ning !t$##. A$r"i$n h$" (een !ummone" to the +e!t +ing #rom $ weeen"tenni! g$me./ 5''or"ing to Fe&t, on'e the meeting (eg$n, Fe&t expre!!e" re!i!t$n'e to the i"e$ o#wiret$pping !u!pe'te" &e$er! without $ 'ourt or"er.



5#ter the !e!!ion, whi'h en"e" with no '&e$r re!o&ution, Jrogh2! group (eg$n to h$%e re$!on to!u!pe't $ !ing&e ent$gon emp&oee. Nixon, nonethe&e!!, "em$n"e" th$t #our or #i%e hun"re"peop&e in St$te, e#en!e, $n" !o #orth [$&!o (e po&gr$phe"] !o th$t we '$n imme"i$te& !'$re the($!t$r"!. Two "$! &$ter, $! Fe&t wrote in hi! (oo, he w$! re&ie%e" when Jrogh to&" him th$t the$"mini!tr$tion h$" "e'i"e" to &et the 5gen', not the F.?.<., h$n"&e the po&gr$ph inter%iew!....(%iou!&, Dohn >hr&i'hm$n [Jrogh2! (o!!, Nixon2! top "ome!ti'-po&i' $"%i!er, $n" the he$" o# the

&um(er! unit] h$" "e'i"e" to 2puni!h2 the ?ure$u #or wh$t he !$w $! it! &$' o# 'ooper$tion $n" it!re#u!$& to get in%o&%e" in the wor whi'h the 2&um(er!2 &$ter un"ertoo.

<n 197, ten!ion! (etween the in!titution! "eepene" when oo%er $n" Fe&t re!i!te" +hite ou!epre!!ure to h$%e the F.?.<. #oren!i'! &$( "e'&$re $ p$rti'u&$r& "$mning memo $ #orgerL$! $ w$ o#exoner$ting the $"mini!tr$tion in $ 'orruption !'$n"$&. ?e&ie%ing th$t trumpe"-up #orger #in"ing!were improper, $n" tring to !u!t$in the reput$tion o# the F.?.<. &$(, Fe&t '&$ime" to h$%e re#u!e"entre$tie! ( Dohn e$n. The epi!o"e too on e&ement! o# the $(!ur" when unt, we$ring $n i&&-#itting re" wig, !howe" up in en%er in $n e##ort to extr$'t in#orm$tion #rom it$ ?e$r", the'ommuni'$tion! &o((i!t who h$" !uppo!e"& written the memo./

C&e$r&, Fe&t h$r(ore" in're$!ing 'ontempt #or thi! 'uriou! 'rew $t the +hite ou!e, whom he !$w $!

intent on uti&i@ing the Du!ti'e ep$rtment #or their po&iti'$& en"!. +h$t2! more, oo%er, who h$" "ie"th$t A$, w$! no &onger $roun" to prote't Fe&t or the (ure$u2! &" =u$r", the F.?.<. 'hie# h$%ing (eenrep&$'e" ( $n interim !u''e!!or, . $tri' =r$, $ epu(&i'$n &$wer who hope" to perm$nent&&$n" oo%er2! )o(. =r$, with hi! ee! on th$t pri@e, 'ho!e to &e$%e $n in're$!ing& #ru!tr$te" Fe&t in'h$rge o# the F.?.<.2! "$-to-"$ oper$tion!. Then '$me the (re$-in, $n" $ pit'he" ($tt&e (eg$n. +e!eeme" to (e 'ontinu$&& $t o""! with the +hite ou!e $(out $&mo!t e%erthing, Fe&t wrote,reg$r"ing the "$r "$! o# 197. e !oon '$me to (e&ie%e th$t he w$! #ighting $n $&&-out w$r #or the!ou& o# the (ure$u.

5! the F.?.<. pu!he" on with it! +$terg$te in%e!tig$tion, the +hite ou!e threw up more $n" more($rrier!. +hen Fe&t $n" hi! te$m (e&ie%e" the 'ou&" tr$'e the !our'e o# the mone th$t h$" (een inthe po!!e!!ion o# the +$terg$te 2(urg&$r!2 to $ ($n in Aexi'o Cit, =r$, $''or"ing to Fe&t, #&$t&or"ere" [Fe&t] to '$&& o## $n inter%iew! in Aexi'o (e'$u!e the might up!et $ C.<.5. oper$tion there.

Fe&t $n" hi! e "eputie! !ought $ meeting with =r$. oo, Fe&t re'$&&e" te&&ing hi! (o!!, thereput$tion o# the F?< i! $t !t$e.... Un&e!! we get $ re0ue!t in writing [#rom the C.<.5.] to #orgo the[Aexi'o] inter%iew, we2re going $he$" $nw$O

Th$t2! not $&&, Fe&t !uppo!e"& $""e". +e mu!t "o !omething $(out the 'omp&ete &$' o#'ooper$tion #rom Dohn e$n $n" the Committee to ee&e't the re!i"ent. <t2! o(%iou! the2re ho&"ing($'L"e&$ing $n" &e$"ing u! $!tr$ in e%er w$ the now. +e expe't thi! !ort o# thing when we$re in%e!tig$ting org$ni@e" 'rime.... The who&e thing i! going to exp&o"e right in the re!i"ent2! #$'e.

5t $ !u(!e0uent meeting, $''or"ing to Fe&t, =r$ $!e" whether the in%e!tig$tion 'ou&" (e 'on#ine"to the!e !e%en !u()e't!, re#erring to the #i%e (urg&$r!, p&u! unt $n" i"". Fe&t re!pon"e", +e wi&&(e going mu'h higher th$n the!e !e%en. The!e men $re the p$wn!. +e w$nt the one! who mo%e"the p$wn!. 5greeing with hi! te$m, =r$ 'ho!e to !t$ the 'our!e $n" 'ontinue the pro(e.

Fe&t2! (oo gi%e! no in"i'$tion th$t "uring thi! !$me perio" he "e'i"e" to go out!i"e the (oun"! o#go%ernment to expo!e the 'orruption within Nixon2! te$mLor to o%er'ome the impe"iment! the werep&$'ing on hi! $(i&it to "o hi! )o(. There $re on& !'$nt '&ue! th$t he might h$%e "e'i"e" to p$!!$&ong !e'ret! to The Washington Post$ in #$'t, Fe&t m$e! $ point o# '$tegori'$&& "ening he i! eepThro$t. ?ut, in truth, the +hite ou!e h$" (egun $!ing #or Fe&t2! he$", e%en though =r$ $"$m$nt&"e#en"e" hi! "eput. Fe&t wou&" write

=r$ 'on#i"e" to me, Gou now, A$r, [5ttorne =ener$&] i' J&ein"ien!t to&" me th$t < might h$%eto get ri" o# ou. e !$! +hite ou!e !t$## mem(er! $re 'on%in'e" th$t ou $re the F?< !our'e o#&e$! to +oo"w$r" $n" ?ern!tein.

< !$i", $t, < h$%en2t &e$e" $nthing to $n(o". The $re wrongO



< (e&ie%e ou, =r$ $n!were", (ut the +hite ou!e "oe!n2t. J&ein"ien!t h$! to&" me on three or #our o''$!ion! to get ri" o# ou (ut < re#u!e". e "i"n2t !$ thi! '$me #rom higher up (ut < $m 'on%in'e"th$t it "i".

<t i! '&e$r #rom the +$terg$te t$pe! th$t Fe&t w$! in"ee" one o# the t$rget! o# Nixon2! wr$th. <n'to(er 197, Nixon in!i!te" he wou&" #ire the who&e =o""$mn ?ure$u, $n" !ing&e" out Fe&t, whom

he thought to (e p$rt o# $ p&ot to un"ermine him through #re0uent pre!! &e$!. <! he $ C$tho&i'M he$!e" hi! tru!te" $"%i!er . . $&"em$n, who rep&ie" th$t Fe&t w$! Dewi!h. Fe&t, o# <ri!h "e!'ent, i!not Dewi!h $n" '&$im! no re&igiou! $##i&i$tion./ Nixon, who !ometime! !ugge!te" th$t $ Dewi!h'on!pir$' might (e $t the root o# hi! pro(&em!, !eeme" !urpri!e". Chri!t, he !$i", [the (ure$u] put$ Dew in thereM <t 'ou&" (e the Dewi!h thing. < "on2t now. <t2! $&w$! $ po!!i(i&it.

<t w$! =r$, howe%er, not Fe&t, who (e'$me the #$&& gu. 5t =r$2! 'on#irm$tion he$ring!, in Fe(ru$r1973, he w$! $($n"one" ( hi! onetime $&&ie! in the +e!t +ing $n" w$! &e#t to twi!t !&ow&, !&ow& inthe win", in the wor"! o# Nixon $i"e Dohn >hr&i'hm$n. +ith =r$ now gone, Fe&t h$" &o!t hi! &$!t!pon!or $n" prote'tor. Next up w$! interim F.?.<. "ire'tor u'e&!h$u!, who u&tim$te& re!igne" $!$!!i!t$nt $ttorne gener$& in Nixon2! S$tur"$ Night A$!!$'re. Fe&t &e#t the (ure$u th$t !$me e$r$n" went on the &e'ture 'ir'uit.

Then, in 1978, Fe&t w$! in"i'te" on 'h$rge! o# h$%ing $uthori@e" i&&eg$& F.?.<. (re$-in! e$r&ier in the"e'$"e, in whi'h $gent! without w$rr$nt! entere" the re!i"en'e! o# $!!o'i$te! $n" #$mi& mem(er!o# !u!pe'te" (om(er! (e&ie%e" to (e in%o&%e" with the +e$ther Un"ergroun". The '$reer $gent w$!$rr$igne" $! hun"re"! o# F.?.<. 'o&&e$gue!, out!i"e the 'ourthou!e, "emon!tr$te" on hi! (eh$&#. Fe&t,o%er the !trong o()e'tion! o# hi! &$wer! th$t the )ur h$" (een improper& in!tru'te", '&$ime" th$t hew$! #o&&owing e!t$(&i!he" &$w-en#or'ement pro'e"ure! #or (re$-in! when n$tion$& !e'urit w$! $t!t$e. >%en !o, Fe&t w$! 'on%i'te" two e$r! &$ter. Then, in $ !troe o# goo" #ortune whi&e hi! '$!ew$! on $ppe$&, on$&" e$g$n w$! e&e'te" pre!i"ent $n", in 1981, g$%e Fe&t $ #u&& p$r"on.

Fe&t $n" hi! wi#e h$" $&w$! &ooe" #orw$r" to $ retirement where the 'ou&" &i%e 'om#ort$(& $n"($! prou"& in hi! $''omp&i!hment!. ?ut $! he en"ure" e$r! o# 'ourtroom tr$%$i&!, the (oth #e&t(etr$e" ( the 'ountr he h$" !er%e". 5u"re, $&w$! $n inten!e per!on, !u##ere" pro#oun" !tre!!,

$nxiet, $n" ner%ou! exh$u!tion, whi'h (oth o# them (itter& (&$me" on hi! &eg$& trou(&e!. ong $#terher e$r& p$!!ing, in 1984, Fe&t 'ontinue" to 'ite the !tr$in o# hi! pro!e'ution $! $ m$)or #$'tor in the"e$th o# hi! wi#e.

5 wee $#ter our #e!ti%e "inner in ;;, Ni' Done! intro"u'e" me to hi! mother, Do$n Fe&tL"n$mi'$n" open-min"e", high-!trung $n" o%erwore", prou" $n" prote'ti%e o# her #$ther, !&im $n" $ttr$'ti%e!he h$" (een $n $'tre!! #or $ time/L$n" to hi! gr$n"#$ther. Fe&t, then 88, w$! $ 'hipper, e$!goingm$n with $ he$rt &$ugh $n" $n en%i$(&e !ho' o# white h$ir. i! ee! !p$r&e" $n" hi! h$n"!h$ew$! #irm. Though he re0uire" the $!!i!t$n'e o# $ met$& w$&er on hi! "$i& roun"!, h$%ing !u!t$ine" $!troe the e$r (e#ore, he w$! nonethe&e!! eng$ge" $n" eng$ging.< !oon re$&i@e" the urgen' (ehin" Ni'2! re0ue!t. 5 #ew wee! (e#oreLpo!!i(& in $nti'ip$tion o# the3;th $nni%er!$r o# the +$terg$te (re$-inL$ reporter #or the %lobe t$(&oi", $wn$ J$u#m$nn, h$"'$&&e" Do$n to $! whether her #$ther w$! $'tu$&& eep Thro$t. Do$n t$&e" (rie#& $(out +oo"w$r"2!

m!teriou! %i!it three e$r! (e#ore. J$u#m$nn then wrote $ pie'e he$"&ine" >> T5T>S>O <n her !tor !he 0uote" $ oung m$n ( the n$me o# Ch$!e Cu&em$n-?e'm$n. e h$"'&$ime", in $ 1999 &artford o"rant $rti'&e, th$t whi&e $tten"ing !ummer '$mp in 1988 $ oung #rien"o# hi! n$me" D$'o( ?ern!teinLthe !on o# C$r& ?ern!tein $n" writer Nor$ >phronLh$" "i%u&ge" $!e'ret, mentioning th$t hi! #$ther h$" to&" him th$t $ m$n n$me" A$r Fe&t w$! the in#$mou! eepThro$t. >phron $n" ?ern!tein, "i%or'e" ( 1999, (oth $!!erte" th$t Fe&t w$! the #$%orite !u!pe't o#>phron2!, $n" th$t ?ern!tein h$" ne%er "i!'&o!e" eep Thro$t2! i"entit. 5''or"ing to ?ern!tein2!re!pon!e $t the time, their !on w$! !imp& repe$ting hi! mother2! gue!!. +hen $ppro$'he" (reporter! !pe'u&$ting $(out eep Thro$t2! i"entit, +oo"w$r" $n" ?ern!tein h$%e 'on!i!tent&re#u!e" to "i%u&ge it./Soon $#ter the %lobe $rti'&e $ppe$re", Do$n Fe&t re'ei%e" $ #r$nti' phone '$&& #rom G%ette $ =$r"e.uring the &$te 198;!, #o&&owing hi! wi#e2! "e$th, Fe&t $n" $ =$r"e h$" (e'ome '&o!e #rien"! $n"#re0uent !o'i$& 'omp$nion!. +h i! he $nnoun'ing it nowM $ worrie" $ =$r"e $!e" Do$n. <

thought he wou&"n2t (e re%e$&e" unti& he w$! "e$".

Do$n poun'e". 5nnoun'ing wh$tM !he w$nte" to now.



$ =$r"e, $pp$rent& !en!ing th$t Do$n "i" not now the truth, pu&&e" ($', then #in$&& owne" up tothe !e'ret !he h$" ept #or e$r!. Fe&t, $ =$r"e !$i", h$" 'on#i"e" to her th$t he h$" in"ee" (een+oo"w$r"2! !our'e, (ut h$" !worn her to !i&en'e. Do$n then 'on#ronte" her #$ther, who initi$&&"enie" it. < now now th$t ou2re eep Thro$t, !he remem(er! te&&ing him, exp&$ining $ =$r"e2!"i!'&o!ure. i! re!pon!e Sin'e th$t2! the '$!e, we&&, e!, < $m. Then $n" there, !he p&e$"e" withhim to $nnoun'e hi! ro&e imme"i$te& !o th$t he 'ou&" h$%e !ome '&o!ure, $n" $''o&$"e!, whi&e he

w$! !ti&& $&i%e. Fe&t re&u't$nt& $gree", then 'h$nge" hi! min". e !eeme" "etermine" to t$e hi!!e'ret with him to the gr$%e.

?ut it turne" out th$t G%ette $ =$r"e h$" $&!o to&" other!. 5 "e'$"e (e#ore, !he h$" !h$re" her!e'ret with her e&"e!t !on, Ai'e, now retire"L$ #ortun$te 'on#i"$nt, gi%en hi! wor $! $n $rm&ieuten$nt 'o&one& ($!e" $t N5T mi&it$r he$"0u$rter! re0uiring $ top-!e'ret !e'urit '&e$r$n'e/.Ai'e $ =$r"e !$! he h$! rem$ine" mum $(out the re%e&$tion e%er !in'e A mom2! 'on"o unitw$! in +$terg$te $n" <2" !ee A$r, he re'$&&!. <n one o# tho!e %i!it!, in 1987 or 288, !he 'on#i"e" to[m wi#e] ee $n" < th$t A$r h$", in #$'t, (een the eep Thro$t th$t (rought "own the Nixon$"mini!tr$tion. < "on2t thin Aom2! e%er to&" $none e&!e.

ee $ =$r"e, $ C..5. $n" go%ernment $u"itor, 'orro(or$te! her hu!($n"2! $''ount. She'on#e!!e" it, ee re'$&&!. The three o# u! might h$%e (een $t the it'hen t$(&e in her $p$rtment.

There2! no 0ue!tion in m min" th$t !he i"enti#ie" him. Gou2re the #ir!t per!on <2%e "i!'u!!e" thi! with(e!i"e! m hu!($n".

The "$ o# her #$ther2! gr$n" $"mi!!ion, Do$n &e#t #or '&$!!, $n" Fe&t went #or $ ri"e with 5t$m$?$ti!$re!$re, $n $!!i!te"-&i%ing $i"e. Fe&t, $! $ ru&e, exhi(ite" $ '$&m "eme$nor, &etting hi! thought!w$n"er #rom one topi' to $nother. n thi! trip, howe%er, !o ?$ti!$re!$re &$ter to&" Do$n $n" me, Fe&t(e'$me high& $git$te" $n" #o'u!e" on one !u()e't, whi'h !ort o# '$me out o# the (&ue. The '$regi%er now re'$&&!, in hi! thi' Fi)i$n $''ent, e "i" te&& me, 25n F.?.<. m$n !hou&" h$%e &o$&t to the"ep$rtment.2 e t$&e" $(out &o$&t. e "i"n2t mention he w$! $ eep Thro$t. e to&" me he "i"n2tw$nt to "o it, (ut 2it w$! m "ut to "o it, reg$r"ing Nixon.2 Fe&t wou&" #re0uent& return to thi! theme.+hi&e w$t'hing $ +$terg$te TH !pe'i$& th$t month, he $n" Do$n he$r" hi! n$me 'ome up $! $ eepThro$t '$n"i"$te. Do$n, tring to e&i'it $ re!pon!e, "e&i(er$te& 0ue!tione" her #$ther in the thir"per!on o ou thin eep Thro$t w$nte" to get ri" o# NixonM Do$n !$! th$t Fe&t rep&ie", No, <

w$!n2t tring to (ring him "own. e '&$ime", in!te$", th$t he w$! on& "oing hi! "ut./

n th$t Sun"$ in A$ when < #ir!t met A$r Fe&t, he w$! p$rti'u&$r& 'on'erne" $(out how (ure$uper!onne&, then $n" now, h$" 'ome to reg$r" eep Thro$t. e !eeme" to (e !trugg&ing in!i"e withwhether he wou&" (e !een $! $ "e'ent m$n or $ turn'o$t. < !tre!!e" th$t F.?.<. $gent! $n"pro!e'utor! now thought eep Thro$t $ p$triot, not $ rogue. 5n" < emph$!i@e" th$t one o# there$!on! he might w$nt to $nnoun'e hi! i"entit wou&" (e #or the %er purpo!e o# te&&ing the !tor #romhi! point o# %iew.

Sti&&, < 'ou&" !ee he w$! e0ui%o'$ting. e w$! $men$(&e $t #ir!t, hi! gr$n"!on Ni' re'$&&!. Then hew$! w$%ering. e w$! 'on'erne" $(out (ringing "i!honor to our #$mi&. +e thought it w$! tot$&& 'oo&.<t w$! more $(out honor th$n $(out $n in" o# !h$me [to] =r$n"p$.... To thi! "$, he #ee&! he "i" theright thing.

5t the en" o# our 'on%er!$tion, Fe&t !eeme" in'&ine" to re%e$& him!e&#, (ut re#u!e" to 'ommit. <2&& thin$(out wh$t ou h$%e !$i", $n" <2&& &et ou now o# m "e'i!ion, he to&" me %er #irm& th$t "$. <n theme$ntime, < to&" him, < wou&" t$e on hi! '$u!e pro (ono, he&ping him #in" $ reput$(&e pu(&i!her i# he"e'i"e" to go th$t route. < h$%e written thi! pie'e, in #$'t, $#ter witne!!ing the "e'&ine o# Fe&t2! he$&th$n" ment$& $'uit, $n" $#ter re'ei%ing hi! $n" Do$n2! permi!!ion to re%e$& thi! in#orm$tion, norm$&&prote'te" ( pro%i!ion! o# &$wer-'&ient pri%i&ege. The Fe&t! were not p$i" #or 'ooper$ting with thi!!tor./

ur t$&! "r$gge" on, howe%er. Fe&t to&" Do$n th$t he h$" other worrie!. e won"ere" wh$t the )u"ge wou&" thin me$ning were he to expo!e hi! p$!t, might he &e$%e him!e&# open to pro!e'ution#or hi! $'tion!M/. e !eeme" genuine& 'on#&i'te". Do$n too to "i!'u!!ing the i!!ue in $ 'ir'um!pe't

w$, !ometime! re#erring to eep Thro$t ( et $nother 'o"e n$me, Doe C$me&. Ne%erthe&e!!, the



more we t$&e", the more #orthright Fe&t (e'$me. n !e%er$& o''$!ion! he 'on#i"e" to me, <2m thegu the u!e" to '$&& eep Thro$t.

e $&!o opene" up to hi! !on. <n pre%iou! e$r!, when Fe&t2! n$me h$" 'ome up $! $ eep Thro$t!u!pe't, Fe&t h$" $&w$! (ri!t&e". i! $ttitu"e w$! < "on2t thin [(eing eep Thro$t] w$! $nthing to(e (ro"d o#, A$r )unior !$!. Gou [!hou&"] not &e$ in#orm$tion to any one. Now hi! #$ther w$!

$"mitting he h$" "one )u!t th$t. A$ing the "e'i!ion [to go to the pre!!] wou&" h$%e (een "i##i'u&t,p$in#u&, $n" ex'ru'i$ting, $n" out!i"e the (oun"! o# hi! &i#e2! wor. e wou&" not h$%e "one it i# he"i"n2t #ee& it w$! the only w$ to get $roun" the 'orruption in the +hite ou!e $n" Du!ti'eep$rtment. e w$! torture" in!i"e, (ut ne%er wou&" !how it. e w$! not thi! $& o&(roo 'h$r$'ter.e w$! not $n e"g per!on. [>%en though] it wou&" (e the mo!t "i##i'u&t "e'i!ion o# hi! &i#e, hewou&"n2t h$%e pine" o%er it.

5t one &un'h $t $ !'eni' re!t$ur$nt o%er&ooing the $'i#i', Do$n $n" A$r !$t their #$ther "own to &$out the '$!e #or #u&&, pu(&i' "i!'&o!ure. Fe&t $rgue" with them, $''or"ing to hi! !on, w$rning them notto (etr$ him. < "on2t w$nt thi! out, Fe&t !$i". 5n" i# it got in the p$per!, <2" gue!! <2" now who put itthere. ?ut the per!i!te". The exp&$ine" th$t the w$nte" their #$ther2! &eg$' to (e heroi' $n"perm$nent, not $nonmou!. 5n" (eon" their m$in moti%eLpo!teritLthe thought th$t there mighte%entu$&& (e !ome pro#it in it. ?o( +oo"w$r"2! gonn$ get $&& the g&or #or thi!, (ut we 'ou&" m$e $t

&e$!t enough mone to p$ !ome (i&&!, &ie the "e(t <2%e run up #or the i"!2 e"u'$tion, Do$n re'$&&!!$ing. et2! "o it #or the #$mi&. +ith th$t, (oth 'hi&"ren remem(er, he #in$&& $gree". e w$!n2tp$rti'u&$r& intere!te", A$r !$!, (ut he !$i", 2Th$t2! $ goo" re$!on.2

Fe&t h$" 'ome to $n interim "e'i!ion he wou&" 'ooper$te, (ut on& with the $!!i!t$n'e o# ?o(+oo"w$r". 5''e"ing to hi! wi!he!, Do$n $n" < !poe to +oo"w$r" ( phone on $ h$&#-"o@eno''$!ion! o%er $ perio" o# month! $(out whether to m$e $ )oint re%e&$tion, po!!i(& in the #orm o# $(oo or $n $rti'&e. +oo"w$r" wou&" !ometime! (egin the!e 'on%er!$tion! with $ '$%e$t, !$ing,more or &e!!, Du!t (e'$u!e <2m t$&ing to ou, <2m not $"mitting th$t he i! who ou thin he i!. Thenhe2" expre!! hi! 'hie# 'on'ern!, whi'h were two#o&", $! < re'$&&. Fir!t, w$! thi! !omething th$t Do$n$n" < were pu!hing on Fe&t, or "i" he $'tu$&& w$nt to re%e$& him!e&# o# hi! own $''or"M < interprete"thi! to me$n w$! he 'h$nging the &ong-!t$n"ing $greement the men h$" ept #or three "e'$"e!M/Se'on", w$! Fe&t $'tu$&& in $ '&e$r ment$& !t$teM To m$e hi! own $!!e!!ment, +oo"w$r" to&" Do$n

$n" me, he w$nte" to 'ome out $n" !it "own with her #$ther $g$in, not h$%ing !een him !in'e their&un'h.

+e went through $ perio" where he "i" '$&& $ (it, Do$n !$! o# her "i!'u!!ion! with +oo"w$r".Ni' !$! he !ometime! $n!were" the phone $n" !poe with him, too./ e2! $&w$! (een %ergr$'iou!. +e t$&e" $(out "oing $ (oo with $", $n" < thin he w$! 'on!i"ering. Th$t w$! mun"er!t$n"ing. e "i"n2t !$ no $t #ir!t.... Then he ept in" o# putting me o## on thi! (oo, !$ing,2Do$n, "on2t pre!! me.2 For him the i!!ue w$! 'ompeten' w$! $" 'ompetent to re&e$!e him #romthe $greement the two o# them h$" m$"e not to !$ $nthing unti& $#ter $" "ie"M 5t one point < !$i",2?o(, )u!t (etween ou $n" me, o## the re'or", < w$nt ou to 'on#irm w$! eep Thro$t m "$"M2 ewou&"n2t "o th$t. < !$i", 2<# he2! not, ou '$n $t &e$!t te&& me th$t. +e 'ou&" put thi! to re!t.2 5n" he!$i", 2< '$n2t "o th$t.2

Do$n !$! th$t "uring thi! perio" +oo"w$r" h$" $t &e$!t two phone 'on%er!$tion! with Fe&t without$none e&!e &i!tening. $"2! memor gr$"u$&& h$! "eterior$te" !in'e the origin$& &un'h the h$",[(ut] $" remem(ere" ?o( whene%er he '$&&e".... < !$i", 2?o(, it2! unu!u$& #or $" to remem(er!omeone $! '&e$r& $! ou.2 She !$! th$t +oo"w$r" re!pon"e", e h$! goo" re$!on to remem(er me.

+oo"w$r" !poe with A$r )unior $t hi! home in F&ori"$, $! we&&. e '$&&e" me $n" "i!'u!!e"whether or not, $n" when, to %i!it $", he !$!. < $!e" him (rie#&, 25re ou e%er going to put thi!eep Thro$t i!!ue pu(&i'M2 5n" he !$i", e!!enti$&&, th$t he m$"e promi!e! to m "$" or someone th$the wou&"n2t re%e$& thi!.... < '$n2t im$gine $nother re$!on wh +oo"w$r" wou&" h$%e $n intere!t in$" or me or Do$n i# $" w$!n2t eep Thro$t. i! 0ue!tion! were $(out $"2! pre!ent 'on"ition. +hwou&" he '$re !o mu'h $(out $"2! he$&thM

5''or"ing to Do$n, +oo"w$r" !'he"u&e" two %i!it! to 'ome $n" !ee her #$ther $n", !o !he hope", tot$& $(out $ po!!i(&e 'o&&$(or$ti%e %enture. ?ut he h$" to '$n'e& (oth time!, !he !$!, then ne%er



re!'he"u&e". Th$t w$! "i!$ppointing, !he !$!. A$(e [he w$!] )u!t hoping th$t < wou&" #orget$(out it.

To"$, Do$n Fe&t h$! on& po!iti%e thing! to !$ $(out ?o( +oo"w$r". e2! !o re$!!uring $n" top-not'h, !he in!i!t!. The !ti&& !t$ in tou'h ( e-m$i&, ex'h$nging goo" wi!he!, their re&$tion!hipengen"ere" ( $ (on" her #$ther h$" #orge" in trou(&e" time!.

Now$"$!, A$r Fe&t w$t'he! TH !itting (ene$th $ &$rge oi& p$inting o# hi! &$te wi#e, 5u"re, $n" goe!#or '$r ri"e! with $ new '$regi%er. Fe&t i! 91 $n" hi! memor #or "et$i&! !eem! to w$x $n" w$ne. Do$n$&&ow! him two g&$!!e! o# wine e$'h e%ening, $n" on o''$!ion the two h$rmoni@e in $ ren"ition o#The St$r-Sp$ng&e" ?$nner. +hi&e Fe&t i! $ humorou! $n" me&&ow m$n, hi! !pine !ti##en! $n" hi! )$wtighten! when he t$&! $(out the integrit o# hi! "e$r F.?.<.

< (e&ie%e th$t A$r Fe&t i! one o# 5meri'$2! gre$te!t !e'ret heroe!. eep in hi! p!'he, it i! '&e$r tome, he !ti&& h$! 0u$&m! $(out hi! $'tion!, (ut he $&!o now! th$t hi!tori' e%ent! 'ompe&&e" him to(eh$%e $! he "i" !t$n"ing up to $n exe'uti%e (r$n'h intent on o(!tru'ting hi! $gen'2! pur!uit o# thetruth. Fe&t, h$%ing &ong h$r(ore" the $m(i%$&ent emotion! o# pri"e $n" !e&#-repro$'h, h$! &i%e" #ormore th$n 3; e$r! in $ pri!on o# hi! own m$ing, $ pri!on (ui&t upon hi! !trong mor$& prin'ip&e! $n"hi! unw$%ering &o$&t to 'ountr $n" '$u!e. ?ut now, (uoe" ( hi! #$mi&2! re%e&$tion! $n" !upport,

he nee" #ee& impri!one" no more.

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