Ilocos Journal of Science ISSN 2507-8054 - Official …ilarrdec.mmsu.edu.ph/manuals/Ilocos_Journal(BW).pdfIlocos Journal of Science The Ilocos Agriculture, Aquatic, and Resources Research

Ilocos Journal of Science ISSN 2507-8054

Ilocos Agriculture, Aquatic, and Resources Research and Development Consortium (ILAARRDEC)

Mariano Marcos State University City of Batac, Ilocos Norte

Ilocos Journal of Science

The Ilocos Agriculture, Aquatic, and Resources Research and Development Consortium (ILAARRDEC) is a conglomerate of research and development agencies or associates in the fields of Agriculture, Aquatic and Natural Resources in the Ilocos region. Based at the Mariano Marcos State University (MMSU), the consortium was established on December 21, 1979, as the Ilocos Agricultural Research Center (ILARC) when a memorandum of agreement was signed between the then Philippine Council for Agriculture Resources Research, now the Philippine Council for Agriculture, Aquatic and Natural Resources Research and Development (PCAARRD) and MMSU, together with the then Cotton Research and Development Institute (CRDI) now the Philippine Fiber Industry Authority; and the then Philippine Tobacco Research and Development Administration, now the National Tobacco Administration. It gradually metamorphosed and finally emerged as Ilocos Agriculture, Aquatic, Resources Research and Development Consortium with the inclusion of aquatic resources in 2013. ILAARRDEC is mandated to coordinate, monitor, and evaluate the implementation of regional R&D activities; provide direction for consortium-led programs; and serve as an avenue for resource sharing among R&D agencies for the development of AANFR in the region. Backed-up by 17 solid and supportive member-agencies, the consortium maintains its commitment to extend its services and deliverables with passion for excellence, achievements, and innovations. With the strong spirit of Ugnayan among its member agencies, ILAARRDEC bagged the PCAARRD Most Outstanding Consortium in the country thrice in 1996, 2004 and 2012 for exemplary performance as a Regional R&D consortium. Since 1996, the consortium remained on the top three positions from the 14 consortia all over the country. The consortium continues to partner with various institutions having mutual commitment and aspiration to spur R&D in the region.

MAILING ADDRESS ILOCOS AGRICULTURE, AQUATIC, AND RESOURCES RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT CONSORTIUM CRL Bldg. MMSU, City of Batac 2906 Ilocos Norte TELE/FAX No. (63) (077) 792- 3420; 792-3688 E-MAIL [email protected] WEBSITE http://www.ilarrdec.mmsu.edu.ph

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Bibliographical citation:

Ilocos Agriculture, Aquatic and Resources Research and Development Consortium. Ilocos Journal of Science. City of Batac, Ilocos Norte. ILAARRDEC, 2016. 156p.


Published by:

Ilocos Agriculture, Aquatic, and Resources Research

and Development Consortium (ILAARRDEC)

Mariano Marcos State University

City of Batac 2906 Ilocos Norte

April 2016


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ISSN 2507-8054 Philippine copyright © 2016 by ILAARRDEC

All rights reserved

I LAARRDEC would like to express its appreciation to all the persons and institutions that actively collaborated to come up with this compendium of research and development studies conducted by various consortium-member agencies (CMAs) in Region 1:

The authors for sharing their research studies, significant highlights and results in the

implementation of the research projects. The technical reviewers for scrutinizing, reviewing, and polishing the technical soundness of

the researches included in the journal. The heads of the CMAs who provided the much needed institutional and administrative

resources to support the implementation of the research projects and the publication of this journal.

The project leaders, technical experts, researchers, and staff from various CMAs for the

splendid display of commitment and desirable work ethics in the implementation of the research projects.

All the people who in one way or another have contributed in making this publication possible.

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Acknowledgement

Editor in chief Love Grace dC. Campano Book Review Editors Aida D. Solsoloy Teodorico S. Parbo, Jr. Victoria de Padua Maria Magdalena C. Damo Carmelo J. Esteban Design and Layout Richard F. Guinsatao Editorial Assistants Cheryll C. de la Cruz Cristobal S. Aguinaldo Editorial Consultants Prima Fe R. Franco Leonardo T. Pascua Miriam E. Pascua


FOREWORD

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Three years ago, the Ilocos Agriculture, Aquatic and Resources Research and Development Consortium (ILAARRDEC), through the interim consortium director Mr. Leonardo T. Pascua proposed, and was approved by the Regional Research and Development Coordinating Council (RRDCC), for the publication of a refereed journal of the consortium. This will serve as a venue for knowledge sharing between and among the researchers through publication of articles on the various researches generated by the member agencies. As a consortium for research and development in the region, ILAARRDEC fully recognizes the contribution of this information resource material in pushing and providing direction for consortium-led programs and in lifting the morale and research culture of our researchers. This maiden issue of the Ilocos Journal of Science features researches endorsed by the respective member agencies along research and development. These articles passed through rigid review and scrutiny of the board of referees, selected by the consortium. With the inclusion of aquatic resources in our structure, more knowledge, information and technologies are to be featured in the next issues. It is our hope that this journal will be of significant help to our dedicated researchers in the region. May it encourage them more to push their efforts to the limits and excel more in their chosen field of expertise. May it also contribute in the advancement of knowledge to the members of the academe, policy makers, and other stakeholders in research and development.

PRIMA FE R. FRANCO RRDCC Chair and

Consortium Director


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Page

Acknowledgement Foreword

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Research

Biodiversity Assessment of Sea Cucumber in the Province of Ilocos Sur 3

The Potential of Processed Goat Manures as Biofertilizer and/or Biopesticides for Lowland Rice and Tomato Production

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Design and Development of an Automated Hot Water Treatment (AHWT) for Mango

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Design, Development, and Evaluation of a Prototype Buko Peeler 56

Design, Development and Evaluation of a Disc-Type Corn Seeder 61

Evaluation and Modification of Anawang Furnace for Flue-curing Virginia Tobacco

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Profitability Analysis of Organic Vegetable Production in Region I 84

Development

Ilocos Farmers’ Empowerment Through Garlic Technology Commercialization 96

Effectiveness of Community-based Participatory Action Research (CPAR) Model in The Development of Farmers in Two Agricultural Communities of Sto. Domingo, Ilocos Sur

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Women Empowerment and the Food Sovereignty through Sustainable Entrepreneurial Development (FoodSSEnD) Program

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Contents

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RESEARCH



BIODIVERSITY ASSESSMENT OF SEA CUCUMBER IN THE PROVINCE OF ILOCOS SUR

Victor G. Sanidad and Remely A. Sanidad

Ilocos Sur Polytechnic State College Sta Maria, Ilocos Sur

[email protected]

ABSTRACT

Sea cucumber in Ilocos Sur was assessed by determining the species composition, frequency of occurrence, distribution and abundance, species richness, density and indices of diversity. Cursory surveys using modified belt transect method along the different stations were used to gather data needed in the study. Sampling was done monthly, one in the afternoon and another in the evening along the areas of the seagrass beds, sandy-muddy-sea and coralline-rubble substrate. Twenty one sea cucumber species were found in Ilocos Sur and A. echinites frequently occurred in all the sampling sites during daytime and night time and most were found in seagrass and coralline areas. The density, species richness and diversity of sea cucumber vary depending on the characteristics and habitat structure of the area. Recommendations for sustainable conservation efforts should be sincerely adopted and implemented and appropriate government support should also be provided for efficient and effective implementation of fishery resource management in Ilocos Sur.

INTRODUCTION Sea cucumbers are locally known as “balat”, a soft-bodied tubular invertebrates that live in the bottom of coastal waters. They are found in nearly every marine environment, abundant and diverse group of worm-like on tropical shallow-water and coral reefs. They range from the intertidal, where they may be exposed briefly at low tide to the floor of the deepest oceanic trenches. They inhabit the sandy-muddy areas with lots of sea grasses, mostly shallow waters of 5-10 meters deep. Like earthworms, they are important in the recycling of sediments and nutrients in marine ecosystems and can tolerate lower salinity up to 20 parts per thousand for short period of time. Today, sea cucumber is a multi-million dollar industry. In the United States, price rate of dried sea cucumber is pegged at US$180 to US$250 per kilogram. The Philippines is home to 100 species of sea cucumbers, of which 31 are commercially important. According to Dr. Rafael D. Guerrero III, former Executive Director of the Laguna-based Philippine Council for Aquatic and Marine Research and Development (PCAMRD), There is a big export market for sea cucumbers particularly for Hong Kong, China, Korea and Japan. Aside from food, there is also an emerging market for the use of sea cucumbers in the pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries. Common medicinal uses of sea cucumber in China include treatment for body weakness, impotence, debility of the aged, constipation due to intestinal dryness, and frequent urination. As demand continues to escalate, the supply dwindles – to the extent that their population is now in jeopardy.

Sea cucumber stocks are under intense fishing pressure throughout the world, according to a recent report released by the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO). Most high value commercial species have been depleted. In Asia and

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the Pacific, the most sought-after species are largely depleted. The region generates some 20,000 to 40,000 tons per year, which are exported to China and other Asian markets. Most of them come from Indonesia, Papua New Guinea and the Philippines.

In the 2003 report on Sea Cucumbers: A Global Review of Fisheries and Trade of the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), the fast pace development of sea cucumber fisheries to supply growing international demand is placing most fisheries and many sea cucumber species at risk. Sea cucumbers are utilized almost exclusively as an export commodity. This huge export makes the population of sea cucumbers in the country to decline significantly (www.bar.gov.ph.2004).

The country has been always dependent on the sea, however, human pressure on its natural resources is steadily increasing from fishing, extensive infrastructure development, tourism and industry. Due to the increased demand of beche-de-mer in the international markets, a revived sea cucumber fishing was noted in 2003. Despite the lack of regulations in the harvesting of sea cucumbers, some general fishery management rules are being practical and such restriction on the use of Scuba for harvesting among marine resource.

General research techniques and approaches are needed for collecting and analyzing quantitative data on the ecology of sea cucumber taking into consideration their seasonal and diurnal behaviours. Information on the ecology of juvenile holothurians is sparse but is needed, particularly aquaculture grow-out and restocking programmes. Little research exists also on the effects and benefits of sea cucumbers on ecosystems. Studies indicated that removal of these animals could lead to major changes to the ecosystem such as decreased overall productivity. (FAO,2003).

To improve the management of natural populations and promote sustainable fishing, a biodiversity assessment of sea cucumber fisheries are essential in the development of this fishery resource to maintain ecosystem integrity, global competitiveness of export products and ensure livelihood for various stakeholders.

OBJECTIVES

This research sought to conduct biodiversity assessment of sea cucumber in the province of Ilocos Sur.

Specifically, it aimed to:: 1. determine the sea cucumber species composition and frequency of occurrence; 2. determine sea cucumber distribution and abundance; and 3. determine sea cucumber species richness, species density and species

diversity.

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

The role of sea cucumbers in portions of the Great Barrier reef and determined that

their dietary process of dissolving calcium carbonate from the surrounding reef accounts for about half of the total night time dissolution of the reef. Sea cucumber dissolve calcium carbonate on the reef, in lagoon, where there is limited seawater exchange of the surrounding ocean, they can be important in recycling of nutrients to support primary

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productivity. They also increase seawater buffer capacity to partially offset ocean acidification effects, helping to maintain the overall health of the coral reef. They are also important part of an incredible marine environment (Grande, 2008).

In the Pacific Islands, invertebrates including sea cucumbers are among the most valuable and vulnerable inshore fishery resources. As human activities continue to force substantial impacts on coral reef ecosystems, the management of inshore fisheries has become an increasingly important priority. Knowledge of the distribution, biology and habitat requirements of a species can significantly enhance conservation efforts. The sea cucumber (Holothuria leucospilota) forms an important part of the traditional subsistence fishery on Rarotonga, Cook Islands, yet little is known of this species’ present spatial distribution and abundance around the island.

According to the experts from BFAR, “Sea cucumber is a good material for sea ranching because, based of its behavior, it can travel just one to two meters a day and about one kilometer a year” (http://www.sciencedirect.comer). A process of collecting and analyzing data on the sea cucumber populations through surveys that are divorced from fishers or animals they have collected. Most often, fishery-independent surveys comprise underwater visual census of sea cucumber densities (e.g. via counts of animals in replicate randomly allocated transects) abundance, diversity and distribution. The collection and analysis of data on the densities, distribution and sizes of sea cucumber species in the fishery will form a basis for understanding the relative “health” of the stocks. The estimates of densities of commercial species over broad areas will be principal in evaluating whether stocks in some sites or regions are depleted (Uticke,Welch and Benzie, 2004; Skewes et.al. 2006, Friedman et.al. 2008, Purcell, Gossuin and Agudo,2009, retrieved, July, 2013). Sea cucumber fishery in the Philippines is a multispecies resource, with 40 species commercially exploited (Labe, 2006). Baseline information for most of these species is still inadequate for developing the appropriate management strategy. The lack of a Philippine atlas for sea cucumbers, taxonomic expertise and standardized assessment methods has hindered the necessary inventory of the sea cucumber resource. Moreover, the taxonomy has been considered a difficult field in holothurians and there are few specialists. Interest in systematic and development of integrative methods for taxonomy has been revived recently led by international experts (NSF-PEET Aspidochirote Working Group). Local capability could be strengthened by providing opportunities for basic training in species identification, particularly of commercially exploited species, as well as specialized training in taxonomy and systematic supervised by international experts. In view of the development of culture-based management and restocking for Holothuria scabra, and its implementation in selected sites in the region (e.g. Pangasinan and Zambales), there is a need to generate baseline generic data from wild populations to evaluate the impacts of hatchery-based resource management approaches on genetic diversity and structure of natural populations (Ward, 2006). A complementary effort of genetic evaluation and monitoring of the broodstock and progeny in the hatchery are also essential (Blankeship and Leber, 1995, Ward, 2006, Hedgecock and Coykendall, 2007) Estimating levels of genetic diversity of hatchery populations is valuable towards genetic resource management and stock enhancement programs for the species, to ensure that rebuilding stock, particularly for enhancement of depleted local populations will not compromise the genetic diversity and fitness of wild populations (Blankenship and Leber 1995; Ward, 2006). In addition to resource management and inventory, an assessment of species distribution, with emphasis on s. horrens and H. scabra species complexes was based on

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http://www.sciencedirect.com


molecular techniques employing phylogenetic analysis of nucleotide sequence data from established mitochondrial DNA barcode regions for Stichopus (16s and cytochrome oxidase I (Col); Byrne et al. 2010) and holothuria (Col; Uthicke et al. 2010). Specimen was collected from representative marine bio-geographic regions. A comparison of morphological and molecular taxonomic method was transformed to provide additional insight into taxonomic identification of variable morphological forms within these two species. Release of hatchery–produced stocks into the wild has been proposed as a potentially viable management option for this species (Battaglene and Bell 2004). Information on the genetic structure of natural populations and the spatial scales of population connectivity is essential for stock delineation and for the design of spatially-explicit management and conservation schemes. Analysis of select natural populations across broad scales (representative marine biogeographic regions) would be useful to identify broad-scale genetic structure, delineate stocks, and infer spatial scales of population connectivity. Subsequently, natural populations along the selected Philippine coasts should be examined for levels of genetic diversity, regional genetic structure and population connectivity.

METHODOLOGY

Selection of sampling sites and courtesy call to LGU’s in the different coastal municipalities and barangay officials were initiated. Ecological studies of sea cucumber found in four stations in Narvacan, Sta. Maria, San Esteban and Santiago, Ilocos Sur were conducted. These were focused on the species composition, frequency of occurrence, distribution and abundance, species richness, density and species diversity of different sea cucumber found in the area. Cursory surveys using modified belt transect methods along the different stations were used to gather data needed in the study. Sampling were conducted in the different stations for sandy- seagrass, muddy-seagrass and coralline- seagrass beds. This was done monthly, one in the afternoon and another in the evening. Determination of permanent stations was conducted with the use of Global Positioning System (GPS). Monthly sampling or monitoring of the species was done in the afternoon and the other in the evening. Weight, length and width of the species were recorded and pictures were also taken at this stage. The samples were returned to the areas after all the needed data were taken. Conspicuous morphological traits were noted as basis in species determination if found difficult to identify through external measures. Unidentified species were brought to laboratory for further identification. The data gathered were recorded, tabulated and statistically treated with frequency counts, percentages and mean.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Species Composition and Frequency of Occurrence

Species composition was determined by the number of sea cucumber present in the four sites and its occurrence was also detected according to the area where the species is located in a whole round basis. Sea cucumber species composition consisted of different genus: Actinopyga,

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Sites Species Narvacan Sta. Maria San Esteban Santiago Total _____________________________________________________________________________________ A.echinites 22 (91.97) 19 (79.17) 23 (91.67) 22 (91.67) 86 (89.58) A. lecanora 1 (4.17) - - - 1 (1.04) B. argus - 1 (4.17) - 3 (12.5) 4 (4.17) B. marmorata - 4 (16.67) 18 (75.00) 12 (50.00) 34 B. vitiensis 1 (4.17) - 2 (8.33) 1 (4.17) 4 (4.17) H. atra - 12 (87.5) 12 (50.00) 20 (8.33) 53 (55.21) H. arenicola 1 (4.17) - 2 (8.33) - 3 (3.13) H. alvienter 1 (4.17) - 5 (20.83) - 6 (6.25) H. coluber 1 (4.17) 1 (4.17) 3 (12.5) 1 (4.17) 6 (6.25) H. paninggocola 9 (4.17) - - - 1 (1.04) H. fuscocineria - 13 (54.17) 13 (54.17) 12 (50.00) 38 (39.58) H. inhabilis - - 4 (16.67) - 4 (4.17) H. leocospilota 2 (8.33) 19 (19.17) 8 17 (70.83) 44 (45.83) H. hilla - 1 (4.17) 1 (4.17) 2 (8.33) 4 (4.17) H. rigida - - 4 (16.67) 1 (4.17) 5 (5.20) H. scabra 1 (4.17) - 14 (58.33) 2 (8.33) 17 (17.71) H. sabra ver. 1 (4.17) - 3 (12.5) 2 (8.33) 5 (5.20) H. impatient 1 (4.17) - - - 1 (1.04) H. pervicax 3 (12.5) 13 (54.17) 2 (8.33) 17 (70.83) 35 (36.46) P. graeffei - 1 (4.17) - - 1 (1.04) S. horrens 7 (29.17) 2 (8.33) 8 5 (20.83) 22 (22.92)

Table I. Sea cucumber species composition and occurrences in the different sites.

H. sp (solsolbot) - - - 1 (4.17) 1 (1.04)

Bohadschia, Holothuria, Pearsonothuria and Stichopus. These species were counted as to the number of occurrences per sampling done monthly and determined through percentages in the different stations. Twenty one sea cucumber species were found in Ilocos Sur. The composition and occurrences in the different coastal sites vary significantly (Table I). Actinophyga echinites usually occur abundantly in seagrass and corraline areas almost year round in all the sampling sites. This was followed by Holothuria atra, H. lecospilota, H. coluber, H. pervicax and Stichopus horrens. The frequency of occurrence in different sites varies due to the characteristics of the species and the habitat where the sea cucumber species is located. Distribution and Relative Abundance

Sea cucumber growth and development were dependent on to the presence of natural foods intended for the species and they were distributed according to the area where these natural foods are available. The species were gathered through laying 100 meter transect line, counted and documented. Habitat species distribution were classified into seagrass, coralline/rubble and sandy/muddy areas and its location were identified by GPS reading to provide the precise location of the sampling sites. A total of thirteen sea cucumber species were recorded to inhabit the Narvacan site and eleven species in Sta. Maria, Ilocos Sur. A. echinites appeared most in the sites of Narvacan but sea cucumber species were more dense and diverse in Sta. Maria, Ilocos Sur but rich in Narvacan.

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Table 2.1. Sea Cucumber Species Distribution and Relative Abundance. ___________________________________________________________________________________

Narvacan Sta. Maria Sea Cucumber Species Lat= 170 26’ 45.85

0N Lat=170 22’ 36.54

0N

Long= 1200 26’ 31.200E Long = 1200 26’ 55.89

0E

_____________________________________________________________________________________ Day Night %RA (D) %RA (N) Day Night %RA (D) %RA(N) A. echinites 211 498 94.20 97.26* 184 183 47.79 57.55* A. lecanora - 1 - 0.20 - - - - B. argus - 1 - 0.20 - 1 - 0.31 B. marmorata - - - - 20 2 5.19 0.63 B. vitiensis 1 - 0.45 - - - - - H. atra - - - - 94 70 24.42 22.01 H. arenicola - 2 - 0.39 - - - - H. albiventer - 1 - 0.20 - - - - H. coluber 1 - 0.45 - - 2 - 0.63 H. paninggocola - 1 - 0.20 - - - - H. fuscocineria - - - - 12 10 3.12 3.14 H. inhabilis - - - - - - - - H. leocospilota 2 - 0.89 - 61 30 15.84 9.43 H. hilla - - - - - 8 - 2.52 H. rigida - - - - - - - - H. scabra - 1 - 0.20 - - - - H. sabra ver. - - - - - - - - H. impatient - 2 - 0.39 - - - - H. pervicax 3 2 1.34 0.39 13 8 3.38 2.52 P. graeffei - - - - - - - - S. horrens 6 3 2.68 0.59 - 4 - 1.26 H. sp (solsolbot) - - - - - - - -

Area covered/

Density 0.0373/ 0.0853/ 373/ha 853/ha 0.641/ 0.053/ 641/ha 530/ha m

2 m

2 m

2 m

2

Legend: RA- relative abundance Lat – Latitude Long - Longtitude

Sea Cucumber Species Habitat: Seagrass, coralline/rubble, sandy/muddy

Total 736 703

Sq. m. 500 sq.m. 500 sq. m.

Richness 0.40 0.44 0.36 0.56

Diversity 0.895 0.743 1.173 1.145

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SC Species Habitat: Seagrass, corraline/rubble, sandy/muddy ______________________________________________________________________________________ San Esteban Sta. Maria Sea Cucumber Species Lat= 170 20’ 27.61

0N Lat=170 16’ 37.14

0N

Day Night %RA (D) %RA (N) Day Night %RA (D) %RA(N) A. echinites 94 53 15.14 16.72 145 323 18.45 44.55 A. lecanora - - - - - - - - B. argus - - - - 1 2 0.13 0.28 B. marmorata 162 40 26.09 12.62 32 20 4.07 2.76 B. vitiensis - 2 - 0.63 - 1 - 0.14 H. atra 299 2 48.15* 0.63 502 268 63.87 36.97 H. arenicola 2 5 0.32 1.58 - - - - H. albiventer - 28 - 8.83 - - - - H. coluber 3 3 0.48 0.98 6 0.76 H. paninggocola - - - - - - - H. fuscocineria 7 60 1.13 18.93 8 43 1.02 5.93 H. inhabilis - 5 - 1.57 - - - - H. leocospilota 19 3 3.06 0.95 35 9 4.45 1.24 H. hilla - - - - 2 - 0.25 - H. rigida 3 3 0.48 0.95 1 - 0.13 - H. scabra 25 85 4.03 26.81 1 1 0.13 0.14 H. sabra ver. - 10 - 3.13 2 - 0.25 - H. impatient - - - - - - H. pervicax 2 0.32 39 44 4.96 6.07 P. graeffei - 5 - 1.58 - - - - S. horrens 3 3 0.48 0.98 6 0.76 H. sp (solsolbot) - - - _ - 4 - 0.55

Area covered/ Sq. m. 500 sq.m. 500 sq. m. ______________________________________________________________________________________ Density 0.0373/ 0.0853/ 373/ha 853/ha 0.641/ 0.053/ 641/ha 530/ha m

2 m

2 m

2 m

2

Legend: RA- relative abundance Lat – Latitude Long - Longtitude

Table 2. b. Sea Cucumber Species Distribution and Relative Abundance.

Long= 1200 26’ 41.290E Long = 1200 25’ 16.100E

Total 938 1,511

Richness 0.40 0.44 0.36 0.56

Richness 0.40 0.44 0.36 0.56

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Figure I Relative Abundance of Commercial Sea Cucumber in Ilocos Sur

Sixteen sea cucumber species were present in San Esteban and fifteen inhabit in Santiago, Ilocos Sur. Holothuriaatra were mostly abundant both in this two sites. Santiago is the most rich areas of sea cucumber taken during the day and most dense and diverse areas during the night. The results depict the actual condition of the sea cucumber resources in the area as this is evident by the low diversity of the species found. This signals the need for managing or rehabilitating the sea cucumber resource to its normal condition.

CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

Twenty one sea cucumber species were found in Ilocos Sur and A. echinites frequently occurred in all the sampling sites during daytime and night time mostly found in seagrass and coralline areas. The density, richness and diversity of sea cucumber varied depending on the characteristics and habitat structure of the area. Recommendation on sea cucumber gathering restrictions in relation to size and mode of collection should be promulgated to achieve better price and enhance natural stocks. Appropriate government support should be provided for effective and efficient implementation of fishery resource management e.g. permit system, sea ranching and culture. Suitable conservation efforts should be sincerely adopted and implemented by the sea cucumber gatherers and fishermen to further protect and enhance sea cucumber natural stock.

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The figure illustrates the sea cucumber relative abundance in relation to its commercial value. The distribution was dominated by “medium value” of commercially important species represented by A. echinites, H. atra, B. marmorata and S. horrens covering 84%. This was the followed by “very low value” 7% formed by H. leucospilota, then the “low value” 5% which was produced by H. fuscocinerea and H. pervicax, the “high value” 3% indindicated by H. scabra and scabra ver and least is the “non-commercial” 1%.


REFERENCES

Aguilar-Ibarra, A. & Ramirez-Soberon, G. 2002. Economic Reasons, Ecological Actions

and Social Consequences in the Mexican Sea Cucumber Fishery. Beche-de-Mer: 17:33-36.

Aguilar S, Alvarenga, K and Cherny X. Summary of 21st Meeting of the CITES Animal

Committee: 20-25 May, 2005. Earth Negotiations Bulletin, pp 5-6

Caddy, JF and Defeo P. 2003. Enhancing or Restoring the Productivity of Natural Population of Shellfish and other Marine Invertebrate Resources. FAO Fisheries Technical Papers.

Labe, LL.et al. 2007.Efforts to Conserve Sea Cucumber Resource. Fish for the People: A

Special Publication for the Promotion of Sustainable Fisheries for Food Security in the Asean Region. Volume 5 No. 2 SEAFDEC, Bangkok, Thailand

Gamboa, R. et al. 2004. The status of Sea Cucumber Fishery and Mariculture in the Philippines In: Lovatelli A, Conand C, Purcell S, Lethiche S. Hamel JF, Mercier A (eds). Advances in Sea Cucumber Aquaculture and Management, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. People’s Republic of China.

Pio, M. 1998. Resumen de las Acciones de Patrullaje del Servicio Parque Nacional Galapagos par alas Perquerias Ilegals 1996-1997. In: Informe Galapagos 1997-199. Fundacion Nture- WWF. Editores Assciados Quito

Shoppe S. 2000. Sea Cucumber fishery in the Philippines. SPC Beche-de-mer Information

Bulletin. www. Academi.edu./2948722/A manual on Hathcery of Sea Cucumber in the Sultanate of

Oman. http:www.bar.gov.ph.2004 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0304380003002291

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http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0304380003002291


THE POTENTIAL OF PROCESSED GOAT MANURES AS BIOFERTILIZER AND/OR BIOPESTICIDE FOR LOWLAND RICE AND TOMATO PRODUCTION

Aida D. Solsoloy, Sylvia R. Igarta, Jayr A. Baligat & J.A, Calixto

Department of Agriculture-Ilocos Norte Provincial Center City oF Batac, Ilocos Norte [email protected]

Abstract

The biofertilizer cum biopesticide property of goat manure tea (GMT) was evaluated on rice and tomato. GMT was produced by steeping shredded goat manure in water (1:2) for 15 days. Under laboratory conditions, GMT exhibited molluscicidal action against golden snails at 2.5% to 15% dosage with plant damage being inversely proportional to its concentration. Based on a choice test, GMT caused a slight antifeedant effect on Helicoverpaarmigera larvae and disrupted larval and pupal growth using GMT-treated artificial diet. GMT soil-drenched on tomato seedlings were taller, more robust and had greener leaves than untreated ones. GMT inhibited tomato seed germination more than rice seeds. GMT added with molasses produced the fermented GMT (FGMT). Field bioassay of GMT and FGMT on rice caused a comparable growth with commercial fertilizer and effectively controlled golden snails; consequently lowered degree of plant damage. On tomato, both bioproducts caused vigorous growth at 53 days after transplanting, controlled cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) and reduced insect pest population. Yield components indicated comparable effects among the various treatments for both crops except on GMT-treated tomato with less damaged fruits in comparison with that applied with commercial fertilizer. The bioproducts were relatively safe to users and have minimal occurrence of pathogenic bacteria in comparison with shredded goat manure. The derived bioproducts from goat manures is recommended as one of the sustainable components of organic vegetable production due to ease in mass production, inherent biofertilizer and biopesticide properties, and relative safety to users.

INTRODUCTION

Goat raising is common among local farmers because of its minimum capital requirement, low risk and ease in management, thus a very profitable livelihood for farmers (Dela Cruz, 2007). Many farmers have participated in the “Community-based Participatory Action Research (CPAR):Goat Agribusiness Development Project in Corn Growing Areas in Region 1 because of the many financial benefits. Goat meat is integral to every Filipino occasion, thus, commands a higher price compared with other meats in the market. As goat production requires low initial investment and small risks compared with other livestock, considering that it only thrives on leaves, grasses, weeds and agricultural byproducts, it is therefore an attractive undertaking among resource-poor families. Moreover, raising goat is gender-friendly, favoring women and children as a way to augment the family’s income. Goats provide livelihood to about 15 million Filipinos across the country (http://www.agribusinessweek.com/invest-in-goat-farming/).

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http://www.agribusinessweek.com/invest-in-goat-farming/


Goat manure production, an important byproduct of goat raising, is an integral component in producing organic fertilizer from earthworms. Goat manure fertilizer can help farmers produce healthier plants and higher crop yields. Manures are neater pelletized droppings that are virtually odorless and do not attract insect or burn plants. These are highly beneficial for the soil because they contain adequate amounts of the nutrients that plants need for optimal growth, especially when the goats have bed in stalls. Urine collects from the goat droppings, the manure retains more nitrogen, thus increasing its fertilizing potency. However, this increase in nitrogen usually requires composting prior to use (www.gardeningknowhow.com/composting-basics/goat-manure-fertilizer.htm). Composted manures offer promise as beneficial soil amendments for vegetable growers,(www.fao.org/ag/aga/agap/frg/Recycle/Earthwm/maworm. htm). Based on a field trial by certified organic crop vegetable raisers, who used composted manures, cover crops and mineral supplements allowed by organic certification rules, showed that composted manures could increase vegetable yield, influence crop diseases and bring about changes in soil microbial life. Four treatments were studied: an untreated control, composted goat manure, composted cow manure and a commercially available feather meal product mixed with soybean meal that was included as NPK fertility control. Results indicated an increase in yield for turnip, (+2%), beet (+34%), and carrot (+36%) when composted goat manure was used. However, the composted goat manure seemed to enhance development of some disease-causing organisms specifically Rhizoctonia sp. (http://www.cias.wisc.edu/crops-and-livestock/composted-manures-offer-yield-and-disease-resistance-benefits/). Further studies on the biofertilizer effect of goat manure (GM) at 10 tons/ha and 250 kg NPK (15-15-15) on pepper, Capsicum annum showed comparable increase in growth and yield relative to control (Awodun et al.,2007). She, likewise, found that 8 tons/ha of goat manure was more effective than 160 kg/ha urea in increasing number and weight of okra pods. Addition of GM to urea increased pod weight, Soil Organic Matter (SOM), N and pH. GM increased soil N, P, K and Mg contents. The 2 t ha

-1 GM+120 kg ha

-1gave the highest okra yield. Duarsa et al (1997) reported that goat manure on crops

increases dry matter production and improve soil fertility, microbiological activity and water holding capacity as well as substitute for part of the NPK fertilizer. The apparent effectiveness of goat manure as a biofertilizer can be accounted to its relatively higher NPK content in comparison with other animal manures. Table 1 shows the comparative approximate NPK values of various animal manures showing the relatively high content for the goat. Chicken manure that has lower NK content than goat, is commonly used for production of commercial organic fertilizers in the local market. Considering volume of available manures, goat manures are potential substitutes to chicken manures when the latter may not be available such as during season of epidemic disease. NPK values for various animal manures also differ due to variation in the kind of grasses and supplements the animals are ingesting. Other meritorious property of goat manures is its pesticide effect on some harmful organisms infesting various crops. The Ugandan Rural Organization, a project that responds to the food crisis in Africa, has its objective to start-up seed supplies and training for kitchen gardens, fruit tree nurseries, and animal husbandry, with goat keeping as the prime focus particularly for the purpose of using goat dung for manure and urine as a pesticide for their gardens (http://www.ugandarural.org/about/responding-to-the-foodcrisis/).

13

http://www.gardeningknowhow.com/composting-basics/goat-manure-fertilizer.htm

http://www.fao.org/ag/aga/agap/frg/Recycle/Earthwm/maworm.%20htm

http://www.cias.wisc.edu/crops-and-livestock/composted-manures-offer-yield-and-disease-resistance-benefits/


http://scialert.net/fulltext/?doi=ijss.2007.142.147


Animal % Nitrogen % Phosphoric Acid

% Potash

Dairy cow 0.57 0.23 0.62

Beef steer 0.73 0.48 0.55

Horse 0.70 0.25 0.77

Swine 0.49 0.34 0.47

Sheep/Goat 1.44 0.51 1.21

Rabbit 2.4 1.40 0.60

Chicken 1.00 0.80 0.39

Table 1. Approximate NPK values of various animal manures.

Other studies abroad similarly indicated the pesticide action of goat manure when incorporated with plant materials. Umar and Jada (2000) incorporated a mixture of Parkiabiglobosa seed extract and goat manure at 30g/4.5kg soil and found inhibition in the growth and development of Meloidogyneincognita in tomato. Soil amendments, such as poultry manure, goat manure and NPK 15-15-15 fertilizer, influenced insect pest infestation and damage to okra (Asawalarn et al. 2007). Application of the manures at 50 g/plant reduced the prevalence of Podagrica sp. The application of 20 g/plant NPK may have promoted vegetative growth of okra making it more susceptible and therefore enhancing high pest attack, survival and damage. Hence, increasing the application rates of the different soil amendments may have a significant increase in the yield as well as reduce pest invasion. Most recent investigation indicated the antagonistic effect of the bacteria from GMT on Alternariasolani causing leaf blight of tomato (Lutap et al, 2011). The isolated colonies were brownish and deterred growth of A. solani. By agar well diffusion method, GMT bacteria had comparable inhibitory effect with B.subtilis and Trichoderma sp. On Alternariaporri infecting garlic with maximum inhibition of 83.30%, 83.30% and 81.20%, respectively (Lutap, 2012). Under field conditions, the GMT bacteria was comparable with Trichoderma sp. but inferior to B. subtilis at 40 days after transplanting on A. porri; the three antagonists comparable with each other at 55 DAT and GMT bacteria better than Trichodermasp at 70 DAT. On Cercosporaduddiae causing cercospora leaf spot of garlic, GMT bacteria was comparable with B. subtilis, but lower in effectiveness with Trichoderma sp., the latter being comparable with commercial fungicide. However, garlic yield was higher on GMT-treated plant, which was comparable to that of the commercial fungicide and better than those from B. subtilis and Trichoderma sp. In view of the potential of the goat manure as a source of a biofertilizer cum biopesticide product and the relative ease in procurement being a highly available resource material, an investigation was conducted on the merits of this material primarily as a cheap production input for sustaining organic agriculture.

OBJECTIVES Generally, the study was conducted to evaluate the potential of processing goat manures for fertilization and pest management of lowland hybrid rice and tomato.

14


Specifically, it aimed to:

1. generate a technology for processing goat manures for application to lowland rice and tomato;

2. evaluate the effectiveness of the processed goat manure products for fertilization of lowland rice and tomato under laboratory and field conditions;

3. evaluate the effectiveness of processed goat manures for pest management of lowland rice and tomato under laboratory and field conditions; and

4. determine the relative safety and economics of using the processed goat manure products for organic agriculture.

METHODOLOGY Mass production and NPK analysis of the processed goat manures Goat manure pellets were collected from goat house. The goats were fed on natural diet such as Napier grasses, common weeds, and corn leaves and they do not receive the usual medical injectables for other animals to grow healthy. Typically, goat manure occurs as pellets, drier and harder than other animal manures like those from cows and chicken, thus necessitates shredding to fineness prior to steeping in water . The pellets were weighed in top balance, placed in jute sack with tap water gradually poured into the sack at 1:2 (goat manure: water) ratio and steeped for 15 days. The black liquid was the goat manure tea (GMT) that naturally dripped into a suitable container. Goat manures were also vermicomposted in order to determine NPK content in comparison with GMT. Further, GMT was fermented by addition of 10% molasses to produce the fermented goat manure tea (FGMT). Afterwards, the derived bioproducts and raw shredded manure, along with vermicast tea were analyzed for nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium by the Regional Soils Laboratory of the Department of Agriculture, Regional Field Unit 1 (DA-RFU1), San Fernando City, La Union. Laboratory bioassay of GMT on various test organisms 1. Molluscicidal effect on P. canaliculata Preliminary assay on goat manure vermicast was done against golden snail. Rice seedlings were planted on vermicast soil soaked in water, and introduced after three days with golden snails. After 24 hours, snail mortality and plant damage were noted. Vermiculture had detoxified the goat manure indicated by absence of snail mortality after several trials. Hence, modification was made wherein shredded goat manures were steeped in water for at least 15 days and the vermicast as the substrate for planting medium of rice and tomato. Three-liter containers were filled with soil (3:1 field soil: vermicast), soaked in two inch water above soil level and let stand overnight for softening. Twenty five day- old rice seedlings were transplanted in the containers with three seedlings per container. Different concentrations of GMT were prepared as follows: 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25% and 30% from 50% stock solution. Ten golden snails of uniform size were introduced in each container with 500 ml of each treatment solution and covered afterwards with mylar cage to prevent escape of the organism. Damage assessment on the rice seedlings as well as

15


snail mortality was noted after 24 and 48 hours. Treatments were laid in Completely Randomized Design (CRD) and Analysis of Variance was determined in comparison with Means by Duncan’s Multiple Range Test (DMRT). 2. Insecticidal effect of bioproducts on H. armigera a. Antifeedant effect of H. armigera on tomato leaf treated with GMT

Two tomato leaves were placed in tissue-paper-lined plastic containers: One leaf sprayed with tap water and the other sprayed with GMT at different concentrations. Wet cotton balls were placed at the base of the leaves to maintain leaf freshness. Second instar larvae were starved for 24 hours, thereafter, introduced into the GMT-treated and water-treated leaves. Three larvae were introduced in each container. Three replicates were made per treatment. The degree of leaf damaged by the larvae was noted after 24 and 48 hrs.

b. Growth inhibitory effect of GMT on H. armigera larvae

H. armigera larvae were collected from tomato field and mass-reared in artificial diet until pupation. Emerged adults were placed in plastic containers with nylon windows for oviposition. The first instar larvae were afterwards reared in artificial diet. The second instar larvae were used for bioassay. The artificial diet was incorporated with GMT at various concentrations until pupation. The rate of developmental growth particularly the number of larval and pupal days, and larval size were noted. Treatments were laid for larval and pupal days in Completely Randomized Design (CRD) and Analysis of Variance was determined in comparison with Means by Duncan’s Multiple Range Test (DMRT). 3. .Biofertilizer effect on tomato and rice One month-old tomato seedlings transplanted in pots with field soil and vermicast (3:1) were drenched with GMT solutions at different concentrations, specifically, 10%, 20%, 35%, 40% and 50%, in three replicates/treatments. Treatments were applied twice a week and at 200 ml/pot. The plants were watered with tap water when necessary and were exposed to natural environment. Plant height, green leaf greenness and vigor were noted before reproductive stage of the crop. Rating scale used for leaf greenness and plant vigor was as follows:

Treatments were laid in Completely Randomized Design (CRD) and Analysis of Variance was determined in comparison with Means by Duncan’s Multiple Range Test (DMRT) 4. Inhibitory effect on seed germination of rice and tomato Effect of GMT on tomato and rice seed germination was determined as follows: Thirty seeds were placed on tissue paper-lined petri plates with 10 ml GMT solution at

Plant vigor Leaf greenness 1

1 -stunted 1 -yellowish

3-slightly stunted 2-yellow green

5-slightly robust 3-light green

7-moderately robust 4-green

9-robust 5-darkgreen 1PHILRICE Leaf Color Chart

16


Data gathered were as follows: On Rice Production: a. Transplant establishment-plant height, vigor, leaf greenness b. Molluscicidal action of GMT c. Weed density/m² d. Insect population—pest and natural enemies e. Yield and other yield components On Tomato Production: a. Transplant establishment b. Effect on cucumber mosaic virus c. Insect population—pest and natural enemies d. Yield and other yield components D. Evaluation of microbial count of the bioproducts Three processed goat manure bioproducts were assessed for relative safety to users and environment with implications for human health by the Department of Science and Technology Region 1. The DOST prescribed standard methods for microbial

different concentrations with water as untreated check. Each treatment had three replicates. The petri plates were stored at room temperature until germination. Germination count was taken at the full appearance of cotyledonary leaf of the untreated check (tap water). To determine the effect of fermentation on the biological property of GMT, molasses at 5, 10, and 15 percent was added to the goat manure tea. After 10 days, rice seeds placed on petri plates were treated with 10 ml fermented GMT. The degree of germination was noted after seven days. Treatments were laid in Completely Randomized Design (CRD) and Analysis of Variance was determined in comparison with Means by Duncan’s Multiple Range Test (DMRT) C...Field bioassay of the bioproducts on lowland rice and tomato The effectiveness of GMT and its fermented product was evaluated under field conditions along with other treatments and commercial products as check control. PSB RC 160 was planted under lowland condition during dry season (DS) (Table 2) with a size of 20 sq. m. spaced at 50 cm between plots, 0.20 cm between hills, and 0.75cm between replicates. The field set up was located at Brgy. Palongpong, City of Batac, Ilocos Norte. Three replicates were made per treatment with 5 treatments. Test of biopesticidal effect against golden snail was determined in comparison with the commercial molluscicide, niclosamide ethanolamine salt. On the other hand, under similar dry season, Ilocos red tomato variety was planted at the Ilocos Norte Provincial Center, ILIARC Satellite Station 2, City of Batac, Ilocos Norte (Table 3). The plot size was 4.5 sq. m spaced at one meter between replicates and between plots, and 0.5cm between hills. Nine treatments were made with four replicates per treatment. The FGMT and GMT bioproducts were applied 100% on rice and at graded dosages ( 50%, 75% and 100%) on tomato. The various treatments for each crop were laid out in a randomized completely block design (RCBD) and statistical analysis determined by SPASOR (Statistical Procedures for Agricultural and Social Researches) program of the Don Mariano Marcos Memorial State University, Bacnotan, La Union.

17


Table 3. The amount of goat manure preparations in comparison with check treatments at specific days after transplanting on tomato.

Treatments

Rate of Application/plot (20 m2)

0 DAT (Basal) 7DAT(1st

Side dressing)

21 DAT(2nd

Side dressing)

Goat Manure Tea 40k/160 li water (GMT)

50 liters 30 liters 30 liters

Fermented Goat Manure 40 k/160 li water at 10% molas-ses solution (FGMT)

35 liters 30 liters 30 liters

Shredded Goat Manure (SGM)

2 kilos 2 kilos 2 kilos

Commercial Fertilizer at Rec-ommended Rate (CF@RR)

300g (16-20-0) 300g (16-20-0) 150g (46-0-0)

Table 2. The different rates of application of goat manure preparations at varying days after transplanting (DAT) on rice.

Treatments Amount of Goat Manure Preparations at Specific days

after transplanting (DAT) (ml/hill) 7 15 24 32 39 46 53

100% GMT 250 250 250 350 350 500 500

75 % GMT 250 250 250 350 350 500 500

50% GMT 250 250 250 350 350 500 500

100% FGMT 250 250 250 350 350 500 500

75% FGMT 250 250 250 350 350 500 500

50% FGMT 250 250 250 350 350 500 500

50% CF + 50% GMT** 250 250 250 350 350 500 500

Commercial Fertilizer* (CF@RR)

Recommended rates prescribed to tomato farmers by National Food Corporation (NFC).

Control (tap water) 250 250 250 350 350 500 500

Amount of Commercial fertilizer (g/hill)

14-14-14 46-0-0 0-0-60

* Basal at Transplanting 10

1st Sidedress 2 wks After Transplanting 10

2nd

Sidedress 4 wks After Transplanting 10 10

3rd


* *Basal at Transplanting 5

1st Sidedress 2 wks After Transplanting 5

2nd


3rd


18


analysis used for aerobic plate count, Total Coliform Count, Escherichia coli Count, Mold and Yeast, Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella, Vibrio parahaemolyticus and Enterobacteriaceae.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION A. Mass production and NPK analysis of GMT Goat manure tea (GMT) was mass produced from shredded goat manure pellets steeped in tap water at 1:4 (dry goat manure: water) for 15 days. The goat manure tea was a dark brown liquid and is initially pungent but odor gradually fades upon storage. Its shelf life was more than three months and does not manifest microbial growth and putrefaction evident from absence of foul odor or cottony fungal filaments. NPK analysis of the different goat manure derivations indicated reduction in quantity from the original material to processed ones (Table 4). Half-reduction in quantity was noted when shredded goat manure (SGM) was vermicomposted. Earthworms are known decomposers and tend to remove toxic or non-toxic ions from soil substrate, hence the decrease in NPK content. About 90% reduction in NPK was observed when goat manure was processed either by steeping in water for at least 15 days, and thereafter, fermentation of the derived GMT. The acidity of GMT highly increased from pH 8.30 and below to pH 3.90 when fermented. Steeping in water certainly removed the soil particles and other debris but solubilized the various organic acids and other chemical compounds. Addition of molasses enhanced the quantity of the inherent organic acids of GMT and transformed it into alcohols and carbon dioxide which turns to carbonic acid, thus, the increase in acidity. Although earthworms removed the NPK content of the raw goat manure, yet it was effective in the humification of animal manure by producing changes on the availability of nutrients and physical properties of the final products which have beneficial action on the soils and in improving the vegetative growth of plants (Carrasco et al. 1994). The results, however, do not negate the beneficial effect of vermicomposting. Aira and Domınguez (2009) explained that vermicomposting involves bio-oxidation and stabilization of organic material through the interactions between earthworms and microorganisms. Although microorganisms are mainly responsible for the biochemical degradation of organic matter, earthworms play an important role in the process by fragmenting and conditioning the substrate, increasing surface area for growth of

Goat manure samples % Constituents % Total

N % Total P2O5

% Total K2O

pH

Goat manure vermicast

Shredded goat manure (SGM)

Goat manure tea (GMT)

Fermented goat manure tea (FGMT)

1.27

2.22

0.2

trace

0.72

1.44

Trace

0.29

1.94

4.29

1.47

0.37

N/A*

N/A

8.30

3.90

Table 4. Comparative NPK analysis of the four goat manure preparations.

*N/A-not applicable

19

http://agris.fao.org/?query=%2Bauthor:%22Carrasco%20R,%20M.%20Adriana%22


microorganisms and altering its biological activity. The high population densities of earthworms in the vermicomposting systems result in a rapid turnover of fresh organic matter into earthworm casts. These casts can be deposited both inside and outside of the fresh organic matrix, thereby affecting the decomposition rates in their proximity because of their different nutrient and microbial composition. B. Effects of GMT on different test organisms under laboratory conditions Molluscicidal Effect on Golden snail, Pomaceacaniculata. Golden apple snail was an introduced organism from Taiwan to improve the escargot industry but population was not effectively checked because of the absence of natural enemies in the local community. Because of its wide escalation on fields, paddies and many river ways, it became an obnoxious pest that currently requires control. Bioassay of GMT at different concentrations on golden snails indicated considerable molluscicidal action (Table 5). Untreated rice seedlings were totally consumed by the snails even after less than six hours. At 2.5% concentration, GMT-treated rice was repelled by the snails through crawling out of the container. Snails at higher concentrations were immobilized in the treated water. After 48 hours, plant damage was minimal for all treatments except control. Snail mortality caused by GMT gradually increased as concentration increased at both periods. At 48 hours, the treated snails were dead with closed opercula and floated in the substrate emitting very foul odor.

Insecticidal property on H. armigera. Tomato fruitworm is a highly polyphagous insect pest infesting various crops such as corn, cotton, tobacco and a lot others. It voraciously feeds on the young fruits and sometimes on young shoots and stem. Its control is imperative considering a total yield loss if population is not checked.

GMT exhibited slight antifeedant effect on H. armigera larvae based on a choice test (Table 6). Larvae consumed the control leaves first and devoured the treated ones afterwards. It can be surmised that repellency would be better noted at actual field condition if GMT would be soil-drenched, that is, with the plant absorbing it. Moreover, the use of GMT as diluent for hot pepper, Capsicum frutescens, showed comparable repellency effect with treated leaves at 40-50% concentrations suggesting synergism in biological activity of the two materials.

Table 5. Damage on rice seedling and snail mortality as affected by goat manure tea at different concentrations after 24 and 48 hours of observation.

Goat Manure Tea (%)

% Plant damage % Snail Mortality 24h** 48h* 24h** 48h*

2.5 10.00b 33.33bc 10.00bc 20.00b 5.0 6.67b 22.00bc 6.67b 63.33a 7.5 3.33b 11.00bc 13.33bc 60.00a

10.0 6.67b 10.00bc 33.33ab 96.67a 12.5 6.67b 36.67bc 46.67a 76.67a 15.0 0.00b 0.00c 73.33a 100.00a

Control (Tap water)

100.00a 100.00a 0.00c 0.00c

cv, % 8.95 3.65 19.72 12.96

20


Goat Manure Tea (%)

Leaf damage (%)/Number of Hours

24 hours 48 hours

Treated leaf Untreated

check Treated leaf Untreated

check

5.0 5.67 6.67 10.00 16.67

10.0 5.00 5.67 16.67 16.67

17.5 4.00 5.67 18.33 33.33

20 4.00 4.00 11.67 15.00

25 4.00 3.00 11.67 13.33 25% GMT + hot

pepper 4.00 4.67 10.00 13.33

Table 6. Degree of leaf damage on tomato leaf sprayed with various concentrations of GMT and introduced afterwards with starved H. armigera larvae.

21

The use of goat manure with urine as diluent for plant materials was also practiced by an organic farmer in Davao City, for controlling rind borer, Adoxiphyes templana attacking pomelo (www.agribusinessweek.com/growing-durian-and-pummelo-organically). The farmer prepared mixture of 40 kg goat manure and one gallon goat urine overnight and added sili, ginger and Panyawan extracts also called Oriental Herbal nutrients (OHN). He sprayed the concoction against the rind borer for one to two weeks interval after onset of flowering. He noted a minimal degree of damage, only about 5%. He used the same extracts against fruitflies before the fruits reached 60 days (Tacio, 2008). Another progressive farmer concocted a mixture of fresh goat manure, kakawate, makabuhay and hot pepper in water for 48 hours and found the mixture effective in repelling plant pests and diseases (Tacio, 2010 ).

The insecticidal property of goat manure was also attested by basal application of some farmers in Ilocos Norte for eggplant production to control sucking insect pests particularly fruit and shoot borer, Leucinodes orbonalis. This pest is highly obnoxious because it bores its eggs into the fruit and shoot of eggplant rendering itself highly protected from insecticidal sprays, hence the difficulty in pest control. Using goat manures as basal application before transplanting provides systemic control against the said pest.

GMT also caused a disruption in insect development. Treated larvae had longer number of days before pupation (Table 7) implying that the tea had a component that mimics the juvenile hormone effect by lengthening the number of larval days. Interestingly, the pupae from treated larvae had shorter number of days to emerge as adults than control ones.

This adverse effect of GMT on insect development was further corroborated by the occurrence of smaller sized-treated larvae than untreated ones (Table 8). Generally, GMT caused adverse effect on larval growth at the higher dosages, that is, at 17.5% to 25%. Disruption of insect development specifically during the larval stage is a viable tactic for insect pest management. Under field situations, such prolongation of larval stage limits the potential adult population, thus, would inevitably lead to lower pest incidence.

Biofertilizer effect of GMT on lowland rice and tomato. GMT had nutrient

enhancing property and therefore a viable substitute for commercial organic fertilizers. Tomato seedlings soil-drenched with GMT at various concentrations were taller, more robust and with greener leaves than untreated check (Table 9). The higher degree of leaf


Table 7. Plant height of tomato as affected by GMT at various concentrations and number of days after transplanting

Goat Manure Tea (%)

Plant Height (cm)

Initial ns

10DAT** 20DAT** 34DAT**

10 8.00 17.00b 41.00ab 46.00d

20 8.67 18.67ab 44.00a 52.00a

35 8.00 17.00b 43.67a 47.00c

40 9.67 21.67a 44.33a 45.00d 50 8.33 19.00ab 43.00a 48.50b

Control (Tap water)

7.00 16.00b 37.00b 43.00e

Cv,% 19.73 8.05 3.91 8.97

Means with the same letter within a column are not statistically significant at ά=0.01 according to DMRT.

Table 8. Plant leaf greenness and vigor as affected by GMT at different concentrations and days after transplanting (DAT)

Goat Manure Tea (%) Leaf greenness

1 Plant Vigor

2

20DAT** 34DAT** 34 DAT

10.0 3.67ab 3.00b 4.33bc 20.0 4.67a 4.67a 6.33ab 35.0 5.00a 5.00a 7.00ab 40.0 5.00a 5.00a 9.00a 50.0 5.00a 5.00a 9.00a

Control (Tap water) 2.67b 2.00c 2.33c cv, % 13.32 5.73 18.23

Means with the same letter within a column are not statistically significant at ά =0.01 according to DMRT. Rating scale:

2Plant vigor-1- stunted. 3-slightly stunted, 5-slightly robust, 7-moderately robust & 9-robust;

1Leaf greenness- 1- yellowish, 2-yellow green, 3-light green, 4-green & 5-dark green

22

greenness suggests more amount of nitrogen provided by GMT, having known to contain higher nitrogen than most animal manures. Confirming the effectiveness of goat manure is the general information that animal manures can contain the full range of major, minor, and micronutrients that the plants need for strong health and vigor. Most manure will contain these nutrients in forms that are readily available to plants. The organic components of manure will continue to break down slowly over time, providing food for plants in the longer term as well. When composted with even longer-lived rock fertilizers such as Rock Phosphate or Greensand, manures can be used for true long-term soil building (http://boards.cannabis.com/organic-growing/81686-manure-organic-waste.html).

Based on a field trial, certified organic crop vegetable raisers who used composted manures, cover crops and mineral supplements indicated an increase in yield for turnip, (+2%), beet (+34%), radish (10%) and carrot (+36%) when composted goat manure was used (http://www.wisc.edu/cias/pubs/briefs/045.html). In comparison, dairy manure caused had 0% for turnip, 22% for beet, 6% for carrot and 9% for radish increase in yield.

http://boards.cannabis.com/organic-growing/81686-manure-organic-waste.html

http://www.wisc.edu/cias/pubs/briefs/045.html


Means with the same letter within a column are not statistically significant at ά=0.01.

Table 9. Plant height of tomato as affected by GMT at various concentrations

and number of days after transplanting

GMT (%)

Plant Height (cm)

Initial ns

10DAT** 20DAT** 34DAT**

10 8.00 17.00b 41.00ab 46.00d

20 8.67 18.67ab 44.00a 52.00a

35 8.00 17.00b 43.67a 47.00c

40 9.67 21.67a 44.33a 45.00d

50 8.33 19.00ab 43.00a 48.50b Control (Tap

water) 7.00 16.00b 37.00b 43.00e

Cv,% 19.73 8.05 3.91 8.97

Table 10. Plant leaf greenness and vigor as affected by GMT at different concentrations

GMT (%)

Leaf greenness1 Plant Vigor

2

20DAT** 34DAT** 34 DAT

10.0 3.67ab 3.00b 4.33bc

20.0 4.67a 4.67a 6.33ab

35.0 5.00a 5.00a 7.00ab

40.0 5.00a 5.00a 9.00a 50.0 5.00a 5.00a 9.00a

Control (Tap water) 2.67b 2.00c 2.33c

cv, % 13.32 5.73 18.23

Means with the same letter within a column are not statistically significant at ά =0.01.

Rating scale: 2Plant vigor-1- stunted. 3-slightly stunted, 5-slightly robust, 7-moderately robust & 9-robust;

1Leaf greenness- 1- yellowish, 2-yellow green, 3-light green, 4-green & 5-dark green

23

However, the composted goat manure seemed to enhance development of some disease-causing organisms specifically Rhizoctonia sp. Imogie et al. (2002) determined the effects of varied rates of organic and inorganic fertilizer on Raphia hookeri seedling growth and development and demonstrated the meritorious characteristic of goat manure. Vegetative characters of seedling such as height, stem girth, number of frond production and dry matter production were optimized when goat dung manure and NPK Mg 12-12-17-2 were applied at 28 g per seedling. Inhibitory effect on seed germination. Table 11 further verified the biological properties of GMT. At various concentrations, GMT inhibited seed germination of rice and tomato. However, tomato seeds were more responsive to the inhibitory property. Generally, 50% tomato seeds germinated already at 5% GMT while rice seeds had comparable germination with control. Germination was fully inhibited at 10-15% for tomato rice required higher tan 25% concentration to be inhibited. The thickness of the seed hull or covering would likely be responsible for the differential reaction to GMT. Results implied that soil-drenching GMT may also inhibit germination of weed seeds with softer seed coat under field conditions. Moreover, fermentation using molasses decreased the weedicidal property of GMT.


Table 11. Rate of germination of rice and tomato seeds as affected by GMT at various

concentrations

GMT (%) % Germination

Rice ** Tomato**

0.5

85.56a 2.5 83.33ab 3.5 78.89ab 4.0 70.00ab 4.5 61.11ab 5.0 94.44a 57.78b 6.5

54.44b 7.5 23.33c 8.5 14.44cd 10 82.22a 6.67de

11.5 3.33e 15 82.22a 0.00e 20 42.22b 25 21.11c

Tap water 94.44a 86.67a Cv,% 10.95 13.36

Means within the same column are not statistically significant at t=0.01

24

All the treated rice seeds at all levels of fermented GMT germinated and in fact had faster growth (Table 12) except at 25% GMT and with 5% and 10% molasses and further corroborated by inhibited root and shoot lengths at same concentration range. Hence, nutrient enhancing capacity of fermented GMT was noted at 5-15% regardless of molasses concentration. The increase in GMT concentration with the corresponding increase in the amount of molasses implied the graduated increase in alcohol production, thus, the inverse decrease in the root and shoot lengths. Molasses is an additive to GMT, also contains sugar and other components like trace amounts of vitamins and significant amounts of minerals. Fermentation is presumed to have occurred when it was added to GMT made possible through the intrinsic bacterial population in the solution. The absence of yeast, which is considered the biotic agent for fermentation, is compensated by the commensal bacteria present in the gut of goat. Moreover, Buchner (1897) discovered fermentation without yeast and termed it as zymase which is the enzyme secreted by microorganisms. Molasses being added to animal manures for fertilizer utilization is highly promoted by local advocates of organic agriculture among the Asian countries like Korea, Philippines, and Thailand.

C. Effect of bioproducts on lowland rice and tomato under field conditions

1. Rice Production Establishment of rice transplants. Field evaluation of the processed goat manures along with check treatments showed a negative rate of recovery for rice seedlings on soils treated with FGMT and SGM in comparison with those applied with commercial fertilizer at recommended rate (CF@RR) and GMT (Table 13). The comparable degree of seedling recovery from GMT and CF@RR with untreated check


Rate of germination of rice seeds (n=30 seeds/treatment)

GMT (%) MOLASSES (%)

2.50% 5% 10%

5.0 100.00 96.66 100.00

10.0 100.00 100.00 100.00

15.0 86.66 96.66 90.00

20.0 93.33 90.00 80.00

25. 90.00 86.66 83.33

Tap water 100.00 100.00 100.00

Root length (mm)


2.50% 5% 10%

5.0 61.70 49.90 55.30

10.0 64.60 67.50 30.70

15.0 48.10 50.60 13.60

20.0 45.80 3.80 5.70

25.0 27.40 1.20 1.80

Tap water 50.10 41.40 42.60

Stem length (mm)


2.50% 5% 10%

5.0 39.60 40.90 31.80

10.0 37.70 34.80 25.90

15.0 32.60 32.70 23.00

20.0 31.40 22.90 18.70

25.0 27.10 15.70 11.70

Tap water 41.30 39.60 31.10

Table 12.Effect of fermented GMT at different concentrations with molasses at three concentrations.

25


suggests positive effect on growth and development. The negative effect of FGMT could be accounted to the change in acidity from pH8 of GMT to 3.9. The unavailability of nutrients would account for inhibitory effect of shredded goat manures on the recovery of rice seedlings. The presence of alcoholic substances on FGMT adversely affected seedling growth. This confirmed the initial laboratory experiment on the inhibitory effect of FGMT on the root and shoot lengths of tomato. The leaf greenness, which is related to nitrogen uptake, shows the comparable enhancement of growth by GMT and FGMT with CF@RR at 10DAT while SGM was comparable with untreated check. The least leaf greenness by SGM could be due to the late release of nutrients in contrast to FGM and GMT which had available soluble nutrients and was further noted at 37 DAT and 43 DAT. GMT and FGMT consistently elicited positive effects on the degree of plant vigor, being generally comparable with CF@RR. SGM consistently showed its negative effect on rice transplants, being comparable with untreated check.

Molluscicidal effect of processed goat manures. At 24 hours after treatment, no significant difference among treatments was noted on the degree of plant damage caused by golden snail on rice seedlings (Table 14). GMT and FGMT were comparably effective in reducing plant damage caused by golden snail after 48 hours and ranked lower in effectiveness as a molluscicide to the commercial product at 24 hours after treatment. The commercial molluscicide is a technical grade niclosamideethanolamine compound that causes toxicity. In contrast, GMT and FGMT are crude materials processed from goat manures, thus, an amalgamation of organic elements synergistically active as a biofertilizer/biopesticide. Prolonged exposure of the pest to the test materials after 48 hours further indicated the comparable effectiveness of FGMT with the commercial molluscicide while GMT remained second in rank. On the other hand, SGM consistently

Treat-

ments

Seedling

Recovery

Plant Vigor Leaf Greenness

3 DAT ** 10** 28 ns 37** 43** 10** 28 ns 37** 43**

GMT 4.67 a 4.67 a 7.00 8.23 ab 8.33 ab 4.00 a 4.33 4.67 ab 4.67 a

FGMT 3.00 b 5.0 a 5.00 9.0 a 9.00 a 4.00 a 4.66 5.0 a 5.0 a

SGM 3.00 b 3.0 b 5.66 6.33 bc 6.33 bc 2.00 b 4.00 4.00 ab 4.67 a

CF@RR 4.00 a 5.0 a 9.00 9.0 a 9.00 a 4.00 a 5.00 5.00 a 5.0 a Un-

treated

check 4.00 a 3.67 ab 5.00 5.67 c 5.67 c 2.67 ab 3.66 3.67 b 3.67 b

CV %

6.92 12.84 26.73 11.17 11.17% 15.49 11.15 8.67 9.72

Table 13. The effect of the bioproducts on the rate of seedling recovery, plant vigor and leaf greenness of transplants at different days after transplanting in comparison to commercial fertilizer and untreated check.

Recovery: 1-very poor; 2- Slightly poor;3-poor 4- Good; 5- Very Good

Plant Vigor:1- Stunted; 3-slightly stunted; 5-slightly vigorous; 7-moderately vigorous; 9-vigorous

Leaf Greenness:1-Yellowish; 2-yellow green; 3-light green; 4-green; 5-dark green (Philrice color chart)

26


inhibited inferiority as a biopesticide being comparable to untreated check. Unprocessed goat manures even if wetted during application is comparable to untreated check because the biopesticide components remain inactive or dormant. Since biopesticide components initially isolated were bacteria, then these organisms grow and develop for an enhanced biological activity. The latter condition is achieved when goat manures are soaked in water and benched for at least 15 days.

Weedicidal property of the bioproducts. Notable observation was the suppressive effect of the bioproducts on the weeds infesting lowland rice. Weed d e n s i t y was much higher on farmers’ field in the same area where the experiment was located (Table 15). However, SGM proved superior in deterring weed growth presumably due higher amount of ammonia since it has relatively more nitrogen content among the three test materials. Effect of bioproducts on insect population. GMT and FGMT indirectly affected the insect pest population, which was generally higher at 4 WAT than at 7 WAT (Table 16). Identified insect pests infesting rice applied with different treatments were whorl maggot, Hydrelliaphillipina, squash beetle, Aulacophorasimilis, greenleafhopper, Nephotettrixvirescens, common cutworm, Spodopteralitura, brown planthopper Nilaparvatalugens and rice leaffolder, Chilosuppresalis. At 7 WAT, insect pest situation was reduced due primarily to the high population of the natural enemies (Table 17). The dominant natural enemies were spiders, damselflies, ichneumonids, water spiders, and assassin bugs. . Their abundance on the treated plots indicated absence of injury to their growth and development. Effect on bioproduct on yield and yield components. Results on the yield and other yield factors were comparable among all treatments (Table 18). SGM consistently showed inferiority as a source of nutrients for rice among the test materials.

Treatments Plant Damage ( % ) Mortality (%)

24 hrs 48 hrs ** 24 hrs ** 48 hrs **

GMT 2.31 2.33 ab 2.49 b 2.78 b FGMT 0.95 1.31 ab 2.95 b 10.02 a SGM 3.95 2.71 ab 0.71 c 1.0 c Commercial

molluscicide

(niclosamide) 0.34 .71 b 10.02 a 10.02 a

Untreated check 2.72 3.35 a 0.71 c 0.71 c

CV % 29.06 32.62 12.49 5.10

Table 14.. Effect of the bioproducts on the degree of plant damage and golden snail mortality in comparison to the commercial molluscicide and untreated check.

27


Treatments Number of weeds/sq. m.

GMT 1.33 FGMT 1.33 SGM 0 Farmers Field 5 CV % 20.62

Table 15. Weed density on rice at farmer’s field.

Rating scale: 1-5-20% 2-21-40% 3-41-60% 4- 61-80% 5-81-100%

Treatments 4 WAT 7 WAT

GMT 20 6.0 FGMT 25 6.33 SGM 23.67 10.67

CF at RR 42.33 11.33 Untreated Check 23 13.33

CV% 45.56 33.12

Table 16. Occurrence of insects pests at 4 and 7 weeks after transplanting (WAT) on various treatments.

Table 17. Occurrence of natural enemies on the various treatments.

Treatments 4 WAT 7 WAT

GMT 31.33 38.67 FGMT 28.33 47.67 SGM 26.33 39.00 CF @ RR 24.33 57.67 Untreated Check 30.00 46.00 CV% 26.57 26.68

Treat-

ments

YIELD AND YIELD COMPONENTS

Mean

Heigh

t (cm)

Number

of tillers

Panicle

length

( cm)

No. of

full

seeds

No. of

empty

seeds

Yield / 10

sample

plants

(grms)

Yield /

10 sq.

meters

(kg)

Yield

(tons/

ha)

GMT 62.90 17.43 27.30 91.73 30.63 9.4 4.433 4.433

FGMT 61.04 18.06 26.57 86.70 23.8 8.5 4.466 4.466

SGM 61.53 15.00 27.31 90.06 29.20 8.8 2.983 2.983

CF @ RR 65.35 17.37 27.55 87.77 32.30 9.1 5.250 5.250

Untreated

check

60.53 13.57 26.93 84.63 30.20 8.4 4.333 4.333

CV % 5.35 14.34 3.48 13.81 17.85 13.07 21.93 21.93

Table 18 . Effect of the bioproducts on the various yield and yield components in comparison to check treatments.

28


2. Tomato Production

Establishment of transplants. No significant effect was observed on the plant height of tomato seedlings applied with the various treatments at the early vegetative stage (Table 19).

However, plant vigor was affected significantly (Table 20). Untreated check had the lowest vigor rate at 38 DAT. At 53 DAT, FGMT and GMT were generally less vigorous than those treated with CF@RR and fertilizer in combination with 50% GMT. GMT and FGMT at 100% ranked second to CF@RR and its combination. Leaf greenness was not affected by the treatments implying same efficiency in nitrogen uptake.

Effect of the bioproducts on CMV. The biopesticide property of the processed goat manure was similarly exhibited on tomato infected with cucumber mosaic virus (CMV). FGMT and GMT at higher dosages effectively controlled CMV while the untreated check had comparable degree of occurrence with CF@RR (Table 21).

Effect of bioproducts on insect pest and natural enemy population. The processed goat manure products reduced population of insect pests at the later crop stage (Table 22). At 48 DAP, 100% GMT effectively reduced insect pest population. Seven days after, all GMT and FGMT treatments caused lower pest population than those plots applied with fertilizer and untreated check. Plots treated with commercial fertilizer had higher insect pest population apparently due to the absence of factors with either toxic or feeding deterrent effect against various insect pests. In fact, crops applied with commercial fertilizers relatively were more preferred by insect pests due to robustness in growth.

Further, the number of natural enemies was not affected significantly, with population relatively highest at 55 DAT (Table 23). This could be accounted to the build up of population vis-a-vis population of insect pests.

Plant damage caused by insect pests was highest at the untreated check (Table 24). GMT and FGMT inhibited insect damage at 48 DAT. At 55 DAT, GMT and FGMT (100%) generally had lower degree of plant damage than those from commercial fertilizer and in combination with GMT, untreated check and FGMT at lower dosages.

Table 19. Effect of the bioproducts on the plant height of tomato in comparison with

commercial fertilizer and untreated check.

Treatments

Plant Height (cm)

Initial Plant

Height (6 DAT)

14 DAT 21 DAT 28 DAT

100% GMT 19.64 26.03 32.58 49.28 75 % GMT 19.45 25.24 32.46 48.83

50% GMT 19.21 24.89 31.33 47.98 100% FGMT 19.19 23.24 29.99 45.45 75% FGMT 19.19 25.61 31.63 46.23 50% FGMT 23.26 29.60 35.48 49.75 50% Fert + 50%

GMT 17.18 23.74 30.76 47.08 CF at RR 18.30 25.90 32.45 47.85 Untreated check 17.36 22.08 29.63 47.5 CV % 19.35 16.67 13.87 9.39

29


Table 20. Effect of the bioproducts on the plant vigor and leaf greenness of tomato

plants in comparison with commercial fertilizer and untreated check.

Treatments

38 DAT 53 DAT

Plant vigor** Leaf

greenness

Plant

vigor**

Leaf

greenness

100% GMT 8.05a 5.00 6.95b 4.75 75 % GMT 7.35a 4.75 6.70bc 4.50 50% GMT 7.70a 4.50 6.70bc 4.25 100% FGMT 7.55a 4.75 6.95b 4.25 75% FGMT 7.30a 4.50 5.65c 4.25 50% FGMT 7.05ab 4.50 5.93bc 4.00

50% CF + 50% GMT 7.90a 5.00 8.30a 4.75

CF at RR 7.95a 5.00 8.75a 5.00 Untreated check 6.05b 4.25 6.10c 4.25 CV % 7.99 9.45 8.35 10.52

Rating scale (plant vigor):1- stunted; 3-slightly stunted; 5-slightly vigorous; 7- moderately vigorous; 9- vigorous

Rating scale (leaf greenness): 1- yellowish; 2-yellow green; 3-light green; 4-green; 5-dark green

Rating scale: 1- 10% and below; 3-20% 5-30% 7-40% 9 - more than 40% Means within the same column are not statistically significant at t=0.01 according to DMRT

Table 21. The degree of CMV occurrence on the tomato plants as affected by the processed goat manures along with commercial fertilizer and untreated check.

Treatments Degree of occurrence of CMV 35 DAT ** 38 DAT **

100% Goat Manure Tea (GMT) 3.5 abc 3.75 ab

75 % GMT 4.5 abc 5.25 ab

50% GMT 5.5 a 6.25 a

100% FGMT 2.5 c 2.75 b

75% Fermented Goat Manure Tea (FGMT) 4.25 ab 4.25 ab 50% FGMT 3.0 bc 3.5 b

50% Comm’l Fertilizer + 50% GMT 5.5 a 6.0 a

Comm’l Fertilizer @Recommended Rate 3.75 abc 4.74 ab

Untreated check 5.75 a 6.25a

CV % 33.89 28.35

30


Treatments Number of chewing insect/number of days after planting

(DAP) 20 27 34 41 48** 55*

100% Goat Manure Tea (GMT) 0.00 0.25 0.25 0.25 1.27 b 1.75 b 75 % GMT 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.25 2.05 a 2.25 b 50% GMT 0.50 0.25 0.25 2.00 1.98 a 2.00b 100% FGMT 0.75 0.25 0.75 1.50 2.16 a 1.75 b 75% Fermented Goat Manure Tea (FGMT) 0.25 0.00 0.50 1.00 1.93 a 1.50 b 50% FGMT 0.00 0.50 0.50 1.25 1.99 a 2.00 b 50% Comm’l Fer-tilizer + 50% GMT 0.75 0.00 0.50 0.75 1.8 ab 2.25 b Comm’l Fertilizer @t Recommended Rate 0.75 0.50 0.75 1.75 2.09 a 2.50 ab Untreated check 0.50 1.75 0.25 1.75 2.33 a 4.00 a C V % 42.57 28.10 38.82 29.17 16.14 42.09

Table 22. Effect of goat manure preparations on chewing insect population along with commercial fertilizer and untreated check.

Means within the same column are not statistically significant at ά=1*% and 5% according to DMRT

Table 23. Effect of the processed goat manures on the degree of occurrence of natural enemies along with commercial fertilizer and untreated check.

Treatments Number of days after transplanting

20 27 34 41 48 55 Total

100 % GMT 1 2 1 3 7

75 % GMT 2 1 1 2 6

50% GMT 1 1 2

100 % FGMT 1 2 1 2 6

75 % FGMT 2 1 3 6

50% FGMT 2 1 1 2 6

50% GMT + 50% CF 1 1 1 3 6

CF @ RR 1 1 2 4

Untreated check 1 1 2 4

31


Table 24. Effect of processed goat manures on the degree of plant damage caused by insect pests along with commercial fertilizer and untreated check.

Treatments Degree of plant damage at specific number of

days after transplanting 48 DAT ** 55 DAT **

100% Goat Manure Tea (GMT) 1.5b 1.0 b

75 % GMT 3.0ab 1.5 b

50% GMT 2.0b 1.5 b

100% FGMT 3.0ab 1.5 b 75% Fermented Goat Manure Tea (FGMT) 3.0ab 1.0 b

50% FGMT 3.0ab 2.0 ab

50% Comm’l Fertilizer + 50% GMT 2.5ab 2.5 ab Comm’l Fertilizer @ Recommended Rate 2.5ab 2.0 ab

Untreated check 4.0a 4.0 a

C V % 27.15 51.95

Rating scale: 1-3-10%; 3-11-20%; 5-21-40%; 7-41-80%; 9-81-100%

Means within the same column are not statistically significant at ά=1% according to DMRT

Effect of bioproducts on yield and yield components. Yield components indicated similar comparable effects among the various treatments (Table 25) except on the degree of damaged fruits. Generally, GMT and FGMT had lower rate of damaged fruit in comparison with tomato applied with commercial fertilizer and in combination along with untreated check. Expectedly, tomato applied with fertilizer had same rate of damage caused by tomato fruitworms and other chewing insect pests because of the absence of chemical spraying. Notable was the reduced damage on tomatoes treated by GMT and FGMT reinforcing their biopesticide property. However, total fruit yield was not significantly different among treatments, likely due to environmental factors occurring beyond optimum in similar situation as in rice.

Economics of goat manure production and application

The worthiness of any technology for agricultural production is deemed outstanding when the economics of its production and application shows profitability. Goat manure is considered a waste resource, stockpiling only in the farmer’s yard as a source of disease infection for other animals other than goats or as reservoir of human pathogens, thus an environmental problem. Moving the manure out is necessary but as to appropriate place becomes an issue of great concern. Hence, processing and applying them as biofertilizer cum biopesticides is the best alternatives as gleaned from the present research data. The reduction of human pathogens in the processed materials to almost nil level in comparison to its raw versions that denote relative safety is a merit of consideration.

The economics of agricultural application to tomato and rice is presented in Table 26 A&B. Based on the results for tomato, ROI was higher when GMT was used than commercial fertilizer, 34.63 and 3.81, respectively; while the fermented version was negative. The amount of molasses for fermentation got the great amount in expenditure

32


Treatments

Market-able fruits

Nonmarketable fruits

Sun-scalded

fruits

Insect-damaged

fruits Total yield

(t/ha) (t/ha) (t/ha) (t/ha) * (t/ha)

100% Goat Manure Tea (GMT) 16.66 3.01 1.13 1.74 c 22.54 75 % GMT 15.50 2.68 1.30 2.46 abc 21.94 50% GMT 16.45 3.42 1.26 2.04 bc 23.17 100% FGMT 20.54 2.63 1.05 2.16 bc 26.37 75% Fermented Goat Manure Tea (FGMT) 15.52 2.46 1.11 2.11 bc 20.83 50% FGMT 13.34 1.88 1.19 1.96 bc 18.38

50% Comm’l Fertil-izer + 50% GMT 21.04 2.59 1.19 2.65 abc 27.47 Comm’l Fertilizer @ Recommended Rate 23.11 2.99 1.51 2.84 ab 30.45

Untreated check 16.41 2.38 1.50 3.25 a 23.53

CV % 25.45 33.89 32.57 26 22.02

Table 25. Effect of bioproducts on the yield and its components along with commercial fertilizer and untreated check.

Means within the same column are not statistically significant at ά=5% according to DMRT

considering that molasses is also a very saleable byproduct of sugar production. On rice, similar trend was noted wherein ROI’s for GMT, FGMT and commercial fertilizer were 154.60, 61.19 and 137.61, respectively, although it was not negative for FGMT.

Therefore, goat manure should be processed and applied to the agricultural crop production to turn it into useful material.

33


ITEMS GMT FGMT FERTILIZER Remarks

Labor Cost

Land Preparation 6000 6000 6000

Seedling care 1000 1000 1000

Transplanting 2250 2250 2250

Weeding 2000 2000 2000

Hilling up/

Furrowing

3000 3000 3000

Irrigation /watering 5000 5000 5000

Harvesting 5625 5625 5625

Shredding 1750 1750

Fertilizer application

8000

GMT Application 4000 4000

Spraying 2000

GMT Preparation 2500 2500

Sub Total 33125 33125 34875

Material Inputs

Goat Manure Waste material

Molasses 32000

Organic fungicide 1000

14-14-14(8 bags) 8000

0-0-60(8 bags) 9456

46-0-0(8 bags) 9448

Gas &Oil 4000 4000 4000

Sub Total 4000 36000 31904

TOTAL EXPENSES

37125 69125 66779

Actual Yield/Kg

4165 5134 5777

Price per Kilo

12 12 12 Supply & demand

Gross

Income

49980 61608 69324

Net

Income

12855 -7517 2545

ROI 34.63 -10.87 3.81

Table. 26. Comparative cost of production for goat manure. Fermented goat manure and commercial fertilizer.

A. Tomato Field Trial

34


ITEMS GMT FGMT FERTILIZER Remarks

Labor Cost Land Preparation 6000 6000 6000 Seedling

Maintenance 2000 2000 2000

Pulling of seedling 2000 2000 2000 Transplanting 6000 6000 6000 Spraying 2000

Shredding 1500 1500 Fert. Application 2000 GMT Application 2000 2000

Harvesting 6000 6000 6000 GMT preparation 2500 2500 Sub Total 28000 28000 26000

Material Inputs

Seeds 1600 1600 1600 Goat manure Waste

material Molasses 17500 1 application

only

Fertilizer 16-20-0 (6 bags) 6000

46-0-0 (2 bags) 2362 Molluscide 1600 SubTotal 1600 19100 11562 TOTAL

EXPENSES 29600 47100 37562

Actual Yield

4433 4466 5250

Farm gate Price

17 17 17

Gross Income

75361 75922 89250

Net Income

45761 28822 51688

ROI 154.60 61.19 137.61

B. Rice field

35


C. Microbiological analyses of the bioproducts The standard protocol methods of DOST show essentially the pathogens that can infect humans. The degree of occurrence of these pathogens relatively indicate the biosafety of the products derived from goat manure. The various parameters basically refer to foods which require zero occurrence to warrant safety. Yet, in regard to the bioproducts from goat manure, its application can also be made with the specific quantities in comparison to the raw material, which is the shredded goat manure. As to definition of terms, the aerobic plate count indicates the level of microorganisms in a product and can sometimes be used to indicate the quality and spoilage level of the product. Obtaining an estimate of the number of microorganisms in a food product will aid in evaluating sanitary practices during processing and handling, as well as determining potential sources of contamination. The most basic test for bacterial contamination of a water supply is the test for total coliform bacteria. Total coliform counts give a general indication of the sanitary condition of a water supply. Total coliforms include bacteria that are found in the soil, in water that has been influenced by surface water, and in human or animal waste. Of the five general groups of bacteria that comprise the total coliforms, only E. coli is generally not found growing and reproducing in the environment. Consequently, E. coli is considered to be the species of coliform bacteria that is the best indicator of fecal pollution and the possible presence of pathogens. Other pathogenic bacteria are the Salmonella which causes food poisoning and illnesses like typhoid fever, paratyphoid fever, and food borne illness. V. parahaemolyticus causes infections of the eyes, skin or open cuts or wounds. S. aureuscan cause a range of illnesses, from minor skin infections, such as pimples, impetigo, boils (furuncles), cellulitis folliculitis, carbuncles, scalded skin syndrome, and abscesses, to life-threatening diseases such as pneumonia, meningitis, osteomyelitis, endocarditis, toxic shock syndrome (TSS), bacteremia, and sepsis. Its incidence ranges from skin, soft tissue, respiratory, bone, joint, endovascular to wound infections. It is still one of the five most common causes of nosocomial infections and is often the cause of postsurgical wound infections. The Enterobacteriaceae is a large family of Gram-negative bacteria that includes, along with many harmless symbionts, many of the more familiar pathogens, such as Salmonella, Escherichia coli, Yersinia pestis, Klebsiella and Shigella. Other disease-causing bacteria in this family include Proteus, Enterobacteria, Serratia, and Citrobacter. Like other proteobacteria, enterobacteria have Gram-negative stains, and they are facultative anaerobes, fermenting sugars to produce lactic acid and various other end products. Most also reduce nitrate to nitrite, although exceptions exist (e.g. Photorhabdus). Microbiological analysis indicated that the total coliform, aerobic plate and enterobacteria counts were greatly reduced in population by about 95% relative to SGM (Table 27). Although Salmonella was detected in FGMT, yet it is a relatively less pathogenic organism especially if not ingested. Mold and yeast count was expected to be highest on FGMT because of molasses that serve as good substrate for growth and development. The common use by farmers of raw animal manures as source of cheap fertilizer for their crops is very dangerous considering the high microbial counts of human pathogens as shown by the DOST report. These human pathogens can not reproduce outside of their hosts but if existing in abundance in the environment such as in raw animal manures, spread of the disease is expected since spores are transferred by hands to the human hosts where growth and reproduction will eventually lead to epidemic

36

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Typhoid_fever

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paratyphoid_fever

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foodborne_illness

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infection

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pimple

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impetigo

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boil

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cellulitis

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbuncle

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scalded_skin_syndrome

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abscess

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pneumonia

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meningitis

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osteomyelitis

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endocarditis

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toxic_shock_syndrome

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toxic_shock_syndrome

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacteremia

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sepsis

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wound_infection

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nosocomial_infection

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gram-negative

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacteria

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pathogenic_bacteria

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salmonella

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Escherichia_coli

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yersinia_pestis

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klebsiella

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shigella

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proteus

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enterobacter

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serratia

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citrobacter

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gram-negative

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facultative_anaerobe

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fermentation_%28biochemistry%29

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lactic_acid

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitrate

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitrite

http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Photorhabdus&action=edit&redlink=1


Bacterial count Goat Manure Tea Fermented Goat Manure Tea

Shredded Goat Manure

Aerobic plate count 260,000 CFU*/ml 200,000 CFU/ml 19,000,000 CFU/g

Total coliform count 23 MPN**/ml <3.0 MPN/ml >1,100 MPN/g

Escherichia coli count 23 MPN/ml <3.0 MPN/ml >1,100 MPN/g

Mold and yeast count < 10 CFU/ml 920,000 CFU/ml 4,200 CFU/g

Staphylococcus aureus 0 CFU 0 CFU 0 CFU/g

Salmonella detection Absent @ 25 ml samples

Present @ 25ml samples

Present @ 25ml samples

Vibrio parahaemolyticus Absent @ 50ml samples

Absent @ 50 ml samples

Absent @ 50g samples

Enterobacteriaceae count 50,000 CFU/ml < 25 CFU/ml 227,000 CFU/g

Table 27. Comparative quantity and quality of microorganisms of the processed goat manures in comparison with the raw material.

proportion. The technology of processing of animal manures as tea and its fermented version, markedly reduced these human pathogens in the environment, hence, providing safety to users and consumers of agricultural crops. Similarly, reinforcing the safety of the bioproducts wherein pathogenicity of E. coli, Salmonella,sp. S. aureus, Pseudomonas aerruginosa and Listeria monocytogenes was not detected at the College of Arts and Sciences, Biology Department, Mariano Marcos State University, Batac, Ilocos Norte. At the moment, the biopesticidal property of the processed goat manures may be accounted to the manure’s composition. For a simple definition, manure is the dung and urine of animals (http://boards.cannabis.com/organic-growing/81686-manure-organic-waste.html). It is made up of undigested and partially digested food particles, as well as a cocktail of digestive juices and bacteria. As much as 30% of the total mass of manure may be bacteria, making animal dung as excellent inoculants for a compost pile. Mixing manure in the compost can provide all the necessary bacterial populations to quickly and efficiently break down all the other materials common to the heap.

Based from the results of the present study and those from other research institutions abroad and local farmers, goat manure has both the biofertilizer and biopesticide properties. However, such properties can not be rapidly harnessed if goat manure will be applied in its raw form as dried pellets. Natural decomposition or humification in a course of time will not warrant immediate favorable results for annual crops. Hence, goat manure should be processed into tea to make all the nutrients readily available for assimilation by the crops. The tea formulation likely has extracted a cocktail of all organic digestive juices, partially digested foods and beneficial bacteria which are excreted from the manure and urine that synergistically enabled the biological property. Moreover, the presence of toxic substances from GMT is definitely ruled out owing to the in vitro experiment on the antagonistic effect of the isolated GMT bacteria on the bacterial and fungal pathogens infecting garlic (Lutap et al. 2012) and the minimum level of occurrence of pathogenic species analyzed by DOST Region 1, otherwise, the latter could have been totally absent.

37




SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION

Goat manure tea (GMT) was easily mass- produced by steeping shredded goat manure in water at 1:2 (solute:water) ratio for at least 15 days. Collection was taken from the drippings of the sack hanged on top of the drum as well as those in the drum. GMT was initially a pungent dark brown liquid whose odor gradually faded upon storage and with a shelf life of more than three months. GMT was fermented using molasses at 10% concentration with water and both products (GMT and FGMT). These were analyzed for nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium and/or pH. Its NPK analysis showed a highly reduced content in comparison with the raw shredded goat manure and vermicast.

Laboratory analysis showed that GMT exhibited molluscicidal action against golden snails at 2.5% to 15% concentration. Effect on plant was inversely proportional to the GMT concentration, that is, minimal damage at higher concentration.GMT also caused a slight anti-feedant effect on H. armigera larvae based on a choice test. Larvae less preferred the treated leaves to untreated ones. GMT-treated larvae had longer number of days before pupation; conversely, pupal days of treated larvae was much shorter than untreated ones. Tomato seedlings soil-drenched with GMT were taller, more robust and with greener leaves than untreated ones. However, GMT inhibited germination of tomato seeds more than rice seeds.

Field bioassay on rice showed GMT and FGMT with comparable growth with that from CF@RR expressed by leaf greenness. FGMT consistently produced vigorous seedlings, being generally comparable with those from CF@RR. GMT and FGMT effectively reduced plant damage caused by golden snail after 48 hours and ranked second to the commercial molluscicide. SGM did not exhibit any biological activity on rice. Major insect pests noted generally higher at 4 WAT than at 7 WAT. The less population at 7 WAT was due to the high population of the natural enemies implying less injury of the bioproducts. On tomato production, all treatments did not affect plant height. GMT and FGMT positively affected plant vigor at 38 DAT and lesser than commercial fertilizer at 53 DAT. GMT and FGMT slightly inhibited growth of CMV and reduced insect pest population, consequently, plant damage. Yield components indicated similar comparable effects among the various treatments for rice and tomato except on the degree of damaged fruits for the latter. Generally, GMT and FGMT had lower rate of damaged fruit in comparison with tomato applied with commercial fertilizer and in combination along with untreated check.

The general safety of the processed goat manure products was denoted from the relatively minimal microbial occurrence specifically total coliform, aerobic plate, enterobacteria, Salmonella and V. parahaemolyticus counts relative to SGM.

The use of goat manure tea and its fermented product is highly commendable as a very sustainable input for agricultural production of various crops either singly or in combination with other production tactics for soil fertilization and pest management. The abundance, availability, ease in mass production and application as well as the relative safety in handling warrant an aggressive campaign for utilization in Good Agriculture Practices (GAP) farming.

38


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insect pest infestation and damage to okra (Abelmoschus esculentus Moesch)Umedike, Abia Station. Research Journal of biological Sciences 2(1)108-111.

Awodun, M.A. 2007. Effect of goat manure and urea fertilizer on soil, growth and yield of

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De la Cruz, R. 2007. CPAR Project on goat reaps profitable livelihood for Pangasinan. www.bar.gov.ph/news/CPARprojecton goats.asp

Duarsa, M.A.P., I.M. Suarna, I.W. Suarna, I.B.G. Partama and N.N.C. Kusumawati. 1996. The effect of goat manure and soil moisture content on tiller number and leaf yield of Brachiaria decumbens over three growth cycles. (http://www.regional.org.au/au/asa/1996/poster/646duarsa.htm?print=1)

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Lutap, L. A., L.C. G. Cocson, A.F. C. Llaguno, R.G. Quijano & A.D. Solsoloy. 2011/2012.

Development of insect pest management products and systems for organic vegetable production in Ilocos Region. Reported during the 2011 and 2012 Commodity Review on Vegetables, legumes, medicinal, bulb and root crops. ILARRDEC.

Philip, N. Uses for goat manure-Using goat manure for fertilizer (http://

www.gardeningknowhow.com/composting-basics/goat-manure-fertilizer.htm

Rodriguez, L. and T R Preston. Productive use of livestock wastes; use of goat manure for earthworm production and fertilization of cassava (http://www.fao.org/ag/aga/agap/frg/Recycle/Earthwm/maworm.htm)

Tacio, Henrylito D..2010. Benjamin Lao: My First Love Is Farming. http://

www.agribusinessweek.com/benjamin-lao-my-first-love-is-farming/

Tacio, H.D. 2008. Growing durian and pummelo organically. http://

www.agribusinessweek.com/benjamin-lao-my-first-love-is-farming/ Umar, I, & M.Y. Jada, 2000. The efficacy of mixtures of two organic amendments

(Parkia seeds and goat manure) on the control of root knot nematodes (Meloidogyne incognita) on tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum). Global Journal of Pure and Applied Sciences Vol. 6 No. 2 pp. 177-180

40

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salmonella

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vibrio_parahaemolyticus

http://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php/Bacillus_subtilis

http://www.agribusinessweek.com/growing-durian-and-pummelo-organically

http://www.aplesnail.net/pestalent/management-guide/pest-management.php#

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http://www.cabdirect.org/search.html?q=do%3A%22Global+Journal+of+Pure+and+Applied+Sciences%22

http://www.cabdirect.org/search.html?q=do%3A%22Global+Journal+of+Pure+and+Applied+Sciences%22


DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT OF AN AUTOMATED HOT WATER TREATMENT (AHWT) FOR MANGO

Thomas D. Ubiña, Willen Mark S. Manzanas, Romaric G. Ascaño,

Samuel S. Franco, Gliceria Pascua & Ma. Luisa S. Gabriel

College of Engineering and College of Agriculture, Food and Sustainable Development

e-mail:[email protected]

ABSTRACT

The study aimed to develop an Automated (continuous type) Hot Water Treatment (AHWT) machine against diseases of mango for export. The developed machine has the following main components: (1) controllers, (2) driving system, (3) hot water tank, (4) conveyor bucket system (5) feed conveyor table, (6) exit conveyor table and (7) blower. A microcontroller constitutes the controller of the AHWT to ensure smooth regulation of speed and temperature.

During treatment, immature mangoes floated and were easily separated from those with devisable quality. Treatment of mangoes was uniform and precise. After treatment, mangoes were clean and latex free. Desired temperature and immersion time can be varied and easily set. Results showed that the AHWT machine is functional and effective. AHWT treatment does not affect fruit quality such as fruit color, aroma, flesh texture, sweetness, and total soluble solutions. It is capable of treating mangoes at a capacity of 122 kg -1404 kg per hour at 10 minute down to 1 minute immersion time respectively. It is also effective in reducing mango diseases to 1% @ 2 minute treatment against 10-40% of that with the existing hot water treatment (HWT) technologies. The cost of operation, which is less than PhP 0.40 starting at 5 minute immersion down to 1 minute immersion time, is very competitive as compared with the traditional HWT.

INTRODUCTION

Mangoes, in large quantities or in plastic containers, are submerged at the same

time in hot water usually at 52oC-55

oC for 10 minute, resulting in abrupt drop in

temperature. As a result, batch of mangoes is not evenly treated specially those in the middle of each plastic container, therefore, with incidence of mango diseases being high, at 10-40%. Further, immature mangoes positioned beneath do not float resulting in additional work.

The Philippine ‘Carabao’ mango has seen export potential in the lucrative fruit industry in the world. However, only about five percent of all harvested mangoes in the country are of export quality because most mango growers/farmers do not have access to a quarantine facility.

The Hot Water Treatment (HWT) is one of the accepted quarantine techniques in the world. It is effective in controlling the two major diseases of mango, namely ‘anthracnose’ and ‘stem-end rot’. At present, several mango growers and exporters are using HWT facilities in the Philippines. Mango Growers from Visayas & Mindanao had been using it for some years. Just recently, 70 mango growers in Mindanao received

41


HWT facilities from the Department of Agriculture. In Luzon however, very few mango growers are using HWT facility especially in Northern Luzon. Currently, the HWT facilities were designed to accommodate enormous number of mangoes by batch. Studies however, reveal that there is still some 10% incidence of ‘Anthracnose’ even after the treatment. This could be attributed to non-uniform temperature throughout the heat tank due to overcrowding of mangoes under treatment. Another problem with the batch type is that immature mangoes under piled will not float, hence requiring another means of determining immature mangoes through floatation.

In this regard, a continuous-type Automatic Hot Water Treatment (AHWT) Machine for Mango direct control was designed and developed. With this machine, immersion of limited number of mangoes (5-10 pcs.) to hot water is continuous; wherein the temperature and speed can be easily maintained at the desired level and setting, respectively. Since there is no overcrowding of mangoes, the immature mangoes will be able to float. Furthermore, because of automation, less manpower is needed during the treatment which will mean lower operation costs, thereby, providing better access to mango growers.

If more mango growers/farmers have better access to quarantine technologies like the AHWT, better product quality and consequently, higher revenues can be expected.

OBJECTIVES This study was conducted to design, fabricate and develop a continuous type

automatic hot water treatment machine for mango direct control. It likewise aimed to test the functionality and effectiveness of the fabricated machine, and determine the cost of fabrication and operation of the machine.

REVIEW OF LITERATURE

The `Carabao’ mango is one of the most important fruit exports of the Philippines because it is considered as the best mango in the world according to the Bureau of Postharvest Research and Extension (BPRE). In 2007, the country’s export of mangoes was seen hitting $48M (Remo, 2007) which is better as compared to $44.3M in 2006. Compared to the $51.4M mango export ten years ago, this is 6.61% lower.

Several reasons are being eyed for the decline of mango exports since 1998. One of these is the fact that only four to five percent of the country’s total mango harvest is of export quality (http://www.sunstar.com). This very low percentage of export quality can be attributed to improper agricultural practices and lack of quarantine facilities like the Hot Water Treatment (HWT) or the Vapor Heat Treatment (VHT). These are expensive equipment which are beyond the means of small to medium scale exporters. Thus, these technologies were not widely accepted by the farmers according to BPRE.

For this reason, the Department of Pathology and the Postharvest Horticulture Training and Research Center (PHTRC) in collaboration with the College of Engineering and Agro-Industrial Technology (CEAT) of the University of the Philippines, Los Baños (UPLB) developed a HWT which is capable of disinfecting eggs of larvae of the oriental fruit fly in the pulp of the fruit. Later, they developed the Extended Heat Water Treatment (EHWT) to control mango diseases (Nagpala, 2007). To save on the energy requirement

42

http://www.sunstar.com


of the system, they further improved the EHWT by changing the heat source from electricity to LPG (Mojica, 2011). The HWT developed at UPLB was designed to accommodate a batch of 80 kg or 160 kg of mangoes, and 500 kg for the EHWT. Esguera (2008) of UPLB-PHTRC tried Rapid Heat Treatment (RHT), which is five degrees higher than the traditional 52-55˚C but at reduced time of one minute from the traditional 10 minutes. The RHT was found to be applicable only in mangoes harvested in areas where the disease pressure was low to moderate and where pre-harvest fungicide management systems were optimized.

The HWT technology has shown, through several studies here and abroad, to be effective in controlling the two major diseases of mango namely, ‘anthracnose’ and ‘stem-end rot’. However, Orden et al (2004), in their study involving four (4) mango processors and export corporations in Manila, observed that there is still a 10% occurrence of anthracnose despite the HWT treatment. With RHT the disease reduction ranged from 60% to 100% depending on the degree of disease pressure.

The 10% (HWT) or 40% (RHT) incidence of anthracnose can be attributed to the “Batch Type” method of immersing massive quantity of mangoes simultaneously. Because of the enormous number of mangoes submerged simultaneously by batch, the water temperature drops down significantly to about 4

oC in accordance to the heat transfer

theory and Newton’s Laws of Cooling. Moreover, it takes some time to regulate the temperature after the immersion or at least five minutes according to United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) standards (http://plantquarantineindia.org/pdffiles/NSPM15%20Guidelines%20for%20Certification%20of%20HWT.pdf). Furthermore, since the mangoes are crowded it is possible that those positioned under the pile or at the center of each rack would not be treated well.

While the VHT is also a recommended quarantine facility, it is very expensive compared to HWT. It is for this reason that mango processors and exporters in the Philippines favour the use of HWT which is more affordable than the VHT.

The AHWT employs a simple fuzzy logic control (FLC) to ensure constant temperature and precise duration of immersion and least amount of energy to be used.

Fuzzy Logic is the way by which the human brain works, and machines can be programmed to mimic how human brains function, through the Fuzzy Logic Control (FLC). The analysis method of FLC is shown in Figure 1.

43

http://plantquarantineindia.org/pdffiles/NSPM15%20Guidelines%20for%20Certification%20of%20HWT.pdf



According to Sowell (2006), the FLC works in the following manner; (a) assessments of existing conditions in a system to be controlled; (b) processing of these inputs according to human based fuzzy “If – Then” rules, which can be expressed in plain language in combination to non-fuzzy processing, and (c) averaging and weighting the outputs from all the individual rules into single output decision or signal, which decides what to do or tells a controlled system what to do. The output signal eventually arrived at precise appearing, defuzzified, “crisp” value. According to the Chemical Engineer Practitioners, the Continuous-Type process is preferable than the Batch-Type process for large scale processes. For most users however, the advantages of the Continuous Type over the Batch type are universal: economy, quality, environmental, flexibility, and safety (Bruck et al, 2006).

MATERIALS AND METHODS

The study had four phases; development, evaluation, cost analysis and information dissemination. Design & Development of the Machine

Figure 2 shows the development of the AHWT machine through the R&D methodology. Development includes design, fabrication, and preliminary testing. Hence, engineering formulas and would-be features were considered and referrals to existing HWT technologies, datasheets and handbooks were done to ensure the observance of engineering standards in the design and fabrication. Calibration of the temperature was done using standard analogue thermometer while calibration of duration of immersion was done through standard digital timer. The calibrations were done to ensure accuracy and preciseness of the readings. Evaluation of the AHWT Machine

Functionality and effectiveness of the machine were tested. For functionality, the

AHWT must be capable of picking mangoes, transporting them to the hot water tank, and delivering them to the drying area. It must be capable also of regulating the water temperature and speed of immersion. Actual measurements of the temperature of the heat tank taken at random under operation were done using standard infrared digital thermometer. Duration of treatment or immersion was also observed from 1-10 minute immersion settings.

For the machines’ effectiveness, the AHWT must be capable of controlling known

mango diseases. Observance of the HWT procedures and standards mentioned in the Treatment Manual of the USDA was done. Simple percentage and mean was used in determining the effectiveness of the machine by getting the number of disease occurrence over number of treated mangoes times 100 percent. The machine was tested at 10, 5, 3, 2, and 1 minute immersions. The volume of mangoes (100-200 kgs) under treatment/observation as sample was limited to the supply provided by our private co-operator. Three trials in each observation were considered. Under each observation,

44


Figure2. Developmental Algorithm of the AHWT

untreated mangoes were compared with treated mangoes. Initial treatments (10 minute @ 52

oC, 5 minute @ 55

oC & 1 minute @ 60

oC) were based on literatures. Later

treatments were done at 2 min @ 58 oC and 3 min @ 57

oC to explore a better interaction

of temperature and time of immersion as well as to explore the most cost-effective treatment. Lastly, a comparison of untreated mangoes with treated, and treated plus hydro-cool was observed. Cost Analysis of the AHWT Machine

The cost of fabrication and operation was analyzed using engineering economics formula. The capacity (number of treated mangoes per minute) of the AHWT was also determined and considered in the financial analysis. Measurements of actual power and energy consumptions were done using standard digital power meter and energy logger.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Efficiency of the AHWT Machine for Drain Management

The AHWT machine has the following main components (Figure 3); hot water tank

as source of heat; conveyor bucket system to transport mangoes under treatment; feed conveyor table to receive mangoes to be treated; exit conveyor table to receive treated

45


mangoes and serves as drying area; driving system to drive the conveyor bucket system; feed and exit conveyor tables; blower to dry treated mangoes; and a digital controller with display to regulate the temperature and ensure precise duration of immersion.

The AHWT process begins by manually setting the digital controllers to the temperature and duration of immersion desired. The water in the heat tank is heated by the heater and its temperature regulated by the controllers. Mangoes in the conveyor table are fed in limited numbers (5-10) to the conveyor bucket at the set speed. This is to ensure that mangoes fed to the AHWT machine will be submerged to the heat tank for the desired temperature and duration of time set. Treated mangoes leaving the heat tank are dried by the blower to remove the moist from it. The heat in the drier comes from the hot humid air above the heat tank. Concepts of Fuzzy Logic Control were used for the automation.

During treatment, immature mangoes are able to float, thus, can be easily set apart from the others. Treatment of mangoes is uniform and precise. After treatment, mangoes were clean and latex free. Desired temperature and immersion time can be varied and easily set. Based on the observations, the AHWT was effective in reducing occurrence of anthracnose and stem-end-rot to 1%. It was also observed that treated mangoes ripen evenly as compared to the varied ripening of untreated mangoes. Mangoes that underwent the AHWT showed slightly higher

0Brix of 19.3 as compared with 18.3 for the

untreated. The treatment did not affect the quality of the fruits in terms of flesh color, aroma, flesh texture sweetness and total soluble solids. The AHWT is capable of treating (per hour) 1.4 tons mangoes for 1 minute immersion, or 310 kg for 5 minute immersion or 122 kg for 10 minute. immersion. The treatment costs an average of Php 0.20 - Php 1.00 per kg for the 1-10 minute immersion. Calibration and testing of the temperature controller and heat tank together with the speed controller (conveyor bucket speed) were conducted several times for seven continuous hours. Temperature profile of the heat tank was determined using analog and digital thermometers and was compared with the measurements of the fabricated temperature controller. It was found out that the temperature controller measurements are 99.66% accurate as shown in Table 1.

46

Figure 3.Picture of the AHWT showing its main components.


Trial Digital Thermometer Read-

ing (oC)

Temp Controller Reading (

oC)

% Accuracy

1 37.9 38 99.74 2 44.7 45 99.33 3 47.3 47 99.37 4 54 54 100.00 5 54.2 54 99.63 6 54.4 54 99.26 7 54.3 54 99.45 8 54 54 100.00 9 54.1 54 99.82 10 54 54 100.00

Average 99.66%

Table1. Calibration of the Fabricated Temperature Controller.

47

Results show that the rate of temperature increase per minute was 0.5oC. This

means that in the first 50 minutes, it took two minutes to raise the temperature by 1oC.

Thus, on the average it took the heat tank 50 minutes to stabilize its temperature to a setpoint of 54

oC. After the temperature has stabilized, a deviation of ±1

oC from the

setpoint was observed throughout the duration of the testing as shown in Figure 4. This means that the temperature controller is precise at ±1

oC. To test the effectiveness of the

fabricated AHWT machine, 50 kg to 200 kg of mangoes were treated at several combinations of temperature and time of immersion. Time of immersion and temperature combination treatments of one minute immersion time at 60

oC, 2 minute at 58

oC, 3 minute

at 57oC, 5 minute at 55

oC and 10 minute at 52

oC were chosen purposively based on

literature. Observations on the mangoes that underwent these treatments were compared to observations with the untreated mangoes.

In Table 2, data shows that the 1 minute treatment was effective in reducing the incidence of mango diseases from an average of 41.71% when untreated to 11.24% when treated with hot water. The average occurrence of 41.71% was considered to have high infestation. The results for the 10 minute treatment is better than the 1minute treatment as shown in Table 3 with reduced infestation mean of 6.65%. This may mean that the 10 minute treatment is two times more effective than the 1 minute treatment. This is consistent with the literatures considering that the infestation rate for the untreated mangoes at the latter treatment is higher by about 2%. In some cases where the incidence of infestation is low to moderate, the 5 minute treatment is preferred over the 10 minute treatment in order to accommodate more mangoes for treatment. The 5 minute @ 55

oC treatment was observed and found out to

be effective in reducing infestation to an average of 2.44% against 28.90% for the untreated. Though the 5 minute treatment has a lower average percent infestation than the 10 minute treatment, it cannot be concluded that the latter is better than the former treatment because the average infestation rate for the untreated mangoes are highly discordant as shown in Table 3 and Table 4. However, if we take the ratio of the infestation among the treated against the untreated in the two set-ups, it would appear that the 5 minute treatment is more effective with only 0.08 to 1 incidence as against 0.15 to 1 incidence for the 10 minute set-up.


Table 2. Occurrence of anthracnose and stem-end rot on the 8th day after harvest

@1minute 60◦C treatment.

Trial % Occurrence

Treated w/ Hot Water Not treated w/ Hot Water

Trial1 10.00 50.00

Trial2 13.00 31.00

Trial3 10.71 38.71

Mean 11.24 41.71


@10minutes 52◦C treatment.

Trial % Occurrence


Trial1 5.00 35.00

Trial2 3.85 38.71

Trial3 11.11 55.56

Mean 6.65 43.09

To further investigate the effectiveness of the developed AHWT machine in reducing mango infestation, 2 minute and 3 minute treatments were also observed. Table 5 shows that the AHWT was effective in reducing infestation with the 2 minute at 58˚C treatment having the lowest incidence of infestation at an average of 1.0%. While this treatment has the most number of trials with 0% incidence of occurrence for the treated mangoes, it was noted that it also has the lowest incidence of infection for the untreated at 14.75%. Taking again the ratio of the treated to the untreated shows that there will be only one occurrence for the treated as against 15 occurrences for the untreated in this set-up.

Table 6 shows the occurrence of disease infection of mango fruits with anthracnose and diplodia stem-end rot between mango fruits that were untreated and subjected to AHWT for 3 minutes at 57˚C. Data shows that there is a significant difference in the occurrence of the disease between the treated and the untreated mango fruits. The AHWT treated mangoes showed significantly lower occurrence of infection. To further test the effectiveness of the AHWT machine in controlling postharvest diseases of mango, a separate observation was sought from mango and post harvest experts. The design used the RCBD and the treatment means were subjected to Duncan’s Multiple Range Test (DMRT) when found significant. Data gathered were on the ripening behavior, fruit quality and disease incidence between the untreated and the and the AHWT mango.


@5minutes 55◦C treatment.

Trial % Occurrence


Trial1 0.00 13.00

Trial2 5.00 35.00

Trial3 2.31 38.71

Mean 2.44 28.90

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Table 5. Occurrence of anthracnose and stem-end rot on the 8th day after harvest @ two

minutes 58˚C treatment.

Trial % Occurrence


Trial1 4.00 16.00

Trial2 0.00 13.00

Trial3 0.00 15.00

Trial 4 0.00 15.00

Mean 1.0 14.75

Table 6. Occurrence of anthracnose and stem-end rot on the 8th day after harvest @

three minutes 57◦C treatment.

Trial % Occurrence


Trial1 3.00 50.00

Trial2 2.00 31.00

Trial3 10.00 16.00

Trial 4 5.00 13.00

Mean 5.0 27.5

Based on observations, the peel color index (PCI) of ripe mango fruits when subjected to Automated Hot Water Treatment was not significantly different with the untreated fruits as shown in Table 7. However, AHWT mango fruits ripened earlier had seven days to reach PCI 5 compared with eight days for the untreated. Fruits that reach PCI 5 are in the best stage of ripeness, thus, these fruits could already be eaten.

In terms of fruit quality, Table 8 shows the effect of the AHWT on the fruit quality of ripe mango fruits of PCI 5. Table 9 shows that more than 50% of the fruits subjected to AHWT have reached PCI 5 (ripe already) after six days from harvesting. On the 8

th

day, 93.14% from the AHWT were already ripe, while only 75% were ripe from the untreated fruits. The data indicates that AHWT fruits can be consumed earlier. It was also observed that AHWT mango fruits had more even ripening than the untreated fruits.

Based on the results of trials, AHWT did not affect the quality of the fruits in terms of color, aroma, flesh texture sweetness and total soluble solids. The fruits exhibited golden yellow flesh when ripe with strong aroma, firm and very sweet. Moreover, they showed a slightly higher

0Brix of 19.3 as compared with 18.3 for the untreated as shown

in Table 10. The hot water treatment enhanced the ripening of the fruits, thus, a slightly higher TSS.

49


Treatments

Peel Color Index No. of days

to reach PCI 5

Ripening period (days)

4 5 6 7 8

Untreated 2.66 3.32 3.86 4.56 4.95 8

AHWT 3.02 3.87 4.51 5.18 5.56 7

Level of significance ns ns ns ns ns

Table 7. Peel color index (PCI) of mango fruits subjected to automated hot water treatment ( AHWT).

Treatments

% Fruits with Peel Color Index 5


4 5 6 7 8

Untreated 7.85 20.31 40.65 65.56 74.55

AHWT 14.06 35.74 53.56 81.37 93.14

Table 8. Per cent fruits with peel color index (PCI) 5 subjected to automated hot water treatment (AHWT).

Treatments Flesh Color Aroma Flesh Texture

Sweetness TSS(0Brix)

Untreated golden yellow strong firm very sweet 18.3

AHWT golden yellow strong firm very sweet 19.3

Level of significance ns ns ns ns ns

Table 9. Fruit quality of ripe mango fruits or PCI 5 as affected by AHWT.

Table 10 shows the onset of disease infection such as anthracnose and diplodia stem-end rot on mango fruits. Data shows that anthracnose and Diplodia stem-end rot started to infect the mango fruits five days after harvest. However, mango fruits subjected to AHWT showed infection only on the eight day. This indicates that AHWT prevented the early onset of these postharvest diseases. Furthermore, since treated fruits have reached PCI 5 (ripe and consumable) seven days after harvest, the fruits would have been consumed before the occurrence of the diseases.

Table 11 shows the incidence of anthracnose and Diplodia stem-end rot of mango fruits subjected to automated hot water treatment and hydrocooling. There was significant difference among treatments in the occurrence of anthracnose. Hot water treated mango fruits exhibited the least infection with anthracnose (0.74%) but not significantly different when there were hydrocooled (3.34%). Highest infection of anthracnose was observed in the untreated fruits with 10.51%.

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The degree of disease incidence control was higher, 9.3% as compared with the AHWT plus hydro cooled which was 6.82%.

There was no significant difference among treatments in the occurrence of Diplodia stem-end rot. Infection with Diplodia stem-end rot ranged from 0.74 to 6.35% with 8.68 % degree of control provided by AHWT while there was negative degree of control when the fruits were hydrocooled after AHWT. This indicates that hydrocooling can actually enhance infection of the disease. It was observed that the occurrence of mango diseases was reduced in all of the treatments as compared to untreated mangoes. Based on the several trials, the best treatment was at 2 minute immersion at 58˚C, where mango disease was reduced to an average of one percent occurrence (Table 5). Table 12 shows the material cost and labor costs of the different components in fabricating the AHWT machine. Development cost was PHP 432,386.60.

Treatments

Anthracnose (%)

Degree of Control (%)

Diplodia Stem-end rot

(%)

Degree of Control (%)

Untreated 10.51 b - 5.60 -

AHWT 0.74 a 9.30 0.74 8.68

AHWT + hydrocooIing 3.34 ab

6.82

6.35

-1.34

Level of significance *

ns

Table 11. Incidence of diseases of mango fruits in different treatments.

ns- not significant *- Significant at 5% level In a column, means followed by a common letter are not significantly different at the 5% level by DMRT.

Treatments

Disease infection (%)


4 5 6 7 8

Untreated 0.00 0.63 2.00 6.77 12.33

AHWT 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.44

Table 10. Day of occurrence and percentage of disease infection of mango fruits.

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Cost of Fabrication and Operation

Table 12. Fabrication cost of the AHWT machine

Component Materials Labor Total

HOT WATER TANK 113,386.24 50,168.00 163,554.24

CONVEYOR TABLE (EXIT) 8,087.20 19,926.00 28,013.20

BLOWER 5,000.00 3,120.00 8,120.00

GEAR MOTOR 87,000.00 - 87,000.00

SPEED CONTROLLER 21,000.00 - 21,000.00

TEMPERATURE CONTROLLER 10,000.00 10,000 20,000.00

MAIN CONTROLLER 20,000.00 10,000 30,000.00

Total(PhP) 309,145.54 123,241.06 432,386.60

To determine the capacity and the operation cost of the AHWT machine, several testings were done at 1 min, 2 min, 3 min, 5 min., & 10 min immersion. It was found that the AHWT can treat mangoes at a capacity of 122 kg to 1404 kg per hour for 10 min down to 1 min immersion time, respectively as shown in Table13. The electricity cost of treatment per kilogram was only 2 cents for the 1 min. immersion, very much lower than the electricity cost at 20 cents (shown in Fig.5) for the traditional HWT as disclosed by two mango exporters in the Philippines. The electricity cost for 5 min. immersion was comparable with the traditional HWT at 26 cents. For the 10min. immersion, the electricity cost was about 3 times from that of the traditional. The AHWT requires only one operator for all the set-up (2min-10min) except for 1 minute immersion time which required an additional labourer to pick up and pack treated mangoes. The operation cost including labour and electricity was 12.5 cents to 88.2 cents per kilogram for 1 min to 10 min immersion time, respectively. This amount is much cheaper compared with the operation cost of the traditional HWT (30-40 cents per kg.) as shown in Figure 4 for the 1 min. immersion.

Below is a sample calculation of the cost of operation of the AHWT machine at 1 min immersion for 10 ton of mangoes to be treated. Operation cost includes electricity and labor costs.

Capacity : Can treat more than 1.5 tons of mango per hour @ 1 min. immersion

Electricity Cost: Energy (Peso) Requirement during treatment: PhP 0.02 per kilo Energy (Peso) Requirement to raise the temperature from room temp. to desired

temp. (e.g. 58oC)

: PhP 150

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Table13. Capacity & electricity cost of treating mangoes at different immersion time & temperature.

Immersion Time (min.)

Trial Energy Consump-tion (kWhr)

Duration of Treat-

ment (min.)

Man-goes

Treated (kg)

Capacity (kg/hr)

Electricity Cost of Treat-ment

(PhP/kg)

1min. @ 60oC

1 0.10 2.08 50 1442 0.02 2 0.06 1.42 36 1521 0.02 3 0.59 12.47 310 1550 0.02

Average 1404 0.02

2min. @ 58oC

1 0.84 10.65 112 631 0.08 2 1.89 25.87 270 626 0.07 3 2.20 22.05 338 922 0.07

Average 726 0.07

5min. @ 55oC

1 1.51 9.98 50 301 0.30 2 1.03 7.78 45 347 0.23 3 1.50 13 60 257 0.25

Average 301 0.26

10min. @ 52oC

1 3.00 19.58 50 153 0.60 2 1.74 14 15 64 1.16

3 6.27 45.70 114 150 0.55

Average 122 0.77

Electricity cost to treat 10 tons of mangoes including initialization (raising of water temp. from room temp. to desired temp) is:

= 150 + 0.02*10000 = PhP350.00 or PhP 0.035/kg

Labor cost: To treat 10 tons, it requires 24 man-hour, at a capacity of 1.5 tons/hr and

initialization of more than an hour, these requires; 3 laborers @ 8 hours each

At a rate of PhP 300.00 per day (8hrs), labor cost is; PhP 900.00 or PhP 0.09/kg

The operation cost to treat 10 tons is; PhP 1,250.00 or PhP 0.125/kg

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Figure 5. Excerpt from the study of Aveno & Orden (200?) on “Hot Water

Treatment of Mango: A Study of Four Corporations in the Philippines”.

CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS Conclusions

Based on the results of the study, the following conclusions were drawn: 1. The AHWT machine has been designed and developed according to

specifications. It is capable of treating mangoes from 1-10 min immersion @ 52

oC-60

oC temperature possible settings. It is capable of treating 1.4 tons of

mangoes per hour @ 1 min. immersion. 2. The AHWT machine is functional and effective in treating mangoes from

anthracnose and stem-end rot. Occurrence was reduced to 1% as compared to 10% using the traditional HWT according to literature.

3. The cost of fabricating the machine is PHP 432.386.60. Operating cost is PhP 0.125/kg at 1min. treatment.

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55

Recommendations

In the light of the above findings and conclusions, the following recommendations are forwarded:

1. The AHWT machine must be promoted, marketed and commercialized. 2. The AHWT machine must be improved by integrating an automatic sorting just

after the exit conveyor table system. 3. More testing must be done by mango experts to determine the best interaction of

temperature and immersion time for optimum effect.

REFERENCES Bruck, H., et., al. 2006. Development of a Novel Continuous Processing Technology for

Functionally Graded Composite Energetic Materials Using an Inverse Design Procedure. Internet. May 8, 2008.

Esguera, E. B., et. al. 2008. Internet. http://maidon.pcarrd.dost.gov.ph/cin/mango/rapid-

heat-treatment-for-the-control-of-decay-on-mango-fruits.htm. Mojica, M.J. J. 2011. Low-cost technology minimizes postharvest losses in fruits. BAR

Research and Development Digest. Volume 13. Issue No.1. January-March 2011. Pp.21-22.

Nagpala, E. 2007. Hot water tank: a tool for disinfestations and disease control. Internet.

http://bar.gov.ph. May 6, 2008. Orden, M. E. 2004. Hot Water Treatment of Mango: Case in the Philippines. Internet.

http://serp-p.pids.gov.ph/printable.php3?tid=3989. Remo, A. 2007. Mango Exports seen hitting $48M. Internet. http://business.inquirer.net/

money/breakingnews/view_article.php.htm# Sarmiento, B. 2008. Direct mango shipment to China Looms. Internet. http:// www.sunstar.com.ph. May 6, 2008. Sowel, T. 2006. Fuzzy Logic – A Powerful Way to Analyzed and Control Complex

System. Internet. http://fuzzy-logic.com/Ch1.htm Treatment Manual. Internet. http://plantquarantineindia.org/pdffiles/NSPM15%

20Guidelines%20for%20Certification%20of%20HWT.pdf. May 6, 2008.

http://maidon.pcarrd.dost.gov.ph/cin/mango/rapid-heat-treatment-for-the-control-of-decay-on-mango-fruits.htm

http://maidon.pcarrd.dost.gov.ph/cin/mango/rapid-heat-treatment-for-the-control-of-decay-on-mango-fruits.htm

http://bar.gov.ph

http://www.sunstar.com.ph

http://www.sunstar.com.ph

http://fuzzy-logic.com/Ch1.htm




DESIGN, DEVELOPMENT, AND EVALUATION OF A PROTOTYPE YOUNG COCONUT PEELER

Rolando P. Javellonar and Rudy P. Bareng

Northwestern University, Laoag City [email protected]

ABSTRACT

A prototype young coconut peeler was developed and evaluated for its peeling efficiency capacity. The new design aimed to trim the outer husk of a buko or young coconut to make it look attractive with smooth cut and hexagonal shape. The device was evaluated using different ages of young coconut as follows: Treatment 1 - young coconut (with mucus-like meat); Treatment 2 - medium coconut (for salad); Treatment 3 - old coconut (for ice candy/halo-halo). Results showed that the device had a higher efficiency when peeling a young buko (87.5%) as compared with medium buko (83.1%) and old buko (83.8%). However, comparison among treatments showed no significant differences. In terms of peeling capacity, the device registered higher capacity when peeling young buko at 46 buko/hr while the lowest was old buko at 29.3 buko/hr. On the other hand, no damaged buko was observed during the testing and evaluation. The prototype buko peeler with an initial cost of P15,000.00 can be operated by only one man. Moreover, the break-even cost of peeling a buko was estimated to be P0.56. It is recommended, however, that further study must be undertaken to modify the design and improve its performance, as well as reduce the initial cost.

INTRODUCTION Buko is a young coconut with soft and tender flesh. The edible parts include the sweet juice at the core of the fruit and the soft flesh attached to the inner surface of the shell. Young coconut juice or buko juice is the fluid inside the hollow core. It is a favorite thirst-quencher especially during summer. It is a good alternative for cola drinks and other beverages. Aside from being locally available and affordable, it is also good to health. People with kidney problem are advised to drink buko juice more often. It is believed that it can dissolve kidney stone and avert the occurrence of urinary tract infection. The juice contains glucose, vitamins, hormones and minerals, and is widely considered to be a refreshing drink. The flesh contains carbohydrates, calcium and phosphorus. Supply of young and matured coconut had reached a 0.09% output increment in 2006 (BAS, 2007). The increase in demand for young coconut by processors of “buko pie” in Cagayan Valley and “buko juice“ in Davao City encouraged more harvests. In terms of volume of production, it reached a total of 14,824,585 metric tons last year (PCA, 2007). For its local market, buko juice is sold everywhere – in the streets, bus terminals, bus stops, offices, supermarkets, and elsewhere. It is also fast becoming popular to hotels and restaurants. It is being served as peeled buko with meat. Unconfirmed report showed that posh hotels have great demand for buko. However, the problem is the peeling-off of buko husk before it is served. The traditional practice is to use a bolo or machete to chop and trim the skin to form a conical shape, a slightly tapered cylindrical body, and a flat base (Figure 1). This manual practice is extremely hazardous, cumbersome and requires skill to trim the husk.

56

mailto:[email protected]


Attempts were already done to develop a machine to peel-off a young coconut. Early designs were developed utilizing the principle of lathe machine to peel young coconut but failed to come out with a perfect design. Jinchai et al. (2006) developed a peeler machine but did not work as desired. The young coconut was not smoothly cut and still full of fibrils. The capacity is very low and the peeled buko product still contains fibrils and the cut surface is not smooth. Jarimopas et al. (2002) designed a lathe machine to peel a young coconut. The finished product contained an average of 0.6% fibrous area and 3% of green area, nevertheless, this process was not considered successful as the fruit still required separate manual base cutting. Therefore, in order to address this problem, a buko peeling machine that can peel-off young coconut faster and with smooth surface and aesthetic design (e.g. hexagonal in shape) should be designed and developed.

OBJECTIVES Generally, the study aimed to design, develop and evaluate a prototype buko peeling machine. Specifically, it sought to determine the peeling capacity, percent damage, and peeling efficiency.

METHODS

Design Criteria for a Young Coconut Peeler

1. Affordable cost 2. Manually operated 3. Portable

57

Figure 1. The prototype buko peeler.


4. Can be fabricated at local machine shop 5. Can peel buko with smooth and clean surface Treatment During the actual evaluation, buko or young coconut at different maturity were used as samples. According to a Batac Market Vendee, a young coconut is approximately 150 days old at harvest (with mucus-like meat); medium coconut is approximately 180 days at harvest (with gelatin-like meat, for salad) and; old coconut aged approximately 210 days at harvest (with firm but soft meat, for ice candy, bukayo, halo-halo and ingredient for tupig). The treatments were as follows:

T1 = young buko (with mucus-like meat) T2 = medium buko (with meat for salad) T3 = old buko (with meat for ice candy/halo-halo)

The total number of peeled buko with smooth and clean-cut surface as well as damaged ones were counted and recorded. Data gathered was analyzed in simple Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with five replications.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Description of the Prototype Buko Peeling Machine The prototype buko peeling machine is shown in Figure 1. It is composed of five main parts: base, stand, press lever assembly, buko holder assembly and blade assembly. The machine is made of pure metal like flat, angle and round bars welded and bolted to each member so that it is rigid and firm during the operation. The blade, which is the most salient part of the machine, is made of metal (suspension spring of a vehicle) tempered to attain the required hardness and sharpness. The overall dimension of the machine is 115x60x160 cm. The blades which are arranged in parallel position have a total length of 51 cm distanced at 15.5 cm apart. A counter-weight was also provided to enable ease of operation. Principle of Operation

The principle of operation of the machine is similar to a paper cutter or puncher. It employs two modes of cutting action – transversal and longitudinal cutting action. First, the buko is placed in the buko holder in a transversal cutting position such that the end portions are directly under the cutter blade. Press the pedal to clamp and hold the buko in place and then quickly pull the lever of the cutter blade downward to chop simultaneously the end portions of the buko. After which, position the buko in an upward or longitudinal cutting position and pull again the lever downward to chop two opposite sides. Rotate the buko by means of the rotating rod 60

o clockwise and repeat the cutting action. Repeat the

same rotation till the buko is completely cut in hexagonal shape. Exploratory Testing Table 1 shows the results of exploratory testing when blade angles were inclined at 0

o (horizontally position), 15, 30 and 45 degrees (

o) to the surface of the object to be cut.

Blade inclined at 15o had the highest mean peeling efficiency (75.8%) followed by 30

o

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PARTICULARS Blade Angle Inclination, degrees

0 15 30 45

Peeling efficiency, % 68.7 75.8 72.4 62.2

Peeling time, sec 62 45 46 120

Table 1. Peeling efficiency and time of peeling at blade angle inclination of 0o, 15

o,

30o and 45

o.

%-per cent; sec-second

blade inclination (72.4%), 45o blade inclination (62.2%) while the lowest was at 0

o blade

inclination (62.2 %). Likewise, in terms of time of peeling one buko, blade inclined at 15o

from the horizontal registered the shortest time with 45 sec while the highest was observed to be 120 sec at 45

o inclination. Hence, 15

o cutter blade inclination was used in

the final design. Testing and Evaluation The summary data on the peeling efficiency, peeling capacity and per cent of damaged buko is shown in Table 2. Higher peeling efficiency of 87.5% was observed when buko is still young and lower at 83.1% when it is already older. Likewise, the machine recorded higher capacity when peeling a young buko (46 buko/hr) as compared with medium old (39.4 buko/hr) and old buko (26.6 buko/hr). The observed capacities however were relatively higher compared to the young coconut trimming machine developed by Jarimopas et al. (2003) with capacity of 21 fruits/hr.

Peeling Efficiency It can be noted that the age of buko did not significantly affect peeling efficiency (Table 2). The insignificant result could be due mainly to the design of the machine where in the buko holder assembly can be rotated into pre-determined position to attain the desired degree of cutting or peeling of the buko skin. Peeling Capacity As to peeling capacity, the machine had highest capacity when peeling a young buko as compared to medium old and old buko. Analysis of variance revealed highly significant differences among the three treatment means. Comparison among means showed that the device had a remarkably higher capacity when peeling a young buko as compared to medium buko and old buko. The higher capacity when peeling a young buko was attributed largely to the physical characteristics of the young buko wherein its skin and fibrils are softer and tender as compared to older buko. When the fibrils are still soft and tender, it requires lesser pressure in cutting the husk. Thus, rendering the chopping or cutting operation easier resulted in higher peeling capacity. On the other hand, older buko which has tougher fibrils requires higher pressure in chopping resulted in lower peeling capacity.

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TREATMENT PEELING PEELING DAMAGED EFFICIENCY CAPACITY BUKO % buko/hr %

T1-Young buko 87.5 46.0a 0 T2-Medium old buko 83.1 39.4b 0 T3-Old buko 83.8 26.6c 0 Significance ns ** -

** - highly significant

ns – not significant & - percent Hr– hour

Table 2. Peeling efficiency, peeling capacity and degree of damaged buko

Damaged Buko

Throughout the evaluation, no damaged buko was observed. The zero casualtiy was due to the designed setting of the twin-blade wherein blade distance was set wider than the estimated diameter of the shell of the buko to be cut. The prototype buko peeler which can be operated by only one man has an estimated break-even peeling cost of P0.56/ buko.

CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

The designed coconut peeler has high efficiency and peeling capacity in peeling young coconut. Moreover, the machine is easy to use and can be operated by one man. To improve the design, it is recommended however, that further study should be undertaken to improve performance and reduce initial cost. Furthermore, the cutter blade should be replaced with high grade stainless steel in conformity to food safety and current good manufacturing practices (cGMP) in food processing.

REFERENCES

Bureau of Agricultural Statistics, Jan-Dec 2006. Jarimopas, B., & Pechsamai, A. (2002). Design and development of young coconut

peeling machine. Thai Agricultural Research Journal, 20(2), 91–110 (in Thai).

Jarimopas, B. and N. Ruttandant, 2003. Development of a young coconut fruit trimming

machine. Department of Agricultural Engineering, Kasetsart University, Thailand.

Jinchai, S., P. Phongpadungwong and A. Janthong, 2006. Young coconut peeler

machine. Mechanical Engineering Technology, King Mongkut' s Institute of Technology North Bangkok, Bangkok, Thailand.

Philippine Coconut Authority, 2007.

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DESIGN, DEVELOPMENT, AND EVALUATION OF A DISC-TYPE CORN SEEDER

Rolando P. Javellonar

1, Lloyd V. Delaraga

2 and Odette R. Alegato

2

1Northwestern University, Laoag City

2Mariano Marcos State University, City of Batac, Ilocos Norte

[email protected]

ABSTRACT Majority of the corn farms in the Philippines are planted manually. Depending on

the availability of irrigation water, corn is planted 2-3 times a year. Aside from shortage of labor, one of the main problems is the lack of a mechanized planter that is appropriate for small corn farms. A low-cost disc-type corn seeder was developed and evaluated as to seeding efficiency, capacity and number of seeds dropped or germinated per linear meter. The 2-row seeding machine which was primarily designed for planting corn was also tested using mungbean, soybeans, peanut and palay to determine its functionability and applicability. Actual field testing was carried out in three different soil types using white corn seeds as sample. Results revealed that the device had a seeding efficiency of 96 -100%. Field evaluation showed that different types of soil had no significant effect on the number of seeds dropped or germinated per linear meter. On the other hand, the average field capacity and manpower requirement were noted to be 0.76 ha/day and 1.40 MD/ha, respectively. Furthermore, the use of the disc-seeder reduced 82 – 86% of labor requirement per hectare as compared to the traditional practice. In terms of acceptability, all the farmers interviewed favored the use of the disc seeder because it is simple in design and mechanism, easy to operate, requires less labor in planting, lightweight and can be operated by woman. The machine which requires only one operator is also applicable for planting other seeds like mungbean, soybeans, peanut and palay. The two-row disc-seeder which costs P4,000.00 has a breakeven seeding cost of P625.00/ha.

INTRODUCTION

Corn (Zea mays L.) is the second most important crop in the country next to rice. Almost three million hectares are devoted to the cultivation of this crop annually, however, current production remains inadequate to meet the local needs due to low yield. Since 2005, the corn importation of the Philippines has been increasing (http://w w w . o p e n a c a d e m y . p h / i n d e x . p h p ? o p t i o n = c o m _ c o n t e n t & t a s k = v i e w & d=993&Itemid=382).

The major factors responsible for low corn yield are the use of low yielding varieties and inadequate cultural management practices particularly in the area of fertilization, insect, diseases, weed control, and most importantly, planting operation. To ensure high production, high yielding varieties must be used and the transplanting technology should be improved. The increase in yield depends largely on the crop stand. To attain good standing crops, seeds must be carefully sown to the soil with very high precision.

The recommended distance and number of seeds per hill should be strictly followed. In manual planting, seeds sown per hill are more than the prescribed amount.

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http://www.openacademy.ph/index.php

http://www.openacademy.ph/index.php


OBJECTIVES

Generally, the study aimed to design a disc-type corn seeder that is affordable,

simple, lightweight, usable for other cereals, and is adaptable to local farm size and condition.

Specifically, it aimed to: 1. Evaluate the machine under different soil types 2. Determine its seeding capacity and efficiency 3. Test the machine to other seeds like: mungbean, soybeans, peanut and palay 4. Determine farmers’ acceptability of the device.

METHODS Design Criteria for developing a disc-type corn seeder

1. Affordable cost 2. Manually operated 3. Portable/light in weight

This results to over population and consequently reduce yield due to insect build-up and nutrients and sunlight competition. Furthermore, the use of manual labor requires about 8-10, man-days/ha yet, the desired planting distance is hardly met. This is also contributory to low yield. To minimize, if not totally eliminate this problem, a mechanized planter should be used. A recent study conducted by PCARRD (2009) showed that seeding operation in corn is at low level as farmers still use bare hands or hand tools to seed the furrow beds. The corn planters available in the market, however, are imported and expensive thus, farmers cannot afford to buy. Some of them need further modification to suit the local conditions. Moreover, these imported corn planters are designed to operate in large farms and are not appropriate to local conditions. The use of big and bulky corn planter does not fit the average size of individual farms in the Philippines which is less than two hectares (http://pinoyagribusiness.com/forum/agrinews/corn_planter-t542.0.html). Therefore, the use of big corn planter under Philippine conditions is not economically feasible (Cruz, 2007). The AIT-IDRC jab seeder developed by the Asian Institute of Technology can plant different seeds at an acceptable level but it requires about 10 MD to plant a hectare (http://www.idrc.ca/en/ev-8529-201-1-DO_TOPIC.html).

The Philippine Center for Postharvest Development and Mechanization (PhilMech) has developed a pneumatic corn planter to address the problem. It is a pneumatic-type planter attached to a 4-wheel tractor. Although it has a capacity of 3.3 ha/day and a seeding efficiency of 93.73%, the overall cost of the whole system at PhP585,349.00 (Cruz, 2007), is still relatively high. Ordinary farmers can hardly afford this expensive type of planter. A much cheaper, simple and lightweight corn planter appropriate for smaller farms should be developed. It is in this light that this research activity was undertaken to design a disc-type corn seeder that is affordable as compared with currently available corn planter, simple and thus can be fabricated in a local machine shop, lightweight and thus can be manipulated by women, usable for other cereals, and is adaptable to local farm size and conditions.

62

http://pinoyagribusiness.com/forum/agrinews/corn_planter-t542.0.html



4. Can be fabricated in a local machine shop using locally available materials 5. Can plant different types of seed

Prototype Development

The prototype corn seeder was developed based on the average farm size and financial capacity of the small farmers engage in corn production. It was designed in such a way that it can easily be operated and can also be used for planting other seeds like mungbean, sorghum, soybeans, peanut, palay, cowpea, pigeon pea, okra and cotton. The machine which is manually operated can drop seeds based on the desired plant population per hectare. Description of the Machine

The prototype corn seeder is shown in Figure 1. It is simple in design and lightweight such that even women can operate with ease and comfort. It is composed of three major parts: seed hopper, wheel assembly and frame assembly. The device has twin seed hopper, hence, it can simultaneously plant two rows in just one passing. The hopper design resembles that of a disc so that it can effectively discharge all the seeds inside the hopper during operation. Likewise, the hopper is adjustable so that it can be suited to different row spacing. Each seed hopper which has a capacity of 3-5 kg seeds is provided with 10 seed outlets located at the peripheral circumference. The seed outlets which serve

Figure 1. The disc-type corn seeder

63


Testing and Evaluation Testing and evaluation was carried out under laboratory and actual field

conditions. Under laboratory condition, the prototype was test-ran without any load to determine and check any malfunctioning parts and defects in the design. Proper adjustment and tightening of any loose bolts and other connections were also undertaken. As suggested by Christianson, et al (1986), discovering any defect will lead to changes and improvement in the design.

The laboratory testing was undertaken in a 20 m long clean ground. During the test, the number of seed discharged per outlet, missing hills and the number of damaged seeds were noted. Aside from corn seeds (Figs. 2 and 3), other kinds of seeds tested were: mungbean, soybeans, peanut and palay.

Under actual field evaluation, three soil types (clay, silt, sandy) and white corn seed (native variety) as sample were used. The area was prepared properly by rotavating twice and then followed by furrow establishment using a draft animal. Just after seeding, the area was irrigated with equal amount of water by means of drip irrigation along the furrow to enhance germination.

After the field evaluation, the area was monitored and data on the number of seed germinated per linear meter and plant height was gathered at 15 days after planting (DAP). Seedling stands at 15 DAP.

Acceptability of the Device

After the actual field testing, the farmers were interviewed regarding their comments and acceptability on the use of the seeder.

Figure 2. Furrow establishment.

as seed metering chute drop the seed freely into the soil at a distance of approximately 20 cm between hills.

The frame assembly is composed of axle or shaft, handle bar and stand while the wheel is made out of bicycle tires. Except for the seed hopper which is made of plastic, the machine is made of pure metal and has an overall dimension of 70x110x66 cm. Principle of Operation

The principle of operation of the machine is very simple and requires only one man or woman to operate. Seeding is accomplished by just pulling or pushing the device in a pre- established furrow (Fig. 1). Since the seed hopper is directly attached to the wheel shaft, it will rotate once the wheel rotates. As the seed hopper rotates, seeds will automatically drop into the soil thru the seed outlet by means of gravity.

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Figure 3. The corn seeder during the seeding operation.


P A R T I C U L A R S

CORN Average Number Seed Missing Seeding Projected SEEDS of Seeds Damaged Hill Efficiency Plant

Dropped per % % % Population Hill per Hectare*

White corn 1.5 0 2.0 98 89,640 (Native variety)

Hybrid corn 1.9 0 0 100 113,544

Table 1. Average number of seeds dropped per hill, damaged seed, missing hill, seeding efficiency and projected plant population per hectare under laboratory conditions.

* - computed based on 75x20 cm planting distance

Data Analysis Data gathered on the number of seeds germinated per linear meter was analyzed

in completely randomized design (CRD) with five replications.


Corn seeds. The summary data on the average number of seeds dropped per hill, damaged seed, missing hill, seeding efficiency and projected plant population per hectare is presented in Table 1. The average number of seeds sown for white and hybrid corn were 1.5 and 1.9 per hill, respectively. In terms of missing hills, the native variety recorded 2% while hybrid corn had none. Mungbean, soybean, peanut and palay seeds. Table 2 shows the performance of the disc seeder using other seed as planting materials. It was noted that the device had a 100% seeding efficiency using mungbean, soybeans and palay seeds, while pre-germinated palay seed and peanut had seeding efficiency of 98% and 96%, respectively. On the other hand, palay seed had the highest number of seeds sown per hill at 12.0 followed by mungbean, pre-germinated palay, soy beans and peanut with 8.3, 5.1, 2.9, and 1.9 respectively.

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Table 2. Summary data on the average number of seeds dropped per hill, seed damaged, missing hill and seeding efficiency using other kinds of seeds.

KINDS Average Number Seed Missing Seeding OF of Seed Dropped Damaged Hill Efficiency SEEDS per Hill % % %

Mungbean 8.3 0 0 100 Soy beans 2.9 0 0 100 Peanut 1.9 0 4.0 96.0 Palay 12.0 0 0 100 Palay (pregerminated) 5.1 0 2.0 98.0


Table 3 shows the average number of seeds germinated per linear meter and

plant height at 15 DAP. It can be observed that medium soil had higher germination rate while light soil had taller plant height. Figure 4 shows the seedling stand at 15 DAP while crop stand before the onset of flowering stage is shown in Figure 5.

P A R T I C U L A R S TYPE OF Average Number of Germinated Plant

SOIL Seeds per Linear Meter Height, cm

Heavy soil (Clay) 11.2a 27.0 Medium soil (Silt) 11.6a 25.4 Light soil (Sandy) 10.0a 30.0 Average 10.9 27.5 Significance ns -

Table 3. Average number of seeds germinated per linear meter and plant height at 15 DAP.

In a column, means having the same letter are not significantly different at 5% level, DMRT. ns – not significant

Efficiency of the prototype disc-type corn seeder under laboratory condition in various seeds

The observed variations in the number of seeds dropped per hill and missing hill could be attributed to the differences in the size and configuration of the white and hybrid corn seeds. Hybrid corn seed is smaller in size and has rounded shape, hence, has higher flowability and can pass the seed outlet easier. As to seeding efficiency, the machine registered 100% efficiency using hybrid corn compared with white corn with seeding efficiency of 98% (Table 1). The differences in seeding efficiency could also be attributed to the differences in the size and configuration of the white and hybrid corn seeds. Moreover, no seed damage was observed on both seed varieties. Based on the number of seeds dropped per hill, the projected plant population for native and hybrid corn varieties were 89,640 and 113,544/ha, respectively. On the other hand, palay seed had the highest number of seeds sown at 12.0 per hill followed by mungbean, pre-germinated palay, soy beans and peanut with 8.3, 5.1, 2.9, and 1.9, respectively (Table 2). In terms of missing hills, pre-germinated palay seeds registered an average of 2.0% while peanut had 4.0%. The observed variations in the number of seeds dropped per hill and missing hills were likewise attributed to the differences in sizes and configurations of the different seeds used. No seed damage was noted in all the seed samples tested.

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Figure 4. Seedling stand at 15 Figure 5. Crop stand before the onset of

flowering stage.


Efficiency of the prototype disc-type corn seeder under different soil type

It can be noted that seedling emergence was numerically higher under medium soil with 11.6 per linear meter while heavy and light soils had 11.2 and 10.0 seedling emergence per linear meter, respectively. In terms of plant height, light soil had the tallest at 30 cm followed by heavy soil (27.0 cm) and medium soil (25.4 cm). The disparity in plant height could be due to the differences in organic matter content in each soil type as well as the capability of the soil to absorb more water during irrigation.

Analysis of variance, however, revealed insignificant differences on the number of seeds dropped or seedling emergence per linear meter. This implies that the corn seeder can be used in any type of soil without affecting its seeding performance.

Based on the field test undertaken in three different soil types, the disc-type corn seeder had an average field capacity and labor requirement of 0.76 ha/day and 1.4 MD/ha, respectively. The labor requirement in planting is lower by 6.6 - 8.6 MD/ha than the traditional practice which requires 8-10 MD to plant a hectare. Thus, a savings on labor of 82 – 86% can be realized by using the disc seeder.

Farmers Acceptability of the Device

All of the farmers interviewed and requested to comment regarding the use of the corn seeder said that the machine is acceptable because of the following reasons: easy to operate – only one operator is required, simple in design and mechanism, lightweight thus can be operated by woman, can significantly reduce time of planting and versatile - can be used for planting other seeds like mongo, soybeans peanut and palay. The two-row disc seeder which costs P4,000.00 has a breakeven seeding cost of P625.00/ha. However, it was recommended that the size of opening and spacing of the seed outlet should be modified to make it adjustable to suit the specific planting requirement per hectare of each type of seed. Furthermore, a follow up study under actual field condition should be conducted alongside with the traditional or farmer’s practice for comparison.

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CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION The use of disc-seeder for corn can reduce labor requirement for up to 86 percent is favorable by prospective users as it is easy to operate and requires less labour. Besides, the machine can also be used in other seeds, hence, it is recommended to be used by farmers.


REFERENCES

Christianson, L.L. and R.P. Rohrbach. 1986. Design in Agricultural Engineering.

American Society of Agricultural Engineers, Michigan, USA.

Cruz, Rita Dela T. 2007. Every good standing starts with a good corn planter.

Technology Brochure, Vol. 9, No. 2. http://pinoyagribusiness.com/forum/agrinews/corn_planter-t542.0.html http://www.idrc.ca/en/ev-8529-201-1-DO_TOPIC.html http://www.openacademy.ph/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=993&Itemid

=382

PCARRD Book Series, 2009. Agricultural mechanization in the Philippines. Philippine

Council for Agriculture, Forestry and Natural Resources Research and Development.

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http://www.openacademy.ph/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=993&Itemid=382

http://www.openacademy.ph/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=993&Itemid=382


EVALUATION AND MODIFICATION OF ANAWANG FURNACE FOR FLUE-CURING VIRGINIA TOBACCO

Luzveminda R. Truong, Roman J. Raganit Jr,

Cecilio A. Cabigan, and Oscar D. Cortero National Tobacco Administration

City of Batac, Ilocos Norte [email protected]

ABSTRACT

This report describes the different furnaces or burning grates used in drying Virginia tobacco and discusses the evaluation and modifications made on Anawang furnace as well as its advantages in comparison with the other furnaces.

Under research-managed set-up and in a 0.25 hectare-size curing barn, the original Anawang furnace, with its burning chamber located outside the barn wall, was found to utilize significantly more fuelwood (571 kg), have a higher Fuel to Cured Leaf ratio (FCR= 10.4) and higher cost of fuel (PhP 832.40) than the modified Venturi furnace with 468.8 kg fuelwood, 8.5 FCR, and PhP 683.3 fuel cost respectively. When 50% of the combustion chamber diameter was moved inside the barn wall, its fuel consumption, FCR, and the cost of fuel utilized in Virginia tobacco curing was reduced to a similar level with that of Venturi furnace.

Under farmers’ managed trials, where half hectare capacity barns were used, there was a significantly lower fuel utilization, fuel cost and fuel to cure leaf ratio (FCR) obtained from the original Anawang furnace compared with the conventional (dug-out) furnace of the farmers in Ilocos Sur and Ilocos Norte. It reduced the cost of fuel used in curing Virginia tobacco by an average of 20.24%.

Using the Anawang furnace, the rice hull, corn cob and dried tobacco stalk supplemented 57%, 48% and 18% (by weight), respectively, the fuel requirements of the midrib-drying phase in flue-curing Virginia tobacco. Burning problem was encountered only with rice husk. Corn cob was used successfully in a succeeding trial with 54.94% supplementation of fuelwood requirements during the color fixing to midrib drying phases of curing Virginia tobacco. The important implications of the findings in terms of fuel cost, fuelwood savings and, forest preservation were discussed. Additional trials using corn cob for the whole curing duration and testing of other agri- and wood-base wastes and dissemination of the results of the trials to the tobacco farmers are recommended.

INTRODUCTION Virginia tobacco is dried by flue-curing, a process where the leaves are not directly exposed to the fire. The fire is generated inside a furnace and the heat is transferred through the flue-pipes laid in strategic position inside the airtight barn where the leaves are hung. The whole curing cycle lasts from 5-6 days, depending on the leaf condition, with temperature ranging from 38°C to 70°C. More than half of the time, the temperature is maintained at 55°C to 70°C. The amount of fuel consumed depends on the curing phase. The drying is carried out by controlling the heat and relative humidity inside the barn. Thus, the tobacco flue-curing (drying) process is considered one of the most energy consuming among the other processes (Siddiqui, 2001).

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The flue-curing process has three consecutive phases: yellowing, leaf drying, and stem drying. The yellowing phase is considered a biochemical process which converts leaf starches into sugar, changing the color of the leaf from green to yellow or orange yellow. To enable this natural conversion, the barn is heated slowly while maintaining a high level of humidity in the indoor environment. The cool, outdoor air which is drawn inside through the ventilators that are constructed around the base of the barn, is heated by the flue-pipes and move upward amongst the leaves exiting through a ventilator at the center of the barn roof. These manually operated ventilators facilitate the natural buoyancy forces to drive vertical airflow. The hot air carries the moisture from the tobacco leaves as it passes through. Dry and wet bulb thermometers are used to monitor the temperature and humidity.

The leaf or lamina drying phase destroys the stomata cell to fix the color followed by the midrib or stem drying phase for the total drying of the leaves. To achieve this goal, the dry-bulb temperature is slowly and progressively increased and the relative humidity is decreased inside the barn by burning more fuel. The temperature at the lamina drying is held at approximately 45°C to 55°C and at 69°C to not more than 70°C for stem drying until there is no more moisture. After the completion of the curing cycle, the leaves are “conditioned” by allowing them to absorb moisture back into the completely dry leaves for handling purposes, up to 12% to 15% (Musoni et al., 2013 and Zhang et al., 2013). Locally, this is done by opening the barn door and all its ventilators for one night.

Through the years, flue-curing tobacco has been adjudged as one of the major causes of forest denudation in all countries where the crop is grown. Loss of forest cover is particularly critical in tropical country like the Philippines where concentration of biodiversity and vulnerability of the ecosystems is high. The local tobacco industry contributes billions of pesos in revenues and thousands of farmers are dependent on tobacco for their income, however, its sustainability may be adversely affected by the environmental issues confronting the industry.

The National Tobacco Administration keeps on exerting efforts to alleviate this problem by coming up with technologies to increase curing barn efficiency. Modifications of the existing curing structures and development of new ones have been explored to come up with more efficient forms of curing barns with the hope that many trees could be potentially saved if some of these energy efficient techniques are adopted by small holders. In recent years, NTA has also introduced alternative fuels to reduce fuel wood utilization in flue-curing tobacco. A modified furnace that uses combustible material as fuel, especially agricultural wastes that are left in the field after harvest, was evaluated in this study.

OBJECTIVES

Generally, the study was conducted to develop and evaluate an efficient heating system for flue-curing Virginia tobacco. Specifically, it sought to:

evaluate and improve the efficiency of the Anawang furnace in the flue curing of Virginia tobacco using fuelwood and other possible sources of energy;

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REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE In the Philippines and probably elsewhere, Virginia tobacco leaves are dried or flue-cured by individual farmers in their fields using their own curing structures and fuelwood as the main source of energy. Flue-curing is a highly energy-intensive process that consumes enormous quantities of fuelwood, with critical ecological implications (Tippayawong et al., 2006). This is the reason why in early 1990’s, the National Tobacco Administration had started evaluating the possibility of using other fuels and find ways of improving the efficiency of the structures in flue-curing. In 1992, testing and demonstration trials of coal briquette as fuel was pursued leading to its commercialization and use from 1994-1996. Several local government units in the Virginia tobacco growing provinces had supported the farmers through price subsidy to encourage the use of the material to reduce cutting of forest trees. However, due to the relatively higher cost of the coal briquette compared to fuelwood, the farmers stopped using it when the subsidy was withdrawn. In conjunction with the use of coal, a burning grate was developed for efficient burning of the coal without creating major changes in the traditional curing barn design. The grate was called NTA Multi-fed furnace and was suited for efficient burning coal and wood. To date some farmers are still using this furnace. At the same time, the NTA tested the use of Ehwa foam as barn insulator to reduce heat losses through the barn wall. The latter was not adopted by the farmers due to its price which was very expensive at the time (NTA 1996). In 1991, a prototype design of a furnace using raw rice hull as fuel for flue-curing of Virginia tobacco was created and evaluated (Franco et al., 1992). The authors reported that the farmer cooperators used an average of 38.2% rice hull as fuel in their curing operations and identified the tediousness of tending the furnace as one of the hindrances in adopting the structure.

Sometime in 2005, the private tobacco companies introduced the Venturi furnace to the Philippines. It was claimed to be more fuel efficient than the locally existing furnaces. In crop year 2007 – 2008, the Venturi furnace was evaluated at the NTA experiment station and found to be as efficient as the NTA- multifed furnace (Raganit et al, 2009). The original design was modified to further improve its efficiency and life span. The barns with modified Venturi furnace was found to have a potential as a multi – crop dryer and proved to be more efficient than the traditional furnace in terms of fuelwood consumption. Thus, it was used as the control in the evaluation of the Anawang furnace.

This paper presents the evaluation and improvement made in the Anawang furnace, which was adopted for tobacco curing starting 2009.

assess the possibility of using agricultural wastes in curing Virginia tobacco through the Anawang furnace;

compare the performance of the Anawang furnace with the traditional under

farmer- managed curing trials; and compare the efficiency of the Modified Anawang furnace with the modified

venturi under research- managed trial.

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MATERIALS AND METHODS

MATERIALS

Furnaces

a. Anawang Furnace The Anawang Furnace was used first on tobacco by a farmer in San Juan, Ilocos Sur. It was adapted from the stove commonly used locally in cooking molasses. It uses the principle of rocket stove. A rocket stove is an efficient cooking stove using small diameter wood fuel which is burned in a simple high-temperature combustion chamber containing a vertical chimney and a secondary air supply, which ensures almost complete combustion. It achieves efficient combustion of the fuel at a high temperature by ensuring a good air draft into the fire, controlled use of fuel, complete combustion of volatiles, and efficient use of the resultant heat (Still and Winiarski, 2010 http://www.hedon.info/IncreasingFuelEfficiencyAndReducingHarmfulEmissionsInTradionalCookingStove# The_Do_a_Just_Stove). In tobacco curing, the combustion chamber of the Anawang furnace is made up of stacked 24-inch diameter clay rings (lusob), generally used in deep wells, which was originally dug outside the barn wall. The aperture for fuel feeding was about 11 inches in diameter (Fig 1.). This opening also serves as the air inlet to supply the oxygen needed to burn the fuel in the combustion chamber. Since the burning chamber is outside the wall, some of the heat from the chamber are dissipated in the soil and the surroundings outside the barn wall instead of the drying area inside the barn. This dissipated heat is lost to the environment and are wasted thereby reducing the effectiveness of the fuel and the structure. After the first evaluation, modification of the Anawang furnace was made by adjusting the position of the fuel chamber relative to the barn wall. This was done by moving about 50% of the chamber diameter inside the wall of the barn as illustrated in Figure 2a and Fig. 2b. This way, it was expected that the heat lost outside the barn wall would be minimized.

Burning chamber and its opening

Barn Wall

Chimney base

Fig. 1. The side (left) and top (right) views of the original anawang furnace

Furnace with burning fuel

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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stove

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wood_fuel

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chimney

http://www.hedon.info/IncreasingFuelEfficiencyAndReducingHarmfulEmissionsInTradionalCookingStove#The_Do_a_Just_Stove




Fig. 2a. Schematic diagram of the modified Anawang Furnace

Burning chamber opening

Chimney base sticking out of

the barn wall

Fig. 2b. Side and top views of the modified Anawang furnace.

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Fig. 3a. V-shape grate, dome top or center flue-tube,

Secondary flue-tube connector

Center flue-tube

Burning grate Metal

cover

Fig. 3b. Detail of the pinched end of the

furnace where secondary flue-

tubes are connected

Ash pit and air

vents

Metal

Cover

V-shaped burning grate

made of bricks

Fig. 5. Details of the Modified Venturi Furnace

Fig. 6. Burning chamber of the traditional curing barn

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b. Venturi Furnace The original design of the Venturi furnace used locally is a single unit structure made of a black iron sheet with V-shaped bottom, a dome-shaped top and pinched end at about 4/5 of its length (Fig. 3a). The length of the whole structure can be adjusted depending on the barn size. The V-shaped portion serves as the furnace or combustion chamber and the dome top as the main flue-tube or heat exchanger. One end of the structure opens at the wall on the front end of the barn. This opening serves as fuel feeder and is provided with a cover made of the same material. The pinched portion (Fig. 3b) at the other end of the structure connects the secondary flue-tubes to the main flue tube. The V-shaped part is dug inside the barn at the middle of the dirt flooring parallel to the barn length while the heat exchanger protrudes on top of the soil level in similar manner as the traditional furnace. When either the heat exchanger or the burning grate is corroded, the whole structure is changed. The main difference between the original and the Modified Venturi furnace is the replacement of the V-shaped portion or burning grate with locally manufactured bricks that are permanently fixed in the barn’s flooring (Fig. 4). The dome shaped top that covers the grate is made of a removable plain galvanized iron which is also pinched at one end for the connection to the secondary flue-tubes. After the tobacco season, the dome cover can be removed, cleaned and hung inside the barn to protect it from rust and to extend its life span. The bricks of the V-shaped portion was more durable and is expected to last longer than the black sheet.

c. The Traditional Furnace

The traditional furnace (Fig. 5), is basically a dug-out space at the center of the barn flooring parallel to the length of the barn and opens on the barn wall just below the chimney. It is covered by a dome-shaped galvanized iron (GI) or black iron sheet (BI) commonly used by farmers. This covering serves as the center flue-tube. The furnace opening is either plain clay reinforced with mixtures of wood ash, manure and rice hay or rice husk, or concrete hollow blocks. The fuelwood is laid directly on the soil. The air enters through the opening which is not provided with any cover. This furnace was compared with the original Anawang furnace in the farmers’ field trial.

METHODOLOGY

This report covered the data gathered from the following trials:

1. Research-managed trial in CY 2009-2010 that compared the performance of Anawang and Modified Venturi;

2. Research-managed trial in CY 2010-2011 that compared the performance of Modified Anawang furnace with that of the Modified Venturi furnace; and another trial where the possibility of using corn cob and other materials as fuel supplement using the Modified Anawang furnace and;

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3. Farmer-managed trials in CY 2010-2011 where the Anawang (original design) was compared with the Traditional furnace (dug-out) of the farmers.

Both the Anawang and Venturi furnaces were installed separately in 0.25 ha capacity concrete barns at the NTA Building Complex, in the City of Batac. The Anawang, in its original design and the Modified Venturi furnaces were compared in terms of fuelwood consumption per curing, FCR, and cost of fuelwood to cure one kg tobacco leaves. Leaves at primings three to six (cutter and leaf positions) of the Virginia tobacco variety NC 2326 were used. Based on the results in this trial, modifications and evaluation must be made in the succeeding trials. In CY 2010-2011, the Modified Anawang furnace was compared with the Venturi furnace in terms of fuelwood consumption, FCR and cost. It was also used in the initial trials on the use of corn cob, rice husk and tobacco stalk as supplement fuels to reduce the use of firewood in curing Virginia tobacco. In these trials, agricultural waste was used only during the midrib-drying phase of curing. Corn cob was chosen and evaluated further as supplement to fuelwood in the color fixing to midrib drying phase of flue-curing in the subsequent trial. In a one per location farmer-managed set-up conducted in Sinait, Cabugao, Magsingal and Sta. Lucia, Ilocos Sur and Badoc, Ilocos Norte, the efficiency of the original Anawang furnace was compared with the traditional furnace. The farmers who adopted the Anawang furnace as well as those who were using the traditional furnace were chosen. There were 14 Farmer-cooperators (FCs) involved in the project, six (6) of them cured neutral flavor tobacco and eight (8) FCs cured topped or improved/full flavor tobacco. Each barn from both set-ups (research and farmer-managed) was provided with psychrometer, graph poster, viewing glass and standard vent covers. The temperature (dry and wet bulb) and relative humidity requirements for each curing stage were followed in the entire flue-curing process (Appendix 1). The weight of the fuel used was taken using a top loading weighing scale used for rice paddies. The weight of the wood was written on each piece and recorded accordingly when fed to the furnace. The weight of the tobacco stalk was taken in each feeding time. For corn cob and rice hull, a container calibrated to contain one kilogram of each material was used to feed the material to the burning chamber.

Furnace Fuelwood

Consumption (kg)

Weight of Cured Leaves

(kg)

FCR Cost of

Fuelwood (PhP)

Cost of Fuel-wood to 1 kg cured leaves

(PhP)

Anawang 571.02 55.00 10.42 832.39 15.19

Venturi 468.75 54.67 8.54 683.31 12.45

F-Test ** ns * ** *

CV (%) 1.65 7.77 7.88 1.65 7.77

Table 1. Fuelwood consumption (kg), cured weight (kg), FCR and cost of fuelwood of the Anawang and Venturi Furnaces (CY 2009-2010).

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The following data were gathered:

Fuelwood consumption - refers to the total amount (kg) of fuelwood actually fed into the furnace for each curing.

Cured leaf weight - refers to the total cured weight (kg) of tobacco leaves per curing.

Fuel to Cured Leaf Weight Ratio (FCR) - is determined by dividing the weight of fuelwood used per curing with the total weight of cured leaves per curing.

Cost of fuel per kilogram of cured tobacco - is the value (PhP) of total fuelwood consumed per curing divided by the total weight of cured leaves per curing based on the prevailing price of fuelwood in the locality which is PhP500 per cubic meter.

Three curings were done in all evaluations except for the trials on the use of different agricultural wastes which were done only once for each material. The data for the furnace comparison in both research and farmer-managed trials were analyzed using Analysis of Variance with curing as replication.


1. Comparison of Anawang and Modified Venturi Furnaces Both the Anawang and Modified Venturi furnaces have user-friendly features like uncomplicated and simple feeding configuration for fuelwood, and easy burning even with partially dried fuelwood. This can be attributed to the presence of the air vents that facilitates the combustion of fuel in the furnace. Table 1 shows the fuel consumption, the cost of fuel, fuel to cured leaf weight ratio (FCR), and the weight of leaves cured from the Modified Venturi and Anawang furnaces. In curing similar weight of tobacco leaves, a significantly lower weight of fuelwood was utilized in the Modified Venturi (468.75 kg) compared with Anawang furnace (571.02 kg). Consequently, the FCR and the cost of fuelwood was also significantly lower in the Modified Venturi than Anawang since these values were derived from the fuelwood usage in each furnace and the weight of the cured leaves. The cost of fuelwood was directly related to the volume of fuelwood consumed while drying the leaves. The higher volume of fuelwood consumed, the higher was the cost of curing operations. At the time of the trial, a cubic meter wood costs PhP500. A cubic meter of wood weighed more or less 343 kg which means the cost of one kg wood would be about PhP1.46. Therefore, the cost then of drying 55 kg cured leaves using the Anawang furnace was PhP 832.39 and PhP 683.31 for 54.56 kg cured tobacco leaves using the Venturi furnace. Similarly, the Fuel to Cured Leaf Weight Ratio (FCR), which represents the weight (kg) of fuelwood needed to dry one kg tobacco leaves was significantly lower in Venturi (8.54) than in the Anawang furnace (10.42). FCR serves as a measure of the efficiency of the barn. The lower the ratio, the more efficient the barn is. Converting the cost of fuel used to dry one kg cured tobacco leaves, PhP15.19 was spent for Anawang furnace and PhP 12.45 for the Modified Venturi furnace. This indicates that Venturi utilized fuelwood more efficiently in curing tobacco leaves than the original design of Anawang furnace.

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2. Comparative performance of the modified Anawang and Venturi furnaces

The Anawang furnace was modified as explained earlier and was installed in the same barn where the original Anawang was installed. A similar weight of tobacco leaves was used to compare its performance with the modified Venturi in terms of fuelwood usage, cost of fuel, and FCR.

The results in Table 2 indicate that the modification made had improved the fuel utilization efficiency of the barn as shown by the statistically similar fuelwood usage, fuel cost and FCR obtained from the two furnaces. In curing similar weight of Virginia tobacco, the weight of fuelwood used in the Modified Anawang (443.63 kg) was statistically similar to the Modified Venturi furnace (419.30 kg). The FCR values, 9. 27 for Anawang and 8.81 for Venturi are also not statistically different from each other and similar to the range reported for fuelwood in Zimbabwe with an average FCR of 9.00 (Gogo, 2013) and lower than those reported in Tanzania with an average FCR of 14.00 (Siddiqui and Rajabu, 1996) but higher than India with an average FCR of 4.5, (Mahadevamurthy, 2013).

Although no direct measurement of heat losses was done, the data suggest a reduction in heat loss as indicated by the lower fuelwood usage in the Modified Anawang (443.63 kg) compared with the Original Anawang (571.02 kg in Table 1) with a difference of 127.63 kg using the same barn and similar weight of tobacco leaves. In a similar study in Tanzania, Siddiqui and Rajabu (1996), the optimum location of the furnace is when two-thirds of its length was inside the barn wherein the percent heat loss was reduced from 94.3% (when the furnace is outside the barn wall), to 87.00% (when two-thirds was moved inside the wall). The heat transfer to the barn, likewise, increased from 5.70% to 11.00%, for furnaces outside and inside the barn, respectively. Apparently, the modification made in the Anawang, that is, moving 50% of the combustion chamber inside the barn had also resulted to reduction of the heat lost to the surroundings and increased in heat transferred inside the drying area of the barn leading to reduction in fuelwood consumption.

3. Evaluation of agricultural wastes as supplement to firewood in curing Virginia

tobacco using the Anawang Furnace.

Biomass fuel from agricultural wastes is becoming popular nowadays because of the issues on deforestation and its association to climate change. Tobacco curing has been identified and claimed by some as one of the main causes of deforestation in areas

Furnace Fuelwood Consumed

(kg)

Cured Weight

(kg) FCR

Cost of Fuel-wood (PhP)

Cost of Fuelwood per kg Cured Leaves (PhP)

Anawang 443.63 55.00 9.27 646.70 13.52

Venturi 419.30 54.77 8.81 611.22 12.84

Significance ns ns ns ns ns CV (%) 10.24 6.72 5.19 10.24 5.18

Table 2. Comparison of fuelwood to cured leaf ratio (FCR) and cost of fuelwood to produce one kg cured leaves of neutral tobacco using Anawang and Venturi furnaces. (CY 2010-2011).

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where the crop is grown. Thus, studies on the utilization of agricultural wastes as energy source for Virginia tobacco curing is being pursued.

The fuel feeder of the Anawang furnace is a portal where fuel is fed in an upright position. Small pieces of woods and agricultural wastes can be easily dropped into the opening for burning. Tobacco stalk, rice husk and corn cob were separately evaluated as fuelwood supplement at midrib drying stage of flue-curing tobacco leaves. These materials are available in the tobacco farming communities and had been studied and used as possible fuel source in drying tobacco and other crops (Jekayinfa and Omisakin,2005; Tippayawong et al, 2006; Werther, J. et al., 2000; Saidur et al, 2011; and Amadeo and Forbes, 2011). The heating values of the agricultural wastes used as supplemental fuel in curing Virginia tobacco, as reported by various authors are shown below:

Agricultural Waste Heating Value (MJ/kg)

Source

Corn cob 18.8 Kaliyan and Vance Morey, 2010

Rice husks 15.4 Tippayawong et al., 2006

Tobacco stalks (briquette) 15.5 Pesevski et al., 2010

Firewood 19.0 Tippayawong et al., 2006

The results of the initial trial (Table 3) show that tobacco stalks supplemented 18.02 %; corn cob, 48 % and rice hull, 57% of the total fuel consumed during midrib drying. However, a problem on the use of rice hull as supplement to fuelwood arose. Rice hull did not burn easily. Using rice hull requires very close monitoring because it needs a lot of air to burn efficiently. This was accomplished by frequent swiping of the material to produce flame that maintains the heat necessary for proper drying of the leaves. It was also necessary to remove the ash from the pit to avoid clogging. This means that the farmer can no longer attend to other tasks while curing tobacco. A similar observation was reported by Franco et al., 1992. According to IRRI Rice Knowledge Bank, rice husk is difficult to ignite and it does not burn easily with open flame unless air is blown through the husk (http://www.knowledgebank.irri.org/step-by-step-production/postharvest/milling/what-is-rice-husk). Corn plant is grown either earlier or at the same time as tobacco in some tobacco-growing areas. It is generally harvested 100-115 days or about four months after planting, thus, some corn cobs are available during the curing period of Virginia tobacco (http://www.ilarrdec.mmsu.edu.ph/manuals/recommended_corn_hybrids_flyer.pdf).

Fuelwood (%)

Corncobs (%)

Rice hull (%) Tobacco Stalk (%)

81.98 18.02 52.00 48.00 42.00 57.00

Table 3. Percent consumption of agricultural wastes as supplement fuel to fuelwood in at the midrib drying of neutral tobacco using Anawang furnace CY 2010- 2011.

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http://www.knowledgebank.irri.org/step-by-step-production/postharvest/milling/what-is-rice-husk

http://www.knowledgebank.irri.org/step-by-step-production/postharvest/milling/what-is-rice-husk

http://ilarrdec.mmsu.edu.ph/manuals/recommended_corn_hybrids_flyer.pdf


. Based on observations, most farmers gather, store and use tobacco stalk as household fuel. Amadeo and Forbes (2011) however, documented 3% of the farmers from Ilocos Sur and La Union who used tobacco stalk as fuel in tobacco curing. Corn cob was given priority for further evaluation as supplement fuel because it burns fast and produces flame easily with or without minimal swiping. According to Kaliyan and Vance Morey (2010), its high heating value is almost similar to firewood. It was also noted that corn cob ember lasted relatively longer than the other agri-waste materials evaluated. It contributed 54.9% of the total fuel consumed from the color fixing (2

nd stage of yellowing) phase to midrib drying of tobacco (Table 4). The table shows that

one (1) kg of corn cob combined with small pieces of wood (2.5-5.0 kg per piece) was able to sustain the desired temperatures for the two curing phases for more or less 30 minutes. The reported heating value of corn cob which is 18.8 MJ/kg (Kaliyan and Vance Morey, 2010), is almost similar to average heating value of wood which is 19.0 MJ/kg (Tippayawong et al. 2006). However, because it has a relatively lower bulk density (164 kg/m

3, Kaliyan and Vance Morey, 2010) than wood (average of 421 kg/m

3,

Ngulube,1994), the weight of the material per feeding must be lower but at shorter interval than fire wood to make sure that the temperature does not exceed the desired level. Thus, at 30 minute feeding interval, corn cob was able to contribute more as fuel. This interval may be too tedious if the farmer has to attend to other tasks while curing tobacco, thus, its use must be balanced with the savings on labor. However, for policy consideration, the social contribution of the savings on labor must be viewed in relation to the environmental issues that the industry is facing and the climate change challenge. Comparison between Anawang and Conventional Furnace Table 5 shows the comparative performance of the original design of the Anawang and the traditional or conventional furnace under farmer-managed trial. Anawang furnace had consistently consumed significantly lesser fuelwood, hence, lower cost of fuelwood than the conventional furnaces. This is true for both untopped and topped tobacco leaves.

Curing Phase Weight (kg)

Temp Range

(oC)

Duration (min.)

Ave. Interval of Feeding (min)

Corn cob

Fuel wood

Corn cob

Fuel wood

Color fixing 7.0 11.8 53-56 189 27 63 Midrib drying 8.0 5.5 57-75 304 38 101

TOTAL 15.0 27.3

Table 4. Feeding interval (minute) of fuelwood and corn cob while curing neutral tobacco using anawang furnace. CY 2010-2011.

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Untopped Topped Tobacco

Furnace FCR

Cost of fuelwood per kg cured leaves

(PhP) FCR

Cost of fuelwood per kg cured leaves

(PhP)

Anawang 2.30 b 3.20 b 2.35 b 3.42 b

Conventional 2.69 a 4.06 a 2.91 a 4.24 a

Significance ** ** ** **

CV (%) 3.30 3.12 6.12 6.12

Table 5. Comparison of fuelwood to cured leaf ratio (FCR) and cost of fuelwood per kg cured leaves of untopped and topped tobacco using Anawang and Conven-tional furnaces under farmers’ field trial (CY 2010-2011).

With Anawang furnace, the average cost of fuel consumed per kilogram dried untopped Virginia tobacco was PhP 3.20 and PhP 3.42 for the topped. On the other hand, the average cost of fuel used in the conventional furnace was PhP 4.06 for untopped and PhP 4.24 per kilogram for topped tobacco. Taking the average difference in fuel cost of both topped and untopped tobacco leaves, the fuel cost from the original Anawang furnace is 20.24% lower than that of Conventional furnace. Considering the research results presented earlier showing that fuel wood utilization and consequently, cost of fuel was reduced by moving the Anawang furnace inside the barn wall and using corn cob as supplemental fuel then the reduction in fuel cost for curing tobacco using the Anawang furnace can be significantly increased further.

Another advantage of the Anawang furnace is the ease of feeding and burning different combustible materials as fuel. Likewise, twigs and small branches of trees become usable in tobacco curing. The farmers therefore, need not cut the whole tree, but rather trim only its branches, thereby giving it time to recover and continue its function as ground cover, anti-erosion agent and water storage during the rainy season. With sustained and systematic tree planting program coupled with judicious cutting, the fuelwood requirements for tobacco curing can be considerably reduced with the use of fuel-saving structure like the Anawang furnace and agricultural wastes as fuel supplement.

CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

1. Under the farmer managed trials, the original Anawang furnace utilized significantly lower volume of firewood than the traditional furnace with an average fuel cost reduction of 20.24%.

2. Modification of the Anawang furnace, by moving 50% of its combustion chamber

inside the barn wall, reduced fuel wood and cost of fuel used in drying Virginia tobacco, and fuel to cured leaf ratio (FCR) comparable with that of Modified Venturi furnace.

3. The initial trial proved that with the modified Anawang furnace, the fuelwood required

in curing tobacco leaves can be further reduced with supplementation of corn cobs, dried tobacco stalks and rice husk.

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REFERENCES

Amadeo, V. and G. Forbes. 2011. Comparative study on fuelwood efficiency of the different barn technologies in the provinces of La Union and Ilocos Sur. Tanim Kalikasan Report. 45p. tanimkalikasan.org/research/comparative%20 study.pdf

Franco, S. S., H. L. Layaoen and. C. S. Sambo. 2001. Rice hull furnace for flue-

curing. http://www.pcaarrd.dost.gov.ph/home/momentum/agmachin/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id

Gogo, J. 2013. Is coal use a better evil in tobacco curing? http:/www.herald.co.zw/is-

coal-use-a-better-evil-in-tobacco-curing/ http://countrystat.bas.gov.ph/selection.asp. 2013. Palay and Corn Volume Production. Jekayinfa, S. O. and O. S. Omisakin. 2005. The energy potentials of some agricultural

wastes as local fuel materials in Nigeria. Agricultural Engineering International: The CIGR Ejournal: Vol. VII: 1-10.

Kaliyan, Nalladurai and R. Vance Morey. 2010. Densification characteristics of corn

cobs. Fuel Processing Technology 91: 559-565 Mahadevamurthy, M. 2013. Assessment of fuelwood requirements for tobacco curing

in Periyapatna and Hunsur Taluks of Kartananaka. G. JB.A.H. S. Vol 2(2) 67-72. Mosuni, S., R. Nazare, E. Manzungu, and B. Chekenya. 2013. Redesign of commonly

used tobacco curing barns in Zimbabwe for increased energy efficiency. International Journal of Engineering Science and Technology 5: 609-617.

NTA After Operations Report. 1996. Coal Conversion Assistance Project using NTA

Coal Fired Furnace System. Unpublished. Ngulube, M. R. 1994. Evaluation of Gliricidia sepium provenances for alley cropping in

Malawi. Forest Ecology and Management 64:191-198. Pesevski, M.D., M. I. Iliev, D. Lj. Zivkovic, V. T. Jakimovska Popovska, M. A.

Srbinoska and B. K. Filipioski. 2010. Possibilities for Utilization of Tobacco Stems for Production of Energetic Briquettes. J. Agric. Science 55: 45-54.

4. Further studies on the use of corn cobs in flue-curing of Virginia tobacco as well as other easily combustible agricultural and wood-based wastes using the Improved Anawang furnace is recommended. Likewise, the results of the study should be disseminated to the tobacco farmers through trainings and other communication platforms giving emphasis on the positive effect of the technology to the deforestation issues against Virginia tobacco production.

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http://www.pcaarrd.dost.gov.ph/home/momentum/agmachin/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id

http://www.pcaarrd.dost.gov.ph/home/momentum/agmachin/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id

http://countrystat.bas.gov.ph/selection.asp


Raganit, R. J.; O. D. Cortero, L. R. Truong and C. A. Cabigan. 2008. Verification of

Venturi Furnace on Flue-Curing of Virginia Tobacco. Unpub. Report. Saidur, R., E. A. Abdelaziz, A. Demirbas, M. S. Hossain and S. Mekhilef. 2011. A

review of biomass as a fuel for boilers. Renewable and sustainable Energy Reviews 15: 2262-2289.

Siddiqui, K. M. and H. Rajabus. 1996. Energy efficiency in current tobacco-curing

practice in Tanzania and its consequences. Energy 21: 141-145. Siddiqui, K. M. 2001. Analysis of Malakisi barn used for tobacco curing in East and

Southern Africa. Energy conversion and Management 42: 483-490. Tippayawong, N., C. Tantakitti and S. Thavornun. 2006. Use of rice husk and corn

cob as renewable energy sources for tobacco-curing. Energy for Sustainable Development: Vol. X: 68-73

Werther, J., M. Saenger, E. U. Hartge, T. Ogada and Z. Siagi, 2000. Combustion of

Agricultural Residues. Progress in Energy and Combustion Sciences, 26: 1-27. Zhang, Y., A. X. Jiang and S. Chen. 2013. Intelligent tobacco curing control based on

color recognition. Research Journal of Applied Sciences, Engineering and Technology:5(8): 2509-2513.

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PROFITABILITY ANALYSIS OF ORGANIC VEGETABLE PRODUCTION IN REGION I

Marilou P. Lucas, Beatriz S. Malab, Epifania O. Agustin,

Margarita P. Caluya, Nida Q. Abrogena, and Lovely Joy M. Viloria Mariano Marcos State University and PhilRice-Batac

City of Batac, Ilocos Norte

ABSTRACT This study analyzed the profitability of organic vegetable production in Region I. The farmers were classified by farm type: full organic (FOFT), in conversion (ICFT), and conventional (CFT). Primary data were gathered from 159 farmers in Ilocos Norte, Ilocos Sur, La Union and Pangasinan. Data were analyzed descriptively with profitability, partial budget, and price analysis including yield sensitivity analysis. Ampalaya, finger pepper and okra yielded highest in FOFT while eggplant, pole sitao and squash in ICFT. Net incomes were higher in the FOFT and ICFT farm types. Farm gate prices of FOFT were also higher except for finger pepper and okra which were higher in CFT and ICFT, respectively. The partial budget analysis showed that except for finger pepper, higher net benefits were obtained from vegetables grown under FOFT than CFT. The added benefits more than compensated the added costs. Hence, production of organic “pinakbet” vegetables is highly remunerative. More intensive information dissemination and aggressive advocacy campaign are deemed necessary to promote organic farming.

INTRODUCTION

Organic agriculture has been practiced since time immemorial. In this system, men

grow crops and tend animals in the natural way. The system’s popularity was overshadowed with the advent of chemicals and artificial fertilizer (Christos, 1998). In the Philippines, the adoption of these farm inputs in the late 50’s to the 60’s is part of the “green revolution” program of the agriculture sector aimed at increasing crop productivity to meet the food demand for the bloating populace. As a result, organic farming technology has been set aside to such extent that only indigenous and few farmers are now practicing it. However, with the increase demand for inorganic inputs coupled with the weakened peso value, prices of chemical fertilizer and pesticide have escalated. Small Ilocano farmers can hardly afford these inputs to sustain crop productivity. Organic farming was promoted in the last five years; the adoption was slow in the region because of farmers’ perception that producing organic vegetables incurred high inputs, hence, unaffordable. It is also a fact that during the conversion period from conventional farm type to full organic farm type yields will be lowered. These facts hampered the promotion and adoption of organic agriculture in the region. Also, holdings in the Ilocos Region is well distributed and the average land holdings of an Ilocano farmer is only 2,500sq m. The perceived decrease in yield when farms are converted into organic farms cannot be sacrificed by most Ilocano farmers. Hence, profitability of organic vegetable production is important to show to farmers that organic agriculture is profitable. This will guide them to make their decisions on whether or not to engage in this kind of endeavor.

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METHODS The major organic vegetable-producing areas in Region I were identified using secondary data from the Organic Practitioners and Traders Association (OPTA) and PCAARRD. A total of 159 farmer-respondents were identified and categorized into three farm types: 16 full organic (FOFT), 99 in conversion (ICFT); and 44 conventional (CFT). Table 1 shows their distribution by province.

Province Full Organic In Conversion Conventional Total

Ilocos Norte 3 30 22 55

Ilocos Sur 1 28 20 49

La Union 1 17 - 18

Pangasinan 11 24 2 37

Total 16 99 44 159

Table 1. Distribution of the farmer-respondents in Region 1, 2010.

Data were gathered through farm level survey and Key Informant Interviews (KIIs). Descriptive statistics were used to analyze the data. Comparison on the input-output data for each crop was based on cost and return analysis per farm type. Partial budget analysis and sensitivity analysis using the minimum price and yield were also done.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Yield and Farm gate Price

Crop yields. Average crop yields varied across farm types (Table 2). Crops with high yields under FOFT were ampalaya, okra and pole sitao. On the other hand, crops with high yield under ICFT were eggplant and squash while tomato yield was very high in CFT. The variety used by the farmers may have a strong influence on the reported crop yields. However, the high yields of three crops under FOFT and two crops under ICFT provide sufficient evidence to disprove farmers’ claim that organic farming results in low crop yields.

Table 2. Average production of vegetables (kg/1000 m2) produced by the

farmer respondents in Region 1, 2008-2009.

VEGETABLES

Average Yield (kg/1000m2)

Full Organic In Conversion Conventional

Ampalaya 2,719 1,116 1,561

Eggplant 1,222 2,031 1,322 Finger Pepper 1,651 1,281 1,620

Okra 1,369 718 998

Pole Sitao 1,591 1,608 850

Squash 1,327 2,832 625 Tomato 1,476 2,503 3,186

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Farm gate price. In general, organically produced vegetables command higher price than the produce in CFT (Table 3). Irrespective of the crop, average farmgate price of FOFT-produced vegetables is 49% higher than the produce in conventional farms. The higher price of the FOFT indicates the willingness of consumers to pay for a premium price for organically produced vegetables. Hence, consumers recognized the value of organically produced vegetables. Notably, finger paper in the CFT were sold at a higher price of P32.54/kg. Farmer respondents claimed that the time when finger peppers were harvested, there was not much supply in the market, hence they were able to command a higher price. “Pinakbet” vegetables in the Region are usually subjected to price fluctuation.

Table 3. Average farm gate price of vegetables under the three farm types. Region I, 2008-2009.

Vegetables

Average Price (Php/kg)


Ampalaya 27.50 26.97 23.14

Eggplant 22.08 17.95 12.00

Finger Pepper 24.25 23.15 32.54

Okra 15.00 16.70 12.19

Pole Sitao 37.67 19.66 20.00

Squash 20.00 19.22 17.50

Tomato 29.00 13.38 12.42

Gross Returns, Production Cost and Profits Gross Returns. Obviously, a gross return is a function of yield and price. Hence, those with highest yield and with the highest farm gate price got the highest gross returns. The highest gross returns was the ampalaya planted by the FOFT (P74,762.00). The lowest gross returns was the squash planted by the CFT (P10,938.00).

Table 4. Gross returns of vegetables (PhP/1000 m2) under the three farm types in

Region I,2008-2009.

ITEMS

Gross Returns (Php/1000m2)


Ampalaya 74,762 30,106 35,131

Eggplant 28,679 36,453 15,859

Finger Pepper 40,035 29,658 52,713

Okra 20,538 11,984 12,170

Pole Sitao 59,947 31,613 17,005

Squash 30,954 54,436 10,938

Tomato 42,812 33,491 39,571

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Production Costs. Table 5 showed a summary of the material input and labor costs of producing the various vegetables under the three farm types. Costs varied across crops and farm types. No discernible trend across crops was noted but it can be deduced from the data that ampalaya, pole sitao, okra and tomato required more labor and material inputs than finger pepper, squash and eggplant. In terms of farm type, both material and labor costs are generally higher in ICFT and FOFT than CFT except on tomato where material input cost was highest in CFT and in okra where both material and labor costs are practically the same in all farm types.

Table 5. Costs (PhP/1000 m2) of producing “pinakbet” vegetables under three farm

types in Region 1, 2008-2009.

Crop Full Organic In Conversion Conventional

Material

input

Labor Material

input

Labor Material

input

Labor

Ampalaya 6,507 5,500 12,205 4,898 5,411 4,220

Eggplant 3,660 3,519 2,722 2,499 2,036 2,020

Finger Pepper

585 6,869 6,095 5,843 4,100 5,523

Okra 9,244 4,152 7,386 3,429 9,644 3,528

Pole Sitao 3,951 3,367 12,415 6,500 1,455 6,185

Squash 3,667 3,253 6,496 8,990 3,418 4,910

Tomato 7,014 4,069 4,996 2,863 9,422 2,087

Net income. Income also varies across crops and farm types (Table 6). This is a result of the interplay of the variation in production costs, crop yield and farm gate price. Net income was generally higher in the organic farms (FOFT and ICFT) than in CFT except tomato and finger pepper. Income from tomato was practically the same in all farm types. In finger pepper, income was highest in CFT and lowest in ICFT. Accordingly, CFT farmers planted finger pepper ahead of the others. Crop yield was higher and product farm gate price was also higher. This has bearing on the crop yield and farm gate price that resulted in higher crop yield and income.

Table 6. Net income (PhP/1000 m2) from “pinakbet” vegetable production under

three farm types in Region 1, 2008-2009.

VEGETABLES

Net Income (PhP/1000m2)


Ampalaya 61,215 11,319 25,175

Eggplant 13,371 24,623 2,021

Finger Pepper 32,582 16,298 42,736

Okra 13,359 6,763 7,714

Pole Sitao 52,871 9,460 9,365

Squash 22,912 37,026 2,610 Tomato 29,624 24,647 25,673

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Partial Budget Analysis The partial profit budget analysis showed that FOFT production of ampalaya provided a net benefit of P36,040.00/1000 m

2 (Table 7). The added cost of P3,214.00

which were spent on additional labor, basic material cost (seed, seedbed trellis and mulch), biofertilizer and other cost were compensated abundantly. With the use of biofertilizer and additional labor cost in crop maintenance and pest monitoring resulted to higher yield and eventually higher income and benefits.

Table 7. Partial profit budget analysis of producing ampalaya/1000 m2 by the

FOFT vs CFT.

BENEFITS COST

Added Returns 38631 Reduced Returns 0

Reduced Cost Added Cost

Labor 1280

Basic Material Cost 1017

Fertilizer 701

Pesticide 356

Fuel 266

Other Cost 216

TOTAL 39253 3214 NET BENEFITS 36040

For eggplant, the partial profit budget analysis showed that FOFT production of eggplant provided a net benefits of P11,349.00/1000 m

2 (Table 7a). The added cost of

P6,679.00 which were spent on additional labor cost, basic materials (seed, seedbed trellis and mulch) and fertilizer were very much compensated by about P11,000.00/1000 m

2. It can be noted that there were reduced cost on pesticide and fuel.

Table 7a. Partial profit budget analysis of producing eggplant/1000 m2by the

FOFT vs CFT.

BENEFITS COST



Labor 624


Fertilizer 2944

Pesticide 6141

Fuel 314

Other Cost 448

TOTAL 18028 6679 NET BENEFITS 11349

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The partial profit budget analysis of finger pepper showed that FOFT production has negative benefits of P10,154.00 (Table 7b). These negative results were due the lower average farm gate price of finger pepper of the FOFT, thus, lower returns. However, if the price differential is removed, the FOFT still outperformed the CFT. In fact, the FOFT had higher reduced cost than the added cost of labor.

Table 7b. Partial profit budget analysis of producing finger pepper/1000 m2 by

the FOFT vs CFT.

BENEFITS COST

Added Returns 0 Reduced Returns 12677.5


Labor 1346


Fertilizer 1054

Pesticide 328

Fuel 200

Other Cost 354

TOTAL 3869 14024

NET BENEFITS -10154

For okra, the partial profit budget analysis showed that FOFT production of okra provided a net benefit of P5,645.00/1000 m

2 (Table 7c). The added cost of P3,364.00

which were spent on additional labor, basic material cost (seed, seedbed trellis and mulch), bio-organic fertilizer and other costs were compensated abundantly with higher yield and farm gate price.

Table 7c. Partial profit budget analysis of producing okra/1000 m2 by the FOFT vs CFT.

BENEFITS COST



Labor 1099


Fertilizer 1564

Pesticide 11

Fuel 630

TOTAL 9009 3364

NET BENEFITS 5645

The partial profit budget analysis showed that FOFT production of pole sitao provided net benefit of P43,506.00/1000 m

2 (Table 7d). The added cost of P2,466.00

which were spent on basic material cost (seed, seedbed trellis and mulch) and other cost were much lower than the reduced cost on labor, fertilizer, pesticides and fuel.

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BENEFITS COST

Added Returns 42941 Reduced Returns 0 Reduced Cost Added Cost Labor 2818 Basic Material Cost 2349 Fertilizer 149 Pesticide 32 Fuel 31 Other Cost 117 TOTAL 45972 2466 NET BENEFITS 43506

Table 7d. Partial profit budget analysis of producing pole sitao/1000 m2 by the FOFT vs

CFT.

The yield difference of the FOFT squash of 702 kg/1000 m2 resulted to a net benefit

of P16,988.00 over the CFT (Table 7e). The added cost of P5,779.00 which were spent on additional labor, basic material cost (seed, seedbed trellis and mulch) and other cost were resulted to higher yield and price premium which eventually resulted to higher net income. For tomato, despite its lower yield of 1710 kg/1000 m

2 than the CFT, its net benefit

based on the partial profit budget analysis was P3,951.00/1000 m2 (Table 7f). The added

cost of P2,884.00 which were spent on additional labor and bio-organic fertilizer were compensated by the reduced cost on pesticides, fuel and other cost. The higher farm gate price of the FOFT also contributed to the higher net benefits.

Table 7e. Partial profit budget analysis of producing squash/1000 m2 by the FOFT vs CFT.

BENEFITS COST


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Table 7f. Partial profit budget analysis of producing tomato/1000 m2 by the FOFT vs CFT.

BENEFITS COST


Sensitivity Analysis Price Sensitivity Analysis. The minimum farm gate price the farmer willingly offered his produce was used to evaluate the net income performance of the vegetables under study. The minimum price also represents the competitive price for the vegetables which are offered for sale considering that the net income is a function of outputs, inputs and prices. Its performance with the minimum inputted price of output for the price sensitivity analysis is presented in Table 8. Majority of the vegetables produced in FOFT like ampalaya, finger pepper, okra and pole sitao outperformed their vegetable counterpart in ICFT and CFT despite the minimum price they received. This implies that even with minimum farmgate price of these FOFT vegetables, their net income outperformed the vegetables raised by ICFT and CFT. This further implies that FOFT method of production for the above vegetables was very advantageous to farmer-producers. It must be noted that most of the minimum farm gate prices among the vegetables were received by the CFT.

Table 8. Net income (PhP/1000 m2) by vegetables by farm types with the minimum

input price.

Vegetables FOFT ICFT CFT

Ampalaya 49,362 7,043 25,175 Eggplant 1,052 12,540 2,022 Finger Pepper 30,766 16,298 27,525 Okra 9,512 3,527 7,714 Pole Sitao 24,211 9,460 9,076 Squash 15,177 32,155 2,610 Tomato 5,147 22,244 25,673

Yield Sensitivity Analysis. Meanwhile, net income can also be evaluated in terms of yield sensitivity. Using the minimum yield of vegetables across farm types, most of FOFT vegetables like ampalaya, eggplant, pole sitao, squash and tomato outperformed their counterparts in the ICFT and CFT (Table 9). However, the finger pepper under CFT outperformed the FOFT and ICFT counterparts because of high farm gate price and its yield was only about two percent lower than the FOFT. The price of finger pepper of the CFT was 34% higher than the FOFT. Hence, this made the net income of finger pepper under CFT highest because of its significantly high farm gate price.

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Table 9. Net income (PhP/1000m2) by vegetable and by farm type with the minimum

assumed yield.


Ampalaya 17,150 11,319 14,875

Eggplant 13,371 10,107 828

Finger Pepper 23,614 16,298 31,711

Okra 3,585 6,763 4,291

Pole Sitao 24,954 (5,437) 9,365 Squash 6,539 (5,396) 2,610 Tomato 29,624 10,909 4,437

The high production cost of pole sitao and squash under ICFT made its net income negative under extremely low yield condition when its yield is as low as CFT. Performance Evaluation Matrix. Using yield, farm gate price, and net income, performance matrix analysis shows that FOFT outperformed in majority of the indexes used in the evaluation. It was only finger pepper which outperformed the other farm types in terms of high farm gate price (Table 10). However, when its farm gate price is subjective to the minimum price, the FOFT still outperformed the CFT.

Table 10. Yield, price and net income performance evaluation matrix by vegetables and farm types in Region I, 2008 – 2009.


Ampalaya Y, P, N, Sp, Sy

Eggplant P, Sy Y, Sp, N

Finger Pepper Y, Sp P, N, Sy

Okra Y, N, Sp P, Sy

Pole Sitao P, N, Sp, Sy Y

Squash P, Sy Y, N, Sp Tomato P, N, Sy Y, Sp

*Y-yield; P-price; N-net income; Sp-price sensitivity analysis; Sy-yield sensitivity analysis

Tomato under CFT also outperformed the net income of the FOFT and ICFT when price of tomato is increased to as high as that of FOFT due to its high yield. Generally, however, the FOFT method of vegetable production provided the greatest advantage benefits to vegetable producers. Considering that price changes and yield changes are the risks involved in vegetable production, the FOFT would be the least vulnerable to those changes.

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Organic agriculture offers substantial opportunities for improving the productivity and quality of “pinakbet” vegetables and consequently, the farmers’ income in Region 1. Generally, the production of organic vegetables in the region is highly profitable. The profitability and partial budget analyses show that vegetables grown under FOFT generally outperformed those in ICFT and CFT. There are however, pressing concerns that need to be addressed. Some of these are:

1. More intensive and aggressive information dissemination and advocacy campaign to encourage more farmers practice organic farming. Access to information, education and communication (IEC) materials in the local dialect should be considered.

2. Trainings should be conducted to re-orient farmers’ behavior towards cooperatives and agri-entrepreneurship. Capacitating the FOFT farmers with entrepreneurship knowledge and skills to produce more and market more.

3. Institutional support services should be refocused to include marketing concerns. Sustainable technology adoption should not merely end in production but equally important is the assurance of a market for the farmers’ produce especially during abundance of supply. So far, no serious effort had been done along this line.

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DEVELOPMENT

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ILOCOS FARMERS’ EMPOWERMENT THROUGH GARLIC TECHNOLOGY COMMERCIALIZATION

Wilhelmina. P. Castañeda and Luciana . T. Cruz Department of Agriculture-Regional Field Unit I Ilocos Integrated Agriculture Research Center,

Bacnotan, La Union

ABSTRACT

This four-year (2008-2012) project of DA-ILIARC funded by the DA-BAR developed

a commercialized garlic production and processing technology for technologically,

financially, socially, and politically empowering garlic farmers’ association in Ilocos Norte.

The enhanced garlic production technology increased productivity and profitability through

developed profitable and marketable garlic by-products, established marketing linkages of

farmers associations, developed farmers’ capability as agri-entrepreneurs, and federated

the garlic growers to continue and sustain garlic commercialization in the Ilocos.

The commercialization strategies took a positive culture of participation,

commitment, patience, risk taking, and mutual trust of the participants to this project to

reach its goal. Garlic commercialization was achieved through the adoption of 136

farmers of the different production technologies including the processing and value-adding

activities and the strong support of the Department of Science and Technology (DOST)

and the Department of Trade and Industry (DTI) marketing strategies. The empowerment

strategy, such as providing capability building activities like season-long learning, hands-

on and value-adding strategies to the farmers, must radiate and be used by agri-

stakeholders in the Ilocos and other garlic growing areas in the Philippines. It will

significantly develop the garlic industry by increasing yield in garlic areas, increasing

farmers’ income, increasing volume of production, and contributing to the regional and

national economy. Value adding of garlic through processing and trading is a safety net

for farmers when garlic prices are unstable.

INTRODUCTION

Ilocos Region has the best comparative advantage of producing garlic because of its agro-climatic suitability. It is the largest garlic-producing region in the country contributing 79.10% (4,121.83 ha) of the total area planted/harvested to garlic and 70% (9,612.70 metric tons per year) of the country’s total production of 14,695.29 metric tons (FAO, 2006). In the domestic market, Filipino consumers prefer garlic produced in the Ilocos Region because of its distinct pungent and aromatic odor and tangy taste. However, garlic production in the Ilocos for the last five years (2006-2010) has not grown, rather, it has shrunk as to production, economic, and market indicators. Ilocos Norte as the major garlic producer showed a 26.30% downtrend in area planted/harvested from 2,890 hectares in 2006 to 2,130 hectares in 2010. Similarly, volume of production also dipped by 19.21% or from 7,777.69 MT down

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to 6,283.5 MT. However, yield per hectare slightly increased by 9.61%, that is, from 2.69 to 2.95 tons/ha. In Ilocos Sur, garlic production is not a priority crop since area planted dropped from 686 to 15 hectares or 83.24% reduction. The volume of production decreased by 84.96% or from 1,577.8 MT to 245.25 MT and consequently, 7.28% yield reduction from 2.3 to 2.13 tons/hectare. Regional garlic performance showed a reduction in area planted by 36.98%; and volume of production by 103.67%; but 1.17% increase in yield. Prices for garlic showed a wide margin between farm gate price with wholesale price of PhP 51.42, and retail price of PhP 88.25 placing the farmers at a disadvantage over the wholesalers and retailers. Profitability indices showed an increased net-profit ratio from 0.93 to 1.02. Although cost of production showed an increasing trend and garlic yield moved slightly, price of garlic is highly movable, thus showing a positive net profit ratio. At the macro level, garlic supply is highly dependent on importation, though at a decreasing trend, that is, from 82.26% in 2006 to 76.11% in 2009. In short, sufficiency level for garlic in the Philippines is still low placing low utilization per capita of 0.5 kg/year in 2006 down to 0.25 kg/year in 2010 or a mere 1.37 gm/day down to 0.68 gm/day. This statistical profile showed the need to resuscitate the garlic industry in the Ilocos throughout the commodity subsystem. The immediate and major concern is at the production system. Research can contribute to the industry development by productive and value-added technologies (Cruz, 2011). Therefore, to sustain the role of the Ilocos Region as a major supplier of garlic in the country, an increased production in both quantity and quality and efficient marketing system needs attention. With this scenario, the Department of Agriculture-INREC (DA-ILIARC) in the City of Batac developed a package of technology producing garlic comparable to the size of Taiwan garlic but maintained the aroma and pungency of the original Ilocos garlic. Farmers tested the technology in their farms and found it appropriate as such promoted to garlic growers in Ilocos Norte. Increasing the value of the commodity at the production system must move on to the demand of the marketing and consuming sectors while creating novel products with marketing potential. Commercializing these developed technologies require a group of farmers who are organized, legally registered entity, trained as agri-entrepreneurs, provided with financial assistance, and possess the determination and positive attitude to improve themselves. As such, this project completed for the past four years the aforementioned strategies.

OBJECTIVES

Generally, the study aimed to commercialize a package of garlic production and processing technologies to empower garlic farmers’ association in the Ilocos. Specifically, it sought to:

1. increase farm productivity and profitability through a Good Agricultural Practices (GAP)-enhanced garlic production technologies;

2. develop a profitable and marketable garlic processed by-products; and 3. develop a garlic-based agri-entrepreneur farmer’s association in the Ilocos.

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REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

Several researches conducted locally and abroad on the use of Gibberellic acid (GA3) to plants showed varied conclusions as results of the different research objectives and methodologies used by the researchers. However, the benefits attained from using GA3 are due to inducing a wide array of plant responses. These include stem elongation, increase in leaf and blossom size in some plants, breaking dormancy in some seeds and buds (Nozzle and Fritz, 1983); inhibition of root growth in many species, promotion of seed germination (Baker and Allen, 1977); bolting, flowering (Devlin, 1977), and parthenocarpy (Janic, 1972). Specifically for garlic, several experiments in Bangladesh and the Philippines showed effects of the use of GA3. In Bangladesh, GA3 influenced sprouting of cloves, number of leaves/plantlet, plantlet height, number of roots/plantlet, root length and percentage of normal plantlets, and breaks dormancy and accelerates the sprouting in the local cultivar of garlic. (http://www.fspublishers.org/ijab/past-issues/IJABVOL_8_NO_1/15.pdf). Seed cloves treated at either 5 or 10°C for 15–30 days before planting showed accelerated initiation, development, and maturity of bulbs. Garlic cloves stored at 15 and 20°C gibberellic acid delayed bulb formation and maturity, but enhanced leaf growth and subsequent application of gibberellic acid counteracted the stimulatory effects of growth retardants on bulb growth and development (http://www.actahort.org/books/358/358_61.htm). However, early plantings grown without GA3 showed better performance than the late plantings grown with or without GA3 (http://scialert.net/abstract/). Under green house condition, use of 100μM GA3 as pre-harvest application gave higher yield and better quality of onion and garlic (http://www.pakbs.org/ pjbot/PDFs/43%284%29/PJB43%284%292051.pdf). Under Ilocos conditions, the application of GA3 increased garlic yield by 56%, resulting in a 66% rise in net income per hectare. Supplementation with GA3 at 250 ppm sprayed at 36 and 56 DAP late in the afternoon delayed plant maturity, increased stem diameter and height and induced bolting and flowering that resulted in increased bulb size and yield (Castaneda, et al, 1996). The results of this research gave rise to the enhancement of garlic production technology, promotion and consequently commercialization among garlic farmers in the Ilocos. Farmer empowerment is “a process that increases the capabilities of smallholder farmers and farmer groups to make choices and to influence collective decisions towards desired actions and outcomes on the basis of those choices.” An analytical framework to study farmer empowerment rests upon two dimensions: the capabilities of individual farmers and the opportunity structures that they face. Farmers’ organizations seek to draw upon both in order to pursue activities directed at markets and the state designed to promote their cause. These, in turn, give rise to farmer empowerment outcomes that can change the capabilities of individual farmers, change the opportunity structures and further enhance the role of farmer organizations in pursuing their members’ interests. Small farmer groups are useful organizational mechanism to facilitate farmers’ collaborative effort towards improving the economic and social situation of the individual farm household as well as the community they belong to, yet they have their limit. They have weaker market and bargaining power of small groups than that of larger groups, and could not influence decisions taken at higher levels.

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Creating growth in a market-oriented agriculture by increased production, created employment, increased flow of funds, and demand for services in rural areas to kick-start the economic development process and help alleviate rural poverty (http://www.diis.dk/graphics/events/2004/farmerempowermentfinal.pdf). This is possible by empowering the backbone of the agricultural lands, the small farmers.

CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK The project anchored on the National Technology Commercialization Program (NTCP) of the DA through the Bureau of Agricultural Research (BAR) on the following implementation strategies: participation, teamwork, complementation, system orientation, partnership, knowledge management, organization, and community development. The framework of farmers’ empowerment through garlic technology commercialization worked on four major components with corresponding processes and activities, and consequently achievable effects and benefits (Figure 1).

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METHODOLOGY

Project Pre-Implementation

The project commenced in close coordination with the Local Government Units (LGUs) through its Municipal Agriculture Office, by briefing them on the project’s objectives and activities, and taking their initial agreement as project partners, then validating the project sites, and finally allowing them to recommend and select farmer-partners. The farmer- partners were required to have the following criteria: be an active member of a farmers’ organization; posses leadership potential; resourceful; innovative; committed and willing to provide equity like land, labor, equipment and other resources; actively participate in all project activities; and abide in the Memorandum of Agreement (MOA). The MOA became the centerpiece of the commitments, roles and responsibilities as prepared, reviewed, and agreed upon by the stakeholders of the project.

Pilot-testing and Enhancement of Garlic Technology

Simultaneous with the 1-hectare garlic technology demonstration in the City of Batac, Ilocos Norte was the piloting of the package of technology in Vintar and Pasuquin, Ilocos Norte that covered 150 hectares in the first year. Pilot areas expanded in San Nicolas and Pinili in the second year covering 200 hectares. Criteria in site selection included accessibility; presence of cooperative or farmers’ organization; and located within the major garlic growing areas. To provide adequate confidence that a product will satisfy given requirements for quality, the project also focused on Good Agricultural Practices (GAP) for garlic, with the following components: implemented Integrated Pest Management to avoid harmful effects of pesticide residues, reduction of inorganic fertilizer requirement, and application of organic fertilizer and foliar fertilizers as supplements. The project subsidized 50% of the cost of bio-fertilizer and GA3 while the farmer-partners paid 50% to their association that consequently served as seed money of the organization. Table 1 specifies the recommended enhanced production technology in the demonstration farm. By-Products Development

During the project’s Phase I, garlic by-products development included pickled garlic, garlic-peanut adobo, garlic granules, garlic powder and chips. A consumer preference survey of the by-products served as basis in recommending these for mass production. The criteria was based on high preference by consumers, good quality, product variety and preferred sizes. Training and assistance on garlic processing were ensued through the Siwawer Garlic Products Association in Vintar, Ilocos Norte.

To fast track mass production of garlic by-products, the project established at DA-ISS II, City of Batac, a temporary processing laboratory equipped with garlic peeler, vegetable slicer, mechanical dryer, pulverizer, form-fill seal, vertical sealer, and kitchen utensils. The Association of Garlic Growers and Processors in Ilocos Norte also used the facilities in garlic processing activities. A permanent food-processing laboratory is under construction at DA-Ilocos Norte Provincial Center.

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Table 1. Enhanced garlic package of production technology implemented in the technology demonstration farm at DA-ISS 2, City of Batac, Ilocos Norte.

Indicators Recommended POT

Soil Type Sandy/silt loam; well-drained medium textured soil; pH of 5.5-6.5

Planting Date October 15-November 15

Variety Ilocos White, Ilocos Pink, Tan Bolters, or any available variety

Cloves selection Medium to large cloves, free from pest damage

Seed Treatment Soak cloves with bio-fertilizer (Vital N) for 30 minutes. Air dry and place in shaded area and plant within the day

Land prep. Zero tillage

Fertilization Broadcast 10 bags organic fertilizer as basal after flooding/ irrigation. Apply ½ of the recommended N and all P and K based on soil analysis. Apply added N requirement at 30 DAP

Planting Distance

20 cm x 20 cm

Weed Control Remove weeds by hand pulling to reduce harmful effects of herbicides. Use herbicides sparingly.

Irrigation Irrigate by flooding or overhead depending on irrigation source at 7 to 10 days interval based on soil moisture and crop appearance.

GA3 Application Dissolve ¼ tablet GA3 in 16 liters of water in a sprayer tank and apply solution at 36 and 56 DAP late in the afternoon. Supplement with foliar fertilizer. This could spray 2,500 sq m garlic farm using a low volume nozzle.

Integrated Pest Management

Individually, chop one (1) kg Makabuhay and soak with 16 liters water overnight, soak one (1) kg Tibak bark in 16 li water overnight. Strain and spray each solution late in the afternoon to control pests. Soak one (1) pack Metarrhizium (green muscardine fungus) in 16 liters water overnight, strain & spray late in the afternoon to control lepidopterous insects. Mix two (2) tbsp B. thuringiensis with 16 liters water and spray late in the afternoon to control lepidopterous insects. Mix five (5) tbsp fish amino acid (FAA) in 16 liters tank load water. Spray late in the afternoon for sucking insects (thrips and mites). Use blue sticky trap for the control of thrips

Harvesting Harvest bulbs at 110 to 120 DAP or when the leaves turn yellow then dry up or softening of the neck or stem just above the bulb. Harvest by uprooting the matured plants

Drying Sundry the harvested bulbs for 7-10 days by covering each layer of bulbs within the succeeding upper layer of bulbs to avoid sun scalding. Bundle and hang under the shade until fully dried

Cleaning Clean the outermost bulb covering and trim the roots using a curve bladed shear

Storing Spread crushed lagundi leaves in between and on top of the piled garlic bulbs when storing.

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Garlic By-Products Processing Processed products development. The development of garlic by-products involved many experimental trials. Bulb size dictated product development. Extra large and large bulbs are appropriate for garlic flakes and chips while smaller bulbs are good for garlic powder and pickles. Garlic powder or flakes are used to provide flavor to other food products like polvoron and miki noodles. Acceptability. A survey on the preferred products through random sampling of consumers showed that the most preferred products were garlic-flavored miki noodles, garlic pickles, flakes, chips and polvoron in descending order. Product safety. The preference survey served as a basis in selecting products for proximate analysis at DOST. To date, the said five (5) products were analyzed and provided with Nutrition Facts for commercialization. Packaging and labeling. Packaging materials and labels are important component of a marketable product. The DOST assisted in developing the appropriate product labels. Packaging material for miki noodles is now available. The Association sought the assistance of DTI in the labeling of other products such as pickles, chips, flakes and polvoron.

The identity of a product is one factor considered by consumers. Durability tests and presentation of packaging materials and labeling followed the standards set by DTI and the packing size suited the consumers’ demand. Demand of any product is also dependent on its nutritional analysis. Hence, samples of pickles, chips, flakes, polvoron and garlic-miki noodles were sent at the DOST testing laboratory for nutrient analysis.

Technology Promotion and Knowledge Management

Field days at the demonstration and pilot testing farms served as a venue to inform the results of the demonstrated/piloted technologies; likewise, an opportunity for farmers to give their feedback and compare results with other farmers’ practice, and finally disseminate the information to other garlic farmers and stakeholders.

Development, production and distribution of information materials on garlic production and processing technologies like leaflets and primers for stakeholders supported technology promotion.

Technology promotion forum among farmers, provincial and municipal LGUs, traders, processors, researchers, extensionists, and policy makers provided a venue to create awareness on the present needs of the industry for development. The activity linked the garlic growers’ association to other government agencies, and the Agribusiness and Marketing Assistance Services (AMAS), and Agricultural Credit and Policy Council (ACPC) of the DA.

The association actively promoted their processed products in product exhibition or annual Agri-Trade fairs conducted by the Provincial Government of Ilocos Norte, Mariano Marcos State University (MMSU), LGU-San Nicolas and Vintar, Ilocos Norte, DTI, and the Cooperative Development Administration (CDA) in Ilocos Norte, and national trade exhibit at DA central office. The DA-RFU ILIARC also promoted the products during DA-BAR’s yearly product exhibition at SM Mega Mall.

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Garlic Farmers’ Association Capability Building

Farmers Field School (FFS) served as a season-long learning venue for the Ilocos Garlic Growers and Processors Association members on yield increasing, environment-friendly, and cost-reducing garlic production technologies with complementation of cross-visits to other farmers’ garlic farms.

Hands-on trainings provided the farmers garlic production updates and value-adding strategies. In collaboration with DTI, the project enhanced the entrepreneurial knowledge and skills of the Association of Garlic Growers and Processors of Ilocos Norte (AGGPIN), composed of five (5) farmers’ and processors’ associations, through simulated enterprise development activities, enterprise bookkeeping and recording, and farm business management. Market linkage, through the DA-AMAD, linked garlic farmers to processors, consumers, and prospective marketing outlets like supermarkets, grocery stores, and large-scale food processors like Mama Sita and others.

Monitoring, Documentation and Evaluation

Project monitoring activities closely assessed the progress of the project, and documented all the activities, problems, and issues/concerns. The conduct of quarterly evaluation provided venue to be updated with the issues, concerns and problems met during the project implementation. The LGUs, association members, and farmer-partners actively participated in the monitoring and evaluation activities.


Productivity of the Enhanced Garlic Production Technology Productivity, as to garlic yield per hectare measured the performance of the

enhanced garlic package of technology within the pilot areas, compared with other garlic growers, in regional and national yield for the last four years. Garlic yield within the project sites across years was consistently high. The 3

rd year of implementation had the highest

yield performance (4.28 t/ha), while the lowest was in the 4th year at 3.17 t/ha (Table 2).

However, within the project sites, pilot farms consistently obtained higher yield level than the comparative farms across years (Table 2a). The highest yield differences were on the 1

st and 3

rd years, at 45.52% and 31.82%, respectively. The 2

nd and 4

th years

showed the pilot farms to have a tight margin of difference, 4.45% and 6.48 %, respectively with the comparative farms. Yield performance of the pilot farms for the past four years showed an average of 21.18% margin of difference vis-à-vis comparative farms. This indicates the technical feasibility of the enhanced garlic package of technology as to its effect in increasing garlic yield. Garlic yield performance in the project site vis-à-vis the regional and national yield level consistently showed better performance except in CY 2011-2012 where national yield was higher by only 1% or 30 kg per hectare. Yet the average 4-year project yield level was still higher than the regional and national yield level, at 1.15 and 0.91 tons/ha, respectively (Table 2b).

Figure 2 clearly shows the better yield performance of the techno demo farms and the pilot farms compared with farmers’ practice and comparative farms, respectively. The performance of the garlic demo farm implies that full adoption of the Garlic Package of Technology (GPOT) results for sustained higher yield.

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YEAR Pilot Garlic Farms Yield/ha (ton) Difference by year (kgs) Difference (-/+)

2008-09 4.272 2009-10 4.152 -0.120 -2.81 2010-11 4.284 0.132 3.18 2011-12 3.173 -1.111 -26.55 Mean 3.970

YEAR YIELD/HA (ton) DIFFERENCE

Pilot farms Comparative Farms ton %

2008-09 4.272 2.900 1.372 45.52

2009-10 4.152 3.975 0.177 4.45

2010-11 4.284 3.250 1.034 31.82

2011-12 3.173 2.980 0.193 6.48

Mean 3.970 3.276 0.694 21.18

Table 2a. Comparative garlic yield from the project pilot areas vis-à-vis comparative farms within the four municipalities covered and comparative farmers within the sites, CY 2008-2012.

Table 2. Comparative yield performance within the pilot garlic farms, CY 2008-2012.

However, climatic factors like rainfall and temperature from 2008 to 2012 may explain the fluctuating yield performance in the pilot garlic areas and comparative farms over time especially CY 2009-2010 and CY 2011-2012 (Figures 3, 4 & 5). The growth period of garlic is centered on the cool season but their life cycle, particularly from late planting, may be extended to the period when high temperature and heavy rainfall prevail which exert unfavorable effects on the growth and development. Erratic rainfall and prevailing high temperatures during rainy season inhibit rainfed garlic production and limit bulb yield. Economic viability of the Enhanced Garlic Production Technology

The comparative cost and return analysis of the demonstration farm and farmers’ practice in Table 3 shows that the enhanced garlic technology was more economically viable with an ROI of 175 % or 49.64% higher than the ROI from the farmers’ practice (117%).

Between the pilot farms and the comparative farms, the pilot farms had higher gross income, lower cost of production, higher net income, and higher return on investment (Table 3a) which indicates economic viability of the technology (Figure 6). Social acceptability of the Enhanced Garlic Production Technology

Participation of stakeholders. During the first year of implementation, the technology was piloted in Pasuquin and Vintar, Ilocos Norte. The farmers in Pasuquin organized themselves into Pasuquin Farmers Garlic and Onion Growers Association and registered it to DOLE with initial participation of eight barangays. In Vintar, Ilocos Norte, the farmers grouped themselves and named their association as MCM Garlic Growers Association with one barangay covered.

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http://www.scialert.net/asci/result.php?searchin=Keywords&cat=&ascicat=ALL&Submit=Search&keyword=high+temperature


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Particulars Demo Farm Comparative Farms Difference (%)

Yield (kg/ha) 4340 3160 37.34

Price per kg (PhP) 60.00 60.00 Gross Income (PhP) 260,400 189,600 37.34 Total Variable Costs (PhP) 87,765 80,460 9.08 Fixed Cost (PhP) 6,979 6,979 0 Total Cost (PhP) 94,744 87,439 8.35 Net Income (PhP) RAVC

165,656 172,635

102,161 109,140

62.15 63,495

ROI (%) 175 117 58 Breakeven Price (BEP) 21.83 27.67 -5.84 Break even Yield (BEY) 1579.06 1457.31 8.35

Particulars Pilot Farms Comparative Farms % Difference

Yield (kg/ha) 3970 3276 21.18

Price per kg (PhP) 65 65 0

Gross Income (PhP) 258,050 212,940 21.18

TVC (PhP) 82,184 83,299 -1.34

Fixed Cost (PhP) 6,979 6,979 0

Total Cost (PhP) 89,163 90,278 -1.24

Net Income (PhP) 168,887 122,662 37.68

RAVC (PhP) 175,866 129,641 35.66

ROI (%) 189 136 38.97

BEP (PhP) 22.45 27.55 -18.51

BEY (kg/ha) 1,371.74 1,388.89 -1.23

Table 3a. Cost and return analysis of the pilot areas vis a vis the farmers’ practice.

Table 3. Cost and return analysis of the demo farm for the enhanced garlic POT in comparison with the farmer’s practice, DA-ISS 2 City of Batac, CY 2008-

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During the 2nd

year, more farmers joined the project in Pasuquin and Vintar with three barangays added. It also expanded in six barangays in San Nicolas, Ilocos Norte. The farmers grouped themselves as the San Nicolas Bawang Association. In Pinili, Ilocos Norte, 11 barangays joined the project, however, during the 4

th year, Pinili

association dropped from the project due to their inability to register to DOLE, which is a requirement of the AGGPIN.

Initially, the project worked with 130 farmer-partners with garlic area of 58 hectares. In the 2

nd year of implementation, a total of 219 farmers and 44.37 hectares

were added to the project. With the increase in barangays covered, the project added 99 farmers to the list of farmer-partners during the 3

rd year of implementation. It was also

during this year that the AGGPIN was organized. After four years, the project coverage, partners, and area planted increased to 44 barangays in Pasuquin, Vintar, San Nicolas and Pinili; 958 farmer-partners; and 279.51 hectares (Table 4).

Rate of project participation and area planted to garlic. Farmers’ participation in the project and the area planted to garlic increased from year 1 to year 4. The average area committed by farmer to garlic per year started from almost 5000 m

2 but declined to

about 3000 m2 as the number of farmer participants inversely increased. The data

indicates the escalating farmers’ interest of the benefits in using the enhanced technology though it also reflects the capacity of the farmer to commit the average landholding in the sites (Table 4a).

Environmental safety

The project encouraged the farmers to use environment-friendly technologies for integrated pest management and/or indigenous practices found effective in controlling pests without deleterious effect to the soil, the crop, the farmers, and the consumers. The introduction of IPM practices in the FFS encouraged the farmers to practice them because they saw the immediate and consequential effects as they learned by doing. Twenty four garlic farmer leaders from the original four associations joined the FFS conducted at the experimental farm of DA-ISS2, City of Batac, Ilocos Norte. In CY 2010-2011, 108 farmers in Pasuquin, Vintar and San Nicolas, Ilocos Norte underwent FFS. The IPM-FFS generated the development of environmental friendly pest control system for garlic. This component of the project is a hands-on training for the farmers to observe the harmful effects of pesticides, and decision making on how to handle situations in the farm especially the management of pests.

Profitability of the processed products.

Among the processed products developed, five of them were the most saleable. Garlic chips gave the highest ROI of 54% followed closely by garlic flakes (48%) and polvoron (46%). This showed that garlic processing has a big potential for increasing the value of the crop when prices of the raw garlic go down. Processing a kilo of fresh garlic into flakes, garlic-flavored miki noodles, chips, pickles and garlic-flavored polvoron gave a corresponding increase in peso value by 62.21, 36.80, 87.85, 59, and 59.25, respectively. The garlic-enriched miki noodles gave the highest value added at Php87.85/kg raw garlic (Table 5).

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NAME OF ASSOCIATION/

LOCATION

NO. OF FARMERS AREA (Ha)

YR 1* YR 2 YR 3 YR4 YR 1 YR2 YR 3 YR4

MCM Garlic Growers Association (Vintar, I. N.)

Manarang 24 39 77 115 8.0 9.25 10 10.58

Marabanos/Cabisukolan/Malampa 35 44 53 - 4.65 9 12

Vintar Garlic Growers Association, 9 barangays

98 48.75

Pasuquin Farmers Garlic and Onion Growers Association

San Juan 40 45 50 130 18 20 21 45.05 Dadaeman/ Darupidip 15 20 25 32 9 10.25 13 15

Caruan/Sulongan 8 10 11 13 4 4.60 5 6

Ngabangab 11 15 21 25 8 8.75 11 11.8

San Isidro 12 20 25 32 4 5 7.25 10

Binsang 20 50 80 107 7 12.25 17.9 20.25

Naglicuan 49 11.55

Binsang 75 26.1

Sulvec 15 6

Poblacion #2 81 21.35

Surong 57 18.83

San Nicolas Bawang Association

San Lorenzo 25 25 25 5.85 5.85 5.85

Payas 15 15 15 3.75 3.75 3.75

San Agustin 10 10 10 1.55 1.55 1.55

San Baltazar 1 1 1 - - -

San Pablo 10 10 10 1.85 1.85 1.85

Barabar 14 14 14 3 3 3

Pinili Garlic Growers Association (Not yet officially registered)

Capangdanan 5 5 1.125 1.13 Badio 10 10 2.475 2.48

Pagdilao 7 7 2.625 2.63

Aglipay 5 5 1.25 1.25

Puritac 2 2 0.65 0.65

Puzol 1 1 0.125 0.13

Barbar 2 2 1.10 1.10

Valbuena 2 2 0.27 0.27

Salanap 4 4 0.5 0.5

Cabaroan 1 1 1 1

Darat 1 1 0.5 0.5

TOTAL 130 349 448 958 58 102.4 121.8 279.5

Table 4. Number of farmer beneficiaries and area covered by the project, 2008-2012.

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Table 4a. Rate of increase of farmers’ participation and area planted to garlic as pilot area, 2008-2012.

% Increase Area % Increase No. of Farm-ers from Yr 1 By Year (has.) from Yr 1 By Year

Year 1 130 58 Mean .45

Year 2 349 168 168 102.37 77 77 Mean .29

Year 3 448 245 28 121.7 110 41 Mean .27

Year 4 958 637 114 279.5 382 130 Mean .29

Particulars

Flakes (200 kg garlic/ day)

Garlic-Miki Noodles (25

kg flour/ day)

Chips (20 kg garlic/ day)

Pickles (3 kg

garlic/ day)

Polvoron(8 kg raw

mat /day)

Production (# packs) 482 50 90 21 60 Price per pack(Php) 80 50 60 50 25

Gross Income(Php) 38,560 2,500 5,400 1,050 1,500

TVC (Php) 26,061 1,595 3,640 871 1,025

Fixed Cost(Php) 56.28 2.7 2.0 2 1.0

Total Cost (Php) 26,117 1,598 3,642 873 1,026

Net Income (Php) 12,442 902 1,757 177 474

RAVC (Php) 12,498 905 1,759 179 475

ROI (%) 48 56 48 20 46

BEP (Php) 54 32 42 42 17

BEY (# packs) 327 32 61 18 41

Added Net income/kg (Php)

62.21 36.80 87.85 59 59.25

Table 5. Cost and return analysis of garlic by-products.

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Marketing linkages for garlic and its by-products products

Product promotion. Processed products were promoted through the active participation of the association to Annual Agri-Trade Fairs conducted by the Provincial Government of Ilocos Norte, Mariano Marcos State University, LGU - San Nicolas and Vintar, Ilocos Norte, DTI, and the Cooperative Development Administration (CDA) in Ilocos Norte. Product consumers include other government agencies and institutions, school canteens, and cooperatives.

Market links/marketing. With the assistance of the DA-AMAD of Region I, the AGGPIN shipped two tons in its first garlic trading transaction in 2012 and gained a profit of PhP90,000 (Table 6). The AGGPIN is actively seeking for other business partners in the garlic industry and financing institutions to assist them. Capability building activities for the Garlic Farmers The FFS is the most appropriate learning center for the farmers to be able to observe, apply practical knowledge, and make conclusions. The project provided them with the skills and knowledge to make decisions especially in managing pests in their farms by using environment-friendly and user-friendly practices. Thirty representatives of the farmers’ organizations participated in the enterprise development training. Farmers’ management skills intensified through the conduct of simulated enterprise development such as the Business Expertise Saving Training (BEST GAME) a simulated situation of farm business management, and simple and practical bookkeeping and business recording. A garlic technology forum was an offshoot of the consultative dialogue made between the DA-BAR, DA-ILIARC and farmer-partners. Attendance totaled to 285 extension workers, traders, processors, researchers, farmers and policy makers. The activity was done in coordination with other government agencies and the Agribusiness and Marketing Assistance Services (AMAS) and Agricultural Credit and Policy Council (ACPC) of the Department of Agriculture. Attended by no less than the Governor of Ilocos Norte Hon. Imee R. Marcos. The forum included lectures, testimonies of farmer-partners and contests. Lectures included: enhanced garlic production technology; organic fertilizer production; garlic post-harvest technologies; good manufacturing practices and bar coding; financing opportunities for entrepreneur farmers’ organization; and marketing opportunities of garlic. IEC materials complemented the technology forum activities.

Debit Credit Net Profit

2000 kgs garlic @ PhP65.00/kg 130,000

Labor for clove separation (PhP) 12,000

Transportation Cost (PhP) 7,000

Miscellaneous (PhP) 1,000

Sale of garlic @ PhP 120.00/kg 240,000

TOTAL (PhP) 240,000 150,000 90,000

Table 6. Simple cost and return analysis of the transaction of the AGGPIN on garlic trading, 2012.

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Farmers gave testimonies on the benefits gained in garlic production by using organic fertilizer, GA3, non-chemical pesticides, botanicals, and garlic processing. Contests included the following: classification and bundling of garlic; braiding; Pinaka “bawang”; best garlic recipe, and best booth. The activities empowered the farmers with the appropriate production technologies and encouraged other garlic growers with the testimonies of the farmer-partners (Table 7).

AGGPIN’s Registration. One means of empowering the garlic growers association is making them a legal entity to do agricultural business through their registration at the DTI with TIN No. 409093218.

Political Acceptability Political support is a necessary component of any agricultural development

program. This became one of the moving forces to push the garlic project in achieving the objectives. As partners of the Garlic Technology Commercialization Project, the Local Government Units of Ilocos Norte, particularly Pasuquin, Vintar, San Nicolas and Pinili provided counterparts through technical support from Agricultural Technologists in the pilot areas. The Municipal Agriculture office led in the organization of the Farmers Associations while the Provincial Agriculture Office federated the garlic growers associations in Ilocos Norte that is now the AGGPIN.

The provincial government of Ilocos Norte provided PhP 1M soft loan to the AGGPIN as capital on garlic trading. The LGUs supported the farmers by providing vehicles during trainings, Technology Forum and logistics such as capital in processing. Upon registration of the AGGPIN to the DOLE, the agency provided equipment needed in their processing business.

Other benefits derived and potential contribution of the

garlic technology commercialization

At the farmers’ level, farmers’ testimonies showed that the income derived from the project helped them send their children to college, buy a piece of land, buy farm implements, or improve their houses.

As of this date, not only members of the Associations were adopting the technology but also other non-members. Moreover, farmers from other provinces signified their interest on the technology through letters and text messages. The government invested PhP 3M to this research and development project for a 4-year period and the project outputs brought considerable economic contribution to the garlic industry amounting to PhP197M.

Table 7. Project-related trainings conducted for the stakeholders, 2008-2010.

CAPABILITY-BUILDING ACTIVITIES

Beneficiaries/ Adopters/Year

Sponsor/Collaborating Agency

2008 2009 2010 2011

Integrated Pest Management – Farmers Field School

24 - 108 - ATI, LGU, BPI, Phil Rice

Farmers retooling & updates on Garlic Production

- - - 120 LGU Pasuquin, IN LGU Vintar, IN

Garlic Value- Adding - 25 - - MMSU, DOST, DTI

Rural-based Enterprise Devt. - 30 - - DTI

Technology forum 285 LGUs, NGOs

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At the regional and national scenario, the commercialized garlic production technology could improve the productivity of 2,516 hectares planted to garlic in Region 1 or 3,317 hectares nationwide. It could help 8,397 and 11,858 garlic growers in Region 1 and Philippines, respectively. The increase in yield could give individual farmers an added 39% return on investment. The increase in yield could also add 2,292 metric tons (32%) and 3021 metric tons (30%) to the total volume of garlic production in Region 1 and the Philippines, respectively. The value of the added yield in Region 1 and the Philippines could contribute PhP 130M and PhP169M to the regional and national economy, respectively (Table 8). The value adding of garlic through trading and processing could be one of the safety nets of the farmers through the farmers’ federation especially when price of garlic becomes unstable.

Table 8. Total project cost vis-à-vis value of project's output as to garlic yield, 2008-2011.

Project Year

Total project's garlic production (MT)

Value of project's garlic production (Php)

Total Project Cost (Php)

2008 248 13,126,577 2009 425 32,542,114 2010 522 39,113,468 2011 1,110 112,281,942

TOTAL 2,304 197,064,101 3,000,00


Conclusions

The project empowered the farmers by providing them support services to garlic technology commercialization. These support include: Pilot testing of enhanced garlic production technology; technology promotion and knowledge management (product development; provision of laboratory, processing equipment, and IEC materials; conduct of techno demo, field days, technology forum and promotions); capability building (conduct of refresher course/retooling of farmers on enhanced production technology, integrated pest management – Farmers’ Field School (IPM-FFS), value-adding through garlic processing and trading, and use of Good Manufacturing Practices; rural-based enterprise development through credit, marketing linkage/assistance, and garlic processing/trading.

The project empowered the farmers by increasing their garlic productivity and profitability; developing profitable and marketable garlic processed by-products while establishing market linkages for garlic and its by-products; federating/organizing, training, and improving their capability as agri-entrepreneurs for garlic and its by-products.

The garlic commercialization strategy nurtured the seed of empowerment for farmers to germinate and grow, though slowly but at a steady pace. This strategy needs to be promoted and used by other agri-stakeholders not just for garlic but also for other high value commercial crops. It took a positive culture of participation, commitment, patience, risk taking, and mutual trust of the participants to this project to have reached this level of performance: a significant contribution to the development of the regional and national garlic industry.

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Recommendations

The following are recommended to sustain the growth of the industry and the farmers a) continued monitoring and evaluation of the association; b) continued support of the association as an organized garlic entrepreneur through credit, marketing and trading assistance; c) provision of statistical information on garlic industry, and technology updates to guide the garlic growers; d) build, operate and transfer the maintenance and operation of the Food Processing Center at the INPC-DA, City of Batac, Ilocos Norte to the association of garlic growers and processors; d) assistance in the expansion of the operation and coverage of the association in Ilocos Norte and Ilocos Sur by federating all garlic growers; e) provision of a centralized state of the art post-harvest facility to the association; and f) aggressive promotion of the garlic production and processing technologies to other garlic growers in the country.

REFERENCES

Cruz, Luciana T. (2012). Garlic industry analysis in Region 1. A report submitted to DA-RFU 1.

Castaneda, W. P. (1996). Gibberellic acid (GA3) on garlic production in http://

scinet.dost.gov.ph/union/ShowSearchResult.php?s=2&f=&p=&x=&page=&sid= 1&id=Gibberellic+acid+%28GA3%29+on+garlic+production.&Mtype= REPORTS

http://www.pakbs.org/pjbot/PDFs/43%284%29/PJB43%284%292051.pdf http://scialert.net/abstract/?doi=ajps.2004.344.352

http://www.actahort.org/books/358/358_61.htm

http://www.fspublishers.org/ijab/past-issues/IJABVOL_8_NO_1/15.pdf

http://www.diis.dk/ graphics/events/2004/ farmerempowermentvol1final.pdf

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http://scinet.dost.gov.ph/union/ShowSearchResult.php?s=2&f=&p=&x=&page=&sid=1&id=Gibberellic+acid+%28GA3%29+on+garlic+production.&Mtype=REPORTS




http://www.pakbs.org/pjbot/PDFs/43%284%29/PJB43%284%292051.pdf

http://scialert.net/abstract/?doi=ajps.2004.344.352

http://www.actahort.org/books/358/358_61.htm

http://www.fspublishers.org/ijab/past-issues/IJABVOL_8_NO_1/15.pdf

http://www.diis.dk/%20graphics/events/2004/%20farmerempowermentvol1final.pdf


EFFECTIVENESS OF COMMUNITY-BASED PARTICIPATORY ACTION RESEARCH (CPAR) MODEL IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF FARMERS

IN TWO AGRICULTURAL COMMUNITIES OF STO. DOMINGO, ILOCOS SUR

Melinda G. Calumpit, Luciana T. Cruz, Mark Ariel Agresor, Mary Ruth O. Menor, Larina G. Zabala, Romeo Tambua,

Leonardo U. Balbalec, Consuelo N. Belarmino, Juanita Tacbas, Eulalia Ramos, and Mamerto Tacbas

Department of Agriculture-Regional Field Unit 1

ABSTRACT

The CPAR project implemented in Borobor and Lussoc, Sto. Domingo, Ilocos Sur for four years, have showcased an appropriate farming system on rice-corn-corn+goat. Twenty-one farmers committed their farms as technology demonstration sites to highlight yield and profit enhancing technologies. This is a collaborative project among the national government agencies, local government, and farmer-partners. Technologies introduced included Integrated Nutrient Management, Integrated Pest Management and waste management utilization for crops, and improved housing, stock upgrading, feeds and feeding, health management, and waste management utilization for livestock.

The CPAR model has proven effective in the development of two agricultural communities. The integration of rice-corn-corn + goat contributed to the improvement of the farming system by increasing rice, corn and goat productivity and profitability. The introduction of additional crop increased farm utilization and income, provided opportunities for building farmers’ knowledge, farming skills, and decision-making skills; and linked with external institutions, financial facility, and value-adding.

The CPAR proved effective as farmers within and from other barangays adopted the technologies promoted. It paved the way for the upscaling the project in four more barangays in the municipality with funding from DA-BAR, and support from LGU and barangay governance. After four (4) years, the CPAR showed potential for sustainability.

INTRODUCTION

The role of technology in the development of agriculture and fisheries is quite explicit in the Agriculture and Fisheries Modernization Act (AFMA). The law stipulates that it is through the development of model farm that the different socio-technical processes involved are demonstrated and institutionalized. The successful implementation of the model farm would rest squarely on R & D. To design and implement an integrated production management systems in the community, the Bureau of Agricultural Research instituted an innovative approach to RDE called Community Participatory Action Research (CPAR). With this approach, BAR enjoins the active participation of the community to sensitize in them the value of information-based decision-making.

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The participatory nature of CPAR intends to give attention to a holistic orientation in the overall management of production. These include farming systems development, resource management orientation, community-based, whole farm and family, systems approach, complementation, and integration. These processes instituted through a farm model framework focused on community-based resource management systems (CPAR Manual).

The conduct of Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA) in the selected communities is a critical step to understand farmers’ needs. The huge variation in resources, opportunities, and constraints in farm households indicate that no single technology is appropriate for all farmers; and that farmers seldom adopt fully developed technologies, rather they look for “ingredients” or “building blocks”, which they can put together, to fit their particular needs. They adapt rather than adopt technologies (Horne and Stur 2003).

Farmers in these CPAR sites generally practice integrated rice-corn, vegetables + native goats, cattle, and carabao farming system. However, increase in productivity and income is wanting in the two barangays. Limited capital is the main problem compounded with high cost of farm inputs, limited irrigation facilities and marketing, and inadequate knowledge on new technologies resulting to low productivity and consequently low income. Likewise, low adoption of the improved technology contributed to low productivity.

With this, DA-BAR project thru DA-ILIARC, and in collaboration with the LGUs, and farmers’ group implemented CPAR, a location-specific research cum-extension strategy that deals with improved farming system technologies for specific micro agro-climatic environment. It demonstrates the application of improved packages of technology in smallholder farms that effectively enhance the production performance and thus, increase profitability of crop and livestock/animal production in smallholder farms.

OBJECTIVES

The project aimed to determine the effectiveness of CPAR in developing selected farming communities in Sto. Domingo, Ilocos Sur as to: a) improving crop and livestock productivity; b) increasing farming system profitability; c) enhancing farmers’ capability; and d) assessing its potential for sustainability.

PROJECT FRAMEWORK

Figure 1 shows CPAR as one strategy for rural development. Through a participatory nature of analyzing the existing resources, conditions, corresponding problems and its causes, it resulted to the development of an appropriate and acceptable farming system in the selected communities. The success of the CPAR led to a wider perspective by which more farmers were motivated to adapt and adopt the system leading to upscaling or radiation effect. Over a period of four years, upon determining system’s technical feasibility, economic feasibility, social acceptability, sustainability, and environment friendliness, the system moved forward to commercialization of the technologies implemented. This was an impetus or moving force towards empowerment of the farmers. To make the CPAR strategy appropriately used, Figure 2 indicates the project conceptual framework using the Context, Input, Process, Output (CIPO) model as means to achieve its goals and objectives.

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Figure 1. The CPAR as a rural development strategy of DA-BAR in the agricultural communities in the Philippines.

Figure 2. CPAR project model in Sto. Domingo, Ilocos Sur.

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Participatory analysis of the context or the focus of the project (the sites, the participants, and implementers) led to the development and planning of an appropriate input, the CPAR integrated farming system.

The process contains means to implement the CPAR from answering basic problem of capitalization, to showcase the farming system while enhancing farmers technical and decision-making capabilities and providing them with market linkages. Monitoring and evaluation was also contributing in ensuring immediate planning and application of solutions. After implementing the project for a period of three years it was envisioned that farming becomes productive, profitable, and adoptable. Thus, over a period of time, the project becomes sustainable because it is technically and economically feasible, environmentally safe, socially and politically acceptable.

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE Development-oriented research has development as its primary aim, thus, should

be judged by its impact on the livelihood of people rather than by intermediate outputs such as successful solution of a research problem or wide scale adoption of a research-generated innovation. While it analyzes the developmental problems and opportunities of people and their environment, it takes a systems perspective in order to account for the influences and impacts. When research serves development, it examines farming problems from the farmer’s point of view, understands his motivations, constraints and strategies, and his being an economic actor who considers the costs, benefits and risks of his actions (Mettrick, 1993). Given that perspective, it is much easier for a technology to be adopted and sustained in the farmers’ farming systems.

Farming system approach addresses itself to each of the farmer enterprises, inter relationship among enterprises and between the farm and environment. Thus farming system research has the objective of increasing productivity of various enterprises in the farm. It introduces a change in farming technique for high production from a farm, as a whole, with the integration of all the enterprises. The farm produce other than the economic products for which the crop is grown can be better utilized for productive purposes in the farming system approach. A judicious mix of cropping system with associated enterprises like dairy, poultry, piggery, fishery, sericulture etc. suited to the given agro-climatic conditions and socio economic status of farmers would bring prosperity to the farmer (http://agriinfo.in/default.aspx?page=topic&superid= 1&topicid=643).

An integrated farming system consists of a range of resource-saving practices that aims to achieve acceptable profits and high and sustained production levels, while minimizing the negative effects of intensive farming and preserving the environment (http://www.ifad.org/lrkm/ factsheet/integratedcrop.pdf).

Management of corn after corn should be chosen well. Fields should have good drainage, medium-textured soils with ample water holding capacity, and adequate P and K levels. Same level of nitrogen fertilizer in the succeeding season of corn after corn system does not really bring any additional yield unless increase N rates by 40 kg to 50 kg N/ha. A combination of N during basal and side dress applications may help limit effects of N losses due to leaching (http://www.agribusinessweek.com/best-management-practices-for-corn-after-corn-production/).

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http://agriinfo.in/default.aspx?page=topic&superid=1&topicid=643


http://www.ifad.org/lrkm/%20factsheet/%20integratedcrop.pdf

http://www.agribusinessweek.com/best-management-practices-for-corn-after-corn-production/



Figure 3. Project location of CPAR Project

METHODOLOGY

The project followed the methodologies stipulated in the guidelines of CPAR implementation of DA-BAR.

Pre Implementation Selection and validation of project sites. The project sites were selected and validated in close coordination with the local government unit of Sto.Domingo, Ilocos Sur (Figure 3) using pre-determined criteria in the CPAR guidelines. These include: 1) the target site cover at least two contiguous and homogenous barangays; 2) the farming system is representative of the existing agricultural system in the municipality. Furthermore, there is presence of: 3) active cooperative; 4.) supportive LGU; 5) accessibility and availability of logistics and technical support; 6) readiness of the farmers to participate in the R & D activities; and 7) potential for development/expansion. Two adjacent barangays, Lussoc and Borobor, were validated using the above criteria and the cooperative evaluated assessing the Audited Financial Report for three years. Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA). The conduct of PRA became the foundation in the preparation of the CPAR project proposal. The stakeholders participated to: a) describe and evaluate the bio-physical and socio-economic characteristics of the area; b) identify constraints in the existing production systems; and c) identify the research gaps and decide on possible interventions to improve the existing farming system. Plates 1 and 2 show the manner of analyzing the situation of the two barangays.

The PRA results served as basis in the development of interventions in the project and identification of problems, need assessment, and project planning.

Selection of farmer-partners. To become project cooperator, a farmer must possess the following criteria. 1) willing to showcase the introduced farming system; 2) farmer-tiller; 3) member of the farmers’ organization; 3) has good credit standing; 4) willing to participate in all project activities 5) can provide labor equity; and 6) commit an area of at least 0.5 hectare. CPAR Action Planning. The PRA team from DA-ILIARC, LGU partners and the farmer-representatives conducted an on-site action planning. The PRA results became the reference in the preparation of CPAR action plan.

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Plate 1. Conduct of PRA activities with the farmers, women, youth, barangay and municipal officials using PRA tools.

Plate 2. PRA tools: institutional diagram; Village transect map Seasonal calendar and Problem-causes-solution analysis.

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Plate 3. Action Planning

Table 1 shows the specific technology interventions in the planned farming systems for piloting, that is integrated rice-corn-corn + goat system.

Project Implementation Agreements/Arrangements. The executives of the DA-RFU I, PLGU-Ilocos Sur,

LGU-Sto. Domingo, and the chairman of the farmers’ organization signed a Memorandum of Agreement (MOA) to served as an implementing contract stipulating the roles and responsibilities of the concerned parties. The agreement called for a) joint efforts towards the improvement of farming system; b) collaboration in capability building; and c) resource sharing as to capital, manpower, and expertise in ensuring the success of project.

Capacity building. Trainings in the CPAR sites were conducted to showcase technology updates on rice, corn and goat production, composting, record keeping, entrepreneurial management, earwig production, and vermin composting. These trainings enhanced farmer’s skills and updated them with the improved crop and animal production systems.

Establishment of CPAR demo farms. The CPAR demo farms showcased the rice-corn-corn+goat farming system using matured technology interventions.

Monitoring, data collection, documentation and evaluation. Monthly project monitoring assessed the progress of the project by documenting all project activities, and recording issues/ concerns in the course of project implementation. Evaluation addressed the issues, concerns and problems during the project implementation and done by the CPAR-ILIARC and the BAR team. Data collected were on baseline information before project implementation from the farmer-cooperators, crop production and cost data, and updated inventory on goat from CPAR cooperators, technology adopters and adjacent farmers per crop, and per cropping season.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Farm Productivity of CPAR Area

Rice. Average crop yield (t/ha) and percent (%) change of CPAR farms in four years of implementation compared to the benchmark and from the adjacent farms are

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Farmers’ Practices before CPAR

Practices During CPAR Project

Pilot farms Comparative

farms

Rice

Integrated Nutrient Management (INM)

Basal 2 bags/ha complete & 2 bags/ha Urea

Sidedress 2 bags/ha Urea

Hybrid 10 bags/ha organic, 2 bags/ha 46-

0-0, 4 bags/ha 14-14-14 as basal and 2bags 46-0-0 as topdress

Inbred 10 bags/ha organic, 2 bags/ha 46-

0-0, 3 bags/ha 14-14-14 as basal and 3 bags 46-0-0 as topdress

Basal- 4.5 bags complete fertilizer and sidedress 6 bags urea

Integrated Pest Management

Spraying of insecticides (azudrin, polidol, thiodan) 4x application

Used of light trap - 1 unit per barangay

Chemical spraying

Crop residue utilization

Limited use

Burning of rice straw Use as animal feed

rice straw, goat manure and forage trees (madre de cacao & ipil-ipil) decomposed using EMAS as compost activator

produced/used as organic fertilizer

Used as feed for animals


Corn

Integrated Nutrient Management (INM)

4-5bags/ha Urea or 6 bags/ha ammonium

Basal 10 bags/ha organic

3 bags/ha 46-0-0 6 bags/ha 14-14-14 Sidedress

4 bagsUrea

Basal- 5 bags complete fertilizer and sidedress 8 bags urea

Integrated Pest Management (IPM)

Spraying of insecticides Sprayer:1 unit per barangay

Released earwigs at whorl stage; 70/ha Tricho cards at 50 DAP

Chemical spraying

Table 1. Farmers’ practices before CPAR and technologies demonstrated for the CPAR on Integrated rice-corn-corn+goat farming system, Sto. Domingo, Ilocos Sur. CY 2008-2012.

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Crop Residue Utilization

Limited use

Corn detop as feed for animals

Burning of corn stalks

Corn detop used as feed for animals

Corn stalks plowed-under during land preparation (to be utilized during wet season)

Corn stalks chopped & decomposed using EMAS


Goat Production

Goat Housing

No housing; under the tree; with shed, but not elevated

Elevated, slatted floors; bamboo & locally available materials with fencing, feeding trough, waterer

Upgrading

Native bucks Awarded 4 Anglo -Nubian and 2 Boer bucks F2 with 75:25 bloodline

F1 Saanen (from Jack) c/o A. Pula

F1 Condor c/o Venancio Tabula

Feeds and feeding mgt

Early tethering around 7:00 AM

Forage garden with minimum of 200 m2 per farmer or Napier planted along dikes and borders, marginal areas and in bunds

Cut & carry method during rainy season

Rice & corn residues as feed

Heath management

No health management employed

Late grazing and late tethering at 9-10 AM

Administered ADE, Antibiotics 2A, B- Complex, Iron for suckling &lactating does, and Albendazole every 2 months or as need arises

Collection of blood samples for CAE test; fecalysis before onset and peak of rainy season as basis for deworming

Waste management

Directly applied in the field

Goat manure for compost production

Table 1. Continuation...

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shown in Figures 4 and 5. Rice yield during the 1st year was relatively low which

decreased by 5.18% from the benchmark due to typhoon. The piled palay ready for threshing was submerged in water for three days, hence, palay seeds germinated and consequently damaged by molds. Yield increased by 34.15 and 39.94 percent for the 2

nd and 3

rd year, respectively

from the benchmark yield. The project met the objective of increasing yield by 20% through the introduction of enhanced technologies for rice.

Corn. Corn yield of farmer-cooperators on the 1st cropping increased significantly

by 30.93% and 58.6%, for years 1 and 2, but slightly decreased to 56.5% and 53.9% for years 3 and 4, respectively from the benchmark yet, 12.79% higher than yield in adjacent farms. The variety used contributed to the slight decrease in yield. Farmer-cooperators experimented on a corn variety perceived as high yielding but resulted otherwise. The adoption of organic fertilizers, earwigs and Trichogramma as biocontrol agents for corn borer and other larval pests of corn, and complemented with the sufficient source of irrigation contributed to the attainment of high productivity and expected yield.

Yield of 2nd

crop corn in four years of implementation significantly increased yearly though this was newly introduced cropping in the area. Yields in the 1

st and 2

nd years

were lower than the potential yield of corn because of uncontrolled corn borer infestation in year 1, typhoon damage in year 2 and aggravated by rat infestation and corn smut. Goat productivity. The project awarded six (6) breeder bucks to the farmers but mortality occurred due to pneumonia and euthanized carrier of the virus causing Caprine Arthritis Encephalitis (CAE). Doe population increased significantly from benchmark by 39.56% and 78.02% for year 1 and 2, respectively (Table 2). Nevertheless, offspring produced were minimal per year because of the CAE disease of the breeder buck that affected productivity (Table 3).

Figure 4. Average yield of crop

component of the CPAR farms,

benchmark and adjacent farms

Figure 5. Percent (% ) change on the

yield of crop components of the CPAR

farms compared to benchmark

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Farm Profitability

Production cost. Average cost of production (P/ha) and percent (%) change of crop components in the CPAR farms for a four-year period are shown in Figures 6 and 7.

Rice. Inbred rice production costs lowered by P5,913.27/ha (16.15%) and P1,264.26/ha (3.45%) during first and second years, respectively, compared with benchmark costs. Total average cost of production of farmer-cooperators after three years of implementation was lower by 3.92% from the benchmark data, and 5.58% lower from adjacent farms. Thus, the technology intervention was cost effective.

Corn. The cost of production of 1st crop corn was greater in the CPAR farms from

the benchmark costs due to harvesting and post-harvest costs. Annual production cost from year 1 to year 4 increased by 14.2%, 17.1%, 24.3% and 36.7% from the benchmark but lower by 20.29% compared with adjacent farms. Cost of production for second crop corn decreased in the 3

rd year because some farmers bought electric pumps making

irrigation cost lower compared to gasoline/diesoline-fed engines. Their marketing tactic in selling at fresh weight at NABCOR reduced post-harvest cost in drying, hauling and shelling. Goat. Cost of production of the livestock component varies according to doe-level (Table 4). As the doe-level increases, the cost of production increases because of the higher cost of breeder bucks with higher bloodline. In addition, cost also increased due to

Table 2. The bucks awarded and doe population from baseline and during the project.

Barangays

Buck awarded Number of Does

2009 2010 2011 Baseline Year 1* Year 2**

Lussoc 2 1 45 56 75

Borobor 21/ 2

2/ 1 46 71 87

Total 4 2 2 91 127 162

Change in doe population (%) 39.56 78.02

*Sept.2009 to Dec.2010 **Jan 2010 to May 2012

Table 3. Number of offspring produced in the CPAR project.

Barangays CY 2010 CY 2011

Growers (#) Suckling(#) Growers (#) Suckling (#)

Buck-ling

Doe-ling

Male Female Buck-ling

Doe-ling

Male Fe-male

Lussoc 5 14 9 5 8 14 8 12

Borobor 7 2 8 12 9 14 10 10

Total 12 16 17 17 17 28 18 22

Sub-total Total 62 Total 85

Grand Total 147

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Figure 6. Average cost of production of crop

components of the CPAR farms,

Figure 7. Percent change on the cost of production

of crop components of the CPAR farms

compared to benchmark

Cost/kg of the introduced cropping pattern. Cost of producing 1 kg of the crop component was PhP 9.87, PhP 8.03 and PhP 8.6 annually for inbred rice and PhP 6.54 and PhP 6.81 annually for hybrid rice production. In the 1

st cropping, there was PhP 7.52,

PhP 6.36, PhP 6.83, and PhP 7.66 producing a kilo of corn could cost PhP 10.83, PhP 14.34, PhP 7.98, and PhP 9.04 in 2

nd cropping corn. Annual changes on cost/kg were

attributed to price fluctuation of produce as well as yield that was due to natural calamities, pest infestation and variety used (Table 5).

Farm Income. Average net income (P/ha) and percent (%) change of crop components in the CPAR farms for a four-year period are shown in Figures 8 and 9.

The annual profit of inbred rice was higher by 182.05, 274.74 and 331.81 % from the benchmark profit. The introduction of hybrid rice contributed 55.61% of the total net income obtained in rice production. The annual profit of the 1

st cropping corn increased by 129.22, 216.9, 256.69 and

190.03 % from the benchmark. The increase in net income in year 3, though yield was

Table 4. Cost of production of different doe-level before and during CPAR. DOE LEVEL/

YEAR PRODUCTION COST (Php) AVERAGE

LUSSOC BOROBOR

Benchmark 1-3 8,014 11027 9521 4-6 13543 9633 11588

7-10 41750 Year 1

1-3 8097 9283 8695 4-6 17535 24820 21178

7-10 16702 Year 2

1-3 11700 12873 12286 4-6 15815 21247 18531

7-10 26213 27600 26907 11-15 69985

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lower, had been compensated by the higher price and the marketing strategy used by the association. Net income of 2

nd crop corn was lower than the 1

st cropping because of high

infestation of cornborer during the period. Through the use of Bt corn during years 3 and 4, net income was higher than in years 1 and 2. The average net income of the goat component varied according to doe-level. Income realized from the offspring produced larger and heavier upgrading with an average weight at birth of 3.0 kg, 5.0 kg at one month and 18.0 kg at 5 months. Likewise, the doe-level increased but realized minimal net income due to the high cost in animal diseases prevention and treatment (Table 6). Profitability of the Introduced farming system

Table 7 shows the productivity and profitability of the whole farming systems introduced in the CPAR site compared with the existing practice before CPAR project. Results showed that total net income realized by the introduced farming system was PhP104,069.24 which was higher than the benchmark (PhP21,282.00) with net income difference of PhP82,787.24.

The introduction of the 2nd

crop corn cropping has added income to farmers which contributed 11.33 % to the total net income of the farming system. The added income helped farmers buy electric pump hence can draw out irrigation water from the deeper layers during 2

nd crop. Net income increased due to reduced cost on irrigation from the

use of electric pump, e.g. PhP150.00 electric bill for 10 hours vis-à-vis PhP347.25 cost using a diesel engine pump.

Table 5. Cost/kg of the introduced farming system per cropping per year.

Rice 1st Cropping corn 2nd Cropping corn

Year 1 9.87 7.52 10.83

Year 2 6.36 14.34

Inbred 8.03 Hybrid 6.54

Year 3 6.83 7.98

Inbred 8.6 Hybrid 6.81

Year 4 7.66 9.04

Figure 9. Percent change on the net income of crop

components of the CPAR farms compared to bench-

mark and adjacent farms

Figure 8. Average net income of crop components of

the CPAR farms compared to benchmark and adja-

cent farms

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Table 6. Average Net income of different doe-level from before and during CPAR. DOE LEVEL/

YEAR

NET INCOME (PhP) AVERAGE

LUSSOC BOROBOR

Benchmark 1-3 (2545) (2927) -2736

4-6 (1043) (5332) -3187.5

7-10 15,268 Year 1

1-3 2,787 (2543) 122

4-6 4,978 4136 4,557

7-10 4,035 Year 2

1-3 3,600 3,906 3,753

4-6 5,450 6,068 5,759

7-10 10,624 17,550 14,087

11-15 33,515

The integration of crop and livestock maximized the utilization of resources like crop products and by-products for the goats as feeds, the crop residues which are not edible, and goat manure as compost were converted to organic fertilizer.

Capability Building Building knowledge and skills. The CPAR project equipped the farmers and

extension workers with the appropriate farming technologies through trainings, cross-visits to different farms, and Farmer Livestock School (FLS) that empowered them to implement project (Table 8).

The FLS is a season-long adult education course which taught farmers to discover and learn through the conduct of participatory technology development for 27 consecutive weeks. The site implementers and LGU technicians who have undergone Trainers’ Training on Integrated Goat Management Technology (IGMT) facilitated the activity. Farmer-participants attended farmer class regularly, participated actively in lecture and field activities, and applied knowledge in the project’s goat component.

The farmer-partners went on lakbay-aral in progressive rice, corn and goat farms.

Table 7. Economic viability of the introduced farming system in the CPAR, Sto. Domingo, Ilocos Sur, 2008-2012.

Indicators Rice Corn Corn Goat Total

Before CPAR Yield (t/ha) 3.28 3.82 Cost of Production (P/ha)

36,622.27 32,938.26 20,953.00 90,513.53

Net Income (P/ha) 7,334.46 10,833.97 3114.00 21,282.00

After CPAR Yield (t/ha) 3.87 5.73 4.73 Cost of Production (P/ha)

33,971.92 40,539.14 46,607 52,149.5 173,267.56

Net Income (P/ha) 27,054.9 32,308.34 11,792 32,914 104,069.24

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This oriented farmers on the latest trends on crop-livestock production for them to appreciate the different technological options. Sites visited included the Small Ruminant Center in CLSU, Nueva Ecija, commercial goat farm in Tarlac City, Alaminos, Laguna and Nasugbu, Batangas, backyard goat farms in Mangatarem, and Alaminos, Pangasinan, corn areas in Mangatarem,Pangasinan and an Organic Farm (vermicomposting) in Lipa City, Batangas. Loan repayment. For the 4-year duration of the project, farmer-cooperators consistently paid in full (100%) their loans from the cooperative or association. This indicates that the CPAR project’s introduced farming system and the loaned out inputs gave the farmers the capacity to pay, and earn profit. They developed the culture of responsibility to pay obligations in order for other farmers in the community to be able to benefit also from the project. The regular fund utilization monitoring and auditing made them aware of the importance of paying back their loans (Table 9). Value-adding activity. One farmer-cooperator was benefited with their farm residues and wastes by producing organic fertilizer through vermin composting. He started in July 2011 with four kgs vermi worm. Table 10 shows his enterprise performance. Assessing Potential for Sustainability

The CPAR project’s ability to maintain its operations, services, and benefit during and even beyond its projected lifetime, and under changing social, economic and political contexts indicates its potential for sustainability. The following indicators and performance show such potential. Logistics dimensions. These were necessary for continued operation and maintenance of project facilities; i.e. budgetary and institutional support to maintain required level of facilities. From the start of the project up to present, the project

Table 8. Capability-building activities undertaken by CPAR farmer-partners in Sto. Domingo, Ilocos Sur, 2008-2011.

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Capability-building Number of Participants Farmers LGU Others Total

Trainings Updates on Crop Production Technology 40 14 3 57

Seminar on Effective Microorganism 42 14 3 59

Entrepreneurial Management 21 5 1 27

FLS/FFS Integrated Goat Management 40 14 5 59

Corn Production Technology 34 6 6 46

Lakbay-Aral Cross visits to different farms (I) 20 5 5 30

Cross visits to other farms (II) 20 6 1 27

Hands-on demo on Composting 21 3 1 25

Earwig Production 21 3 3 27

Composting 21 2 2 25

Verrmicomposting 21 14 5 40

Awarding of does 21 15 2 38


stakeholders share their physical, financial, technical and human resources. As such the participatory nature of the project developed the culture of sharing among the stakeholders that contributed concerted support to the project and consequently to the sustainability of the project (Table 11).

Economic dimension is the continued flow of net benefits; i.e. the project guarantees an acceptable level of financial and economic return. PRA problem tree analysis brought out limited capital as the main problem, compounded by high cost of farm inputs, labor and household expenditures. These resulted in the reduction of farm area cultivated, crop produce and consequently insufficient food supply. The provision of seed money by the project and the introduction of new technologies and farming system provided needed economic benefits. These include the capability of the farmer-cooperators to purchase 21 electric pumps derived from the income of 2

nd crop corn. Other equipment purchased

were two ring wells and two tractors. Community dimensions or continued community participation. The CPAR Project

in Sto Domingo, Ilocos Sur introduced rice-corn-corn+goat farming system. Eight (8) farmers from Lussoc and thirteen (13) farmer-partners from Borobor demonstrated the introduced farming system (Table 12).

It only started with a total effective rice area of 9.813 hectares but gradually increased to 13.35 hectares and 18.0 hectares from year 1 to year 3, respectively. A

Table 9. Farmers’ repayment performance, 2009-2012.

Year Cropping season Loaned in-

puts Repayments

% Repay-ment

1 DS 2008-2009 (1st crop corn) 190,948.51 190,948.51 100

DS 2009 (2nd

crop corn) 154629.47 154629.47 100

WS 2009 (Rice) 176,411.40 176,411.40 100

2 DS 2009-2010 (1st crop corn) 201,176.00 201,176.00 100

DS 2010 (2nd

crop corn) 217,997.00 217,997.00 100

WS 2010 (Rice) 237,427.98 237,427.98 100

3 DS 2010-2011 (1st crop corn) 292,529.69 292,529.69 100

DS 2011 (2nd

crop corn) 292,529.69 292,529.69 100

WS 2011 (Rice) 352,015.00 352,015.00 100

4 DS 2011-2012 (1st crop corn) 371,924.00 371,924.00 100

DS 2012 (2nd

crop corn) 371,924.00 371,924.00 100

Table 10. Value-adding activities developed by one farmer in the CPAR project, Sto. Domingo, Ilocos Sur.

Particulars Production

Starter vermin worm (kg) 4.0

Vermin production (kg) 45

Vermin sold (kg) 20

Vermin sold (Php500/kg) 10,000

Vermin cast (50 kgs/bag) 100

Vermin sold (bags) 70

Vemin cast sales (Php250/bag) 17,500

Vermi compost produced (bags) 30

Vermi composed utilized (bags) 30

Total Sales (Php) 27,500

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farmers’ cooperative actively participated and served as the conduit of the inputs, cash from the repayment, and consequently, in charge in input purchasing and distribution. It actively participated in making critical decisions in the management of the CPAR project.

Equity dimensions or equitable sharing and distribution of project benefits on a continuous basis has been given to the 21 farmer-cooperators. On the fifth year, the association will include other members of the cooperative in the two barangays using the fund provided by DA-BAR and the other resources shared by all stakeholders. The group intends to saturate the farms and farmers using the existing fund indicated in Table 9 in the amount of Php371,924.00, while sharing the technologies they learned from the project.

Institutional dimensions or institutional stability is where the project adequately provided institutional requirements so that management support to project operations continues during the life of the project. Before the project, there were existing institutions such as village organizations, financial institutions, external support, cooperative, education, and health support. However, the addition of the national agri-business corporation (NABCOR) provided the opportunity for equitable marketing of corn produced. Further, the cooperative is now ready to establish direct linkages to feed millers, and have the capacity to demand for price ceiling of farm produce of its members.

The introduction of the 3rd

crop corn necessitated the construction of one flatbed dryer from the DA-RFU I and the multi-purpose pavement from the local government which is now benefitting other farmers in the community. Rough road is now concreted and graveled to facilitate marketing of products not only from the project but from other farmers in the two communities. Technical feasibility and social acceptability. The presence of adoptors of the technology interventions indicates technical feasibility. The adoption of corn for 3

rd

Table 11. Resources shared by the stakeholders involved in the implementation of CPAR project in Region 1.

Resources DA-BAR DA LGU NGOs FARMERS

Physical - Mobility, IEC ma-terials, Docu-mentation

Mobility IEC mat. CPAR demo area, hous-ing for goat, venue of training/ FLS

Human - technical person-nel

1 agricultural technician/brgy

- Attendance in project activities, labor

Financial P1.0 M communication expenses, sala-ries of staff work-ing in the project

P139, 827, 50 stocks, biologics, trainings, agri. Supplies; 2 unit electric pumps

- Biologics, doe stocks

Technical services

- Resource per-sons/ facilitators; capability build-ing monitoring/ evaluation

Resource person/ facilitators

Resource person

Indigenous knowledge

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cropping proved to be both economically and technically feasible to farmers. Goat upgrading was most adopted in the livestock component because of bigger off springs that command higher price resulting to higher net income (Table 13).

The introduction of 2nd

crop corn resulted to adoption of farmers within the neighboring barangays of the CPAR site like Sto.Tomas, Calautit, Cabigbigaan, Nalasin, Padochico, and Quimmarayan. The off-shoot of the project is the expansion of the CPAR to the abovementioned barangays. It gave birth to another farming system for introduction: CPAR on integrated rice-corn-corn/mungbean + cattle farming system in Brgys. Calautit, Cabigbigaan, Padu-chico and Nalasin, Sto. Domingo, Ilocos Sur. This is funded by DA-BAR in the amount of 2.5 M Php to start on the 3

rd quarter of 2012. This

will involve 20 hectares of farm with 40 farmer-cooperators. Environmental dimensions. This is maintenance of environmental stability where

the project considers avoidance of negative impacts on environment or mitigation during the life of the project. The introduced additional corn in the farming system maybe technically feasible and economically viable, yet in the long run, may deplete the soil and cause damage to it. As such, through participatory decision-making, an environment-friendly cropping pattern, rice-corn-corn/mungbean, can be adopted by the farmers who will intercrop mungbean with corn on the 3

rd cropping.

Table 12. Barangays covered, effective area and number of farmer-partners, 2008-2012

Particulars

Barangays Lussoc Borobor TOTAL

Area (ha) FP (#) Area (ha) FP (#) (ha/FP)

Crops (1st

year) Corn -1

st cropping 4.49 8 4.68 12 9.18/20

Corn –2nd

cropping 4.49 8 4.68 12 9.18/20

Rice–Main cropping 4.46 8 5.16 12 9.62/20

(2nd

year) Corn -1

st cropping 4.33 8 4.79 12 9.13/20

Corn –2nd

cropping 4.24 8 4.89 12 9.14/20


(3rd

year) Corn -1

st cropping 5.69 8 7.65 13 13.35/21

Corn –2nd

cropping 5.04 8 7.25 13 12.30/21


(4th

year) Corn -1

st cropping 7.73 8 10.27 13 18.00/21

Corn –2nd

cropping 7.02 8 9.18 13 16.20/21

Livestock Goat: Breeder bucks (No.of heads)

3 3* 6

Breeder does (No.) Year 1

56 75 131

Year 2 71 87 158

Total Does 127 162 289

Name of CPAR farmers association

Lussoc Multi-Purpose Cooperative

Farming system intro-duced

rice-corn-corn+goat

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The CPAR project advocates zero waste management to include decomposition and conversion into organic fertilizer of goat manure and other crops. Misuse of the soil due to continuous cropping on crops voracious to nitrogen is supplemented by continuous application of organic fertilizer, plowing-under of crop residues, and dried chicken manure that is always available from the poultry farms in both barangays.

SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION The CPAR project implemented in Borobor and Lussoc, Sto. Domingo, Ilocos Sur for

four years, showcased an appropriate farming system, the rice-corn-corn+goat. Twenty-one farmers committed their farms as technology demonstration sites to highlight yield and profit enhancing technologies. This is a collaborative project among the national government agencies, local government, and farmer-partners.

The CPAR model has proven effective in the development of two agricultural communities in Sto. Domingo, Ilocos Sur. The improved production management system using the strategies of CPAR enhanced crop-livestock productivity and profitability. The integration of rice-corn-corn + goat in the CPAR site contributed to the improvement of the farming system.

The CPAR exhibited social acceptability expressed as the increase in adoption and institutionalization of the project indicated by the increased of LGU support, and farmer-adopters. It is technically feasible as adopters increased considerably because they appreciated the advantages of the technology as to increased productivity. It is also

Table 13. Technology interventions accepted by farmer-adoptors in the CPAR site.

Particulars Technology Interventions No.of adoptors

Rice Integrated Nutrient Management

Application of organic fertilizer thru plowed-under of chicken dung during land preparation

29

Waste Management utilization

Plowed-under of crop residues and chicken dung during land preparation as organic fertilizer application

29

Corn Integrated Nutrient Management

Application of organic fertilizer thru plowed-under of chicken dung during land preparation as organic fertilizer applica-tion

16

Waste Management utilization

Corn detops as feeds for goat Plowed-under of corn stalks and chicken

dung during land preparation

4

Introduction of 2nd

cropping corn 53

Goat Housing Use of elevated house 4

Upgrading Use of bucks awarded to CPAR farmers 78

Feeds and feeding Cut and carry during rainy season

Use of multi-purpose tree species

43

40

Health Management Use of chemical deworming 40

Waste management Goat manure were dunk in a compost pit and applied during land preparation

40

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economically viable as assessed by the added income derived from the introduction of 2nd

crop corn cropping and the integration of goat to the farming system. It is also politically driven as evident by the full support of local executives through construction of ring wells, flatbed dryer and the improvement of the farm to market road. Therefore, thru CPAR rice-corn-corn + goat, provides many benefits to farmer-partners.

To maximize the farm resources without jeopardizing the properties of the soil, the introduced farming system needs to be modified into rice-corn-corn/mungbean + goat. The 2

nd crop corn will be intercropped with mungbean at furrow ratio of 7 rows corn and 3

rows mungbean to avoid competition of sunlight. The project must not be left where the project duration ends. DA-RFU 1/ILIARC in

collaboration with LGU-Sto. Domingo must conduct sustainability analysis followed by a sustainability strategy. This strategy specifies complements/constraints to project sustainability. The next step is sustainability monitoring through a well-planned monitoring mechanism to assess the status of sustainability at a regular interval. Based on pre-determined indicators, this activity will help track sustainability-related problems early, provide feedback for adjustments, and enhance the prospects of sustainability.

REFERENCES

Bureau of Agricultural Research, 2004. CPAR Operational Manual HORNE P.M AND STUR W.W. 2003. Developing agricultural solutions with smallholder

farmers-how to get started with participatory approaches. Published by ACIAR and CIAT.

METTRICK, H. 1993. Development oriented research in agriculture: An ICRA textbook. The international centre for development oriented research in agriculture. Wageningen, the Netherlands.

http://agriinfo.in/default.aspx?page=topic&superid=1&topicid=643. http://www.ifad.org/lrkm/factsheet/integratedcrop.pdf. http://www.agribusinessweek.com/best-management-practices-for-corn-after-corn

production/.

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http://www.ifad.org/lrkm/factsheet/integratedcrop.pdf




WOMEN EMPOWERMENT AND THE FOOD SOVEREIGNTY THROUGH SUSTAINABLE ENTREPRENEURIAL

DEVELOPMENT (FooDSSEND) PROGRAM

Marivic M. Alimbuyuguen, Mercy Fausta R. Gano and Bella C. Gervacio College of Arts and Sciences and Extension Directorate

MMSU, City of Batac, 2906 Ilocos Norte 077-670-2105

[email protected]

ABSTRACT With the Millennium Development Goal (MDG) 1 of “eradicating extreme poverty and hunger,” the right to adequate food is a must. Government interventions must address the issue of food availability and food accessibly which spells food sovereignty. Food sovereignty empowers the households to obtain their food requirements in the proper amount, right kind and on time within their environment at their own control and volition. The Food Sovereignty through Sustainable Entrepreneurial Development (FoodSSEnD) program of the Mariano Marcos State University (MMSU) is a comprehensive strategy in attaining food sovereignty through various economic initiatives of women, thereby empowering and improving the rural household’s welfare. Using a descriptive research design, primary data from unstructured interview of beneficiaries from Banna, San Nicolas, and Pagudpud, Ilocos Norte, and secondary data from their financial records were analyzed to determine the economic impact of the program. The study showed that through the provision of capability and skills training, coupled with financial and marketing assistance, the women were able to attain economic independence making them self reliant and develop their self worth and confidence. They significantly contributed to the economic stability and status of their families. Most importantly, they contributed to the food needs of their children and improvement of their household welfare. To achieve economic independence among women, it is recommended that the provision of entrepreneurial interventions to capacitate women should be coupled with financial and marketing assistance.

INTRODUCTION As the country’s population keeps adding more and more every minute, food sufficiency in every Filipino household becomes harder and harder to achieve. According to 2012 National Report, the current population of 88.7M will leap to 120.22M by 2025, forecasted at 141.67M by 2040. With the Millennium Development Goal (MDG) 1 of “eradicating extreme poverty and hunger,” the right to adequate food is a must. This right requires that food should be available in quality and quantity sufficient to satisfy the dietary needs of individuals, free from adverse substances, and acceptable within a given culture. Likewise, it ensures the accessibility of such food in ways that are sustainable and that do not interfere with the enjoyment of other human rights. While there was a minimal decreased in the poverty incidence of families from 21.2 in 2006 to 19.7 in 2012; there was an increase, however, in the poverty incidence of population from 26.4 in 2006 to 26.5 in 2012. There was also an increase in the annual per capita food threshold to sustain the

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basic food requirement of a family of five from PhP 9,257.99 to PhP 11,686.00 in 2006 and 2009, respectively (http://www.nscb.gov.ph/poverty/portal, 2012). Food sovereignty is when the households obtain their food requirements in the proper amount, right kind and on time, within their environment at their volition and control. When it comes to food, women are the most concerned in the household. The mother holds the purse-string in the family and bears the responsibility of making both ends meet. If women produce and control resources, food sovereignty is realized in the household. Women empowerment is acknowledged as an important goal in development. Empowerment is the expansion of people’s ability to make strategic life choices in a context where this ability was previously denied. One of the issues in the Philippine economic sector is economic marginalization. This is the condition when there is under-or even non-valuation of women’s work (Alimbuyuguen, et. al, 2009). This is even worsened by the situation in the workplace which had become a gendered institution where there is gender segregated work and labor market segmentation (Kendall, 2004). The result of the October 2010 Labor Force Survey (LFS) showed an increase in the Labor Force Participation Rate (LFPR) for females at 49.7% (from 49.3% in 2009), and a very slight increase for males at 78.9% (from 78.8% in 2009). The data however revealed that men still dominate the workplace with women lagging behind (http://pcw.gov.ph/statistics, 2012). According to Longwe (2004), as cited by Tayamen (2005), there are five levels of empowerment. First is welfare which is the level of material goods of females, relative to males such as income. To improve welfare which entails increased access to resources is the second - the access level. Third is conscientization involving women’s refusal to accept and internalize oppression, and recognition of equal rights and entitlements. Fourth is mobilization which entails a bottom - up approach in which women participate in project initiation, needs assessment, problem identification, project planning, management, implementation and evaluation. Lastly, is the control level where there is gender equality in decision making, especially in matters of access to resources, and distribution of resources and benefits. Women play important role in the well-being of the household. They perform the reproductive role looking into the welfare of household. They are in the best position of performing this task if they are financially capable and in control of the resources to fulfill this role. Thus, in a household where income is dependent on the farming activities of the father, financial capability and control becomes very important concern and issue in development. According to the “resource hypothesis” of Blood and Wolfe, as cited by Lamanna and Reidman (1997), the relative power between wife and husband results from their resources as individuals. The relative resources of wife and husband are important in determining which partner made more decision. Older spouses and those with more education made more decisions. Likewise, the relative power of the wife is greater after she no longer had young children or when she worked and gained wage-earning resource for herself. Thus, the power within the family tends to vary according to how closely the wife’s paycheck matches or exceeds her husband. In the study conducted to determine the status of women empowerment in the Local Government of Ilocos Norte, Tayamen (2005) found that monthly income and salary grade including number of years in marriage affect welfare level among the respondents. Trainings and seminars affected conscientization, mobilization and the control levels. Likewise, control level was also affected by seminars and trainings, membership to organization, and occupation of husband.

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http://www.nscb.gov.ph/poverty/

http://pcw.gov.ph/statistics


The Food Sovereignty through Sustainable Entrepreneurial Development (FoodSSEnD) Program is a comprehensive strategy in developing and attaining food sovereignty among rural households through various economic initiatives. Its major goal is to provide or augment the income of the rural households for them to become economically empowered and in total control of their resources making them food sovereign, thereby improving the household’s welfare. The FoodSSEnD program have two component projects - Rural Enterprise Development on Sustainable Agri-based Technologies and Improving Lives of Shellcraft-makers through Rural Enterprise.

The Rural Enterprise Development on Sustainable Agri-based Technologies is designed to manufacture and market food products, specifically rice and meat, by way of creating an added value to these commodities. The purpose is to establish a rural enterprise through the use of new manufacturing and marketing technologies combined with the utilization of locally-available resources. Towards this end, the initiatives and resources of the academe (MMSU); government agency through the Department of Science and Technology-Technology Application and Promotion Institute (DOST-TAPI); and a rural entrepreneur (beneficiary) are organized under a complementation scheme for success. DOST-TAPI provides key capital funds in the form of an interest-free loan for the project and other operational funds. MMSU puts up counterpart funds for project administration aside from extending full technical assistance to the project. To achieve complementation, the rural beneficiary/entrepreneur makes available the remaining needed resources to complete and operate the project. Specifically, the project aimed to transform the MMSU-assisted rural households enterprise by: 1) creating employment opportunity for rural people; 2) increasing household income thru the value-added opportunity provided by the processing scheme in the project; 3) providing an alternative channel of marketing away from manipulative schemes; and 4) improving the level of living of the rural households. The second component project, Improving Lives of Shellcraft-makers through Rural Enterprise is implemented by MMSU through the Student in Free Enterprise (SIFE), now ENACTUS (Entrepreneurial Action in Us). The ENACTUS is a global non-profit organization active in 48 countries and territories. It is funded by giant business corporations, entrepreneurs, and foundations including government agencies and individuals all over the world. It provides for opportunities for students to become involved in their community by participating in educational projects that build teamwork, dedication and communication, management, and leadership skills. The organization is aimed toward the development of entrepreneurial skills. It is focused on promoting entrepreneurship, financial literacy, business ethics, and environmental awareness. Through the project, MMSU ENACTUS seeks to transform the lives of the rural folks by augmenting their income through entrepreneurship by enhancing their knowledge and skills in the production and marketing of their products. The project sought to: 1) enhance the beneficiaries’ knowledge and skills on the processing, financial management, and marketing strategies of their products; 2) make them understand and appreciate the balance between economy and ecology; 3) strengthen their bargaining power; and 4) improve the income level of the rural households. The project is also a complementation of the academe, a financing organization, LGU and other government agencies and the beneficiary or entrepreneur. MMSU provides the technical and marketing assistance, Business Resource and Development Center (BRDC) extends financial assistance and Local Government Unit (LGU) for the marketing assistance, Department of Trade and Industry (DTI) and

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Department of Labor and Employment (DOLE) for equipment and the entrepreneur-beneficiary for the skills, labor, and other production counterparts. With its two projects, the FoodSSEnD fully supports the regional and national development plans of various government agencies. The National Economic Development Council (NEDA) in its Medium-Term Philippine Development Plan (MTPDP) in Region 1 had outlined enhanced livelihood activities through credit support and capacity building as one of the five goals which are considered as anti-poverty measures. Through the FoodSSEnD program, beneficiaries are provided with the training, skills, financial, and marketing assistance in the economic venture they had chosen. The collaborative efforts of other government and non-government agencies, marketing outfits, and together with the University are directed towards improving the welfare of the beneficiaries through entrepreneurial development. Likewise, the FoodSSEnD program supports the sectoral goal of the Department of Agriculture (DA) as stipulated in its Medium Term Agricultural Productivity Program which is to increase farm productivity in the agri-fisheries sector through increase farm yield in various agricultural commodities. This encompasses value adding technologies for agricultural production thereby increasing farm households’ income. In addition, the FoodSSEnD program also adheres to the S & T banner program of the Philippine Council for Agriculture, Aquatic, and Natural Resources Research and Development-Department of Science and Technology (PCAARRD-DOST) which includes knowledge and technology generation; R and D results utilization and capability building and governance. The FoodSSEnD program complements the National Nutrition Council (NCC) intervention schemes or impact programs, which are downloaded to their regional offices, to combat malnutrition and improve the nutrition status of the country’s population, especially the children. This is done through livelihood as basic components of the projects that provides for home food production and credit assistance. The Philippine as signatory to the UN Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) requires the government’s commitment towards fulfillment of these goals. With the objectives of improving the income of rural households and providing their financial independence through enhancing their knowledge and skills in basic financial management and marketing strategies, FoodSSEnD program contributes to the attainment of Goal 1, which is eradicating poverty. Majority of the beneficiaries of the program are the rural women and housewives. The wives who were usually confined to household chores are now economic partners of their husbands earning additional income for their families. Thus, the project humbly contributes to the attainment of Goal 4, which is to empower women. Community indigenous resources are used, preserved, and sustained, thereby contributing to Goal 7, which is to ensure environmental sustainability.

The FoodSSEnD is a mechanism in which the Extension Directorate of the Mariano Marcos State University takes an active role in enhancing human potential, specifically, the women through entrepreneurship for a viable, sound, and broad-based economic and sustainable development. Thus, this study was conducted to present a comprehensive strategy in developing and attaining food sovereignty through economic initiatives of women, thereby empowering them and improving the rural household’s welfare. Specifically, it aimed to: a) characterize the program beneficiaries; b) describe the economic and social impacts of the program; and c) present a model of empowering women.

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FOODSSEND PROGRAM

Rice Coffee Production

Meat Processing

Food Processing

Shellcraft Enterprise

Raw materials

for

processing

Equipment

Labor

Skills

Training/

Capability

Assistance

Financial

Assistance

Packaging and

Labeling

Marketing

Assistance

Increased

Knowledge

Adoption of

Technology

Increased

Production

Enhanced

Product

Presentation

Increased

Income

W

O

M

E

N

E

M

P

O

W

E

R

M

E

N

T

Fig 1. The conceptual framework of the study

CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK The FoodSSEnD program empowers women by providing them the opportunity for economic endeavor, and in total control of their resources making them food sovereign, thus, improve their household’s welfare. The study is guided by the simple input-process-output-outcome (IPOO) framework (Fig. 1). To produce any output that translates to certain outcomes, inputs must be used and processes have to be employed to transform inputs to outputs. Human resources such as labor and skills; and capital, and non-human resources such as equipment, and raw materials are inputs utilized by the beneficiaries in the processing their products for the FoodSSEnD. The processes include the services provided by program to the beneficiaries such as capability assistance, financial assistance through linkages, packaging and labeling through technical assistance, and marketing of the products. With the services provided to the beneficiaries, there is enhancement of knowledge, adoption of technology, increased production, enhanced presentation of the products and increased income. With these outputs, beneficiaries are empowered as reflected in their control of resources and improved family welfare.

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METHODOLOGY

Locale. The study was conducted in the three municipalities where the FoodSSEnD women-beneficiaries are located. These are in Banna, San Nicolas, and Pagudpud, Ilocos Norte. Research Design. The study used descriptive research design. The cost and return analysis using the 2008-2012 production data was considered to determine the change in production quantity and income as a result of the program. For the social impact, the women-beneficiaries were considered as cases. Research Instrument. A guide question was prepared to gather primary data to deduce the social impact of the program. Secondary data, specifically the financial records of the beneficiaries were used as sources of documents. Respondents and Sampling Procedure. For the first project, three women beneficiaries- rice coffee producer, meat and food processing entrepreneurs were purposively sampled as respondents of the study. For the second project, the president of the shell-craft association served as sample respondent.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Demographic Profile of Women-Entrepreneurs The women entrepreneurs composed of a rice manufacturer, meat and food processor, and shell-craft producer. They were characterized as to their age, civil status, family size, educational attainment of their household members, husband’s occupation, and gross monthly income and family gross income. The respondents are in the middle ages, from 33-52 years old. Except for the rice manufacturer who is separated, all are married with either nuclear or extended families composed of 3-6 household members. As to the educational attainment, three are degree holders, except for the shell-craft producer who was not able to finish college. It is worthy to note that as to their children, most of them are in school and there are even those who had already graduated in college. Economically, the three women entrepreneurs who are married have working husbands with a gross monthly income from PhP6,000.00- 21,000.00. As a whole, the family of the entrepreneurs has a gross monthly income of as low as PhP 30,000.00 to as high as PhP 51,000.00. Economic Impact of the FoodSSEnD Program Increased production, income increment, and employment generated for the last five years that the program assisted the women entrepreneurs were considered in the study to measure economic impact. Increased production. With the interventions as prescribed by both projects, the level of productivity of the beneficiaries increased. For the last three years that MMSU assisted rice-coffee manufacturer, Ms. Sarah Dabucon, by making use of locally available materials for production, her rice coffee enterprise showed very big potential in terms of production volume, market reach, and profit by adopting new manufacturing and marketing technologies. On the other hand, the assistance extended to Ms. Diana Ramos on meat processing, such as improved production site, use of the labor and time saving processing facilities, and enhanced packaging and labeling contributed to increase in the market demand of her processed meat products, specifically embutido.

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PRODUCTS YEAR 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012

Rice-coffee (kg) 5,712 6,816 7,200 10,560 11,520)

Embutido (pcs) 16,200 42,768 44,906 47,151 49,509

Banana chips (packs) 24,321 29,145 35,518 29,407 40,212

Shell-craft accessories (pcs) 4,759 8,804 10,420 12,480 15,720

Table 1. Increase in the volume of production of beneficiaries from 2008-2012.

ITEM YEAR

2008 2009 2010 2011 2012

Sales (in PhP)

1,009,120.00 (5,712 kg or

19,040 bot @ 300gm at PhP53.00/

bot)

1,249,600 (6,816kg or 22,720 bot

@ 300gm at PhP55.00/

bot)

1,440,000 (7,200 kg or 24,000 bot @ 300 g at PhP60/bot)

2,111,940 (10,560 kg or 23,466 pouch

@ PhP90/450g/

pouch

2,304,000 (11,520 kg or 25,600 pouch

@ PhP90/450g/

pouch

Cost of Materials

410,128.00 491,488.00 505,800.00 525,000,330 536,000.00

Labor 122,400.00 122,400.00 108,000.00 108,000.00 108,000.00

Overhead Cost

36,000.00 24,000.00 43,600.00 61,600.00 65,600.00

Total Production Cost

568,528.00 655,888.00 657,400.00 694,930.00 709,600.00

Net Income 440,592.00 600,752.00 782,600.00 1,417,010 1,594,400

Table 2. Cost and return analysis on rice coffee production, 2008-2012.

Likewise, Ms. Swerte Soriano who has been involved in food processing such as the production of banana, sweet potato, and taro chips from locally available fruits was provided a grant for the purchase of labor saving processing equipment and hygienic tools for the processing of her food products. This also included improvement of her packaging and labeling. From the simple designs, the shellcraft-maker Ms. Jenelyn Abendanio had made great enhancement in the design of her shellcraft products. Table 1 shows the increase in productivity of the women beneficiaries from 2008-2012. Increased income. The most significant economic impact of the interventions provided by the FoodSSEnD program is the increase in the income of the beneficiaries. With the increased in the volume produced by the beneficiaries, specifically for those in food processing, as well as additional and diversified designs for the shell and accessory making, there was a tremendous increment in their income. These were made possible through the skills and entrepreneurial trainings, product/design development and promotion, and marketing assistance provided to them. Table 2-5 presents the cost and return analysis of the various products of the women-beneficiaries.

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ITEM (in PhP)

YEAR

2008 2009 2010 2011 2012

Sales 1,009,120.00 (5,712 kg or 19,040 bot

@ 300gm at PhP53.00/

bot)

1,249,600 (6,816kg or 22,720 bot

@ 300gm at PhP55.00/

bot)

1,440,000 (7,200 kg or 24,000 bot @ 300 g at PhP60/bot)

2,111,940 (10,560 kg or

23,466 pouch @

PhP90/450g/ pouch

2,304,000 (11,520 kg or 25,600 pouch

@ PhP90/450g/

pouch

Cost of Materials

410,128.00 491,488.00 505,800.00 525,000,330 536,000.00

Labor 122,400.00 122,400.00 108,000.00 108,000.00 108,000.00

Overhead Cost

36,000.00 24,000.00 43,600.00 61,600.00 65,600.00


568,528.00 655,888.00 657,400.00 694,930.00 709,600.00

Net In-come

440,592.00 600,752.00 782,600.00 1,417,010 1,594,400

Table 3. Cost and return analysis on rice coffee production, 2008-2012.

ITEM YEAR 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012

Sales 648,000 1,710,720 1,796,256 1,886,068.80 1,980,372.24 Cost of Materials

317,520 838,252 880,164.60 924,172.83 970,381.47

Labor 113,400 299,376 314,344.80 330,062.04 346,565.14

Overhead Cost 22,680 59,875 62,868.75 66,012.18 69,312.78


453,600 1,197,504 1,257,379.20 1,320,248.16 1,386,260.56

Net Income 194,400 513,216 538,876 565,819.80 594,110.79

Table 4. Cost and return analysis of embutido production, 2008-2012.

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Table 5. Cost and return analysis of processed food products from 2008-2012.

ITEM YEAR 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012

Sales 875,566.00 1,049,217.00 1,278,678.00 1,058,660.00 1,447,638.00

Cost of Materials

288,936.45 288,224.50 359,661.45 281,313.50 402,135.00

Labor 187,200.00 144,000.00 191,250.00 114,000.00 138,000.00

Overhead cost

60,558.00 80,028.00 172,195.89 151,660.00 204,236.00


536,694.45 512,252.50 723,107.34 546,973.50 744,371.00

Gross Profit 338,871.55 536,964.50 555,570.66 511,686.50 703,267.00

Operating Expenses Taxes and Licenses

28,767.00 33,587.00 60,310.00 45,059.80 56,700.00

Transporta-tion

24,000.00 38,880.00 27,300.00 27,100.00 26,000.00

Employee Benefits

5,400.00 5,400.00 68,240.00 74,400.00

Utilities Expense

1,585.89 460.20 37,136.00

Repairs 83,000.00 10,800.00 10,000.00

Total 58,167.00 77,867.00 172195.89 151,660.00 204,236.00

Net Income 280,708.55 459,097.50 383,374.77 360,026.50 499,031.00

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In the commercial manufacture of rice coffee, the entrepreneur showed significant increase in the sales of her product from 2008 to 2012. As an effect, there was an increase in her gross income of PhP 440,592.00 in 2008 to PhP 1,594,400.00 in 2012. On the other hand, the assistance extended in meat processing had resulted to an increase in the market demand of the entrepreneurs’ meat product, specifically, embutido. Table 3 shows that the beneficiaries’ net income, increased from PhP 194,400.00 in 2008 to PhP 594,110.79 in 2012. Likewise, the assistance provided to the food product entrepreneur increased her production. This resulted to an increase in her net income of PhP 280,708.55 to PhP 499,031.00 in 2008 and 2012, respectively. The financial analysis of the shell-craft and accessories-making of Ms. Abendanio is presented in Table 5. With the diversified and creative design, there were additional products prepared or made from the shell-craft and accessory making that resulted to an increase in the gross income of PhP 194,400.00 in the half of 2008 to PhP 485,808.00 in 2012. Generally, the level of income of the beneficiaries increased, thus, improving their financial status. With the improvement of their financial status, they were also able to attain financial independence because in addition to augmenting their income for their basic needs, they have expanded capitalization or capital build up, saved in the bank, and purchased business equipment such as tricycle, corn sheller, cellphone, among others. Employment generated. While the program provided employment directly to the women entrepreneur, it has also provided employment for their own families, relatives, and the village folks. Through her rice coffee production, Ms. Dabucon hires two regular workers on full time and two helpers on part time basis. One of her regular employees is

ITEM (in PhP)

YEAR

2008 (Jul-Dec)

2009 2010 2011 2012

Sales 648,000.00 1,710,720.00 553,000.00 618,329.00 701,033.00 Materials

317,520.00 838,252.80 117,520.00 155,245.00 156,514.00

Labor 113,400.00

299,376.00 40,675.00 50,375.00 48,730.00

Overhead Cost 2,680.00 59,875.20 7,305.00 8,366.00 9,980.00

Total Produc-tion Cost

53,600.00 1,197,504.00 165,500.00 213,986.00 215,224.00

Gross Income 94,400.00 513,216.00 387,500.00 404,343.00 485,808.00

Table 6. Cost and return analysis on shell-craft production from 2008-2012.

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her sister-in-law. Usually, she hires her relatives as part-time helpers when there are orders beyond the usual production that the full time workers usually produce. Ms. Ramos usually solicits assistance from her family members with three part time workers paid by commission depending on the bulk of produce per day/week. For Ms. Soriano, the project provided employment to her in-laws and women-neighbors, especially when there is high demand for her products. Like their food entrepreneur counterparts, shell-craft, and accessory-making entrepreneurs, were able to make themselves economically productive as reflected in their income and work they had provided for other people in their community. When the project started, there were only 3-5 residents in Saud, Pagudpud who were involved. Now, they grew in number after they saw and observed the many opportunities/benefits in shell-craft. For women who were only dependent on the meager income from their farm, through the project, they now have additional sources of income from accessory making. Other than the beneficiaries who are directly benefitted in terms of their employment as a result of the projects, there were also others who were indirectly benefitted from them such as the sellers and retailers of their products. Social Impact of the FoodSSEnD Program This section presents the result of the in-depth interviews from the women entrepreneurs. Basically, they were asked about the transformations/changes in their lives after becoming beneficiaries of the FoodSSEnD program. With the economic impact of the project, Rural Enterprise Development on Sustainable Agri-Based Technologies: Commercial Production of Rice Coffee and Meat Processing, the lives of Ms. Dabucon and Ms. Ramos, including their families had improved and changed for the better. According to Ms. Dabucon,

“My life and family’s life had been transformed. With the success of the

SCUFYND Enterprises (Licensed trade name), specifically my rice coffee, I was able to provide more than the basic needs of my children, although I am a single parent. I can already send my children to school (one already in college and two in high school). But most of all, through the assistance of the program, I was able to provide the health needs of my son who had congenital heart disease for the last 14 years. Though he succumbed to the disease last year, all the medical and burial expenses were paid with God’s help and blessings.

With the income I received from my SCUFYND business, I was able to build our bungalow house and construct my new rice coffee production and processing area. Also, since I have expanded the market of my rice coffee here and abroad, I was able to buy a second-hand rice mill, which I use for milling raw materials for rice coffee and even rent it out to my neighbors for additional income. I was also able to purchase a tricycle for delivering my products. For my rice farming I was able to buy tractor, thresher and corn-sheller. Part of my profit is also used in the printing of labels, and purchase of other packaging materials which include plastics, bottles, and sealers.

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Unquantifiable benefits I gained from the project are the knowledge; skills and experiences I learned through trainings, I developed entrepreneurial skills and established relationship through my business. Moreover, through the project, I was able to prove and harness my potentials as a woman and a single parent. I developed the values of self-worth, self-determination, and most of all my leadership potentials.”

The following are the accounts of Ms. Ramos on the impact of the program to her life and to her family: “I can say that the greatest contribution of the project to our lives is that

we are able to send and provide for all the educational needs of our three children. With the additional income from meat processing after becoming a recipient of the project, we are no longer hard up in providing the school needs of our three sons who are in college. I can proudly say that my son was able to realize his dream of becoming an engineer because of the project.

Before, I was just dependent on the income from our Sony-Brian’s sari-

sari store. Through the entrepreneurial development trainings I have attended, I was able to efficiently and effectively manage my business. Through the project, I established a lot of market linkages. I was just contented with one hired seller but now, I am joining trade fairs and also caters to the needs of restaurants. With the improved presentation especially on how these are labeled and packed, my products are now sought by many even outside the community.

Most of all, there are things I thought I cannot do but were made possible

through the project. Now, I can stand in front of people and teach them about meat processing. Because I am usually tapped by MMSU as resource speaker in agro-industrial fairs and trade fairs to share my knowledge on meat processing, I developed my self-confidence and trust in my capabilities. I had also helped my community by becoming a model to other wives and women and influenced them to make their time more productive and augment the income of their families through meat processing. I can also say that through my products, mothers can now serve healthy and nutritious food in the table for their kids.”

The shell craft beneficiaries have these to say on the various impact of the program to their lives:

“Firstly, through the series of skills training and with the assistance of other partner agencies, quality control measures were achieved hence, significant improvements on the quality of our products which are at par with other products in the market, now command higher and better price. With this, we learned the importance of ensuring the quality of our products not

145


only for ourselves but more importantly, our customers. Also, the conduct of seminar-workshops enhanced our knowledge and skills in the basic financial management and marketing strategies. Thus, we are now committed with the project which made us invest on market demands and preferences that resulted to our over-all increase in sales. To date, we actively participate in local trade fairs and exhibits to showcase our products.

Secondly, through the continuing adult education, we were oriented with

our values, realized the importance of ethical business practices and understood the importance of diversification. Thus, every now and then, we invest in new products and create innovative designs.

Thirdly, for us women and wives who are usually confined in the households, and who are solely dependent on our husbands’ income from farming, now, we have additional source of income making us more productive throughout the season. As wives, we have become economic partners of our husbands earning additional income for our families.

Fourthly, the income we have earned had resulted to our financial

independence. The project did not only help us alleviate our insufficient income but also enabled us satisfy other needs and interests such as savings in the bank, purchase equipment for communication and transportation and even build home-stays.

Lastly, the project transformed and reoriented not only our values but also

our families. With the project, gambling which was our common preoccupation before has been minimized. This time, we are now preoccupied with the production of shell-craft, and accessory making. Moreover, the value of industry and hard-work are also inculcated among our children as they often lend a hand in our activities.”

Women Empowerment through Entrepreneurial Development The responses of the women-entrepreneurs, as cases of the study, are glimpsed indicators of empowerment as a result of the program. These are then identified as outputs of the processes that present a model for women empowerment through entrepreneurial development. Technology Adopted and Modified. Basic to the implementation of the FoodSSEnD is the adoption of both production and social technologies generated by the university and various agencies involved in the improvement of the various commodities included in the program. In the rice coffee production, meat and food processing, the general technologies required for adoption were: improvement of production site; good manufacturing practices; use of time and labor saving production and manufacturing/processing equipment/tools; enhancement of packaging; and labeling. On the other hand, shell-craft enterprise focused on promoting entrepreneurship, financial literacy, business ethics, and

146


environmental awareness. It also included diversification of products, creative designs, use of production equipment, and labeling. Thus, aside from teaching the beneficiaries on the production technologies, their skills were also enhanced resulting to their creativity and innovative designs. From the very traditional/conventional designs they have became more contemporary in their crafts. While inherent in the program are technologies for adoption, the beneficiaries usually refine or modify these according to their needs, availability of materials and market demand. From the usual plain rice coffee production, additives such as soya (soy bean) was produced. For meat processing, extenders such as soya and other vegetables were used for embutido and longaniza. Similarly, to improve the taste and meet the demand of consumers, flavorings such as cheese and honey, barbecue and garlic were added to the plain taro, banana and sweet potato chips. Modified technologies for the shell-craft and accessories-making were observed in the creativity inputted by the beneficiaries in the original designs, as well as, in the diversified products made. When formerly, the beneficiaries were only producing flower vases, table decors and paper weights, they had diversified into cellphone holders, key chains, bracelets and necklaces. Moreover, in response to PD 1219, PD 1698 and FAO 184, s 1992, prohibiting the exploitation and exporting of corals which include the gathering of precious or semi-precious corals without permit, the beneficiaries diversified into using coconut shells as raw materials. The use of coconut shells is recycling wastes since these are not productively used in the fishing village. As a raw material, coconut shell never post a problem since it is abundantly grown in the locality. This concern has been affecting the beneficiaries since the Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR) had prohibited the collection of sea shells and corals in the area due to depletion or diminution of the materials. Capability Assistance. For both projects, trainings were conducted to enhance the beneficiaries’ knowledge and develop their skills in entrepreneurial management. Topics on entrepreneurial development included: simple bookkeeping, basic financial management, and marketing strategies, including values orientation. Aside from the specific processing technologies for rice coffee production, meat and food processing, the beneficiaries were also trained on good manufacturing practices. On the other hand, topics on: shell-craft enterprise, accessory-making, and production designing, and packaging were discussed for the shell-craft beneficiaries of the MMSU-SIFE. The conduct of training with coconut shells as substitute materials for their OTOP products is a much welcome initiative that provided not only good prospects for their livelihood but also conserve and preserve their marine environment from extinction. Financial Assistance. An important component of the FoodSSEnD program is the financial assistance provided by funding agencies to the beneficiaries through initiatives done by the program. Ms. Sarah Dabucon received interest free loan assistance from the DOST-TAPI amounting to PhP 254,500.00 for the purchase of equipment such as mechanical roaster, grinder, stainless preparation table and basins, heat gun, containers and display cabinets. Moreover, DOST’s R & D Center designed an enhanced product label which included nutrition analysis and barcodes. On meat processing, DOST-TAPI provided Ms. Ramos PhP 116,000.00 for the purchase of processing equipment such as freezer, stove, weighing scale, sealer, steamer and other cooking paraphernalia. On the other hand, Ms. Soriano was provided a PhP 60,000.00 grant for the purchase of time and labor saving equipment in her food processing.

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The shell-craft and accessory making beneficiaries received loan assistance with minimal interest from the BRDC. The center managed by the College of Business Economics and Accountancy (CBEA) provided capital assistance to extension-assisted clients in their venture. In 2008, a group of 21 shell-craft producers were granted each a loan amounting to PhP 5,000.00 payable for six months. With the excellent record of the beneficiaries in their loan repayment, being able to pay all their obligations, a group of 15 shell-craft producers and accessory-makers were extended another PhP 5,000.00 loan in 2009. With the capital infusion provided by the program to the beneficiaries, and their capacity to pay their obligations on time, their enterprise had indeed provided them sufficient income. Since Ms. Dabucon was a recipient of the program from 2005 to 2008, she had fully paid her financial obligations through the marketing assistance provided to her by the University. She never paid cash to DOST, instead, with the continuous delivery of rice coffee sold by the University, she was able to pay her loan on time. Her good record was contributory to her becoming a recipient of another program, DOST’s Small Enterprise Technology Upgrading Program (SET-UP). On the other hand, Ms. Ramos had fully paid her obligation in June, 2011. For the shell-craft and accessory-makers, they are already in the second trench/release of their loan. Packaging and labeling. Packaging and labeling was a very important component of the program to enhance the presentation of the beneficiaries’ products. To realize this, specific amount was budgeted from the financial assistance provided by the program. For the three entrepreneurs, the financial assistance also included the improvement of label and package to enhance their product presentation for them to compete in the local, as well as, foreign markets. Marketing assistance. Marketing of products by the beneficiaries was never a problem encountered in the program. The beneficiaries were assisted in creating market for their products. For the rice, meat and food processors, through their initiatives and with the assistance of the University and other government agencies, they penetrated the local and foreign markets. For the shell-craft producers, LGU-Pagudpud constructed a display center for their shell-craft products. Shell-craft is the “One Town One Product” (OTOP) of the municipality. Similarly, rice coffee is also the OTOP of Banna, Ilocos Norte where the producer resides. MMSU maintains a Souvenir Shop where products of the various clients of the Extension Directorate are displayed and sold. Moreover, the Information Technology Caravan (ITC) of the Applied Communication Section (APCO) of the Extension Directorate carries the products of the beneficiaries wherever it is established. The ITC is instrumental in the adoption of an innovative marketing strategy of the program. The beneficiaries are also very aggressive in participating in local trade fairs and exhibits in which their products are displayed and sold. These avenues served as mechanism of advertising the products of the beneficiaries. Sustainability of the program. Several factors are observed which indicates sustainability of the program. First, the high percentage of loan repayment from the beneficiaries. All were able to pay their obligations to the funding agency that assisted them. Second, the financial independence of the beneficiaries. As reflected in their increased capitalization, brought by their increase income, beneficiaries are now capable of providing for their capital build up even without accessing loans from credit providers. Third, the increasing demand for their products and more market outlets implies that they have developed their product niche in the local markets. Fourth, with the enhancement of

148


the packaging and labeling, their products have competitive edge over other products in and outside the province. With the successful implementation and completion of the first project, MMSU was provided a PhP 300,000.00 grant by the DOST-Region 1 through the project, Entrepreneurial Livelihood Support to the Academe (ELSA). Through the ELSA, three more entrepreneurs on food processing, organic fertilizer production, and dragon fruit soap production were provided technical, financial, and marketing assistance for their enterprise development. This exemplifies how a successful implementation can also lead to sustainability of a project. Thus, with the program being sustained, more resource-poor households will be served with the end goal of transforming their lives as indicated by improved family welfare and better quality of life, specially the vulnerable group in society, the women.

CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATION

It cannot be denied that gender gap exists in the employment aspect of our society. Nevertheless, government interventions have been trying to address this gender issue through provision of entrepreneurial development programs for women. A very common component of government entrepreneurial programs is the provision of capability and skills enhancement/training. This is just the first level of empowering women. More often, interventions end at the first level. Unfortunately, this does not improve women’s position or status in the household not until this is put into gainful endeavor. Government interventions should provide for the second level which is the access to resources in which the knowledge is transformed into entrepreneurial skills which in the end is tapped for the production of goods. This process entails capital infusion through the provision of financial assistance. In this level, government interventions should facilitate access to financial assistance through linking the women to fund sources. Lastly, to fully realize entrepreneurial development, programs should also include marketing interventions. As women gain their economic independence, they start to realize their capacities and capabilities – a very important concern in conscientization. Given the freedom, they mobilize their resources contributing not only in enhancing their economic status in society but most of all developing their self confidence and self identity. As they move on to level five, they control and manage the resources provided them, they do not only contribute to their own development but also contribute to the development of their communities as they generate employment for others. With the program being sustained, more resource-poor households will be served and areas covered will increase. Likewise, the continuous financial, technical, and marketing assistance provided to rural households is never a farfetched reality. With the knowledge and entrepreneurial skills provided, the aim of every Filipino family to have the food in their tables in the right quality and quantity can be achieved. Hence, achieving food sovereignty through sustainable entrepreneurial development transforms the lives of rural households as indicated by improved family welfare and better quality of life. Therefore, the study recommends that interventions on entrepreneurial development for women, the five levels of empowerment should be considered. Entrepreneurial development programs should include the capability and skills enhancement, financial assistance, and marketing interventions. Through these processes, empowerment is achieved when women becomes financially independent and in control of resources to improve their welfare and their families.

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REFERENCES

Alimbuyuguen, Marivic, M. et al. Management Innovative Strategies for Sustainability (MISS) of an Agri-Based Technology: MMSU Best Practice in Extension. Paper presented during the forum on North Luzon Showcase of SUC Innovations and Best Practices. BSU, La Trinidad Benguet, November 18-19, 2008.

Alimbuyuguen, Marivic, M. et al. MMSU- Student in Free Enterprise (SIFE): A Mechanism of Strengthening the Interface of Instruction, Research and Extension in the Academe. Paper presented during the MMSU R and D Agency In House Review, MMSU, Batac, Ilocos Norte, June 13, 2010

Annual Report of the Extension Directorate. 2006-2009. MMSU, Batac, Ilocos Norte

Esteban, Carmelo, J. Manual of Operations in Extension, 2005. Mariano Marcos State University, Batac, Ilocos Norte.

Longwe, Sara H. Women Empowerment Framework. African Women’s Development and

Communication Network (FEMNET)

MMSU-SIFE Report, 2006 to 2009. Mariano Marcos State University, Batac, Ilocos Norte

PCARRD-DOST, Information Bulletin, 2008, PCARRD, Los Banos, Laguna.

PhilRice. A quarterly publication of the Philippine Rice Institute, PhilRice, Maligaya, Science City of Munoz, Nueva Ecija, Vol. 21 No.2, April - June, 2008.

Progress Report of the Rural Enterprise Development Project on Meat Processing. 2009.

MMSU, Batac, Ilcoos Norte

SIFE Team Handbook, 2008-2009. The Jack Shewmaker SIFE World Headquarters, Robert W.Free Enterprise Center. Jack Kahl Entrepreneurship Center, Springfield, MO. USA 65803

Terminal Report of the Rural Enterprise Development Project on Rice Coffee Production, 2007. MMSU, Batac, Ilocos Norte.

http://www.nscb.gov.ph/poverty/portal, 2012. http://pcw.gov.ph/statistics, 2012

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http://www.nscb.gov.ph/poverty/

http://pcw.gov.ph/statistics


Documents

Ilocos Journal of Science ISSN 2507-8054 - Official …ilarrdec.mmsu.edu.ph/manuals/Ilocos_Journal(BW).pdfIlocos Journal of Science The Ilocos Agriculture, Aquatic, and Resources Research