Illustrated Encyclopaedia of Gold and Silver Coins of the World

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PUBLISHED BY' %̂

. imifh,633 Chestnut Street. Post-Office Box, 754,

PHILADELPHIA, PA.U. S. A.

^Jass,^ COPYRIGHT SECUREP.

COPYRIGHT, 18SG.

rKINTKU 15Y

MATLACK A HARVEY,PHILADELPHIA.

ILLUSTRATED

ENCYCLOP.€DIA

COINS OF THE WORLD;ILLUSTRATING THE

4+ A 4- +

4lâtlcrn^ J^ncicnt^ ifmrcni atul ifxxvwxxHf

FROM A. D. 1885 back to B. C. 700.

FINENESS, WEIGHT, FACE VALUE AND METAL WORTH.

FULL DESCRIPTION WITH EXACT FAC-SIMILE OF OVER *

SIX THOUSAND COINS.NAME LISTS, STATISTICS, HISTORICAL DATA, FULL INDEX.

TABLES FOR CALCULATION, REDUCTION, COMPARISON, &c.

^ Jinancml ami itwmi^matic îbvavy,

COMPLETE IN ONE VOLUME.

PUBLISHED BY J^. M. SMITH, NUMISMATIST,

533 CHESTNUT STREET. POST-OFFICE BOX, 754.

COPYRIGHT.

PHILADELPHIA, PA., U. S. A.

1886.

GOLD AND SILVER COINS OFTHE WORLDBy a. WL. Sxiith.

INTRODUCTORY.

Mail}' years since, upon first applying myself to the stud}'- of ]Su-

mismatics, I diligently sought for a work which should contain, in

l)rief form, the requisite information necessary for the casual in-

quirer or business dealer in current and uncui-rent coins of the

world. Such a book did not exist. Constant demands from Banks,Bankers, Brokers, and Merchants for a work of this character, since

I became a publisher, and the ever repeated regrets of experts andstudents in the science, that they could obtain nothing of the kind,

with frequent requests from all, that I would prejiare, write, or

compile, such a text-book, finally induced nie to undertake tlie

onerous labor, the results of which are presented in The Excyclo-p.EDiA OF Gold and Silykr Coins op the World.Of works upon Numismatics, and of " Coin Books," within the

last two hundred 3'ears, there has been issued an immense number,many of them very valuable in specialities; but none universal in

application, all crowded with unnecessary matter, and nob oneadapted to the requirement of ever\ -day business life or students'

reference. To translate many of these works from the Latin, Greek,

French, German, Italian, and. other languages; to compare, sift,

select, and verify all the mass, and to condense the information to

the utmost, comprises but a portion of my task. Correspondencewas entered into with tlie Financial ]\Iinisters of every nation onthe earth possessing a coinage ; official reports only were received

as authority; every channel, every source of knowledge was ex-

liausted to obtain autlientie, reliable data. Our own and foreign

-7

mints, national and private; museums, collections, and cabinets

have given copies of tlieir treasures to our artist's pencil. Foreign

and Home departments, financial institutions and financiers, the

most distinguished scientists, have all generously responded to

every application for information and material. The results of

long'^years of study and dearly bought experience; large sums of

money for importations of literature, purchase of rare, costly vol-

umes, specimen coins, artistic and clerical labor, have all been lav-

i.died upon this work to render it complete and correct, an authority

beyond question, an embracement of the entire field.

In the interests of the science to which I have been so long de-

voted, to justify the flattering opinion expressed by those who de-

sired this work from my hands, to aid, so far as in my power, in

systemizing money and commercial transactions, and for my ownreputation, I have expended upon The Excyclop.edia an amountof hard, conscientious labor for which money cannot recompense

me.With facts and figures alone I have dealt, and to present these

in the plainest possible form, arranged for the mo-^t speedy andsatisfactory reference, has been my sole object.

Without egotism I may say that I consider my work well done

;

in the whole range of literature devoted to numismatics or coined

money there is and has never been, a volume so exhaustive in ex-

planation and illustration or so certainly reliable as this Encyclo-

paedia. Errors there may be; mistakes will creep into the mostcarefully edited works. I have discovered them in every authority,

official document or statement I have used ; consequently I cannot,

do not, claim infallibility, and will thankfully receive corrections.

.Just, fair criticism is invited, and will be heartily welcomed. I be-

lieve my book to be the best and most complete, the only complete

work of its kind, ever issued, and, claiming that high standard, I

olfer it to my friends and the public witliout further apology or

commendation.Philadelphia, March, 1SS6. A. Î. S:\IITIT.

21 35G0 ji.

INDEX -PLATES AND TABLES.

Afghanistan, Gold,Silver,

Africa (Great Britain), Silver,

(Portugal) Silver,

Allegorical Plate,

Algiers, Gold,Silver,

Altenburg (Germany), Silver,

America (Spanish) Silver,

415417, 419

2833794()3

421421175411

Ancient Coins, Greek, 465 to 481Jewish, 508Roman, 483 to 503

Anhalt (Germany), Silver, 125Argentine Republic, (S. A.), Gold, 83

Silver, 34, 35Austria, Gold, 09 to 73

Silver, 74 to 85Baden (Germany), Silver, 127 to 131Bank Tokens (English), Silver, 259, 275Batavia (Holland), Silver, 299 to 303Bavaria (Germany), Gold, 133

Silver, 135 to 141Belgium, Gold, 86

Silver, 87Bolivia (S. A.), Gold, 86

Silver, 30Bologne (Italy), Gold, 311

Silver, 811Brazil (S. A.), Gold, 38

Silver, 89, 41Bremen (Germany), Silver, 143Brunswick (Germany), Gold, 119

Silver, 145 to 149Burmah (Great Britain), Silver, 277Ca.nada (Great Britain), Silver, 274Cash Value, Gold and Silver, (Table), 30Characters and Numbers, (Oriental), 413Chili (S. A.), Gold, 43

Silver, 45China, Gold, 364, 365

Silver, 363, 367, 369China (France), Silver, 106Comparative Ratio, Silver (Table), 82Coin History, U. S. A. (Table), 18Coins, Ancient, 465 to 508

Greek, 465 to 481Jewish, 508Mediicval, 505 to 507Roman, 483 to 503Current, (Table), 509, 510

Colombia (U. S. of S. A.), Gold, 46Silvei-, 47

Current Coins of World (Table), 509, 510Demerara (Great Britain), Silver, 277Denmark, Gold, «9

Silver, 01 to 99

£ast Indies (Great Britain), Gold, 200Silver, 268 to 273(Holland), Silver, 301, 303

Ecuador (S. A.), Gold, 48Silver, 49, 50

Egypt, Gold, 423Silver, 425

England, Gold, 223 to 238Silver, 241 to 283

English (drains and French Grammes(Table), 32

Equalization, Gold and Silver (Table), 26Essequebo (Great Britain), Silver, 277France, Gold, 101, 103

Silver, 105 to 117(China), Silver, 106

French Grammes and English Grains(Table), 32

Frankfort-ou-the-Main, (Germany), Sil-

ver, 150 to 152Germany, Gold, 119, 133, 176, 177, 187,

209Silver, 121 to 131, 135 to 175, 179 to

195, 199 to 207, 211 to 220Gold and Silver Tables, Cash Value, 30

Current Coins, 509, 510Equalization, 26Standard Value, 28U. S. A., (History), 18

Grains (English), and Grammes (French)Table, 32

Grammes and Grains (Table), 32

Great Britain, Gold, 233 to 238, 261, 279

Silver, 241 to 283

Greece, Gold, 288Silver, 289

Greek Coins (Ancient), 465 to 481

Greiz-Reuss (Germany), Silver, 191

Guatemala (C. A.), Gold, 51

Silver, 52, 53

Guiana (Great Britain). Silver, 277

Hanibiirg- (Germany), Silver, 155

Hanover (Germany), (iold, 157

Silver, 159

Hawii (Sandwich Islands), Silver, 68llayti, Silver, 290, 291

Hechingen (Germany), Silver, 123

llesse-Cassel ((tcrnianv), (Sold, 119

Silver,"

161, 163TTesse Darmstadt (Germany), Silver, Kio

Hindostan, Gold, 427

Hohenzollern-Siuinarinncn ((Jermanv),

Silver,'

'123Holland, Gold, 29:'.

Silver, 295 to :5n;5

Honduras (C. A.), Silver, 54

Hungary (Austria), Gold, 09 to 73

Silver, 74 to 85

India, East (Groat Britain), <Jold, 269

Silver, 2m, 271, 27:}

(Holland), Silver, ^01, 30:5

Islands (Holland), Silver, 299

Italy, Gold, 304, 312, 310 to 320, 329, 337,

3:38, 348

Silver, :^05 to 357

Japan, Gold, 358, 359, ;362

Silver, 360

Java (Holland), Silver, 303Jewish Coins (Ancient), 508

La Plata (S. A.), Gold, 33Silver, 34, 35

Leclienstein (German}), Gold, 119Liberia (Africa), Silver, 08

Ligura (Italy), Silver, 1 3

Lippe (Cierniany), Silver, 107Lobenstein (Geiniany). Silver, 191, 220Lombardy-Venice (Italy), Gold, 312

Silver, :!55 to :357

Lubeck (Germany), Silver, 169

Lucca (Italy), Silver, 315

Malta (Great Britain), Goli!, 279Silver, 281

Mecklenburg (Germany), SiIê^, 271Mediaeval Coins, 505 to 507Mexico, Gold, 56, 57

Silver, 58 to 61

Monaco (Italy), Gold, 320Silver, 320

Morocco, Gold, 426Silver, 429

'

Nassau (Germany), Gold, 119

Silver, 173Netherlands (Holland), Gold. 293

Silver, 295 to 303Newfoundland (Great Britain), Silver, 274New Grenada (S. A.), Gold, 63

Silver, 62, 63Norway and Sweden, Gold, 443

Silver, 445, 447Numbers and Cbaraclers (Oriental), 413Nuremburg (Germany), Silver, 137Obsidional Money (Great Britain),

Silver, 257Oldenburg (Germany), Silver, 175Oriental Numbers and (Muiracters, 413Parma (Italy), Gold, 316

Silver, 317Persia, Gold, 431

Silver, 4;»3

Peru (S. A.), Gold, 04Silver. 65, 67

Portugal, Gold, 371, 373Silver, 375 to 379

Prussia (Germany), Geld, 176, 177Silver, 179 to 189

Ragusa (Austria), Gold, (19 to 73Silver, 74 to 85

Reuss-Greiz (Germany), Silver, 191

Reuss-Lobenstein (Germany), Silver, 191

Ring Money (Great Britain), 265, 267Roman Coins (Ancient), 483 to 503Rome (Italy), Gold, 319

Silver, 321 to 327oumania. Silver,

INDEX-DESCRIPTIVE PAGES.Afghanistan,

Liberia (Africa),

10

ORIGINA L SUBSCRIBERS. .

John AV. Thurston, 50 Mill street, Germantown, Pa.

11. Walworth, riattsburgh, Clinton Co., X. Y.

Henry L. Jewett, Capitol Bank of Macon, Macon, Ga.

J. C. Weston, Cashier Clinton National Bank, Clinton, Iowa.

George F. Jasper, First National Bank of Qnincy, Quincy, Ills.

C. W. Statesman, Bunker Ilill, Ind.

L. Fleury, Decatur, Ills.

W. C. Stone, City Library, Springfield, Mass.

General M. C. Meigs, Washington, D. C.

E. F. Gerald, Auditor C. P. R. R., San Francisco, Cal.

Edwin Andrews, Deep River, Conn.

A. C. Gruhlke, Waterloo, Ind.

Central Library, Syracuse, X. Y.

S. L. Cushman, Cashier, The Bristol Co. Xat. Bank, Taunton, Mass.

F. J. Lothrop, Leominster, National Bank, Leominster, Mass.

P. H. Parker, Box 367, Washington, Ills.

Christine Elberg, Apenrade, Schlesvig, Germany.

B. W. Kumler, Seven Mills, Butler Co., Ohio.

National Xumismatic Museum, Smithsonian Ins., AVashington, D. C.

J. H. Gray, Palatka, Fla.

Thomas Cunningham, Mohawk, Herkimer Co., X. Y.

F. W. Furman, 308 Westminster street. Providence, R. I.

James E. Taylor, Xo. 10 Branch street, Lowell, Mass.

C. W. Blume, Xuttellburg, Fayette Co., W. Va.

S. A. McKean & Co., 100 Washington street, Chicago, Ills.

Dr. G. H. Xewcomb, 94 Chestnut street, Albany, X. Y.

J. C. Fales, Prof. Xat. Science, Central College of Ky., Danville, Ivy,

W. R. Kinnaird, First Xational Bank, McGragor, Iowa.

Henry Abel, Jr., German Xational Bank, Pittsburgh, Pn.

John S. Cavern, Cashier First Xational Bank, Macon, Ga.

Academy, Mount St. Vincent on the Hudson, Xew York.

Chas. E. West, 138 Montague street, Brooklyn, X. Y.

AV. E. SherriU, Taylor, Texas.

Geo. L. Bolton, Room 52, Penna. R. K. Building, riiiladclphia. Pa.

Geo. A. IloUoway, 177 La Salle street, Chicago, Ills,

Jusliii Rinichi Ivuki, Ministerfrom Japan to V. S. A.

Dom Pedro II., Emperor of P)razil, S. A.

Albert M. Baker, 224 South Fifth street, Philadcl])hia, Pa.

Charles IT. Clarke 224 South Fifth street, Philadelphia, I*a.

11

A. Hamljii Todd, Library of Parliament, Ottowa, Canada.

Augustine Schneider, 0. S. B. ^N'umismatist, Beatty P. 0. AVestmore-

land Co., Pa.

John Jones, Kent, Ohio.

Iv. K. Chapman, Farmers and Merchants Saving Fund, Smithfield. Va.

C. F. Sonne, Trukee, Cal.

Eli Foorman, Eaton, Ind.

John Cashner, Box 2, Spearfish, Dakota.

E. G. Hyman, Cashier, Bangor, Me.

M. Herbert, AVashington C. H., Ohio.

Chas. T. Hull, Cashier First Xational Bank, Athens, Pa.

John II. Werkheiser, Cashier, Silverton, Colorada.

C. H. Ryland, Librarian Richmond College, Richmond, Va.

"Winslow J. Howard, Assayer, Silver City, Xew Mexico.

Jesse Sweed, Quaker City, Ohio.

R. AV. McLochlin, 233 McGill street, Montreal, Canada.

Frank McCoy, Los Angeles, California.

John G. Anderson, 111 East 2d street, Jamestown, X. Y.

Chas. Morris, G40 Adams street, Chicago, Ills.

Edinger Bros., 18 Vesey street, New York City, X. Y.Lachman & Jacobi, AVine Growers, San Francisco, California.

K. A. Lunderlielt, Librarian Public Library, Milwaukee, Wis.

Francis Ravenscroft, Birkbeck ]jank, Southampton Buildings, Chan-

cery Lane, London, England.

J. G. Staunton, Librarian Bates College, Lewiston, Maine.

J. 11. Bay, 27 East Southern Bay, Exeter, England.

Frank A. Wright, 43 Orange street, Lewiston, Maine.

Chas. Norton, Conneout, Ohio.

W. E. Bergcr, 324 X. 3d street, St. Louis, Mo.

Capt. C. Penick, R. D., Copenhagen, Denmark.Edwin S, Foster, 35 Merimack street, Haverhill, Mass.

Judson W. Blacke, AYauseon, Fulton Co., Ohio.

Geo. Follett, corner Maine & Thames streets, Xorwich, Conn.

Miss Xellie E. Williams, Colcliester, Xew London Co., Conn.

Byron Reed, Omaha, Xebraska.

Cha.s. B. Bovier, Supreme Gov., Knights of Columbia, Westfield, Mass.

J. G. Mills, 24 Plain street, Albany, X. Y.

A. Gartner, Savannah, Ga.

Miss S. S. Cox, 22 AVest Walnut Lane, Germantown, Pa.

Carl C. Zschiesche, Xumismatist, 4 Konigsstrasse, Leipzig, Germany.

12

O. M. Phillips, Cashier First Xational Bank, Xorthfield, Minn.

€. M. AVorthington, Sterling, Ills.

G. H. Golding, 94 East Genesee street, Syracuse, X. Y.

Dr. Shefter, 1309 Arch street, Philadelphia, Pa.

J. B. Lippincott Co., Booksellers, 715 Market street, Philadelphia, Pa.

Lyman Low, Xumismatist, 853 Broadway, Xew York City, X. Y.

O. E. Foster, Hornsea, East York, England.

E. S. Ballard, Davenport, Iowa.

S. E. Meigs, 1713 Locust street, Philadelphia, Pa.

AVarren Gee, Spring Lake, Michigan.

J. S. Harrington, 62 Orange street, Worcester, Mass.

C. H. Martin, Oxford Bank, Oxford, Xeb.

Henry L. Sheldon, Middlebury, Yt.

C. E.'^Morrill, Blackberry Station, Ills.

Theodore F. Pose, Ivoryton, Conn.

Geo. H. Heath, Monroe, Michigan.

G. H. Stewart, Cashier, Zanesville, Ohio.

A. H. Hall, Principal Xornial School of Practice, 17th and Sjiring

Garden, Philadelphia, Pa.

Martin Steffan, Jr., Box 60, Memphis, Mo.

C. I), yan Hoesen, Toledo Xational Bank, Toledo, Ohio.

L. S. Hill, Cashier Deseret Xational Bank, Salt Lake City, Utah.

Hunter Stedman, Jr., 102 Chestnut street, Philadelphia, Pa.

Peter M. Schmidt, Aabenraa, Schlesvig, Xorth Germania.

Dr. Edward Marris, 1106 Pine street, Philadelphia, Pa.

Hans Berndt, Bismarck. Dakota.

James Forbes, Ogden, Utah.

Ralph Heaton & Son, Mint of Birmingham, England.

Xunn & Christie, Ikiry St. Edmunds, England.

*Ivarl W. Hiersemann, 1 Turner strasse, Leipzig, Germania.

Foster Ely, M. A. D. D., Syracuse, X. Y.

Francesco Gnecchi, Xumismaticco Di Brera, Camerino, llali.

Spink (t Son, 2 Gracechurch street, London, England.

Julius Hahlo, 41 Unterdcn Linden, Berlin, X. W. Germany.

United States Counterfeit Detector, 42 Broad street, Xew ^'ork, X. Y.

Adolph AVeyl, Xuniismatist, Berlin, Germany.

E. Fay, 3 liuc Montholon, Paris, France.

E. V. Maack, Kiel, Germany.

Lorenz J. Elberg, Lametsbjerg Lint, ])r A penrade, Schlesvig, GermanyAVm. H. Pederson, Jamestown, Dakota.

13

COPYRIGHTED BY A. M. SMITH

CURRENT GOLD AP SILVER COINS OF THE WORLD.A COMPILATION FROM OFFICIAL DATA.

Name, Fineness ami Weight, of Coins furnished especially for this ôrk by the TT'^x.

Director U. 8. Mint. Amount of Pure Metal in Each Piece, accurately computed. Cur-rent Valuation of the Coins based upon tiie official proclamation of the Secretary U. S.

Treasury, that "the values of such coins, expressed in the money of account of the UnitedStates, are to be talvcn ia estimating the values of all foreign merchandize, made outiaany of said Currencies "

Gold.

14

Gold. 1

].")

Owing to the frequent variations in the metal value of Silver, it is here computed at U. 3.

value, 1000 fine, Sl.OO per ounce.

Silver.

iletal value of Silver, it is here comjiuted at U. S. value, 1000 fine, >!1.00 per ounce.

Silver.

UNITED STATES, Gold. I.

J7

^înnrn.m„^

'""'•iiE^'"^ '"->•" ,,....«»*

18

United States Coin History Tabulated.

UNITED STATES, n. a Gold. I.

19

20

length, from Cape Cod on llie Atlantic to the Pacific near the 43 parallel, is nearly

2,800 miles and the greatest breadth, from tlio X. W. extremi:y of iMiuneso a to the

southermost point of Texas 1,G00 miles. The area, from the census report of 18S0,

3,607,530 sq. miles (including Alaska but exclusive of the Lakes and River surfaces

hounding the Eepublic or single States). There are 38 States, 1 Federal District and

10 Territories. Tlie total area of the States and Territories, including water surface

of the Lakes and Rivers, is equal to about 4,000,000 sq. miles. In 1700 the popula-

tion of the U. S. was 3,929,214; there were 6 cities containing an aggregate of 131,-

472 inhabitants. The census of 1880 shows: population of the Republic 50,155,783;

Kumber of cities 28G; population of these cities 11,318,547. The official valuation of

property in 1880, real and personal, of the people of the U. S., was $43,642,000,000.

The Independence of the United States was acknowledged by England which hadheld them as colonies, on September 13th, 1783, after a war which commenced in

1770, thirteen States were in the original confederation and these are given first in the

table following.

Aroa Value of

bq. Allies pioauctsiuisso

PeiinsvlvaniaNew Haiups^liire.Ma»aclmsettsPvluulf Island("iiunectieiit

New YorkKi'w JerseyDelawareIÎarylandVirginiaNortli CarolinaSouth CarolinaGeorgiaKentiiclcyVermontTenues.seeOhioLouisianaIndianaMississippiIllinoisAlabamaMaineMissouriArkansasMichiganFloridaIowaTexasWisconsinCaliforniaMinnesotaOregonKansasWest VirginiaNevadaNebraska<ôloradoDist. (."olumbiaTer. New Mexico

•• Utah" ^\'ashington" Dakota" Ari7ona" Idaho" Montana" Wyoming" Indian" Alaska

Total

45,21.5

9,3ft5

8,Slo

1,2.30

4.tlti0

49.1707.M.)2.0.JII

12.21042:4.30

52.2-0

30.57051/,475

40,4009,50542,05041.00048,72030.:!50

46.SI0.5t).(i50

52.25033.01000,41553,S50

.58,015

o«,0805(),02.5

2^5,78050,040

1.38.300

83.:!(t3

it(i,o:W

82.(IS0

24.7,S0

110,7(10

70..S55

103,92570

122..5S0

84,i»70

69, ISO119,100

113,02081,800

14(i,()S0

97,S90

64,090.577,390

3,C07,,5;!0

$ 744,748,04573,978,028

631..311,484

101,103,0211 S3, 080,211

l,oso,i;:i8.096

231.375.2362li514,438100,771,393

51,810,09220,084,23710.738,00830,447,44875,4&3.37731,a54;36637,074.886

318.305;.390

24,20.3.183

14s,000.41l7,495,s(l2

414.804,07313,.30.3,504

79,825,.393

105,384,0050.7.36,1.59

150,092:0255,.546.448

71,04.5,926

20,719,92812S.245.480

11().227.973

7(1,005.198

10.S79.982;)O,790,212

22,807,1202,179,026

12,027,33611,260,1.39

11,882,3161,284,8164,-324,992

8.2.50,134

2,373,970(il.3.()6.5

1.271,3171.83.3.H07

898,494

20.000.4.55

3.721.1733.3.39.079

.514.813

2.470,4132.3.7S0.754

2.i)29.773

1.090;245

5. 185. 22119.910.70022.0.39.041

l;!..Vi3.2r,7

20,127.9.33

21.941.9744.SS2.-3S8

20,(l(;(i.913

1N.>33.:;: 1

(i.-Vj2.57s

28,177,9(012.061.54713,869.221

3,297,32425,0.S5,163

30.303.4.54

1.3.:;.3.3,118

10..393.742

13.403.019

4,428,71221,4.34.470

10.225.;M15.30. S(;2

9,944. S201,12(),.3S3

18,146631.1316.">3,.524

1,409,4213,HO0,6.:6

1.33.573

.327;7i'8

4( '5,083

124,4;{3

&3,363.007,706;5.3ii,309.179

l.i'i

](I2

$ 97.5.689.410

75;S34.38914(i,197.41525.SS2,079

121,003,9101,03(),176,741

190.895,83330,789.072

105..303,341

210.028.107135.7!)3,002

08,(i77.482

I11.910..540299,298,(!31

1(19,310.0102ii(i.749,S37

1.127. 497 .;;.33

3s.:is;i.il7

(.:;..,2:;ii.lll

92,> 11.91511,3.^0

W,018)7,015

375,033,30774,249,6.5.5

499,103,18120.291,835

507,430,227170,468.886357,709,507202.051,282193,724,2(.0

50,908,575235,178.9:!6

l:i.!,147,175

5.40S.325.

103.9.32..541

2-3.109,223

3,(i32,403

.5.-314,399

H.01-3.178l::.S4 1,22422.401,3S4

1.127,9462..^:!2,890

3.234.-304

8;i3,895

S10,197.09(!.776

Ejcpeiullt'rsPub. Schools

21

UNITED STATES, unauthorized coins GoM L

STAT5 @i^^ ^^Tir&s'

KJTV FKA.VCISCOCALIFORNIA, 1P53

[The inhabitants of Alaska and the Indian Territory (both unorganized), are-

not incluacd in the above total under "population." In 1880, the Alaska census

showed 30, 1~8 inhabitants; the estimated population of the Indian Territory was

75,000. In 1880, the total "colored" population of the United States, including

Têgroes, Chinese, Japanese and Indians, was 6,580,793. Foreign born whites, over

213'earsofage, 3,072,487.]

In the year 1884 there was exported from the United States; of merchandise:

$740,513,609 in value; of specie $67,133,383; of agricultural products, $536,315,318.

Immigrants arriving in the U. S., in 1884, 518,592; total immigration from 1820 to

1885, 12,719,095. The report of the principal cereal productions in 1880, shows a

totalof 1,754,861,535 bushels of Indian corn; 459,479,505 of wheat; 407,858,999 of

oats: 44,113,495 of barley; 19,831,595 of rye; and 11,817,327 of buckwheat. Total

cotton production for 1880, was 5,737,257 bales, averaging 475 poimds to the bale.

Salt produced, in 1880, was in value $4,817,636. The sugar product of the State of

Louisiana alone, in 1883, was 221,515 hogsheads, the average weight of each being

1,137 pounds. The total tobacco crop of the United States, in 1879, was 469,816,208

pounds, valtied at $36,624,357. Pig iron manufactured in 1883, amounted in tons to

5,146,972. In 1884, there was in operation, a total of 110,414 miles of railroad, built

and equipped at a cost of $6,084,756,045, the gross earnings of which, in 1883,

amounted to $823,772,924. The telegraph companies of the United States, in 1884,

had an aggregate exceeding 104 miles of line, one company alone controlling 145,037

miles of line, with 450,571 miles of wire, sending in that year 42,076,226 messages,

and receiving $19,632,940. The coal fields of the United States are estimated to em-

brace an area of over 600,000 square miles. There were within the Union, in 1884,

12,671 different periodicals in course of publication, daily, weekly or monthly. Tlie

public lands of the United States still open for settlement, and sold at government

rates, in 1884, comprised an area of 2,835,883 square miles, or 1,814,965,179 acres.

In 1883, there were 22,383 patents issued from the United States Patent Office. Thepublic debt, in 1884, amounted to $1,830,528,923.57, a reduction of $942,707,250.12

from 1866, at the conclusion of the civil war. There are 50,017 post offices; 43,338,-

127 miles of post -routes, and the service is administered at a cost of $40,404,960 per

annum. The total tonnage in 1884, including vessels of every class, was 4, 271, 229 tons.

The total receipts of the U. S. for the year ending June 30, 1884, were $343,519,809.

The gold and silver produce from the mines of the United States in 1883, in value

was of gold $30,000,000 ; of silver $46,200,000. The amount of National Bank and

Legal-Tender Xotes, outstanding on October 31st, 1884 was, of Xational Bank Notes

$332,473,693; of Legal-Tender Notes $346,681,016. The United Stales paid in 1884,

in pensions to the 322,756 surviving participants in her wars, or to their legal heirs,

the sum of $56,963,098. Tlie amount of appropriation made by Congress, for the

fiscal year 1885, to carry on the different departments of the government, was $137,-

451,398. To enumerate the cultivated and natural products of the United States

would require more space than a volume of tliis class can afford. There is no gift be-

stowed by nature, necessary for the comfort or luxury of mankind that does not exist

or have its equivalent within the boundaries of the nation ; tlie wealth of minerals,

23

UNITED STATES, Silver.

„„.......«„„„.

<.0 S'l' V „ ,„.»v»»«""""".„,,^

'5> » • ^ <^

'"""•M,m„,,iwv»*^*'''

'2 4

precious and useful, is incalculable and inexliauslable, and its resources are so varied

and immense as to render it, if needs be, totally independent of its entire world beyondits Innits. The state of the total United States circulation, on October 1st, 188-4, wasas follows:

UNITED STATES, n a Silver. I.

25

5

2G

GIVING THE AMOUNT OF GOLD OR SILVER IN COIN.Kxplaiiation :—To find tlie artiuil amount of pure metal contained in a coin, its fineness being

known, take the gross weiglit of the (tieee on the " grains " table and follow directly across until thecolumn of the given fineness is reached. Thus, 110 grains gross, at 87.') fine is found to be 96^grains pure. If the coin weighs llli» gross take the I'JO and the !• figures in the grains table. TheraUulatiiius are only made as far as tSOO fine. If lower or intcnni'diatc'gra(h\s of lincucss arc sought,the simple rules of arithmetic will give the residts of any pussililc cdndiination. 4."i() tine being one-half of the figures here given for 'JUU, &c., &c. Of course 1000 tine means the entire gross weight is pure.

Gross

UNITED STATES, N. A.

28

COPYRIGHTED BV A. M. SMITH. TABLESstandard Fineness of Aiwrican Coins, the Latin Cui'in, and yine-Tcnths of the World. Cash Value

of Gold and Silver, 900 Fim, hn Grains and Ptanijicelyhts.

GOLD. Grains on outer colunin, money value oppo.site. V . S. Standard. 900 fine, Sl.S.fiOpei

ounce.

GRAINS.

UNITED STATES, Silver. I.

29

7

no

TABLESCOPYRJGHTED BV A. M. SMiTH.

Givine the Cash Vnlne of Ooltl an<l Silver 1000 Fine by Ornins aii<1 Pennyweights.'Pile valiKi of aiiv U-sser fiiuMii'ss may luMlettTiuiued by ilecliictiugat the rate of 10 prr cent, foreacli huiulred.

Thus iCi (F.iiglisli Standard) is 7'- lier rent, less than this table. For UOt) fine (Anieritari Standard) deduct lU

per cent. ; fur 8.jU, take olf lo per cent, and so on to any limit.

Opposite the number of grains on the outer eolnmns, stauds its mouey value cal-

culated at r. S. Staudaril. KiOO tine. S'.'O.Gli per otiuce.GOLD.

1

23

45

6789

10Oue-half

12

1520

One

24303540

(V? 7.3

(U 7 3

rm 7 3

1073

•-•-' (iO

•^-•-4?9X3 3

3413•"^3

Pennyweightr,i 13

.86tVPennyweight

1.03,3^

1.29^

1.50fi1.72J

GRAINS.

45Two485055600570

Three727580859095

Four96

100105110115

1 93 lAPennyweight

2.061

2.15/:i

2.36ft2.58:t

2.79IJ3.01^

Pennyweight

3.09^Q 90 1 3

3.441

3.65H3.871

4.08HPennyweight

4.13^

4.30A4.51if4.73H4.9r>^

GRAINS.

Five

120125130135140Six

144150155160

Seven

168170175180185190

Eight

192195

Pennyweight5.16:L

5.38-V

5.59H5.81tV6.02/^

Pennyweight6.19A

6.45|

6.67/^6.8Sf

Pennyweight

7.23tL7 Q1 17

7 531i

7.74f7.96if8.17if

Pennyweight

8.2618.39^

200205210215Nine216220225230235Ten240250300350

Fifteen

360400450

Twenty480

8.6018.8211

9.03|

Pennyweight

9.29,7^

9.46^^9.68/^

9.90i

lU.UlfPeiniyweight

10.33

10.76,V12.9li

15.06iiPennyweight15.491

17.21f19.361

Pennyweight20.66

SI I\ /p O Tlie money value occupies tlie outside columns in this table

I L_V iZ. Ii • Silver fluctuates more and more each year, these calculationiil)on the metal atll.OO per ounce. KXlll fine; such price beiu^ a fair and safe average

As the juice ofs have been based

for bluer and seller.

GRAINS

.oi^V

.02

.02tV

.03

.04One

.05

.05^\

.06

.061

.07

•07/t.08

.09

•09|Two.10

.10^\

.11

.12m

.13

.1414 7

Tliree

.15

503

10

14f19^

Pennyweight2425

28f30q'^3

35

38f43J45

Pennyweight4850r,94

55

57|00

02|65

67J70

Pennyweight72

15f

UNITED STATES, Silver. 1.

31

8

32

ADVANCE SHEET FROM REPORT OX THE PRODUCTION OF THE PRECIOUSMETALS IN THE U. S. FOR 1885, BY THE UIRECTOK OF THE MINT.

Average price of her xih-er in London, per ouiirf. British slandiird, (935, ) siwW^sr.x and the equivalent inUaittd atatex yold coin of an ounce 1, MO fine, taken at the averaye price.

Calendar

yuar.

1-33..

1834..1835..1830..1837..183S..1839..184a..

1841 .

.

1842..1843..

1844..184.-)..

184i),.

18t7..

1848..

1849..18")0..

' Value of aAverage flue ouncequotation, at averageLondon. quotation.

u. s.

d.

o9A59ia59ix

GO

•'•'Ttr

59.^

G0|

00|

G(VV

^^,59 i

59 i

591159.i

'

59|

Dollars.

1.29,7

1.31,3

1.30,8

1.3L51.30;5

1.30,4

1.32,3

1.32,3

1.31,6

1.30,3

1.29,7

1.30,4

1.29,8

1.30

1.30,8

1.30,4

1.30,91.31.G

Calendarquotation.

London.

1851

.

1852.1853.1854.1855.

185G

.

1857.1858

.

i^m

.

18G().

1861.1862.1863

.

1864.

18G5.18iJ6.

18(57

.

186^.

d.

61GO.I

6U6U

61^

02^

61161|

61^

Value of aline ounceat averagequoiation.

Li. S.

Dollars.

1.33,7

1.32.6

1.34,8

1.34,8

1.34,4

1.34,4

1.35,3

1.34,41.36

1.35,2

1.33,3

34,6

34,5

34,5

33,8

33,9

32,832,6

Calendaryear.

1869.1870.1871.1872.

1873.1874.1875.1876.1877.1878.1.S79.

1880.18S1

.

1882

.

18^3.

188 1.

1.-85.

Averagequotation.

London.

d.

60/,(30^60J

^^\%59i

56^

52f54ii|

51-

52151 1 s•J-^rtr

50f50f.ftJL

Value of atine ounceat averagequotation.

U.S.

Dollars.

l.:.2,5

1.32,8

l.£2,6

1.32,2

1.29,8

1.27.8

1.24,<)

1.15.6

1.20,1

1.15,2

1.12.3

1.14,5

1.13,8

1.13.6

1.11.0

1.11,3

1.06,48

RATIO OF SILVER TO GOLD EACH TEN YEARS SINCE 1687.

YEAR.

ARGENTINE REPUBLIC.ca platans a Gold. n.,

''^^

Gold. ARGENTINE REPUBLIC, (iaplata)

No.PERIOD

OR SECTION. COIN. FINE.WEIGHT

OFCoin.

GRAINSPURE

Sn.A"KR

VALUE

(ien'l Kosa,

;5 [

Silver. ARGENTINE REPUBLIC.

No.

ARG. REPUBLIC (LA PLATA) s A Silver.

;*(;

Silver. BOLIVIA.

No.PERIOD

OR SECTION. COIN. FINE.iWEIGHT grains!

OFCjin.

I

PURESilver

VALi::.

1.

2. No gold cuius are issiunl

3. by Bolivia for gent'ral

4. circulation. There is

5. a Doubloon minted, in

6. general style resembling

7. the silver coins ; its value

8. is $1.5.58.

Peso.

Peso of 8 Reals.

do

Boliviano.

1-1(3 Peso or i Real.

i do

V do

J do

i do

900

900

900

900

900

677

677

900

414

41S

418

500

25

210

210

372

376

376

450

22

144

144

47

BOLIVIA, S. A.

900 104 93

Silver. III.

.77

.78

.78

.93

.04i

.30

.30

.09

.19

Silver. BOLIVIA, S. A.

No.PERIOD

OR SECTION.C(.)IN. FINE.

WEIGHT GRAINSOF I PURE ÂLlT.

Coin. Silver

1.

;J7

BOLIVIA S. A. Silver. ni..

38

BRAZIL, s A Gold. IV.

Gold. BRAZIL.

No.PERIOD

OR SECTION.COIN. FINE.

WEIGHT

39

BRAZIL, A Silver. IV.

Silver. BRAZIL.No

40

Silver.

BRAZIL. Silver. IV.

42

Gold.

No.PERIOD

OR SECTION.

CHILI.

COIN. FINE.WEIGHT GRAINS

OFI

PURECoin. Gold.

VALUE.

3. Chili became ii Eepublic,

4. secediug from Spain, in

5. 1817.

6. Its gold coinage is much7. below the U.S. Standard.

Doubloon.

4;;

CHILI. Gold.

44

Silver. CHILI.

No.

CHILI, s A Silver.

46

COLOMBIA, U. S. oFSA Gold. VI.

,

Gold. REPUBLIC OF COLOMBIA, S. A.

No.

47

COLOMBIA, U. S. OF S. A. Silver. VI.

Silver. REPUBLIC OF COLUMBIA, S. A.

No.PERIOD

OR SECTION. COIN.

•ib

ECUADOR, Gold. VII.

1.

Gol

49

ECUADOR. Silver vir.

Silver. ECUADOR, S. A.

PERIODOR SECTION. COIX.

1

50

Silver. Vll.,

No.PERIOD

OR SECTION. COIN. FINE.WEIGHT GRAINS

OFI

PURECoin. Silver

VALUE.

2. Tlie money of this country

3. fluctuates greatly. The4. name of the Capitol, Quito,

5. where the mint is, will lie

6. found on all coins.

Peso.

51

GUATEMALA, Gold. VIII.

Gold. GUATEMALANo.

PERIODOR SECTION.

WEIGHT GRAINSCOIN.

I

FINE. OFI

PURE

i

Coin. Gold.VALUE.

The most populous of

the Central Americau

Republics.

Gold coinage very un-

certain as to fineuess.

(ûadrujile.

52

GUATEMALA, Silver. VIII.

Guatemala. Silver. Xo. 1. Peso. 386 grs. weight, 847 grs. pure, 72 cts. Xos.2 and 3. Ileal, 09 cts. No. 4. 2 Reals, 18 cts. Nos. 5 and (>. 4 Heals, 30 cts. Alltliese are 900 line and iJropoilionate in weight witli the Peso. Xo. 7. 835 tine, 210

grs. weight, 172 grs. pure, 31 cts.

GUATEMALA, the most nortlicru and popidous ottlic liepubhcs of Central

America. It comprises nineteen departments. Total area, 44,800 square miles;

population (1872), 1,197,054. Tlie principal exports are cochineal, indigo, sugar,

inaliogany, sarsai)aiilla, tobacco, fruits and coffee (the cotTee crop of 1884 exceeded

4:3,000,000 ponii(l>), amounting to 83.710.240.

53

GUATEMALA, c Silver Viri.

Published by A. M. Smith,

Post Office Box 754,

Philadelphia, Pa.. U. S. A.

The ea

54

HONDURAS, cA. Silver. Villi.

Honduras, mostcentral of the C. A.Kepublics,— 58,168 sq.

miles ; 87(5, 410 popula-tion ; Kevenue, 1882,$1,120,000; expenditureabout the same. Debt,?;n ,000,000. Exportsabout $1,305,000; oneRailway; products, ma-hogany, fruit cattle, su-gar, tobacco, coffee, in-

digo, india-rubber,1 1 ides, skins, sarsapa-rilla, cedar, fustic, roseand Lima wood. Min-eral wealth is great.Capital, Tegueigalapa.

The Coins of Honduras and Uruguay here represented, are the Pesoand Half Peso, all 900 tine, 38!) grains weiglit, 317 grains pure, worth 72 cts. forthe Peso, and the Half Peso in proportion.

URUGUAY. Silver. Villi

Uruguay, a Repub-lic of South America.72,151 sq. miles, about500 ,000 pop. ReV . 1 883

,

was nearly $10,000,000;expenditures, same .

Debt, ?62,000,000. Pa-per money imcurrent incommerce. Capital,]\I(mtevideo. 500 milesof R.R. Exports, 1882,$22,220,512. The grainsare cultivated ; the ex-l)orts are wool, hides,

liorn, hair and tallow.Gold mines exist.

VENEZUELA, s. a

4

Silver. Xll.

No.PERIOD


OFI

PURECoin. Silver

VALUE.

1.

Ob

Gold. MEXICO.

No.

MEXICO. ^ A Gold.

o8

Silver. MEXICO.

No.

59

MEXICO. N A Silver.

60

Silver. MEXICO.

GI

Silver. IX.

62

Gold. NEW GRENADA.

No.PERIOD


WEIGHT GRAINSOF

I

PURECoin. Gold.

VALUE.

See remarks on Silver.

Dobloon, 16 Pesos.

N. GRENADA.

Gold. XI.

Silver.

i-ii; do

PERU.

No.

65

PERU, Silver. XI.

66

Silver.

G7

PERU, s

08

TT A WTT SANDWICH ISLANDS XII.

These Coins conform

with the United States

Silver ]\Ioney.

One Dolhir.

Half do

One Dime.

Quarter Dollar.

1)00

ttOO

'M)

t)00

412

192

96

371

173

34

8t)

77

.36

.07

.18

HAWAUAN (Sandwich) Inlands. A rich and beautiful chain of islands,

situate in the North Pacific Ocean (consisting of 13 islands, b of which are inliabited),

forming the kingdom of Hawaii. United area, 7,028 square miles; population,

about 52,000. They are admirably situated for trade, being in the route from

America to China, and in 1883 were visited by shipping to the extent of 185,310 tons.

Exports (1882), $4,974,500, consisting of sugar, rice, coflee, puln, hides, etc. ; im-

ports, $8,300,000. Revenue, 1,780,080; expenditures, $2,190,000; public debt, $301,-

495. In 1883, silver half-dollars were coined for this government in the United

States to the amount of $300,000; this was done under what is known as the

"SpreckeFs contract." Fifty 2)er cent, of the gold in the country is of U. S. coinage.

The amount of government (and only) paper currency outstanding at close of 1883,

was $335,000, and this currency is issued only on and to the extent of coin deposits

kept in the treasury for its specific redemption.

LiBERiAK Coins.—No 1. Quurter dollar, 25 cents, Nos. 2 and .3, Ten cents,

(all these are of silver, same standard as the coins of United States,

)

Liberia is an independent Kepublic of Western Africa, composed of

Colored Emigrants from "the United States, and their descendents, founded in

1S20 by The American Colonization Society as a settlement ; organized as a

Repnbli(; in 1847. It occupies that i)art of the coast of North Guinea betweenthe rivers San Pedro and Tong, about -500 miles extending inwards an average

of 100 miles. Population, 1,500,000. Exi)orts; colTee, sugar, ginger, palm-kemels, palm-oil, indigo, ivory, gold-dust, etc. Revenue, 1884, $190,000. Chief

Town, Monrovia.

6^

AUSTRIA. HUNGARY AND RAGUSA. GoM. XIII. ,

Gold. AUSTRIA.

No.PERIOD

OR SECTION.COIN. FINE,

WEIGHT

70

Gold. AUSTRIA.

No.PERIOD


WEIGHT GRAINSOF

I

PURECoin. Gold.

VALUE.

1.

71

AUSTRIA. HUNGARY AND RAGUSA. Gold. XIII.

^••r.fi

iV S9^

72

Gold. AUSTRIA.No.

/c

AUSTRIA H U GARY AND RAC;USA. Gold XTII.

74

Silver.

AUSTRIA. HUNGARY AND KAGUSA. SilVeF. XTII.

76

Silver. AUSTRIA.

No.

77

AUSTRIA. HU V GARY AND RAGUSA. SUver. XITT.

78

Silver. AUSTRIA.No.

79

AUSTRIA. HUNGARY AXD KAGUSA SilVGr. XTII.

80

Silver.

8T

AUSTRIA. HUNGARY AND RAGUSA.

9

Silver. XIIT.

82

Silver. AUSTRIA.

No.

83

AUSTRIA. HUNGiARY AND RAGUSA. Silver. x:iT.

84

Silver. AUSTRIA. HUNGARY.

No.PERIOD

OR SECTION. COIN.

85

AUSTRIA. HUNGARY AND RAGUSA. SilVeF. XIII

86

Silver.

87

BELGIUM. SUver. XIV.

ss

Gold. DENMARK.No.

PERIODOR SECTION. COIN.

81)

DENMARK. Gold XVI.

90

Silver. DENMARK.No.

!)1

DENMARK. SHver. XVL

92

Silver. DENMARK.No.

'.).•;

DENMARK. Silver. XVI.

MSilver.

95

DENMARK. SUver. XVI.

96

Silver. DENMARK.No.

97

DENMARK Silver. XVI.

98

Silver. DENMARK.PERIOD

OR SECTION.COIN. FIXE.

weight gra1.,s

ofi

pure value.Coin. Silver

(In Comnicmoatioa of Suppressec

99

DENMARK.

KM)

Gold. FRANCE.No.

PERIODOR SECTION.


OFI

PURECoin. Gold.

VALUE.

1,

1(11

FRANCE. Gold XVTI.

! 02

Gold. FRANCE.

No.

lu:}

FRANCE.

104

Silver. FRANCE.

No.

FRANCE.105

Silver. XVII.,

106

Silver FRANCE.

No.PERIOD

OR SECTION.COIN. FIXE.

WL-lGHl'

lo;

FRANCE. Silver. XVll.

lOS

Silver. FRANCENo.

FRANCE.109

SHver. XVIT. ,

Silver.

Ill

FRANCE. Silver. XVII.

112

Silver.

113-

FRANCE.Silver. XVir.

lU

Silver. FRANCE.

No.

FRANCE. Silver. XVii.,

>^r^b ^ ^ ^t'^S'.'"'',h- '.... "yfiîa;/^'"

^1 -C.,^.!* v^

&^'^

f><

XC-v^~S'fy.., %^^W^Jf .<'S^"'"t's>k

"•afi.i....

116

Silver. FRANCE.No.

FRANCE. Silver. XVli.

^•îll^sli^'

118

Gold. GERMANY.No.

119

G'ETJTVrA'NrV LEICHENSTEIN. HESSE-CASSEL r* ^1 /l ^^rm\XSlllX±yi.J±LH X . SAXONY. NASSAU. BRUiNfSWlCK. U-OlCl. XVlTl. 1

1-20

Silver. GERMANYNo.

121

GERMANY. lirE:^Si^lol\^HY^-^^^'^^^^- SUver. XVIII. 2

122

Sil\

I2i

CxERlVrANV ?CHWARZBURG_RUDOI,STADT. a^l„^^ VT7-TTT oVJTJUrVlVlîN I . HOHENZOLLERN-SIGMARINGEN'. OUVer. XVIII. 3HECHINGEN

124

Sil^

125

GERMANY, anhalt Silver. XVlii. 4

126

Silver. GERMANY, ^^^den.

Ko.PERIOD


WEIGHT GRAINSOF 1 PURE

Coin. SilverVALUE.

1.

12;

GERMANY, baden. Silver. XVI I r. 5

128

Silver.

GERMANY, babka

129

Silver. XViii. a

180

Silver. GERMANY.No.

PERIODOR SECTION. COIN. FINE,

WEIGHT GRAINSOF

I

PURECoin. Silver

VALUE.

i.

131

GERMANY. BADEN.Silver, xviii. 7

132

Gold. GERMANY. BAVARIA.

No.

GERMANY. BAVARIA Gold. XVIII.

134

Silver. GERMANY, bavaria

No.PERIOD

OR SECTION. COIN.weight grains

fine. ofi

pureCoin. Silaêr

VALUE.

1.

135

GERMANY, bavaria Silver. XVlli.

136

Silver. GERMANY.No.

GERMANY. BAVARIA.NUREMBERG

137

Silver. XVIII. lo

1-38

Silver. GERMANY, ^^varia

No.

GERMANY, bavaria

119

Silver. XVIII. ii

140

Silver. GERMANY. BAVARIA.

No.

141

GERMANY, bavak.a. Silver. XVIII. 12

142

Silver. GERMANY. Bremen

No.

143

GERMANY, bremen Silver. XVlll. 13

144

Silver.

14.1

GERMANY. Brunswick. Silver. XVlii. u

146

Silver. GERMANY, brunswick.

No.

14;

GERMANY. Brunswick. Silver. XYIIT. 15

14S

Silver. GERMANY, bruxswick.

Xo.PERIOD


OFI

PURECoin. Sila'er

VALUE.

1.

GERMANY. Brunswick.

^ SPECIES^P THALER 5

^<ÎK^^

lid

SUver. XVITI.,6

150

Silver. GERMANY. FRANKFORD-ON-THE-MAiy.

No.

151

GERMAMY. FRAXKFORT-ON^-THE-MAIX. SilVGr. XVIIT. ^^

1

152

Silver. GrEIilVTANY. FRANKFORT-OX-THE-.MAI.V.

No.

153

GERMANY. tRANKFcDRT-ox-niEMAiN. SllvGr. XVIII.

1.-.4

Silver.

U5

Silver. XVIII.,

156

Gold. GERMANY, hANOVER.

No.PERIOD

OR SECTION. COIN. (FINE,WEIGHT

V>7

XVIII.

158

Silver. GERMANY, hanover

No.

GERMANY, hanover

159

Silver. XVIII. ,,

160

Silver. GERMANY. HESSE-CASSEL.

No.PERIOD


WEIGHT GRAINSOF PURE

Coin. SilverVALUE.

I.

GERMANY, h

16L

162

Silver. GERMANY, i'ksse-cassel.

No.PERIOD

OR SECTION. COIN.

163

HESSE-CASSEL.Silver. XYlii.

1 (M

Silver.

No.PERIOD

OR SECTION.

Pliilipp.

Ludwig II.

do

Philipp.

Ludwig I.

Ludwig II.

Ludwig III.

Ludwig II.

GERMANY. HESSE-DARMSTADT.


OFI

PURECoin. Silver

VALUE.

2 Gulden.

J6o

GERMANY, hessedarmsTADT. Silver. XVlli.

166

Silver

No.

GERMANY. ! IPPE.

PERIODOR SECTION. COIN. FINE.

WEIGHTOF

Coin.

GRAINSPURE

SilverVALUE.

1.

167

GERMANY, lppe Silver. XVIII.

1G8

Silver. GERMANY.No.

169

GEKMANY. lubeck Silver. XVlll.

170

Silver. GSRIVIANY. MECKLENBURG-SCHWERIN.

No.PERIOD


WEIGHT GRAINSOF

I

PURECoin. Silver

VALUE.

1.

171

GERMANY, mejklexuurg. Silver, xnu.

SHver. GERMANY.

173

GEKMANY. Nassau

1

SHver. XVIII.

174

Sil^

175

GERMANY, oldexburg. SUver. XVIII.

176

Gold. PRUSSIA.

No.

177

GERMANY. PRUSSIA. Gold. XYTTI. ,,

17

17'.)

GERMANY, PRUSSIA. Silver. XYlii.

18U

Silver.

181

GERMANY. PRUSSIA. SUver. XVIII.,,

ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

A.M. SMITH, Publisher

PHILADKLPHU. FA.:

182

Silver. PRUSSIA.

No.PERIOD

OR SECTION. COIN.

18^

GERMANY. PRUSSIA. Silver, xviii.32H

184

Silver.

185

GERMANY. Prussia SHver. XVIII.

186

Silver. PRUSSIA.

No.

187

GERMANY, pku SUver. XVIII.

188

Silver. PRUSSIA.

No.

189

GERMANY, pil^sia. Silver. XMII. ,.

190

Silver. GERMANY. REUSS-GRF.rZ AND REUSS I-OBF.NSTEIN-.

No.

191

GERMANY. REUSS GREIZ.REUSS LOBENbTEIN. Silver. XVIII.

192

r' r^,<1?!-^^-^.

^ ^P

Silver. GERMANY. SAXE-COBURG-GOTHA.

No.

193

GERMANY. SAXE-COBURG-GOTHA. Silver. XVlll.

194

Silver GERMANY.

19;

GERMANY. SAXE-COEURG-GOTHA. SHver. XVIII.

1<1G

Gold. GERMAN. SAXONY.

No.

J 97

GERMANY. SAXONY. Gold. XVIII.

198

Silver.

GERMANY. sAxoxv.

199

SHver. XYlll. ,„

i(JO

Silver. GERMANY, saxoxv

No.

GERMANY, saxon

201

Silver. XVIII.,,

202

Silver.

203

GERMANY, saxony Silver. XVIII.

•20i

Silver.

205

GERMANY, saxony Silver. XVIII.

206

20i

GERMANY. WALDECK. Silver. XVlli.

208

Gold. GERMANY. WURTEMBERG.

No.PERIOD

OR SECTION.COIN.

209

GERMANY, wurtemburg Gold. XVIII.

210

GERMANY. WURTEMBURG. Silver. XVlll.

1

211

46

212

Silver. GERMANY, wurtemberg.

No.

21i

GERMANY, wurtemburg.

1

SUver- XVIII.^^

214

GERMANY, wurtemburg.

215

Silver. XVIII.,«

216

Silver. GERMANY. WURTEMBERG.

No.

GERMANY, wurtemburg Silver. XVlll.

218

Silver. GERMANY. WURTEiMBERG.

No.

219

GERMANY, ^v UKTEMBURG. SUver. XYIII.

Published by A. M. tijiiTH,

Post Office T5ox 754,

PaitADELPmA, Pa., U. S, A.

220

GERMANY, LOBENSTEIN Silver. XVIII.

No.PERIOD

OR SECTION.COIN.

ROUMANIA,

221

SHver. XXXVin.

ROUMANIA COINS.—Silver, all 900 Fine. No. 1, 5 Lei, 385 grains weight,346 grs. pure,—72 cents ; Nos. 3 and 6, 1 Leu, 77 grains weight, 09 grs. pure,—14eents; Nos. 3 and 5, 50 Bani, 38 grs. weight, 34 grs. pure,—7 cents ; Nos. 4 and 7,

3 Lei, 154 grs. weiglit, 138 grs. pure,—28 cents.

ROUMANIA. This kingdom consists of the Moldo-Wallachia provinces,

formerly belonging to Turkey, by treaty of Berlin, 13th July, 1878, recognized as

an independent State, and the territory of Dobrudscha added to it; raised to a king-

dom March 26, 1881. Total area, 49,202 square miles; population 5,370,000. Walla-

chia, largest of the three provinces, has area of 28,276 square miles. The soil is very

rich. Products: corn, maize, millet, beans and peas; vines and various fruits arc

abundant; forests most extensive. Immense numbers of cattle, sheep and horses

are reai'cd; minerals and precious metals are said to abound. Exports: wheat,

maize, rock-salt and cattle. Moldavia, the least of the three provinces, has about

2,200,000 inhabitants; it produces large quantities of fruit, grain and wine. Public

revenue of Roumania (1884), $26,289,115; exiênditures, about the same as the reve-

nue; public debt, $132,810,060; imports (1882), $53,870,420; exports (1882), $48,-

946,141. Since 1881, there has been authorized an issue of 25,000,000 lei, in pieces

of 5 lei; the coinage of gold has been very small, the circulation in that metal is

composed almost entirely of Napoleons and Austrian pieces of 8 and 4 florins. Thepaper circulation in 1883, was 12,091,730 francs in treasury notes, and 58,498,790

francs in national bank notes.

•>)•)

Gold. GREAT BRITAIN.

No.

GREAT BRITAIN. Gold.

223

XTX.,

•224


No.

22r>

GREAT BRITAIN. Gold. XIX.

22G

Gold. GKEAT BRITAIN.

No.PERIOD


WEIGHTOF

Coin.

GRAINSPUREGold.

VALUE.

1.

227


•>28


No.

229


•230


No.

281


•2:]2

Gold. GREAT BHITAIN.

No.PERIOD

OR SECTION.COIN.

GHEAT BHITAIN

2;u


No.PERIOD


WEIGH!'OF

Coin.

GRAINSI PUREGold.

VALUE.

1.

2.

235

GKEAT BRITAIN. Gold. XIX.

236

Gold.

237

GREAT BRITAIN.1 /^^'^^fe>v5

Gold. XIX.

2;38

GKEAT BRITAIN. Gold. XIX.

No.

2;J9

GREAT BRITAIN.Province Wellesley, on the main land, opposite Penang, is a strip of coast, about

45 miles in length, with some land south of the Krian River, and a large district

called the Dindings. It has an area of 270 square miles, is under the authorities of

Penang, and in a high state of cultivation, compared with the neighboring territory.

Cyprus, an island of the Levant, at the eastern end of the Mediterranean Sea,

about 50 miles from the coast of Asia Minor, and 60 miles from its north-east ex-

tremity to the port of Latakia on the Syrian coast, with which it is connected by

submarine telegraph cable; the distance to Port Said at the entrance of the Suez

Canal, is 240 miles. Area, estimated 4,000 square miles, with population in 18S1, of

185,870. The principal productions are cotton, wine, grain, carobs (or locust beans),

and fruits. In olden times it was celebrated for its mineral wealth, the copper being

of superior grade; the mines were long abandoned, but are now being again worked;

large quantities of salt are obtained from salt lakes near Larknaka. Exporis: cotton,

wine, salt, locust-beans, wheat, barley, wool, silk, spirit, sponges and raisins.

Cyprus still forms part of the Ottoman Empire, but the government is administered

by England, and will be while Russia holds Batoum and Kars. The Sublime Porte

receives a yearly subsidy of $438,430. In 1883, the exports amounted to $1,451,050.

Ontario and Quebec, or Canada Proper. The area of these two pro

viuce.^ is 290,421 square miles (Ontario 101,733: Quebec 188,088); Upper or Western

Canada is now Ontario, Lower or Eastern Canada is Quebec; and these are sepa-

rated by the river Ottawa. Quebec also includes the Isle of Anticosti and the 3Iag-

dalen Islands in the Gulf of St. Lawrence. The inhabitants of Lower Canada are

mostly of French descent; those of Upper Canada chiefly British. The timber trade

has long been, and still is, the most valuable of its commerce, though agriculture

and cattle raising are fast growing in importance; the fisheries also yield great reve-

nues. The mineral resources are not fully developed, but a large section, especially

the shores of Lake Superior and Lake Huron produce gold, silver, cobalt, iron, lead,

zinc and copper; sandstone, limestone, slate, and marbles of every color are found.

Petroleum is produced in large quantities. Agriculture receives most attention in

Ontario, and farm products as exports, are divided about equally between the

United States and Great Britain; Montreal, Quebec and Toronto being the great cen-

tres of distribution. Kingston occupies a relation to the Lake trade, similar to that

of Quebec with the sea, Toronto being second in sharing this commerce. Montreal

commands a vast overland system of communication by canal and railway.

THE DOMIXIOX OF CANADA, since 1807, a confederated govern-

ment, embracing the British North American Provinces of Ontario, Quebec, Newr^runswick. Nova Scotia, ^lanitoba, British Columbia, North-West Territorj^, Van-couver's and Prince Edward Islands. This territorj', about as large as Europe,

i^tretches from the Atlantic to the Pacific Ocean, and the area is estimated at 3,580,-

290 square miles. Its exports are agricultural products, animals, and producethereof; woods and lumber, fish, manufoctured goods and gold, silver, copper, co-

balt, iron, zinc, lead, sandstones, limestone, slate and marbles, amounting in 1883

to $93,407,072. Poi)ulation, 4,352,080. There is no mint in Canada. In 1883

(latest report) of gold coin and gold bullion there was imported $1,228,753; and ex-

ported $476,192; of silver coin and silver bullion there was no export, and the

inqjort amounted to $880,000. $950,000 of gold Avas produced the same year

fiom the mines. The paper circulation outstandiiig Avas, Government, $16,115,084,

banks, $36,501,695. The aAêrage of dutj' on all inqumed commodities, subject to

duty, Avas 17.5 per ccnl, in 1883.

240

Silver. GKEAT BRITAIN.No.

241

GREAT BRITAIN. Silver. XIX.

212

Silver. GREAT BRITAIN.

No.

GREAT BRITAIN.

•.'44


No.

24.>

GREAT BRITAIN. Silver. Xix

24G


No.

247

GREAT BRITAIN. Silver. XIX.

ii^' H^j) @;^

lU.s


No.

249

GREAT BRITAIN. Silver. xix.

2")0


No.

251

GREAT BRITAIN. SUver. XIX.,3

252


No.PERIOD


WEIGHT GRAINSOF

I

PURECoin. Silver

VALUE.

1.

253

GKEAT BRITAIN. Silver. XIX. ,.

254


No.

25;i

GRSAT BRITAIN. Silvpr. XIX. ,.

256

GREAT BRITAIN. Silver. XIX.,,

ROBTSRT. sTEPff^^* wrLLTJOC I. JIEITRY I.

2o7

GREAT BRITAIN. ^^;?J^^^f,I„}^ SHver. XTX.

258

SUver Tokens. GREAT BRITAIN.

No.

259

GKEAT BRITAIN. BANK TOKENS SUver. XIX.,,

Published bv A, M, Smith, Post Office Box. 7di. Phila Pa.

itO

Gk>ld. GREAT BRITAIN. SCOTLAND.

No.

2G1

GREAT BRITAIN. SCOTLAND. Gold. XIX.

262

Silver. GREAT BRITAIN. SC>. TLAND.

No.

263

GREAT BRITAIN, scotla SUver. XIX.

•H'A

GREAT BRITAIN.Sierra LiCone comprises Ihe peninsula of that name, Sherboio Island, with

some contiguous tracts and territorj' on the sea coast extending to, and including

Mannah, which adjoins the Republic of Liberia and the Isles dc Los, the whole sit-

uated between 7^ 20'—8^ 40' X. latitude, and lô 20'—13° 20' W. longitude, embra-

cing an area of over COO square miles, with a population, in 1S81, of 60,546, of whomonly 103 were resident whites; tropical fruits and plants grow luxuriantly; coffee and

cocoa have been introduced by tlie British. Exports: bennie seed, cocoanuts, gin-

ger, groundnuts, india-rubber, gum copal, hides, palm oil, jkiIui kernels, and cola

nuts, amounting in 18S2, to 82,100,005. Capital, Freetown. Gambia, this settle-

ment consists of the Island of St. Mary, British Combo, Albreda, The Ceded Mill,

and ISIcCarthy's Island. Area 21 square miles; population (1881), 14,150, of whomonly 105 were whites; rice, cotton, maize, and a kind of millet, called Kous, are

produced in the country along the Gambia River, but not sufficient for export. The

principal exports are wax, hides and groundnuts.

Gold Coast Colony comprises the coast of the Gulf of Guinea from 2^ 40' "W.

to 1° 10' E. of Greenwich, extending inland to an average distance of 50 miles, in-

cluding an area of about 1G,G20 square miles and a population of over 520,0 30. The

oil-palm grows on this coast in great profusion. Exports: gold, ivory, gum copal,

monkey skins, palm kernels and oil; these are sent principally to England. The

chief forts and settlements are Cape Coast, Castle, Elmina, Axim, Dixcove and

Accra, the capital. Value of exports in 1882, $1,700,095. Lagos is an island and

port on the Slave Coast, embracing also tlie north coast of tlie Gulf of Guinea, be-

tween 20 50' and 4^ 30' E. longitude. It was permanently occupied to efieet the

complete suppression of the slave trade in the Bight of Benin, and to develop its im-

portant trade in palm kernels and oil, lead ore, indigo and canewood. Lagos is the

I)rincii)al town; iM)pulation in 1881 was 75,370, of whom onh* 94 were whites. Ex-

ports (1881), $2,300,035.liLN'G-MOXEY.

Tliat personal oniametits, made of the i)recious metals, were of a certain standai dweight and passed current as riKniey is certainly proved by Holy Writ. In the 24tUchapter and 'iiJd verse of Genesis, Abraham's servant, meeting Rebecca at the Avell,

"took a golden ear-ring of half a shekel weight, and two-bracelets for her hands of

ten shekels weight of gold"' and gave them to the damsel who ''was very fair to

look ujion.'" Hieroglyphic sculptures of ancient Egyi>t alsc) sliow the weighing andrecording of rings, evidently passing as payment, and pictured records of past ages,

relating to otiier nations fuily sustain the opinions of nmnismatists, in contradiction

to tlie dissent of certain savants, that rings ot dilferent size and metals were current

money.From the far East, to the "West and Xorth, the ring-money found its way at

an early age, and Caisar in his Commentaries, speaking of the money of Britain,

says •"they use, instead of money, rings adjusted to a certain weight.'' though they

then had money both of bronze and gold in circulation ; this related to the century

preceding the (jhristian Era.In Ireland the ring-money was current for years later tiian the iieriod men-

tioned, and in Sweden and Norway it still existed in the eleventh and twelflii

centuries. As most of the specimens now in collections Avere found in Ireland, it is

probable that the use of ring-money was much more common in that country thanin Britain, and its similarity to actual coinage is rendered more striking from its

careful adjustment to special weight. There are small rings of exactly one-half

l)eimyweight and so on through almost every intermediate grade up to thirteen

ounces, seven jjennyweight, some even containing fractional thirds, small change,

as it were ; a perfect money system.

265

GREAT BRITAIN. iîNGM'M^y

;^ 266

GREAT BRITAIN.The second plate illustrates different varieties of the ring;-money. gold, of Ire-

land. The earliest were little more than i)ieces of wire bent ronnd, and plain at

tirst, the ends were later flattened or shaped into varions forms, with rude attempts

at ornamentation, the i)rogress of which can ea.sily be traced by the specimens [ire-

sented. Xo. 10 is of cast bi-ass, as is Xo. 9 also, with the rings treble joined ; in

Xo. 8 the brass rings are looped one within the other for conênience in carrying

;

tliese baser metal rings have been foimd ni vast quantities. Xo. T), which A\as foundin a bog in County (Talway, Ireland, is of gold weighing fifteen ounces, and is worth$300. Xo. 7 is also of Irish production, uud contains To dollars worth of gold.

From the small circle of l;tent wire the fashion and weight of the ring-moneyincreased, and people, especially the Gallic warriors carried tiieir fortunes iii)on their

IJersons in the shape of ornaments, but always having a fixed and standard weight

rendering it transferable as actual money. The torcpie, worn aroiuid the neck, wasgenerally of pure gold and sometimes weighed as much as five pounds. In 17U0 a

specimen was imearthed at Pattingham, in St affords! i ire, England, which contained

tlu'ee pounds two ounces of fine gold, was four IVet long, very bright, and so flexible

that it could be wrapped round the arm like a roi)e, and be easily extended to its

original form; the bend which formed a hook at each end, as shown in Xo. 2 of

Plate, served to fasten it. The other s])ecimens are also of pure gold and probably

aieeded no fastening, tlieir extreme ductility causing them to retain the shape whenplaced on a limb, as is still tlie case Avitli the bracelets and anklets worn in someparts of British India. The illustration Xo. 1 is of a bronze torque, found in Som-ersetshire, England ; it weighs two poimds, and is an exact reproduction of the

gold ones mentioned. Xos. 1, 3. 4, 5 are copies of other relics, discovered in 18;'-2,

and though they were soon melted and recoined into modern English money yet

drawings were made from them and are here given on a reduced scale. Xo. 4

weighed 41bs. 1 oz. 16 dwts. 11.06 grains; Xo. 3, lib. 4 oz. 1.") dwts. 13.47 grains.

andXo. 5, lib. 4 oz. 13 dwts. 10.47 grains.

The use of I'ing-money is still prevalent in Africa, the Eonlah-jolaf and other

African tribes still bringing gold-ring money to Sierra Leone, and .is a proof that

the precious metal is only thus shaped to give to it a monetary character, it is a fact

that these people never use rings for ornament. Eing-money has also, within the

hist few years V)een dug up in Ceylon; it is formed of a flat wire, doubled into aloop, and stamped with inscrijtt ions such as ''•Sultan Ali Aadil Shah, struck at Lari.

a stamped Daugh. " This prince reigned A. D. 1()-V.), and "daugh'' is the denomi-nation t)f a coin of his country.

In Ireland silver as well as gold ring-money has l)een found, some being markedfor division in halves. It is probable tiiat the far greater extent of the use of this

form of coinage in Ireland, over Britain, arose from the fact that tlie former countrymaintained its indejiendence k)ng after the Romans had subjugated Britain and re-

coined every form of metallic currency into the money of Rome.

British Possessions in the South Atlantic. Ascension is an isolated

island, of volcanic origin, situated in the South Atlantic Ocean, 7^55' S. latitude,

and 140 25' 5" W. longitude. Area, 35 square miles. The English took possession

of it in 1815. It now has a steam factory, naval and victualling yards, coaling depot

and hospitals; game aboiuids and where the soil is cultivated, the yield is plentiful.

In October, 1883, the population consisted of 89 officers, seaman and Kroomau.

Exports: turtles and birds' eggs. Fulklarul Islands. These, the only considerable

cluster in the SoiUh Atlantic, lie about 300 miles east of the Straits of ^Magellan,

and consist of East Falkland (area 2,700 square miles); West Falkland (2,000 square

miles), and about 100 small islets, rocks and sandbanks, comprising in the aggre-

gate 4,740 square miles, and a population in 1881, of 1,543. Exports: oil, hides,

tallow, seal skins and wool. South Georgia, an island 800 miles E. S. E. of tlie

GREAT BRITAIN, king money

268

Gold. GREAT BRITAIN. EAST INDIA.

No.

209

GREAT BRITAIN, fast inpia Gold. XTX..,

l1>

270

Silver. GREAT BRITAIN. EAST INDIES,

No.

271

GREAT BRITAIN. EAST IXniA. SUver. XTX.

272

Silver. GREAT BRITAIN, eastindia

No.PERIOD

f)R SECTION. COIN. FINE.WEIGHT GRAINS

OFI

PURECoin. Silver

VALUE.

1.

27;5

GREAT BRITAIN, kast im ia Silver. XIX.

274

GREAT BRITAIN, n a colonies Silver. XIX

nt this time. tliH soverei'û for 20 shillings, or one ] omid sterling; the dotibia

sovereign for 4 ) s. ; tlie angel, 6s. 8d. , as before.

He.vry yill : no "nobles," or " vyals " were issued by this King; h«coineLl the doul)le ryal, or sovereign, and introduced the crovfi into the Englishseries. The sovereign was ciu-rent for 20 s., or 1 £ sterling, the quarter, or

crown, for 5 s., and the half-crown to 2 s. <> d. Gold was raised only about ^V,.

while the silver was inflated f ; a protit of nearly (10 per cent. b(îng made byexchanging silver for gold.

Edward VI (1547) coined the same pieces as his father, Henry YIII.Gold was raised -^j^, bringing the proportions of fine silver and fine gold to 1 as

to 5jV- During this reign the date was first placed on coins of the Englishseries.

Mary, 1553 : No change in general design of sovereign or double ryal.

Silver raised in proportion to gold to 1 to HtVt-Elizabeth (1558) made many unimportant changes in her coins ; issued

the pound sovereign, and made the proportion of fine silver to fine gold, in th«

43d year of her reign to be as 1 to lOff^f ;previous to which time it had been jw

1 to 11^.Great Britain's American Colonies.—All silver coins, 925 fine. No.

1 ; 50 cents of Canada, 179 grains weight, 105 pure grs.—34 cents. No. 2 ; 50cents of Newfoundland, 181 grs. weight, 1G8 pure—?5 cents. No. 3 ; 2 dollars

of Newfomidland (Gold) 910 fine, 51 grs. weight, 37 grs. pure—11.59. No. 4

;

20 cents of Newfoundland, 72 grs. weight, GO grs. pure—13 cents. No. 5 ; 10cents of Newfoundland, 30 grs. weight, 33 grs. pure—0^ cents. No. 6 ; 10 centsof Canada, 35 grs. weight, 32 grs. pure—Oi cents. No. 7 ; 25 cents of Canada,89 grs. weight, 83 pure—17 cents.

James I (1G03) shows the bust of the King in armor, on sovereigns. Healso issued the unitit;, or unite, the half-unite, called a double crown ; the(luarter, called the Britain crown, and the half-ciuarter, called the half-crown.The sovereign here is for the first time called tlu^ rose ryal. The angel type is

the same as before. By jn-oclamation of Nov. Kill, he raised the nominal andtrue value of gold to 10 per cent.

Charles I coined but little gold m his reign ; the proportion of fine goldto fine silver was 1 to 13|S|'^.

The Commonwealth gold coin are in weight, fineness and value, exactlysimilar to those of Charles I.

GREAT BRITAIN. SHver. XIX.

SHver Tokens. GREAT BRITAIN.

No.

276

Silver. Great Britain. PKMF.RARA AX ôSF.QUEB^ Ol'.AI-A.

No.

277

GREAT BRITAIN.E^sfJS.«Dr.l^.v.Silver. XIX.3.

278

Gold. Grand Masters. KNIGHTS OF MALTA.

No.PERIOD


WEIGHT GRAINSOF I PURE

Coin. Gold.VALUE.

1.

283

GREAT BRITAIN, afric. Silver, XIX.

1.

-284

GREAT BRITAIN.St. Peter, all of silver, size and form of pennies ; struck at York.St. Martin, only two specimens extnnt ; pennies, struck at the city of

Lincoln.

St Echmmd, \)e\my and half-penny, struck at St Edmundsbury about 950.

Archrisiiops.—Bisliops, abbots, and archbishops were, in early times,.yiven permission to stril'ie money, but the latter alone were allowed to stamptheir own portraits on the coin. The ri^ht was withdrawn in 924, by ^tliel-stan, who ordered that all the money in tlie kingdom should be uniform ; after

tliat tlie ecclesiastical mintages were distinguished from tlie royal only by someIK'culiar marks, and even these were banished in tlie reign of Henry VIII. Men-11(111 is here confined to pieces struck by the Sees of Canterbury and York, priorto the restrictions imposed by ^thelstan. The earliest autlientic coin originatingat the mint of the Archbishop of Canterbury is a very rare penny of Jaenbrhi,who held that See from 7(33 to 790, and on tliis he is united witli the King ofjSIercia.

u:^hilheard Abp, 790 to 803, contemporary with Offa and Coenwlf, kings ofIMercia, and both tlieir names occur on his coins, which are very rare.

Vulfrcd, 803 to 830, on his pennies dropped the king's name, placing liis ownand his portrait on the Obverse.

Theogild succeeded Yulfred, but held the See only three months and left no

coins.

Ceolnoth, Ahp, 830 to 870, put his name, bust and titles on pennies, of whichseveral exist.

Ethered, Abp, 871 to 890 ; only one coin known, devices as preceding.

Plegmund, 891 to 9-23, left a few of liis i:)ennies with name and title, ])ut noportrait.

Tlie coins of the arclibishoi»s of York were stycas. mitil tliev were patterned

after the regal coins, and tlicii sonic symbol or miiit-niark was the distinguishing

feature.

Enbald, 796, is the first of this See whose stycas are known, but he is prob-

ablv the second of that name ; tlievc are many varieties.

Yiqmund, 851, succeeded Widsius, the immediate successor of Embald,who left no coins. Vigmund left several types.

Ulfhere, 854 to 892, the last Archbishop, whose name occurs on I'ork

mintage ; his stycas, very rare, resemble the former ones.

MOXARCHS OF KXGLAND.

Ecgbeorht, 800 to 837, became King of the West Saxons, called his terri-

tories England, and concpiered nearly all of South Britain. His pennies are

very rare.

Ethelwlf, 837 to 856, son of the above, succeeding only to the West Saxondominions : Kent, Essex, Sussex and Surry, going to ^thelstan, on whosedeath, 852, they reverted to Ethelwlf. Fifty varieties of his pennies are known.

.Etkelbald, 855 to 860, son of Ethelwlf, seized on West Saxony in 855 andheld it until his death. Only one coin of his ever known.

yEtlielbearht, 856 to 8(56, second son of Ethelwlf, succeeded to Kent, etc.,

on his father's death, and to West Saxony after his bnHher. Sixty varieties of

his coin known.Êthdred, 806 to S71, brother of the above. Coins not numerous, very

light aiul of debased silver.

Êlfred, 872 to 901, brother of the above. Coins very rare, mostly pen-nies ; hilt some pieces are in existence that are not of that class.

Eadweard, 901 to 925, son of vElficd. Coins : pennies, half-pence or thirds

of pennies; about eighty varieties known.Êthelstan, 925 to 941, succeeded his father, and regulated the mints in

A'arious towns ; conferred upon some ecclesiasticals the privilege of striking

285

GREAT BRITAIN.money, but ordered it all to be of one (tlie regal) type. About sixty variations

of mints and 110 of moneys occur upon liis coins : all i)ennies, of good sih-er.

Eadmund, 941 to 94G, brother of foregoing ; and his coins all of like char-

acter. Over 100 types known.Eadred, QK) to 1)55 ; types of coins (120 known j similar to those of his

predecessors.

Eadwig, 95.') to 959, son of Eadmund : 30 varieties. Types like the aboA'e.

Erdqar, 95S to 975, brother of Kadwig. during whose life he had beeii

elected King of all the country between the Tlianies and the Firth of Forth;

after his brother's death, 958, he became King of all Britain, being the first

monarch to rule over all the really and permanently united Kingdom of the

Heptarchy. Coins sinnlar to the otliers, though generally lighter; 170moneyer'sl names and over 70 mints mentioned on his varieties.

Eadweard II, '• The .Martyr,"' 975 to 978, eldest son of above, succeeding at

the age of b! ; nuu-dered l\v conuuand of his step-mother, Elfrida. Coins like

his father's, with one exception, and numerous.Êthelrad 11, 978 to 1010, succeeded his murdered half-brother : passed

laws for regulation of coinage. His money presents some lunelties of type andappearance, and is quite numerous, over 250 varieties being known.

Cnut, lOK), to 1035. Sweyne. King of Denmark, had in 101.3, gainedpossession of part of Britain, and Êthelrsed took refuge in Xorniandy. Cnutclaimed the dominion of his fatlier, Sweyne, and fought hard against Êtiielra'd

and liis son, Edmond Ironsides (who left no coins), and finally obtained rule

over the whole kingdom. Ot Sweyne, no English coins are known ; Init the

money of Cnut is very plentiful, 310 moneyers being mentioned and more places

of mintage than any other king.

Harold I, 1035 to 1010, son of Cnut. His pennies are veiy light ; 50

varieties known.Ilarthacnut, 1040 to 1042, elected to succeed his brother. English and

Danish coins apjwar in this reign ; all very rare.

Edward '• The Confessor,''^ 1042 to 106G. Coins various in type, size andweight ; half-pence and fartliings were formed by cutting the penuy into two or

four parts. About 400 varieties.

Harold II, 1006, succeeded Edward and reigned only nine months ; killed

at the Ijattle of Hastings. Coins numerous.Willinm the Conqueror, 10(3G to 1087, and William Rufus, 1087 to 1100.

The money of l)oth tliese kings imitates that of their Saxon predecessors so

closely that it is hard to distinguisli to which one of them the pieces belong.

Pennies alone were coined, and must have been struck in a collar, for they are

uniformly round. Pieces plentiful.

Henry I, 1100 to 1135, regulated coinage and passed severe laws against

counterfeiters and debasers. Pennies only known of types and forms very

various.

Stephen, 1135 to 1154, usurped the throne after Henry's death, dissipated

the treasury and debased the coin. Very few of his pieces are extant ; all that

are known are of good silver.

Henry, Bishop of Winchester, the legitimate brother of Stephen. One coin

is known as struck by his authority.

Robert, Earl of Gloucester, illegitimate son of Henry. One type of coin

known.Stephen and Matilda : One type supposed to have been sti-uck when

Matilda,wife of Stei)hen, took conmiand of the army and liberated her husbandwhen he was a prisoner.

Eustace, elder son of Stephen and Governor of York. Two Aarieties veryrare and very imperfect.

Wilham, son of Stephen, has two coins ascribed to him, but it is doubtfulif they are rightly assigned.

286

GREAT BRITAIN.Henry II, 1154 to IISO, adopted a new money which was very poorly

minted, irregiilai- m size and shape and in i)arts illegible. In 1180 he sent for aloreign artist, Philip Ayniary ot Tows, to imi)rove his coinage, and it becameround and legible, but otherwise not nuieii benefited. Cohis numerous.

Richard J and John : No Englisli money known.Henry III, 1216 to 1272 : Pennies only known.Edward /, 1272 to 1307, coined pennies, half-i)ence and farthings ; and the

original groat is by some assigned to this reign, and it is generally believed thathe lirst cause^l that coin to be struck. ^Many varieties.

Edward II, 1307 to 1327 : Coinage of same weight, standard and type asthat of his father, but some distinguisliing mint marks ; not very rare.

Edward III, 1327 to 1377, struck groats, half-groats, pennies, half-penceand tartiiings, very many varieties.

Itichard II, 1377 to 1399 : same coins, types, etc., as his predecessor.

ifenryiF, 1399 to 1413.

Henry V, 1413 to 1422.

Henry VI, 1422 to 14(31. There is no certainty of the coins of any of these

Henrys, so far as tlie date is concerned ; the types are similar and Ihe coinagealmost identical.

Edward IV, 14G1 to 1483 : Same as the Henrys.Edicard V, 1483, is said to have had coins struck, but none have been

disco^•ered.

Richard III, lJf83 to lJf85 : Similar to the Henrys and Edwards ; but nofarthings known.

Henry VII, 1435 to 15C9 : Same as above; some variation in device, andmany varieties.

Henry VIII, 1509 to 1547 : Five different classes of coinage, all varying in

type, weight and fineness of metal. Plenty.

Edward VI, 1547 to 1553, tried to better the disgracefully debased moneyof his father without great success. He ordered festoons, or shillings, to be struck

with eciual i)arts of silver and alloy, and of the weight of eighty grains, and in

1551 commenced tlie circulation of crowns, half-crowns, shillings, six-pences

and three-pences, and pennies. There are many varieties, with many variations

of fineness.

Mary, 1553 to 1558, announced her intention of restoring the coinage of it«

original highest standard, but she made it lower than ever.

Elizabeth, 1558 to 1002, set seriously to work to restore the standard. Inthe second year of her reign she had struck pieces of three-half-pence and three-

farthmgs, never coined before or since. In 1501 the mill and screw process wasintroduced by a Frenchman ; and the pieces thus coined are known as milled

money. Many varieties in this reign.

James J, 1603 to 1025 : On his accession the two Kingdoms of England andScotland were united and a new coinage was ordered, of standard fineness,

11 oz., 2dwt, of silver with 18 dwts. of alloy; weight, 7|f gr. to the penny.Many varieties and types.

Charles /, 1625 to 1049, improved the appearance of his coins and kept npthe standard. Very many varieties.

Commonwealth : Parliament seized the tower and mint in 1642, and struck

money from the King's dies, coining none in their own name, until after the

execution of Charles, their first pieces bearing date 1049. The standard wasthat of Elizabeth.

Charles II, upon his restoration, 1000, coined money like his father's,

refusing to u.se the mill and screw and striking his pieces by the hammer, whichwas last emjjloyed for this purpose in his reign.

James II, 1<)S5 to 1(588, conducted his coinage upon the same principles as

that of his brother, in denomination, size, weight and fineness.

William and Mary, 1(J8S to 1095, issued coinage identical with that of

James II.

287

GREAT BRITAIN,WiUimn III, 1(195 to 1702, made no change in weitrht or fineness, but

altered the type of liis money.-4))?)^, 17(1-2 to 1714, continued the standard of lier })redecessors.

George J, 1714 to 1727, made no change in denonuiiation, «ize. weight orfineness.

George TT, 1727 to 1700. same as i>receding.

George III, 17(10 to 1S20. no cliange.

George I]\ lf^20 to 183U : A. new coinage on the same principles.Victoria, 1830 to , a new coinage on the higii standard, as before,

and varied according to necessity of providing special pieces for colonialpossesions.

^î^jii^j J**-. • ^t^-inxîO'

288

SERVIA, SHver. XIXL

Servia, Silver Coixs, all 900 fine. Ko. 1. 2 Dinar, worth about 39cents

; No. 2. 1 Dinar ; and Xo. 3 is a piece of 50 Paras, equal to about 10 centsor a ^ Dinar.

Servia is a kingdom of Eastern Europe, borderiiig on Slavonia, AN'alla-chia, : Bulgaria, Bosinia and Hungary, from wbieli last named comitry it is

separated by the Danube. By the Berlin Treaty of 1878, its area was increasedto 18,787 square miles ; population (in 1883), 1,820,000. The country is moun-tainous, its valleys fertile, ])roducing, when cultivated, good crops of corn andother cereals ; said to be ricli in minerals. The chief trade is with Austria andTurkey; prmcipal exports; swine, cattle, i)runes, grain, wine and timber, amount-ing (in 1882) to $8,819,315. Revenue 87,473.000. Pu])lic debt, November, 1884,about $35,000,000, one-half of which was contracted for railroad. No officialfinancial reports ])ublished. Capital, Belgrade.

GREECE, Gold. XlXf.

No.PERIOD

OR SECTION.COIN.

weight grainsfine. of

i

pureCoin. Gold.

VALUE.

1.

289

GREECE,1

Silver. XIXI

No.PERIOD

OR SECTION, COIN.

290

Silver.

HAYTI.291

Silver. XX T.

'^'^^, c^"^ f%r*^'

Gold. HOLLAND.

No.

293

HOLLAND. Gold XXII.

294

Silver.

29i

HOLLAND.1 /-^:;x|ir

Silver, xxn.

296

Silver. HOLLAND.No.

PERIODOR SECTION.


OFI

PURE VALUE.Coin. Silv-r

1.

297

HOLLAND. Silver. XXII.

298

Silver. HOLLAND. COLONIES.


2t0

HOLLAND EAST INPIES. Silver. XXTT.

300

.iiiiiiiiiiljiiiiiiiilililiniililil!


No.

301

HOLLAND. EAST INDIES Silver. XXII.

302


No.

HOLLAND. I'-^'^T i^'piE^. JAVA.

303

Silver. XXIT. ,

304

ITALY,

305

SHver. XXIIl

o06

Silver.

307

ITALY. Silver. XXIII.

308

Silver. ITALY.

No.

309

ITALY. Silver. XXIIT.

''« III H l>*' iii«'

310

Gold.

No.PERIOD

OR SECTION.

Tius VI.

do

Benoist XIV.Gregcry.

ITALY.

COIN.

BOI.OGXE.

i weight grainsfine. of i pure

Coin. Goi.p.

VALUE.

4 Pistoles.

ITALY. BOLOGNE

ITALY. BOLOGNE Silver. XXIIL

>1P # , ^'

312

313

ITALY. II UR Silver. XXIII.

314

Silver.

No.PERIOD

OR SECTION.

ITALY. LUCCA.


OFI

PURECoin. Silver

VALUE.

8.

i).

10.

11.

Felix an

315

Silver. XXKI ,,,,

XXIII.

Gold. ITALY. PARMA.

No.

S17

ITALY, P^RMA. Silver. XXllI.

318

J

Gold. ITALY, ROMENo.

PERIODOR SECTION.

COIN.

319

ITALY. Ro IE Gold. XXIII.

320

Silver. ITALY. ROME.No.

321

ITALY. Ro :f•

Silver. XXlir.

322

Silver ITALY. ROME.

No.

523

ITALY. ROME. Silver. XXIII.

324

Silver. ITALY, ROMENo.

PERIODOR SECTION. COIN. FINE.

VVEIGHT GRAINSOF

I

PURECoin. Silver

VALUE

1.

ITALY.325

Silver. XXIII. „

Silver. ITALY. ROME.

x.>.

32<

ITALY. I OME Silver. XXIII. ,,

.328

Gold. ITALY. SARDINIA.

No.

.•}29

ITALY. SARDINIA. Gold. XXIII.,,

330

..•"'^ ^/»s,^ ^-^^ <^, /*?>__

Gold. ITALY. SARDINIA.

No.PERIOD

OR SECTION.COIN.

^82

Silver.

383

ITALY. SARDISn, SUver. XX in. ..

177^

3d4

Silver.

No.PERIOD

OR SECTION.

1. Victor Emanuel II.

2. Charles-Felix.

3. Victor Emanuel I.

4. Victor Amedee III.

5. Charles Felix.

6. Victor Amedee III.

7. Charles Albert.

8. Charles Felix.

SARDINIA.

COIN. FINE.WEIGHT GRA1.N.S

OFI

PURECoin. Silver

VALUE.

.Scudo, 5 Lire.

Scudo, Piemont.

do do

New Scudo.

2 Lire.

i Scudo, Piemont.

i Lire.

Lire.

900

900

906

900

903

901)

9U0

385

385

385

540

154

270

38

^16

346

346

489

138

243

34

69

.72

1.02

.28

.50

.07

.14

ITALY. SARDINIA.

335

SUver. XXIII. .,

^<,0""""T'ffl,,,

336

Gold. ITALY. SICILY.

No.PERIOD


WEIGHT GRAINSOF

I

PURECoin. Gold.

VALUE.

1.

337

ITALY. SICILY Gold. XXIIT.,,

338

ITALY, SICILY Gold. XXTTT.

No.PERIOD

OR SECTION.COIN.

339

ITALY. SICILY. Silver. XXIII.

1.

:M0

Silver. ITALY. SICILY.

No.

841

ITALY. SICILY Silver. XXIII.,,

342

Silver.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

10.

Ferdinand lY.

do

Don Carlos.

Ferdinand IV.

Ferdinand II.

Charles III.

Ferdinand IV.

Charles II.

Ferdinand II.

Cliarles III.

ITALY. SICILY

No.

343

ITALY. SICILY Silver, xxiii.

;]4l

Silver.

345

ITALY. SICILY Silver, xxill.

346

Silver.

347

ITALY. SICILY Silver. XXlll.

us

Silver. ITALY. TUSCANY

No.I'LRIUD

OR SECTION.COIN. FINE,

WEIGHTOF

Cjin.

GRAINSPURESilver

VALUE.

1.

349

ITALY TUSCANY. Silver. XXIII ,.^,

1.

350

.'9^

V/:.

Silver. ITALY. TUSCANY.

No.

351

ITALY. TUSCANY Silver, xxiil.

'\

^"^c/^

M'

4^

"••^m.îui-"^'-*'

^^'^^ Published by A. M.Smith, post Office Box 754< Fkil'^ 'a.

352

JÛ£tu^j,iM •'*-^C«ftî>d^

Silver. ITALY, TUSCANY

353

ITALY. TUSCANY Silver. XXIII.

1

354

Silver.

1.

2. Ludovicus Manin,

3. (Thelastof the Doges.)

4.

6.

ITALY. LOMBARDY-VENICE.

No.

3/. 5

ITALY. vEMc] SHver. XXIII.

356

Silver. ITALY. VENICE.

No.

357

ITALY, VENICE. SUver. XXIII.

o58

JAPAN. Gold. XXIV.

Gold. JAPAN.

No.

359

JAPAN. Gold. XXIV.

360

Silver

JAPAN

362

JAPAN. Gold. XXIV.

weight grainsfine.] of

i

pure' Coin. Gold.

VALUE.

1. These pieces are large, of very êw Cobailg.

o thin oval-shaped gold' the .'urface Old dohaving on it waived line?. The

3. value is written on each in Ind. ink. Ncw Cobang.

4. Nos. 4 and 5 are stamped, II If do

5. and No. 5 is part Silver. Xi-Shoo.

900 559 503 21.65

900 854 768 33.06

900 557 501 21.57

900 486 437 18.80

Value about 18 ceuts.

363

CHINA. Silver. XA

Silver. COCHIN-CHINA.

No.

364

CHINA. Gold. XV.

Gold.

No.PERIOD

OR SECTION.

CHINA.

COIN. FINE,WEIGHT GRAINS

OFI

PURECoin. Gold.

VALUE.

Ingot Money.

365

CHINA. Gold. XV

366

Silver. COCHIN-CHINA.

No.

367

CHINA. Silver. XV.3

368

Silver. EMPIRE OF CHINA.

No.PERIOD


WEIGHT GRAINSOF

I

PURECoin. Silver

VALUE.

Fineness varies in all

Ingot Money. Impossible

to give purity and value.

Ingot Money,

do

do

do

do

do

Native Dollar.

Native Dollar, (Private coinage.

Tael.

956

980

990

179

4078

571

509

60

115

345

414

565

329

404

560

.68

.84

1.16

/C'

^.-..,

36!)

CHINA.

:i7i)

Silver.

371

Gold. PORTUGAL.

No.

372

Gold. PORTUGAL.No.

373

PORTUGAL. Gold. XXXVI..

^.,»»"""':"'""'".„„

^N**' S,/752,,..

374

Silver. PORTUGAL.No.


PORTUGAL. Silver. XXXYT.i,„nniiminm/»^^_

.•57G

Silver.

PORTUGAL, SHver XXXVI.

378

V.,.

Sil\

PORTUGAL. AFKic SUver. XXXVI.

380

Gold. RUSSIA.

No.

::h I

RUSSIA. Gold. XXXVII. ,

382

Silver.

No.PERIOD

OR SECTION.

Peter the Great.

(Several Types .

Nicholas 1.

do

do

do

RUSSIA.

COIN.iweight grains

fine.i ofi

pureCoin. Silver

Rouble.

o8o

RUSSIA Silver, XXXVIT.AV>""

PERIODOR SECTION.

RUSSIA.

COIN. FINE,WEIGHT GRAINS

OFI

PURECoin. Silver

VALUE.

Nicholas I.

Alexander I.

Nicholas I.

Ale.xander I.

Nicholas I.

Alexander I.

Nicholas I.

do

do

Kouble.

do

do

do

5 Kopeks.

Rouble

5 Kopeks.

10 do

10 do

868

386

RUSSIA. Silver. XXXYIT.,4

386

Silver. RUSSIA.

No.

387

RUSSIA, Silver. XXXViii.

388

Gold. SPAIN.

No.

389

SPAIN. Gold. XXXVIII.,

v^% /^ « '^ H ^-x- .^^ "^'^-

3 ='

""".i7.9>"

to

<) ."'.V.'Im".> * '""

^2

390

SPAIN, a kingdom, situate on the south-west of Europe, and occupying the

larger portion of the great Iberian Peninsula. It was formerly divided into 14

provinces (now subdivided into 49), called the Ancient Provinces, and these are still

best known and most refen-ed to, viz : New Castile, La Mancha, Old Castile, Leon,

Asturias, Galicia, Estremadura, Andalusia, Murcia, Valencia, Aragon, Catalonia,

Basque Provinces, with the Canary and Balearic Isles, comprising an area of 195,775

square miles, with a population of (in 188B), 10,902,021. To tliese must be added

Cuba and Porto Rico. Area, 70,400 square miles; 2,050,010 population; the Philip-

l)ine Islands in Asia and Oceanica, 53,299 square miles, G,19:j,2;]2 population; the

African jiossessions in the Gulf of Guinea, Fernando Po, etc., 1,435 scjuare miles,

with 30,000 inhabitants, making a total of 320,975 square miles, and 24,914,000

population. Spain is rich in minerals, especially iron, copper and lead. The coun-

try is fertile and tropical fruits flourish; also wheat, barley, oats, maize, rice, hemp

and flax of tlie best quality. The vine is cultivated in every province, and superior

wines are produced. Exports: silk, quicksilver, iron ore and other metals, wines,

olive oil, dry and green fruit, wool, grain, vegetables, cork, seeds and salt. Trade

was for many years confined to France and Great Britain, but the United States

and Germany are now competing for .a share. Home trade is rigidly protected by

high customs duties. The national debt has been consolidated, and is now $1,290,

000,000 at 4 per cent. There is no floating debt. The only paper currency is that

of the "Bank of Spain." Exports in 1883 amounted to $127,001,846. There are no

cold mines in Spain, and all the bullion of this metal is obtained from abroad, and

from the remelting of old Spanish money.

391

SPAIN, Gold. XXXVITI. ^y

No.PERIOD

OR SECTION. COIN. FINE.WEIGHT

OFI

Coin.

GRAINSPUREGOI.D.

VALUE.

1.

392

Gold. SPAIN.

No.PERIOD


WKIGHTOF

Coin.

GRAINS

I

PUREGold.

VALUE.

. For

SPAIN393

Silver. XXXVIII. ,

Philadelphia, Pa.

394

395

SPAIN, Gold. XXXVIII.

ate I, "^^^Si^^ '\X.:>^

Published by A. M. Smith,Post Office Box 754,

Philadelphia, Pa., U. S. A.

306

Silver.

SPAIN.

397

Silver. XXXVIII.,

All correspondents requiring answers must '^ ©

enclose stamps. |'~

A. M. SMITH, Numismatist, \i

P. 0. Bos 754.Pbilaaelplua, Fenn

398

Silver. SPAIN.

No.

399

SPAIN. Silver. XXXVIIl.

401

SUver. XXXVIII.^

Post Office Box 754,Philadelphij)l

25

402

Silver.

403

SPAIN. Silver. XXXViii.

40i

Silver.

No.PERIOD

OR SECTION.

SPAIN.

COIN. PINE.WEIGHT GRAINS

OF I PURECoin. Silver

VALUE.

1.

405

SPAIN. Silver. XXXVIII.

401)

Silver.

407

SPAIN. SUver. XXXVIII. ,,

408

Silver. SPAIN.

No.

SPAIN.

409

Silver. XXXYIII. „

A./ ^-"

^^Â^ l^m--^.

410

Silver. SPANISH AMERICA.No.

411

SPAIN. AMERICA, Silver. XXXYIIT.

412

OEIEKTAL XUMEKALS AND CHARACTERS.

The opposite plate is given as a guide in distingnisliing coins marked withOriental Characters. These are generally in Arabic, with \ariations, l)eing veryrude in Java and Morocco, somewhat precise in Turkey, Egypt and Persia, in

the latter country they are in the flowing taleek which is to the strict Arabic,what our Italics are to tlie Roman. Tlie dash resembling a 2 with elongatedbase, found on nearly all these coins means in or ai, and the characters beneathgives tlie name of the city whereat the coin was struck. On the plate tlie figures

i, G and 10 in the column, represent Constantinople and distinguish the coinas of Turkey ; tigure 2, means Cairo, and is on the pieces of Egypt ; figure 3 is

Tunis ; ligures 4 and 5, Tripoli ; 7, 8 and 9, Algiers, and Xo. 11 is Morocco.That there should be variations in the inscriptions is not strange as the coins are

all engraved and those who do this work use the freedom which would be takenby penmen in WTiting the same name.

The numerals here shown were written according to European order (fi-om

left to right, but figures, letters ami words in Arabic run in the ojiposite direc-

tion. Most Ottoman coins bear two dates, that of the Hegira and of the Sultan's

reign. The year of the Hegira in which the ruler ascended the throne is on eachcoin of Turkey and upon another portion the year of his reign will be found ; the

two added gives the date of the coin according to the ye<ir of the Hegira and this

be readily transformed to the Christian date.

The " Hegira " or flight of Mohammed from Mecca was on July 16th, A. D.022. and from that date time is recorded by his followers

:

Mahmond I., A. H. 1143., A. D. 1730.

Othman III., A. H. IIC.B., A. D. 1754.

Mustapah III., A. H. 1171., A. D. 1757.

As the Mohammedan year is Inner, it is shorter than ours by about eleven

days, and they thus have thirty-four years in the time we have but thirty-three.;

Morocco dates its coins by the Oriental rule, but uses the European figures.

Ilindostan, Java and Persia use the Arabic or Persian characters, but they donot bear the peculiar marks of the Turkish coins. The date is frequently omittedin coins of Persia, and when engraved is in very minute figures. The money of

Hindostan, except in a few instances is issued by the British East India Com-pany from the mints at Madras, Calcutta and Bombay, the Madras coins are

stamped from Arcot, Calcutta's bear the name of Morshedabad, a neighboring

city and Surat is on those of Bombay ; some of these are with, some without

dates, the figures, even Avhen on, are not reliable ; Java's coins (Dutch EastIndia Co. )

prior to the restoration in 1816 were marked with Arabic characters,

but had the Christian date in European figures.

41S

Oriental Numerals and Characters. XXVII.

123 45678901. COXSTAXTIXorLE.

2. CAIEO, EGYPT.

3. TUXIS.

4. TRIPOLI.

5.'•'

6. COXSTAXTIXOPLE.

7. ALGIERS.

9."

10. COX^STANTIXOPLE.

11. MOROCCO.

\ajjE^c5

Ot^VJiO

c2 .

414

Gold. AFGHANISTAN.1.

2.

3.

4.

AFGHANISTAN.415

Gold. XXVI..

416

Silver. AFGHANISTAN.1. Buddhist, coin, Hindu.

2. Sassaxian " of about A. D. 300.

o. Indo-Sassanian. " "

5.

a. King Eukratides, Greek, B. C. 181. Didrachni, ^(luare.

7. Rajput coin, Hindu, about A. D. 1192.

8.

9. Sassanian,

10.

11. King Philoxenes, Greek, B. C. 130. Hemidrachni, Square.

12. ]ndo-Sassanian.

13. King Lysias, Greek, B. C. 147. Hemidrachra.

14. " Antimacbus, GREEK, B. C. 140. Obeus.

15. Indo-Sassanian.

417

AFGHANISTAN. Silver. XXvi.

2G

418

Silver. AFGHANISTAN.1.

419

AFGHANISTAN. SUver. XXVI.

420

Gold. ALGIERS, TRIPOLI, TUNIS.

No.PERIOD


WEIGHT GRAINSOF

I

PURECoin. Goi.-n.

VALUE.

1,

ALGIERS, TRIPOLI, TUNIS.

421

Gold.

ALGIERS SUver. XXTX.

422

Gold. TURKEY AND EGYPT.No.

423

TURKEY AND EGYPT, Gold. XXX.

424

EGYPT.425

Silver. XXX.,

426

Gold. HINDOSTAN.

No.PERIOD

OR SECTION.COIN.

42;

HINDOSTAN. Gold. XXXI.,

428

Silver. MOROCCO.No.

PERIODOR SECTION.


OFI

PURECom. Silver

VALUE.

Spanish

429

MOROCCO. Silver. XXXII.

430

Gold.

No.

PERSIA.PERIOD


WEIGHT GRAINSOF

I

PURECoin. Gold.

VALUE.

1.

431

Gold. XXXTII. .

432

Si]

i',3

Silver. XXXIII.

n,

4.;4

Gold. TURKEY.No.

435

TURKEY.

43G

Silver. TURKEY.

No.

4;i7

TURKEY. Silver. XXXV.

i38

Silver.

4;'.)

TURKEY. Silver. XXXV.

440

Silver. TURKEY.

No.

441

TURKEY. SHver. XXXY.,

4-12

i5?'i£>,

sr>

Gold.

443.102. Vicio

NORWAY and SWEDEN. Gold. XXV.

414

Norway, conjoint with Sweden since 1814, occupies the westL'iu and northern

part of tlie peninsuhi. It is divided into 20 provinces, or "auits," comprising an

area of 122,869 square miles; population 1,818,853; one-thirtieth of the countrj^ is

cultivated, forests cover one-fourth, the rest is naked, uninhabitable, mountain-

land. The cod and herring fisheries employ most of the inhabitants. Mineral pro-

ducts are similar to, but less than those of Sweden. Ship building and timber

dressing are the chief industrial arts. Exports: timber, cod fish and its oil, herrings,

salmon, lobsters, minerals, furs and ice, amounting in 1883 to $34,154,415; public

debt same j-ear, $28,791,240, incurred mostly in constructing railways. The admin-

istration ot" Xorway is entirely distinct from that of Sweden, and it retains its own

laws.

Silver. NORWAY.No.

445

NORWAY and SWEDEN. Silver. XXV

1^ iiÎ .•?l"l t^^'p^^

446

Silver. SWEDEN.Xo.


447

NORWAY and SWEDEN. Silver. XX7.

448

Gold. SWITZERLAND.

No.

449

SV/ITZERLAND. Gold, XXXTX.

4o0

^^.''^ ^,^t^ ^-^1 (^ ^'^•^_

>) -

1

Gol

451

SWITZERLAND. Gold. XXXIX.

452

Gold. SWITZERLAND.No.

453

SWITZERLAND. Gold. XXXIX.

4^)4

"11

iP^B

Silver. SWITZERLAND.

45.">

SWITZERLAND. SUver. XXXIX.

456

Silver. SWITZERLAND.No.

4.J7

SWITZERLAND. Silver. XXXIX.

458

15:4/51

w"'\c:j3^/

)^SK

--9?.;''*-"

Silver. SWITZERLAND.

No.

SWITZERLAND.45^

Silver. XXXIX. .

460

Silver. SWITZERLAND.No.

461

SWITZERLAND. Silver. XXXix.

462

CAMBODIA, Silver. XXVin.

Camhodia, Silver Coixs,—Xol; 3 Ticals, worth about ??1.B0. ]ô. 2;Coin equal to 5 Francs, 900 fnie, 3-^5 grains weight—72 cents. ]S\). 3 ; Equal to

4 Francs, 900 fine, 154 grains weiglit— 28 cents.

Cambodia, or Camhoja, or Cambodge, is bounded IS", by Siani, E. byCochin Chia, S. by the Frencli Colony, and has a sea board ot 200 miles on tlie

Gulf of Siani. The French assumed a protectorate over it in 1804. It is the

remains of a once powerful and \\<'althy nation. Tiie Cai)ital is Penmipeuh,and Kami)ot is its tlie oidy port. Chief products and exports

;gamboge, carda-

mous, caoutchouc, spices and fish. Elephants and rhinoceroses abound, and the

magnificent remains of ancient glory are of greatest interest. IS'o financial

statistics are to be obtained.

4G3

- ^

< )lil Tiiiif yields lip his iirt'cidus liciards

Caliu Sicieuces gives her just awards;l!y tariiislicd cdiii, tir loiiK-liidden I'ast, restored,

I'roves History's trutli, —cuaipletes lier graud record.

464

ANCIENT GREEK COINS.The rather numerous plates devoted to Greek coins of past ages are by no

means tlie least valuable or iuterestnig in this work, comprising as they do,'

records and studies in mythology through the presentation ot the gods and heroes

as imagined by their worshipers; in history presenting what nuist be accepted

as authentic portraits of sovereigns and princes from Alexander to Augustus,covering a period of from B. C. TOO, to the Christian Era, and giving reliable

evidences of political changes and histories of the many autonononious cities jiiid

states of the then civilized world; the metrologist will hiid nuicii to commandattention in comparison of the various systems and standards; the paleographist

will have examples of the ancient alphabets, I.ycian and Cyprian, Pl.oeiiiciaii,

(freek, Latin, Iberian, &c., in dilTerent stages of development, and the artist or

medallist see before him models of perfection, that for elegance of design andexcellence of linish defy the genius and skill of the present day to equal or even

approach.The i)lates present specimen coins of Syria, Egy])t, Asia JSIinor, Phoenicia,

Northern and Central Greece, the Peloponnesus and islands of the Êgean, Italy,

Sicily, AVestern Europe, the southern shores of the Mediterranean, &c., &c.,

exhibiting tlie Period of Archaic Art, ending with the Persian wars, B. C. 700-

480; Period of Transitional and Early Fine Art, to the end of the Atlienian

supremacy, B. C. 480-400; Period of Finest Art, Age of tlie Spartan and Thebansupremacies, B. C. 400-;33G; Period of Later Fine Art. Age of Alexander andthe Diadochi, B. C. 33(5-280; Period of the Decline of Art, Age ot the Epigoni,

c"^:c., B. C. 280-190; Period of continued Decline of Art, Age of the Attalids,

a. C. 100-100; and Period of the late Decline of Art, Age of Mithradates tlie

trreat and of Iloman dominion, B. C. 100-1.

The skill of the most eminent artists and engravers has been called into

re(piisition in the ]>reparation of these beantiful plates from authentic, original

coins, and the results of their efforts, superior though it is, hardly does justice to

the elegant models fi'om which they copied.

1. A Phocaic stater, electrum metal, of Leshos. Obverse, a lion's head;

Reverse, an ir.cnse square. Probably belonging to the period immediately pre-

ceding the reform of the courage by Croesus, B. C 500.

2. A "LAHiPSACEisrE stater," siich as is mentioned in Attic inscriptions,

together with the staters of Cyzicus. This is of electrum; about the end of the

lifTli century a gold coinage was introduced. The sea horse is a symbol of

Poseidon. About B. C. 478.

3. Early gold coin, an Euboic stater of Sardis, capital of Lydia. Obverse,

foreparts of lion and bull, face to face; Iteverse, incuse square. B. C. 508.

4. A double stater of Ci/zicus, Lion with fish below, on observe; Reverse,

punch-mark, about B. C. 470.

T). A gold Daric, or Persian stater, of Darius ITystaspes, who died B. C. 404.

Obverse, the King kneehng with bow and javelin; lieverse, the punch mark.

6. Colophon, a coin of a dog standing upon a fish. Pliny states that the

people of this city trained their dogs to assist in war, and to do duty as sentinels;

Date about B. C. 500.

7. DoTT.LE Stater of Phocea, an Ionian city in Asia INfinor. A seal on

the Obverse, and mark of punch on the lleverse. Date about B. C. 500.

8. DiniiACiiM of Êgina, an island in the Saronic gulf. Obverse, a land

tortoise; lleverse, the punch-mark divided into compartments. Date B C. 750.

9. Teos, a gold coin of head of the fabulous griirin on Obverse, and punch-

mark of very early date on Reverse. Dat(; B. C. 520.

10. An incuse coin of tlie city of Sybaris, destroyed B. C. 510. A bull is

shown, looking backwards. The initial letters, read from right to left, the first

letter tiu-ned partly over, indicating great antiquity.

131

465

ANCIENT GREEK COINS.

466

ANCIENT GREEK COINS.1 1. Of the Spartuu colony of Cyrene in Africa. Obverse, the sacred Silphiuni

plant ; lleverse, in punch mark, head of Jupiter Ammon. Dale B. C. 450-4;JU.

12. Of Athens, i)robably in the lime of Pericles. Obverse, head of Athena(Minerva); Revei'se, punch mark with owl and the initials of the city.

13 Early coin of Syracuse in Sicily. Obverse, head of Jupiter, with thun-

derbolt behind the shoulder.

14. Yery early coin of Selinus. a town on the south coast of Sicily. Obverse,

leaf of wild parsley, the sacred symbol of the city.

15. Tetradraciim, of Panoruuis. Obverse, Head of Demeter, the products

of the tield in her hair; lleverse, ahorse sîHoping pasta palm tree. Date,

B. C. 48U.

10. Bronze coin of Panormus. Obverse, Head of Janus, laureated; Peverse;

Po, enclosed in a wreath of olive leaves. B. C. 480.

17. Bronze coin of Panormus. Obverse, a helmeted male head, laureated;

name of the city around it; Reverse, a laureated male head. B. C. 480.

IS. Bronze coin of Panormus. Obverse, a fine head of Pallas; Reverse, a

horse head and the trinacrin, typifying the three-cornered island of Sicily. B. C.

480.

19. Bronze coin of Mamertini. Obverse, Head of Hercules in a lion's skin;

Reverse, an eagle standing on a support and having a serpent trodden under his

left claw. Date, about B. C. 400.

20. TBTRADRAcnM, of Panomfins, a city in Sicily. Obverse, Head of Her-cules with lion's skin; Reverse, a horse head between a head of wheat and a

palm branch. Date, B. C. 480.

21. Bronze coin of Panormus. Obverse, a male head; Reverse, three spears

of wheat, indicating the fertility of the country. B. C. 480.

22. Tetradrachm, of Zancle, now Messina, of Sicily. Obverse, a dolphincurved; Reverse, fancifully subdivided by two series of parallel lines, at right

angles to each other. In the central space is a shell. Date, about B. C. 400.

23. Tetradrachm, of Messana. Obverse, a hare, courant; R-^verse; a car

drawn by mules, with victory, holding crown, flying above. These peculiar

types were first adopted on coins by Anaxilaus, who Avon a victory at Olympiawith the mule car, aud who introduced hares into Sicily. About B. C. 400.

24. A bronze coin of Mamertini. Obverse, a male head, laureated; Reverse,

a bid), with lowered head, advauci.ig towards the observer's left. Date, aboutB. C. 400.

25. Tetradrachm, of Messenia, a south-westerly district of Peloponnesus.Obverse, a lion's scalp; Reverse, head of a calf, looking toward tlie observer's

left. B. C. 450.

26. Tetradrachm, of Catana, a city of Sicily. Obverse, a male head,laureated, full-lace fronting; Reverse, a quadriga i)assing a cohnnn, a victory

Hying above, a serpent beneath. B. C. 400.

27. Tetradrachm, of Catana. Obverse, fine head of Apollo, laureated,

etc. ; Reverse, a quadriga, with a victory above and a crab beneath. B. C.

400.

28. An electmm coin of the city of Syracuse, the most important in Sicily.

Obverse, an elegant licad of Artemis; Reverse, a line head of Ai)ollo. li. C.

oOC.

29. Tetradrachm, of Syracuse. Obverse, head of Arethusfe, surronndedby dolphins; R(!Verse, a (juadriga, with victory above, holding a legend; beloware two dolphins. B. C. 500.

30. Bronze coin of Syracuse. Obverse, a fine head of Apollo; Reverse, abigadriven towards the observer's right; the Greek letter Psi in the exergue. B. C.

500.

467


468

ANCIENT GREEK COINS.ol. Tetradrachm, of Syi'acuse. Obverse, head of Pallas, lielmeted, and

behind a bunch or .urapes over a Avine cup; Eeverse, a pe^rasus yallnninir.

32. Tetradkachm, of Syracuse. Obver.se, head of Pallas, lielmeted, bull's

head between the head and border; Eeverse, a pegasus in motion. i3. C. 500.

33. Tetradrachm, of Syracuse. Obverse, a fine male head; Reverse, thefore-part of a pegasus galloping towards the observer's lefi. B. C. 500.

34. Tetradrachm, of Syracuse. Obverse, a helmeted head; Reverse, awinged female standing, the right hand elevated, tlie left holding an animal bythe head. B. C. 500.

35. Tetradraciim, of Agrigentnm, one of the most powerful and celebra-

ted of the Greek cities in Sicily. Obverse, an eagle; Reverse, a crab, anil hel-

meted head beneath it. B. C. 500.

3(3. Bronze coin of Agrigentnm. Obverse, an eagle devouring a hare; Re-verse, a crab with animalcule above and sea-plant beneath. Three glolndes

aroimd the border and one on the crab. B. C. 500.

37. Bronze coin of Syracuse. Obverse, a laureated and bearded head of Zeus;Reverse, Iliero I, driving a quadriga, and holdhig a branch in his left hand.

B. C. 470.

3S. Bronze coin of Syracuse. Obverse, Ilead of Gelon, the hair confined witha fillet; Reverse, a lion walking towards the observer's right; club of Hercules;

lamp beneath. B. C. 480.

39. Bronze coin of Agrigentum. Obverse, a bearded and laureated heail;

Reverse, an eagle standing with extentled wrings, a cornucopia in front and star

over the left wing. B. C. 500.

40. Bronze coin of Agrigentum. Obverse, a bearded head; Reverse, a ser-

lient coiled romid a staff, dividuig the legend. B. 0. 500.

41. DiDP.ACHM, of Cephalcedium, a town in Sicily, Obverse, Head of Ceres;

Reverse, a shepherd with thyr.-^ns in his left hand, standing with left foot resting

on a hound and his riglit leg touching a second dog. About, B. C. 400.

42. Bronze coin of Syracuse. Obverse, bearded and laureated head of Posi-

don; Reverse, an ornamented trident, with dolphin on either side. B. C. 480.

43. Bronze coin of Emporise. a city of Plispania. Obverse, a head with

D. V>. stamiied on the helmet; Reverse, a pegasus, stamped D. D., running.

About B. C. 400.

44. Bronze coin of Ilimera, a city of Sicily. Obverse, Head of Pallas;

Reverse, female standing with Ivre in left hand and wreath in right. AboutB. C. 400.

45. A silver coin of Leontini, a city in Sicily. Obverse, head of a lion, with

open mouth, surrounded by four grains of wheat; Reverse, a biga, witli îcecrowning the horses.

46. Bronze coin of Leontini. Obverse, a female head, elegantly ornamentedwith a head dress; Reverse, a lion walking past a palm lice. About B. C.

450.

47. Bronze coin of Enna, a city in the centre of Sicily. Obverse, a pair of

serpents harnessed to a, plow; Reverse, a man standing and holding a long slalf

in his left hand. B. C. 450.

48. Bronze coin of Tauromenium. Obverse, a young head of Apollo; Re-verse, a bull butting. Tauromenium was a city on tlie east coast of Sicily.

About 300 B. C.

49. Bronze coin of Mendenum. Obverse, a head of Apollo, laureated. Re-

verse, Aesculojiius standing upon a serpent and holdhig something in his right

hand. B. C. 300.

469


470

ANCIENT GREEK COINS.f.O. Bronze coin of Gela, an important towni in Sicily. 01)verse, a female

crowning a minotaur; Reverse, Bi<>a and Nice with wreatli. About B C500.

51. Bronze coin of Ars-yrina. a city of Sicily. Obverse, an eagle standing bya branch of frnit; Kevcrse. a cross patonce, having in cacii of tlie angles twoletters of the city. B. C. 300.

52. Bronze coin of Oenidae, a town in Acarnania. Obvei-se, head of Zeus;Reverse, head of the minotour; this fabled monster typifying the river Achelousupon the bank of which the town was built. B. C. -ioO.

53. A silver coin of Segesta, a city of Sicily. Obverse, a female head, thehair confined with a tillet or l)and; Reverse, a dog scenting the ground B C.450.

54. Bronze coin of Menaenum, an inland city of Sicily. Obverse, a laureated,juvenile head; two fishes in front thereof; Reverse, Ares advancing, withspear hi right hand, shield and cloak in the left. B. C. 300.

55. Tetuadraciim, of Segesta. Obverse, a male head; Reverse, a do--

walking past three heads of wlieat which stand side by side. B. C. 450.

56. Bronze coin of Ilalaesae. Oljverse, a laureated head of Apollo; Reverse,a man standing, in his right hand an ornament; belinid him is a lyre and in trouta musical uistrument—all emblems of Apollo. B. C. 300.

57. Tetradraciim, of Xaxos, an ancient city of Sicily. Obverse, laureated,

juvenile head, laurel leaf behind it; Reverse, Silenns seated, with cup in his left

hand, a thyrsus in the right hand, behind, an ivy brancii, and in front a statueof Priapus. B. C. 450.

58. Tetradrachm, of Xaxos. Obverse, bearded head of Dionysus, fillet

with ivy leaves; Reverse, Sileiuis seated, with wine cup, tlivrsus and ivy, similar

to Xo. 06. B. C. 450.

59. Bronze coin of Morgantia, a city in Sicily. Obverse, a tine head of Pal-las, lielmeted and ornamented; Reverse, a lion standing, with a serpeut below.B. C. 450.

60. Tetradrachm, of Xaxos. Obverse, bearded old head, suiTuounted bytwo horns; Reverse, a bunch of grapes hanging between two leaves. B.C.450.

61. Tetradrachm, of Selinus, an important Greece colony in Sicily. Ob-verse, a parsley leaf in a sunken square, the letters S. E. L. I. ui the angles;

Reverse, a parsley leaf inverted. B. C. 550.

62. Bronze coin of Tyndaris, a city on the north coast of Sicily. Obverse,Head of Demeter; Reverse, Castor and Pollux on horseback, galloping. B. C.

4J0.

03. Silver coin of Abacrenum, a city in Sicily. Obverse, a bearded head. Re-verse, the Erymauthian boar, with erect bristles. B. C, 550.

64. Tetradrachm, of Selinus. Obverse, a nude male standing, holding anoffering in the right hand and a th.yrsus in the left, a parsley leaf bcliind, a cockin a cage, and a bull liehind; Reverse, two i)crsons in a biga, one with bow andarrow, the other driving. B. C. 550.

65. Silver coin of Camarina. Obverse, a female head, much decorated amiwith a fish on either side; Reverse Leda seated on a swan, a fish below, etc.

B. C. 500.

66. Tetradrachm, of Camarina, a Greek city in Sicily. Obverse, head ofHercules in a lion's skin; Reverse, Ares driving a (piadriga, Nice Hying above,a swan tlying below. B. C. 500.

07. Bronze coin of Centoripa. Obverse, l)(>arded and laureated head of Zeus;Reverse, a thuuderbolt dividing the legend. B. C. 500.

471


472

ANCIENT GREEK COINS.68. Bronze coin of Cossura, a small island in the Mediterranean, half way

between Sicily and Africa. Obverse, a female head, crowned, Eros decorating•the front; Reverse, Phoenician legend enclosed with a laurel wreath. B. C. 500.

69. Bronze coin of Aetna, a city in Sicily at the foot of the mountain of samename. Obverse, head of Jîuebus Apollo, with radiated crown; Reverse, Ares

.standing, with speur and shield. B. C. 5U0.

70. Bronze coin of loeta, a town in the interior of Sicily. Obverse, head of

Zeus ; Reverse, a soldier, standing, right hand extended, left holding a club.

B. C. 450.

71. Bronze coin of ^lelita, an island in the ISIediterranean Sea. Obverse,

head of Ceres; Reverse, an ornamented tripod dividing the legend. B. C. 400.

72. TKTRADKArirM, of Gelon, tyrant of Syracuse. Obverse, head of the

tyrant, hair confined with a fillet; Reverse, a biga driven by IsTice. B. C. 480.

73. Bronze coin of Liparia, a towai in the island of the same name. Obverse,Ilr.plKestiis seated on tripod, holding in his extended left hand a cautharus, in

the right a malleus; Reverse, six globules surrounded by the legend. B. C. 550.

74. Gold coin of Pyrrhtis. Obverse, head of Pallas, the letter A. below;Reverse, Nice laying a wreath on an altar. B. C. 280.

75. Bronze coin of Calacte, a city on the nortli coast of Sicily. Obverse, headof Apollo; Reverse, his lyre dividnig the legend. B. C 4C0.

76. Gold Stater of Pyrrhus, King of Epeirns. Observe, head of Artemis;Reverse, Nice marching, a thunderbolt in the field. B. C. 280.

77. Silver coin of Agathocles, King of Syracuse. Obverse, fine head of Per-sephone, wreathed; Reverse, Nice crow^ning a trophy, a triquetra in the field,

B. C. 300.

78. Tetradrachm of Hieron II, King of Syracuse. Obverse, flue head of

Gelon, filleted; Reverse, Nice driving a quadriga. B. C. 220.

79. Tetradrachm of Ilieron II. Obverse, a fine head of Pallas, helmeted;

Reverse, a pegasus. B. C. 220.

80. Tetradrachm of Philistis, supposed queen of Ilieron. Obverse, abeautiful female head of Philistis veiled; Reverse, Nice driving a quadriga.

Legend Queen Philistia." Date, B. C. 220.

81. Bronze coin of Panormus. Obverse, a female head, the hair confined bya band; Reverse, head of a horse, tlie letter A in the field, fronting the neck of

the horse. B. C. 500.

82. Bronze coin of Panormus, an important city in Sicily. Obverse, an old

male head, beardea and laureated; Reverse, a horse running, three globules in

tlie field. B. C. 500.

83. Bronze coin of Pyn-hus. 01)verse, a handsome female head, veiled, a t li-

denl belnnd. Reverse, a tlmnderbolt dividing the legend. B. C. 280.

84. Bronze coin of Panormus. Obverse, a turreted head of Rhea; Reverse, ahorse's head in front of a palm tree. B. C. 500.

85. Silver coin of Syracuse. Obverse, head of A rethusa^, surrounded by dol-

phins; Reverse, a man driving a (juadriga, Nice crowning the horses. B. C.

500.

86. Bronze coin of Syracuse. Obverse, head of Persephone; Reverse, mandriving a biga, the letter s'ujiua below, a sun above. B. C. 500.

87. Bronze coin of the city of Catana, in Sicily. Obverse, two bearded head,

jugata; Reverse, a nude man standing, dividing the legend. B. C. 480.

88. Bronze coin of Gela. 01)verse, a liead with the hair erect, a gi'ain of

wlieat near the border. Indications of the fertility of tlu; region; Reverse abull. In the exergue, tliree globules. B. C. 550.

» 473


474

ANCIENT GKEEK COINS.89. Bronze coin of Affrigentnm, Obverse, an ea^le with expanded wings,

devcurriis: a bare; Jie\er.se, a crab, with two globules above, and a marine liorse

below. B. C. 550.

90. Bronze coin of "Messana, a city in f>iciiy. Obverse, a hare, running; "Re-

verse, an octopus. B. C 50U.

91. Bronze coin of Siolus, a city in Sicily. Obverse, head of Hercules in lion's

skin; Reverse, a squill with three globules on and tlnee globules under it. Pmiicinseriptiou below. B. C. oUO.

92. Bronze coin of Hybla, a city in Sicily. Obverse, a head, with bust draped,

a bee behind it; Reverse, Dionysus standing, witli tiiyrsus and canthorus, a pan-tlier erect before Iillu. B. C. 500.

93. Bronze coin of ]STegara, a city in Sicily. Obverse, head of Apollo, laure-

ated; Reverse, the tiipod of Apollo, dividing the legend. B. C. 500.

94. Bronze coin of Paropi, a city of Sicily. Obverse, fine head of Persephone;Reverse, a wreath of leaves and liowers. B. C. 500.

95. Bronze coin of Gaulos, an island in the Mediterranean Sea, the present

Gozzo. Obverse, a hehneted liead in a crescent, two glolndes behind it; Reverse,

a soldier standing with sword and buclder, a sim in front. B. C. 500.

96. Bronze coin of Caena, a toT\Ti in Sicily. Obverse, head of Pallas, twoijclobules above; Reverse, Xice running with a crown in lier right and a trophy in

iier left hand. B. C. 500.

97. DiDRAcnMof Terina, a city of Bruttium. Obverse, a tine female head,

tlie neck ornamented with a string of pearls; Reverse, Nice seated, holding onthe back of her right hand a bird with extended wings. B. C. 500.

98. Tetradrachm of Oluntiuni, a city in Crete. Obverse, head of Diana

;

Reverse, Zeus seated with basta and holding an eagle in his hand. B. C. 500.

99. Bronze coin of Cyzicus, a city on the^ Propontis in Mysia, Obverse, afemale head, the hair bound by a stalk of wheat, and three wheat ears around it:

Reverse, a caduceses surroimded by a ^^reath. B. G. 500.

100. Silver coin of Ileraclea, a city in Lucania. Obverse, liead of Pallas in

armor; Reverse, Hercules strangling a lion, his bo^vand club in tlie field. B. C.

500.

101. Bronze coin of Eleutheraa, a town of great importance in Crete. Ob-verse, liead of Apollo, laureated; Reverse, Apollo seated on a lyre, holding in his

right hand a globe. B. C. 500.

102. Tetradraciim of Alexander The Great. Obverse, head of Hercules.

Avith lion's skin over it; Reverse, Zeus seated with hasta and an eagle standingin his right hand. B. C. 320.

103. Gold Stater of Alexander III, The Great; who died B. C. 323. Ob-verse, head of Pallas; Reverse, Nice holding a trident and a crown for the

victor; in the field a caduceus.

104. Gold Stater of Philip II, King of JSIacedonia, who died B. C. :>:]('>.

Obverse, head of Apollo; Reverse, the king driving a biga.

105. Gold Stater of Lysiniochus, King of Thrace, who died B. C. 281.

Obverse, head of the king in the character of the Amnionian .Iui)iter; Reverse.

Pallas holding Nice in her outstretched hand.

lOG. Tetradraciim of Lysimachas. This coin bears emblems and inscrip-

tions similar to those on the gold stater No. 118.

107. Gold Stater of Selencus, King of Syria, who died B. C. 280. Obverse,head of the king in the character of Apollo; Reverse, Apollo standing with a bowin his left hcind and an arrow in the right.

47.3


476

ANCIENT GREEK COINS.108. Gold Stater of Ptolemy. Soter. Kins: of E^ypt, who died B. C. 283.

Obverse, head ol: king; Reverse; Jupiter driving aquddiigaof elephants.

109. Tetradkaciim of Ptolemy, Soter. Obverse, head of the king; Eevei-se,

au eagle standing on a fulinen, or tliunderbolt. B. C. 285.

110. Tetradrachm of ]Sracedonia. Obverse, head of Artemis surroundedV)y Macedonian shields; Reverse, club of Hercules dividing the legend, bothencircled by a wreath. About B. C. 400.

111. Bronze coin of Seleucus TV. King of S^Tia, who died B. C. 175. Obverse,liead of tlie king, the hair confined witli a fillet; Reverse, prow and fore part ofa ship, dividing tlie legend.

112. Bronze coin of Tigranes, King of Armenia, who died B. C. GO. Obverse,head of tlie king wearing a tiara; Reverse, a female seated, holding a corn ucopisein one hand and a wreath in the other.

113. Tetradrachm of ISIithridates YI, King of Pontus, who died B. C.63. Obverse, head of tlie king; Reverse, a pegasus dividing the legend, andsurrounded with a wreath.

114. Tetradrachm of Antlochns I, who died B. C. 210. Obverse, his head;Reverse, Apollo seated on a Cortina, holding in one hand a bow and in the otheran arrow.

115. Tetradrachm of Antlochns lY, King of Syria, who died B. C. 104.

Obverse, i)ortrait of the king; Reverse, an eagle standing on a fuhnen, dividing

the legend.

110. Tetradrachm of Seleucus YI, surnamed Epiphanes, who died B. C.

f)4. Obverse, his portrait; Reverse, Pallas with spear in one hand and Xice in

the other.

117. Tetradraciim of Alexander I (Balas), B. C. 152-144, struck at Tyre;

date, year 103 of Seleucid Era, B. C. 149. Obverse, portrait; Reverse, Eagle

with club of Hercules in front.

118. Bronze coin of Ptolemy II, siu-named Euergetes, King of Eg\iit, whodied B. C. 222. Obverse, head of Jupiter Amnion; Reverse, an eagle on a ful-

men^the Ptolemaic emblem.

119. Tetradrachm of Phileta-rus, founder of the Kingdom of Pergamus,

who died B. C. 203. Obverse, head of the king; Reverse, Pallas seated, offering

a wreath, in the field a sword.

120. Tetradraciim of Ptolemy Y, surnamed Epiphanes, King of Egypt,

who died B. C. 181. Obver.<e, head of the king; Reverse, Eagle on fulmen.

121. Tetradrachm of Ptolemy YII, Euergetes II, known as Physcon, whodied B. C. 117. Obverse, head of the king; Reverse, Eagle on fulmen,

122. Bronze coin of Berenice, wife of one of tlie Ptolemys of Egypt. Ob-

verse, head of the queen, with covering extending over tlu^ bust ; Reverse, a

cornucopise surromided by the legend.

123. Tetradrachm of Xicomedes III. Philopator, King of Bithynia, died

B. C. 74. Obvei-se. head of the king; Reverse, Zeus discharging a thunderbolt

from his left hand and holding basta in hi;; right.

124. Gold Stater of Phamaces, King of Pontus, who died about B. C. 170.

Obverse, head of the king; Reverse, Apollo seated, a lyre behind and a tripod in

front of him.

125. Gold Stater of Cyrene, a city of great imiiortance in northern Africa.

Obverse, Xice driving a (pjaih-iga; Reverse,Zeus standing with hasta aiitl liolding

a patera over an altar. B. C. r)00.

477


478


479


480


481


482

HISTORICAL COIN ATLAS OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE.

Pieces of all Emperors, Empresses, Tyrants and Kings,

From Julius Cesar B. C. 70, to the Extinction of the WesternEmpire, A. D. 476.

1. Caesar, Cains Julius, born B.C. 100. Made Perpetual Dictator

B. C. 44. jNIurdered by Pompey and Senators, March loth of same year.

One of the most noted characters in history, distinguished by extraordinarj''

genius and attainments in the most diversified pursuits.

2. Augustus, Caius Octavius Csepeas, first Emperor of theRoman Empire Born B. C. 63. Declared Emperor B. C. 29. Died A. D.14. Coins rei)resent him with Julius Caesar, Lepidus, Agrippa, Tiberius,

Julia, Caius and Julius and Germanicus. A wise and moderate ruler.

3. Tiberius, Claudius Nero Csesar, born B. C. 42. Son-in-law of

Augustus Ciesar A. D. 4. Emperor A. D. 14. Smothered by order of Cal-

igula A. D. 37. His reign exhibits every variety of detestable actions.

4. Drusus, Nero Claudius, afterwards Germanicus, born B. C.

15. Ciesar A. D. 4. Poisoned A. D. lU. A noble prince, a grand general,

a good and brilliant man.

5. Antonia, bom B. C. 38. Wife of Drusus Senior. Poisoned by her:grandson Caligula A. D. 37. Beautiful, virtuous and unfortunate. Highhonors were paid to Iier memory.

6. Drusus Csesar, or Junior, son of Tiberius. Born B. C. 13. Poi-

soned by his wife A. D. 32. Consul A. D. 15 and 21. Tribunica Potentas

A. D. 22. Naturally noble but degraded by gross jjassions,

7. Germanicus Csesar, son of Nero Claudius Drusus. Born B. C. 15.

Ca?sar A. D. 4. Poisoned A. D. 19. A great soldier, a chaste, temperateand much beloved man and Consul.

8. Agrippina, wife of Germanicus Ciesar. Born B. C. 15. Starved

to death in banishment by Tiberius A. D. 33. A noble woman.

9. Caius, or Caligula, son of Germanicus and Agrippina. BornA. D. 12. Emperor A. D. 37. Killed A. D. 41. A beast in human form.

10. Claudius I, Drusus Nero Germanicus, born B. C. 10. Em-p^^ror A. D. 41. Poisoned A. D. 54. Industrious and diligent, but a failure

through want ofjudgment and tact.

11. Nero, originally L. Domitius Aiienobarbus Born A. D. 37.

Younger son of Cmeus Domitius Anenobarbus and Agripjiina. His motherafterwards n)arried her uncle, Emperor Claudius, who adopted Nero andchanged his name to Claudius Ctcsar Drusus Germanicus. Emperor A. D.

64. Killed himself A. D. OS. A monster, i)robably the vilest character in

history. •

12. Galba Ser. Sulpicus, born B. C. 3. Emjêror A. D. 68. Killed

by liis soldiers xV. D. 09. A man of excellent qualities, but over severe andavaricious.

149

483

HETOEICAL COIN ATLAS OF THE ROMAN EfflPIEE.

Pieces of all Emperors, Empresses, Tyrants and Kings.

484

ANCIENT ROMAN COINS.lo. Otho. M. Salvius. born A. D. 32. Emperor A. D. 69. Bein^

conquered by Vitellius, he killed himself the same year. A companion ofNero, he imitated all the vices of that tyrant.

14 Vitellius- Aulus, born A. D. 15. Emperor A D. 00. Killed byVespasinnus' soldiers the same jêar. He had a little le.irning, but great

'

talent for eating, drinking, debts and debauclieries.

15. Vespasianus. T. Flavins Sabinus, bore A. D. 9. Emperor 69.

Died 79. By birth of mean condition, he rose by merit as a soldier andstatesman. He was frugal, temperate and amiable, but too avaricous.

16. Domitilla, Plavia, the first wife of Vespasianus. She died before

her husband became Emperor, and the coins bearing her portrait werestruck after her death.

17. Titus, Flavius Sabinius Vespasianus, born A. D. 40, son ofEmperor Vespasianus and Domitilla Flavia. Emperor A. D. 79. DiedA. D. 81. A brave general, a man of learning and a ruler of peculiar

excellence.

18. Julia, daughter of Titus. Little record and that not good.

19. Domitianus T. Flavius Domitianus Augustus, born A. D.52. Emperor A. D. 81. Assassinated A. D. 96. One of the most cruel

tyrants that ever disgraced a throne

20. Domitia Longina, the wife of Domitianus, whose record as awoman equals her worthless husband's, whose assassins she urged on to their

murderous work.

21. Nerva M. Oocceius, born A. D. 32. Emperor A. D. 96. DiedA. D. 98. A noble character of strong will and great administrative power.He received the honor of deification.

22. Trajanus M. Ulpius, bom A. D. 52. Casar and Emperor withNerva A. D. 97. Sole Emperor A. D. 98. Died A. D, 117. One of themost distinguished of Ronjan rulers.

23. Plotina, Pompeia, died A. D. 129. Wife of Trajan. A womanjustly honored for her extraordinary merits and high character.

24. Marciana, died A. D. 115, Sister of Trajan. Remarkable for hervirtues and talents. After her death slie was enrolled among the gods.

25. Matidia, daughter of Marciana. Honored in her life-time, deified

after her death, which occurred in the reign of Antonius.

26. Hadrianus, P. Aelins, born A. D. 76. Adopted by Trajan andhis :jon-in-law. Trajan adoi)ted him A. D. 117 and heAvas declared Empe-ror the same year. Died A. D. 138. A good ruler and successful soldier

whose virtues overbalanced many defects in his character.

27. Sabina, wife of Hadrian, honored in life and death, but unhappyin her matrimonial relations. She committed suicide about A, D. 137.

28. .^lius, adopted by Hadrian about A. D. 136, with the name of

Ca?sar. Died A. D. 138.

29. Antonius, Pius, in early life Titus Aurelius Fulvus Boionius

Arrius Antonius. liorn A. D. 86. Adopted by Hadrian and declared Em-peror, A. D. 138. Died A. D. 161. A most exalted and wise character ia

private and public life.

485

ANCIENT ROMAN COINS.,qOO0""°°OOO(

486

ANCIENT ROMAN COINS.30. Faustina, Senior. Annia Galeria. Bom A. D. 105. Died

A. D. 141. She was in everyway unworthy of her great husband, but not-

withstanding the utter profligacy of her life, he loaded her with honors

before and after her death,

31. Marcus Aurolius Antoninus, Born A. D. 121. Adopted byand son-in-law of Antonius Pius, Emperor A. D. 161. Died A. D. 180. Awise, learned and just man. Commonly distinguished as " the Philosopher."

32. Faustina, Junior, Annia, daughter of Faustina, Senior, and

as thoroughly abandoned to ill deeds as washer mother. She was married

A. D. 145 or" 14(3 to Marcus Aurelius, who either through good nature or

blindness, ignored her vile acts, cherished her living and honored her after

death in 175.

33. Verus. Lucius Aurelius, Born A. D. 130. Son of ^lius Cicsar,

son-in-law of Marcus Aurelius and associated with him in the empire A. B.

161—169. His original name was L. Ccionius Commodus. Died by poison,

A. D. 169. During his life he shared the honors worthily of Marcus Au-relius.

34. Commodus, L. Aurelius. Born A. D. 161, son of Marcus Aure-

lius and Faustina, Jr. Named Csesar A. D. 166. Associated in empire A. D.

176. Named Augustus 177, sole emperor 180. Died from strangulation andpoison 192. A miserable man and ruler, cruel, corrupt and dissolute.

35. CriSpina, wife of Commodus, unfaithful, divorced, banished to

Capreae and put to death.

36. Pertinax, Helvius. Born A. D. 126, Emperor A. D. 193. Assas-

sinated after a reign of 87 days in consequence of his firmness in insisting

upon reforms in the army and State.

37. Julianus, M DidiuS Salvius, afterwards M. Didius Commo-dus Severus Julianus. BornA. D. 133. Declared Emperor A. D. 198. Assas-

inated after reigning 66 days. A good soldier, but unscrupulous and am-bitious. He bought the supreme power by promises of money to the

soldiers.

38. Clara, Didia, daughter of Julianus. Born A. D. 153 ; only knownthrough her effigy, or rare occasional coins.

39. Niger, C Pescennius. Declared Emperor by the army in Syria,

A. D. 193. A good soldier, no statesman, he could not secure the power;

was put to death as a rebel A. D. 194.

40. Severus, L. Septimus. BornA. D. 146, Emperor 193. Master

of the whole Empire 197 ; died 211. An admirable general and reformer,

but cold and ungenerous.

41. Domna, Julia, wife of Septimus Severus. A Avoman of powerful

intellect and vast ambition. Starved herself to death A. D. 217, upon loss

of power.

42. Albinus. Clodius, or DecimusClodius Ceionius Septimus. Born

in Africa ; named Ca'sar l)y Septimus Severus A. D. 193, rebelled and took

title of Emperor of Britain and Gaul 196; defeated and killed by Septimus

Severus 197. A great general and man of some learning.

487

ANCIENT ROMAN COINS.

488

ANCIENT ROMAN COINS.-43. Caracalla or Caracallus, also Bassianus, and when adopted by

8everus, called M. Aurelius Antoninus which last name he retained ever

after. Born A. D. 188. Named Ca>sar 19G; Augustus 198; Emperor with

Lis brother Geta 211 ; sole Emperor 212. Assassinated 217. A bold, badman whose life is stained with all crimes.

44. Plautilla, Fulvia. Married to Caracalla A. D. 202 ; soon banished,

left destitute and finally murdered by order of her husband.

45. Geta, L or P. Septimus. Born A. D. ISO. Brother of Caracalla.

Named Ca'sar 198; Augustus 209. Emperor with Caracalla 211 and assas-

sinated by him, while in the arms of his mother, A. D. 212. A far better

character than his murderer though with many vices,

46. Macrinus M. Opelius (or Opilius) Macrinns. Born A. D.

1G4. Proclaimed Emperor 218. Killed 219. A haughty, blood-thirsty,

inhumanly cruel coward. He was the instigator of tlie murder of Caracalla.

47. Diadumenianus or Diadumenus M. Opelius, son of Mac-rinus. Born A. D, 208. Named Ca\sar and Augustus 217. Killed 218.

Celebrated for his remarkable beauty.

48. ElagabaluS, originally called Yarius Avitus Bassianus, and after-

guards Marcus Aurelius Antonius. Born A. D. 205; declared Em-peror 218. Killed 222. A glutton and all that M'as bestial, his name has

passed into a jiroverb.

49. Paula, Julia Cornelia. INIarried to Elagabalus A. D. 219, di-

Torced the next year. Died in j^rivate life.

50. Maesa. Julia, grandmotherof Elagabalus and Alexander Severus.

One of the n:i<)st able and strong minded women of history ;ambitious and

unscrupulous but wise and polite.

51. Julia Soaemias, mother of Elagabalus. Killed A. D. 222. Shewas the first woman who took a place in the Roman Senate. Her life wasnot pure and her body was subjected to every indignity after death,

52. Mama>''a, Julia, mother of Alexander Severus. A woman of

strong character, devoted to her son. Her advice caused the revolt in the

iirmy, A. D. 235, in which both mother and son were killed.

53. Severus, BI. Aurelius Alexander, usually called Alexanderl^cverus. Born A. D. 205. Killed 235. A brave soldier, a pure, just man,but loo much under control of his mother.

54. Orbiana. Sallustia Barbia, one of the three wives of Alex-

ander Severus. Known only through effigies on coins.

55. Maximinus I., C Julius, Verus. Born A. D. 173, of lowparentage. Of immense strength and gigantic stature, (over 8 feet). Hebecame conspicuous in the army and rose to be Emperor A. D. 235. He"\vas assassinated with his son, 238. A brute in every respect.

56. Maximus Caesar, C. Julius Verus, son of Maximinus, sharedin a lesser degree, the honors gained by his father, and was Uiurdered withliim A. D. 238. A promising young man.

57. Gordianus I, M Antonius, surnamed Africanus. BornA. D. 158. Proclaimed ]âii};eror in Africa 238, and was acknowledged bythe Senate, but unable to quell a revolt, he killed himself after a reign of

about forty days.

489


490

AIMCIENT ROMAN COINS.58. Gordianus Africanus II, eldest son of G. A. I. Born A. D. 192.

Associated with his father in the })urple and perished in battle against therebels on the same day. Both father and son bear noble characters in

history.

59. Pupienua Maximus, Marcus Clodius. Bora A. D. 164.

Made Emperor with ]>albinus 2o8. Killed three months after.

60. Balbinus- DeciinUS Ca'^lius. Born A. D. 178. Associate Em-peror with Pupienus. 238. An excellent combination cf an able general andsagacious statesman. He and his brother ruler perished by assassinationthree months alter their elevation to supreme power.

61. Gordianus III, M. Antonius, grandson of G.A.I. Born A. D.222. Proclaimed Augustus 238. Assassinated 244. An amiable youngman, deservedly well beloved.

62. Tranquillina, Sabnia, or Sabnia, Furia, wife of Gordianus IIIand daughter of Misitheus. No record.

63. Philippus I., M. Julius. Born A. D. 204. Emperor 2<4. Killed249. A successful warrior and ruler. By some authors, claiiued to havebeen a Christian.

64. Otacilia Severa, Marcia, wife of Philippus I. Believed bymany ancient writers to have been a Christian.

65. Philippus II.. M. Julius. Born A. D. 237. C»sar 244. Asso-ciated with his father as Augustus, 247, and killed with him when buttwelve years of age.

67. Decius, C. Messius Quintus Trajanus Decius. Born A. D.201. Emperor 249 ;

drowned in a bog, 251. He accepted the purjjle fromthe army under threats of death if he refused.

67. Etruscilla^ Herennia, wife of Decius. Known only from hiTcoins.

68. EtruSCUS, Herennius, son of Decius. Named Ca>sar A. D. 249.

Augustus 251, Killed in battle the same year.

69. Hostilianus, son, son-in-law or nephew of Decius [authorities dif-

fer.] Associated in the pur[)le with Trebonianus Gallus, A. D. 251. Reportedto have died the same year and also to have reigned two years.

70. Gallus, Trebonianus, C. Vibius. .Joint ruler with Hostilianus.

Killed Avith his son, by his soldiers, A. D. 253.

71. Volusianus, son of Gallus. Named Ca3sar A. D. 251. Augustus252. Killed with his father.

72. Aemilianus, Aemilius. Born A. D. 208. Proclaimed Emperor

in Maesia, 253. Killed by his soldiers 254.

73. Valerianus, P. Llcinius. Born A. D. 190. Emperor 253. Agreat soldier, called upon to rule on account of his high merit. He wascaptured by the Persians 26 ', and died in captivity from cruel treatment,

263. After death his skin was stuffed and preserved as a trophy by his

enemies.

74. Mariniana; wife, sister or daughter of Valerianus. Knownonly by her coins.

75. Gallienus, P. Licinius Valerianus Egnatius; son of

491


492

ANCIENT KOMAN COINS.Valerianus by his first wife. Emperor with his father A. D. 253. Assassi-

nated 268. A contemptible character. It Avas during tliis reign that themany generals declared themselves Eaiperors, and these are designated as

The Tfiirtv Tyrants.

76. Salonia, Cornelia, Augusta, wife of Gallienus, mother of Sa-

lon inns.77. Valerianus, Junior, half brother of Gallienus, and a happy

opposite in character. Assassinated A. D. 2()8.

78. Saloninus, P. Licinius Cornelius, son of Gallienus. BornA. D. 242. Ctcsar 253. Put to death 25y.

79. Pcstumus, M. Cassianus Latinius. One of The ThirtyTyrants. Rebelled against Gallienus, and proclaimed himself Emperorin Gaul A. D. 258. He was a strict but just ruler while he reigned.

Killed 267.

80. VictorinuS, M. Pravvonius. One of the Thirty Tyrants, wasassociated with Postumus in the purple. A superior general and statesman,

but a slave to his passions. Assassinated A. D. 267.

81. IVTarius, M. Aurelius. Emperor in Gaul, A. D. 267. The fourth

of the Thirty Tyrants who ruled Gaul. His reign lasting for forty-eight

hours, when he was assassinated. His coins must have been minted before

he assumed power.

82. Tetricus, C Pesuvius. The last of the Thirty Tyrants whogoverned in Gaul, where he was proclaimed Emperor, A. 1). 267. Herestored the provinces to Aurelian in 273, by betraying his army in battle

to that rulpr, and soon after retiring to private life he died at a veryadvanced age.

83. Tetricus, C. Pesuvius Pivesus. Proclaimed Cwsar while a

child; son and successor of C. Pesuvius Tetricus, one of the Thirty Tyrants,

who ruk'd from A. D. 267, until con(|uered by Aurelian, about A. D. 274.

84. Macrianus, Senior. One of the Thirty Tyrants. A brave sol-

dier, defeated and killed in battle by Aureolus, A. D. 262.

85. Macrianus, Junior, son of the preceding. Flourished during

the latter years of his father, shared his power and met with the same fate

86. Claudius II , M. Aurelius Claudius, Gothicus. Born A. D.

214. Etni)eror A. I). 268. Died 270. A great warrior, a wise ruler. Heendeavored to re-establish honest coinage and issued money of copper,

plated or silvered over.

87. QuintilluS, M. Aurelius. Emperor A. D. 270, reigned but a

few Aveeks, when, deserted by his soldiers he killed himself. Pie bears a

high character in history.

88. Aurelianus, Valerius, or L. Domititus. Born A. D. 270-

Emperor A. D. 270. Treacherously killed A. I). 275. A victorious soldier

and able ruler, the history of his reign is most brilliant.

89. Severina, XJlpia, wife of Aurelianus, seems to have been worthy

her great spouse. Medals and coins were struck in her honor, and })rove

that she survived her huslKUid.

90. Vabalathus. Athenodorus, son of Zenobia, Queen of Palmyra.

He was made Emperor in Syria A. D. 266, and captured by Aurelia,n 273,

Certain of his coins bear the face of Aurelian on the obverse.

493

ANCIENT KOMAN COINS.

40 4

ANCIENT ROMAN COINS.91. Tacitus, M. Claudius. Emperor from Sept. A. D. 275 to April

276. A wise ruler, not ambitious of military glory, but a promoter of all

peaceful arts.

92. Florianus, M Annius. Born A. D. 232. Half-brother of Ta-citus, at whose death he assumed supreme power, ruling i'rom April to Juneor July 267, when he was killed either by the revolting soldiers or his ownhand.

93. Probus, M, Aurelius. Born A. D. 232. Sonof Maximus. Em-peror from 276 to 2S2, when murdered. His whole reign was a series of

most brilliant achievements in peace and war.

94. Carus, M. Aurelius. Born A. D. 230. Successor to Probus-Keported killed by lightning 283, but probably murdered. More success-

ful in war than peace. Some coins represent him with Carinus his son.

95. Carinus M. Aurelias, eldest son of Cams. Born A. D. 249. Em-peror 283. Killed 284. Successful in war, a cruel, profligate and wasteful

ruler, who married and repudiated nine wives.

96. Numerianus, M. Aurelias, brother of Carinus. Born A. D. 254.

Cfpsar 282. Augustus 283. Died 284. His father-in-law, ArriusAper,v7askilled on suspicion of murdering him. A wise and much beloved ruler.

97. Diocletianus, Valerius. Born A. D. 245. Emperor 284. AdoptedGalerius 292; abdicated 305. Died 313. Of most obscure jârentage, he rose

by merit, and well deserved all the honors he gained. I3ut he terribly jêrse-

cuted the Christians.

98. IKTaximianus II. Hercules. Born A. D. 250. The son of ashepherd. Associated in the Empire with Diocletian in 286 ; abdicated 305

;

retook the Empire, 306 ; abdicated again 308;proclaimed himself Emperor

once more, 309; strangled himself, 310. A distinguished general and badman, a relentless persecutor of the Christians.

99. Carausius, M. Aurelius Valerius. Emperor in EnglandA. D. 287. Assassinated 293. A remarkable man, wdio rose from most low-ly beginnings. He forced his powerful enemies to become his allies, andin all acts showed the greatest vigor and prudence.

100. Allectus. Emperor in England A. D. 293, by his murder of Ca-rausius. Killed 296. A vile character.

101. Julianus, Marcus Aurelianus. (iovernorofVenitia in Italy.

Usurjêd the Imperial power A. D. 284, Avas contûered and killed 285.

102. ConstantiusI surnamed Chlorus, Flavius Valerius. BornA. D. 2-50. Emperor 305 with Galerius, the Ibrmerbting placed over Gaul,Britain and Spain. He was a wise and just ruler and treated Pagans andChristians with impartiality and toleration. Died 306.

103. Helena, Flavia Julia Born about A. D. 248. Wife of .Con-

stantius I, and mother of Constantinus the Great. She was divorced throughState Policy. A noble lady and true Christian, she died in 328, and honorswere showered upon her memory.

104. Theodora, Flavia Maximiana, second wife of ConstantinusChlorus, for whom he rejiudiated Helena.

105. Maximianus II, Galerius Valerius. Adopted and namedCaesar b^^ Dioceletian, A. D. 292. Augustus and Emperor 305. Died 311.

495


496

AISICIENT ROMAN COINS.106. Galeria. Valeria, daughter of Diocelitian, second wife of Max-

imianus II. She and her mother were beheaded by order of Licinius, A. D.315.

107. Severus, Flavius Valerius. Named C^sar by IMaximianusHercules, A. D. oOo ; Augustus and Emperor 306. Compelled to put anend to himself A. D. 307.

108. Maximinus, Galerius Valerius. Original name Daza, neph«ew of Galerius. Nan^cd Cicsar A. D. 305 ; assumed the title of Emperor 308.

Di^d of despair or poison 313. A violent, undeserving and ungrateful maru109. Maxentius, M. Aurelius, son-in-law of Galerius. Emperor

A. D. 306, Drowned in the Tiber 312. A monster of rapacity, cruelty andall other vices.

110. Urbica, Magnia. Only known by hercoins. By some supposedto be the wife of Maxentius, by others, assigned to Carus, and by others to

Carinus. The coin is pronounced by certain authorities to be a forgery.

1x1. Romulus, son of Maxentius. Born about A. D. 300; named Caesa-r

337; Augustus soon after. Died while a boy.

112. Nigrinianus. A Roman Ctesar or Augustus. Known only byhis coins. It has been conjectured by some that he was the son of Alex-ander, a ursurper of Africa A. D. 311, by others that he was the sonof Carus.

113. Licinius; Publius Flavius Galerius Valerius Licini-anus. Born A. D. 263, of peasant parents. Gained friends and rank in thearmy ; married the daughter of Constantius Chlorus. Named. Caesar andAugustus and Emperor with Galerius Maximianus 307. Prisoner of hisbrother-in-law Constantine, and strangled 323. A cold blooded tyrant.

114. Constantinus I., Flavius Valerius Aurelius, surnamedMagnus, or " The Great." Born A. D. 274. Son of Constantius Chlorusand Helena, son-in-law of Maximanus Hercules. Proclaimed Cnesar andAugustus in Britain 306, and Augustus by Maximanus 308. In 311 heembraced the Christian religion. Became sole Emperor 323. QuittedRome in 330, for Byzantium, which he named Constantinople. Died0-7

OJt .

115. Fausta, Flavia Maximiana. ^larricd to Constantine I. A. D-307. Caused the deatli of her stejvson, and some historians say, was smoth-ered to death in a warm bath by her husband's order, 326.

116.

117. Licinius, Junior, Flavius Valerius Licinianus, son ofLicinius I. Born A. D. 315. Made Ca;sar317. Stripped of all honors andl)ut to death 326.

118. Crispus, Flavius Julius, son of Constantine I. Born aboutA. D. 300. Named Caesar 317. Gained glory in battle. Put to death byhis father, at the instigation of his step-mother 326.

119. Delmatius, Flavius Julius, nephew of Constantine I. NamedCtesar A. D. 335. Killed 337.

120. Constantinus II., Flavius Claudius, surnamed TheYounger, son of Constantine I. Born A. I). ;U2. Named Caesar 316.Ruler of Gaul, Spain and England 335. Emperor and Augustus 337. De-feated and killed in battle 340.

497


49«

ANCIENT ROMAN COINS.121. Constans I., Flavius Julius, youncest son of Constantine I.

Born A. D. 320. Named Ciusar 333. Emperor"340. Killed by revoltingsoldiers 350. An indolent, weak and profligate man.

122. Magnentius, Flavius Popilius. Bom about A.D. 303.Revolted against Constans I. Proclaimed Emperor 350. Killed him-self 353.

123. Decentius, brother or cousin of INIagnentius. Named Caesar A. D.351. Strangled himself 353.

124. Vetranio. An old General. Proclaimedhimself Emperor A. D.350 ; abdicated in ten months. Tîed 356.

125. Constantius II., Flavius Julius, third son of Constantine I.

Born A. D. 317. Created Consul 324. Emperor 350. Died 361. Anartful tyrant.

126. Julianus, Flavius Claudius, surnamed "The Apostate''Born A. D. 331. 8on of Julius Constantius. Named Caesar 355. Sole Em-peror 361. Killed in battle 363. In talents, principles and deeds, an ex-traordinary man.

127. Jovianus Flavius Claudius. Born A. D. 331. Emperor 363.Died 364. Professed himself a Christian and put that religion on a legalbasis.

128. Valentinianus I. Born A. D. 321. Emperor 364. Died 375.He maintained the Catholic faith and forbade all Pagan ceremonials underpenalty of death.

129. Valens, brother of Valentinianus I. Born about A. D. 328. Em-peror of the East 364. Persecuted the Catholics, and was himself burnedto death by Barbarians 378.

130. Gratianus, Aug., son of Valentinianus I. Born A. D. 359 ; madeConsul 366 ; Augustus 367 ; Emperor 375. Killed 383. A pious, chaste andtemperate man, but wanting in firmness.

131. Maximus, Magnus Clemens. Assumed the name of Augus-tus in Britain A. D. 383; acknowledged Emperor, seized upon Italy 387.Captured and decapitated 388.

132. Victor, Flavius, son of Maximus Magnus. Named AugustusA. D. 383. Put to death 388.

133. Valentinianus II., or Junior, son of Valentinianus I. BornA. D. 371. Named Augustus and associated in the Empire 375. Emperorof all the West 383. Assassinated 392.

134. Theodosius I., surnamed " The Great." Born A. D. 346. NamedAugustus and associated in the Empire by Gratian in 379, his division beingthe Eastern. Died 395.

135. Flacilla, Aelia, first wife of Theodosius I. Died A. D. 385.

136. Eugenius. Proclaimed Augustus at Vienna A. D. 392. Put to

death two years later by order of Theodosius.

137. Arcadius, son of Theodosius I. Born A. D. 377. Named Cfesar383. Emperor of the East 395. Died 408. A thoroughly incompetent andweak ruler.

499


500

ANCIENT ROMAN COINS.138. Eudoxia, ^lia, wife of Arcadius. Died A. D. 404 or 406. A

woman of high spirit and possessed of great influence over her hus-band.

139. Honorius, Flavius Augustus, second son of Theodosius TheGreat. Born A. D. 384. Named Augustus 393. Emperor of the ^\'est 395.

Died 423. A weak ruler, his was a disastrous reign.

140. Constaninus III., The Tyrant. Augustus in England andGaul A. D. 407. Taken prisoner and put to death 411.

141. Attalus, FrisCUS. Made Emperor by Alaric at Rome, A. D. 409.Deprived of his title and resumed it in Gaul 410. Died in banishment onthe island of Lipari.

142. Jovinus, a Gaulish Captain. Proclaimed Emperor at ^NlayenceA. D, 411. Defeated by Adolphus, the Gothic King, and beheaded 413.

143. Theodosius II., only son of Arcadius. BornA.D. 401. NamedAugustus 402. Emperor of the East 408. Died 450. In 438, was pub-lished the celebrated Codex Theodosianus. He was a weak ruler and his

kingdom was managed by others.

144. Johannes. Born about A. D. 380. Usurped the purple 423.

Conquered and killed 425.

145. Placidia, Galla, wife of Constantinus III. Died at Rome A. D.450.

146. Valentinianus Placidius. Born A. D. 419. Emperor 425.

Assassinated 455.

147. Marcianus, brother-in-law of Theodosius II. Born A. D. 391.

Emperor of the East 450. Died 457.

148. Leo I., Flavius, surnamed The Great and The Thracian.Born about A. D. 400, in Thrace. Emperor of the East 457. Died 474.

Distinguished by remarkable talents and high moral qualities.

149. Maximus, Petronis (Anicius). Born A. D. 395. Assumed thepurple 455. Murdered after a reign of about three months.

150. Severus, Libius. Proclaimed Emperor of the West at Ravenna,A. D. 461. Died 405.

151. Anthemius, Procopius, son-in-law of Marcianus. Emperorof the West A. D. 467. Killed 473.

152. Glycerins. Emperor A. D. 473. Dethroned by Julius Nepos 474,and became Bishops of iSalona. Died 4i0.

153. Nepos, Julius. The last Emperor but one of the WesternEmpire. Created Emperor A. D. 474. Was deposed by Orestes andkilled 480.

154. Leo, Junior. Born A. D. 459, succeeded Leo I. as Emperor ofthe East, 474. Died after a reign of six months.

155. Zsno or Zen on, original nanie Trascalisseus. Born A. D. 426.

Son-in-law of Leo 1., lather of Leo II., and associated with the latter in the

Eastern Emijire 474. Abdicated 476; regained sovereignty 477. Died 491.

501


502


503


156. BasilisCUS, brother-in-law of Leo I. A. D. 476, he drove Zeno fromthe throne and declared himself Emperor of the East. Zeno, next yearconquered and captured him, and with his family he was imprisoned in

Cappadocia, and all were starved to death.

157. AugUStulus, Romulus. The last Roman Emperor of the West-Son of Orestes, who proclaimed him Emperor A. D. 475, after driving outJulius Nepos. Orestes Avas the actual ruler until he was defeated and killed

hy Odoacer. Augustulus Romulus, on account of his youth, beauty andinnocence, was spared, but exiled to Campania. His ultimate -fate is

unknown.

e?r3C'

M^^?^^'^^^*^^.^^

X

504

MEDIAEVAL COINS.No. 1. TiiEODOTTATT'S ; King of the Goths in

Italy, A. D. r,ui. KiUed, o3().

No. 2. BADUIL1.A, cMlled by tho Gi-eel<s To-TILLA; Kinfj of the (Jotlis in Italy A. D. 541.

Killed in battle with Naises, ."iryi.

No. 3. Basijuscvs .see Kniperois of the East.Jô. !')().

No. 4. Maeciaxu.s, .see Emperors of the East.-No. 147.

No. 5. Leo IV.,CiiA/,ARtTS ; born at Constan-tinople A. 1). ToO. Ot the Iâurian (lj"nasty. De-•clared Enij)erer 751 ; died 7X0.

No. 6. Heraclu'SI. IJoni abont A. T>. 575.

His extraordinary reign marks the last epoeh ofancient Roman grandeur. Emperor of the East,«1(); died fi41.

No. 7. Ax.vSTASTrsT. Born A. D. 430. Em-peror of Constantinople A. I). 491. KUled bythunder 518.

No. 8. J uSTixtTS T. Born A. D. 4.30. Emperorj)f tho East, 518; died 527.

No. 9. MAtTKiciu.s, Flaa-itts TiiiKRiiT.s. Born•about A. D. 539. One of the f;reatest emperors•of Constantinop'e, reigned Irom 582 to 020, when,with all his family, he was murdered by Phocas.No. 10. Ti«KKiiTS, named Cassar, with his

lirother Heraolitis. A. D. 059. Assoeiated in theEmpire with their brother I'ogonatus 008. Killed,«74.

No. 11. Michael II., Emperor A. D. 820. Died829.

No. 12. Micitaei. in, Emperor A. T). 842. As-sassinated 8(37 ; the reverse shows JNIiehael andhis son Constantinus.No. 1.3. JiEO in., Emperor A. D. 717. Died 741

;

:and his son Constantinus A'.

No. 14. Nicephorus, Emperor A. D. 742. Died743.No. 15. Isaacttts I., surnamed CoaiMENUS

;

Emperor A. D. 1057; abdicated 1059; died 1061.

No. 10. Theodokus I., Emperor A. D. 1204.

Died 1222.

No. 17. Theodorus III., Emperor 1255. Died-1259.

No. 18. C03S^stantinus and Adronieus, A. D.1067.No. 19. Wir.T.iAM, A. 1). 125.-,. Holland.

No. 20. Richard, A. D. 1203. England.No. 21. Alphonsu.s X. Germany and Italy or

Spain?No. 22. C^SAR Rudolpiius, A. D. 1291. Swit-

zerland.No. 23. Gtjtha (uxor?) vxor. Bohemia.No. 24. Catharina vxo'-. Hungary.No. 25. Clementine rj;or. " and Sicily.

No. 26. CiKSAR Albertus. Germany, Aus-tria, etc.No. 27. Elizabeth, wife of Albcrtns. Austria.No. 28. Joannes VI., 1356. I'atriarch of Con-

stantinople.No. 29. RuDOLi'HUS nzfjs. Bohemia.No. 30. Henricus CoRNi.ssouof Albertusand

Elizabeth, No. 26 and No. 27.

No. 31. Albertus III. Duke of Aus<:via, etc.No. 32. Joannes, 1326. Bohemia.No. 33. Georgius. Arch-duke Austria.No. 34. Isabella Philippi Regis. Daniae.No. 35. Maria. Spain.No. 36. Charles V., A. D. 1519. Spain.No. 37. MargaretumVX. Duchy Florentine.No. 38. Joanna, ((ueen of Joannis. Portugal.No. 39. Catiiarina Reg Portugal Joann III.

No. 40. Ferdinandtjs, A. D. 1521. Hungaryand Bohemia.No. 41. i:L!ZABETn, A. D. 1545.

No, 42. Fekdinanlus. Born 1529, died 1595.Archduke Austria, etc.

No. 43. Cakolus, a. D. 1590. Archdulce Aus-tria.

No. 44. Joanna Magni, A. 1). 1.5—. Born 1547,died 1.578. FranceNo. 45. Barbara. Born ii Vienna 1.539 died

1.572.

No. 46. C.'esarMaximilianusII. Germany,Hungary, etc.No. 47. ELi.'..VBETn. Born 15.54, died 1.592.

Queen Frame.No. 48. WiNCESLAtlS. Born 1.561, died 1.576.

Archduke Austria, etc.

No. 49. C.ES.\R RvDOLPHi'S II. Boru 1552,elected 1575. Germa .v, Hungary, etc.

No. .50. Cesar Matthia.s. Born 15,57, king1608. Hungary.

174

505

MEDIEVAL COINS.

)06

MEDIAEVAL COINS.

507

MEDIAEVAL COINS.

508

170 JEWISH COINS.

The Jewish people possessed no positive coinage until the time of tlieir sub-jection to the Kings of Syria, of the Seleueidan dynasty, about B. C, 312, wiienGreek currency, established tln-oughout the East since t'le Macedonian conquest,circulated also in Judea, initil the tyranny of Antiochus Epiphanes, in B. C. 176,caused the revolt of Mattathias, the chief priest, when his son Judas Maccabeus,heading the revolt, eventually re-established the long lost independence of Judea,and to his successor, Sinion, was conceded by Antiochus, the son of Demetrius,the right of coining national money, the earliest of which was issued about B. C.

144, in i)ieces of one, two, and four silver shekels, bearing different types, all

relating to tlie ceremonial of Judaic worship.

1. Shekel of Simon Maecaboeus. Obverse, a cup or clialice; legend, ''Shekel

of Israel, rear 2; Reverse, a triple lily; legend, " Jerusaltm the holy.'''' B. C.144.

"

2. Half-Shekel of Simon Maecaboeus. Obverse, similar to No. 1 ; legend," Half-Shekel^ year 2; " Reverse, same as 'No. 1.

3. Copper coin of Simon IMaccaboeus. Obverse, two bunches of thickly-leaved

branches; legend, ''/n the fourth year—one half;'''' Reverse, Palm tree betweentwo baskets of dates, etc.; legend, " The redemption of Zion.''^

4. Copper coin of Simon Maecaboeus. Obverse, two bundles of branches;legend, "/a the fourth year—one quarter;^'' Reverse, an ethrog; legend, same as

on No. 3.

5. A Sixth of a Shekel, copper, of Simon Maecaboeus. Obverse, a cup orchalice; legend, " llie redemption of Zion;''^ Reverse, a Ibundle of branches be-

tween two ethrogs ; legend, '" In thefourth year.''"'

6. Copper coin of Simon, son of Gioras, under the first revolt of the Jews.Obverse, cluster of grapes, with tlie name " Simon,''^ alxivc ; Reverse, a pitcher

and palm branch ; legend, " Second year of the deliverance of Israel.''''

7. Copper coin of Simon. Obverse, the legend, '*• Simon, Prince of Israel,''^ oneither side of a palm tree; Reverse, the legend, " First year of the redemption ofIsrael,''"' aroun.d a vine-leaf.

8. Silver coin of Simon Bar-cochab during the second revolt of the Jews, Ob-verse, legend, " Simon,'''' round a cluster of grapes: Reverse, " The Deliverance

of Jerusalem,^ ^ around two trumpets. The coin was originally a denarius of

Trajan, whicjh has been re-struck.

Widow's Mite.

cO^

AND THEIR

VALUATION AT UNITED STATES and ENGLISH STAND/J^lDS.

From the latest governmental reportsof all countries possessing metallic currency, theirnationalvaluation lias been fonipiled and is here given, coniputeil at the standarils of the U. S. andGreat Britain ; any variation from onr plate statements, or those on the U. S. Official Table, are in

conseiiuence of the calculations being made from the sources mentioned. To purchase goodswith this money in the U. S., a loss through discounton the values here given would be sustained

;

to buy the coins, a premium, in some cases very high, would have to be paid.

The nations composing the latin union, have equalized their standard for large coins ; theFive Franc pieces of France, Belgium and Switzerland ; the Five Lire of Italy, Five Pesetas andTwenty Reals of Spain, Five Drachmi of Greece, Five Boliviars of Venezuela and Peso of Chili

each weigh 385.808 grains, are 900 fine, and contain 317.227 grains of pure silver, worth 72^8 cents,

U. S., and 3s. -lôd., English standard, the metal being calculated at f 1 per oz. , and 4s. 2d. per oz.,

respectively, and 1000 fine ; their current value is dG}.< cts. ia this country, and 4s. in England.Chili and Venezuela are not of the Union, but their coinage is regulated by its standard.

To designate the metal in which these coins are minted, g, indicates gold ; s, silver, and b, base,which latter term includes all pieces not struck in gold or sUver,

COUNTRY. COINS. u.Abyssinia. Haraf, l>

Pataka. sAfglianistan.

Kwau, s

Mas, .y

Sapeck, b

Africa (Portugal).Maiutra, .s

Algiers. Kial-lioudjou,

Aniiain. Kwaii, sMas, .?

Sapeck. ft

Arabia. <_aveer, 6

Diwana, 6Dollar, Mocha, sGass. 6Kriisli, XMaliiiiudi, sPiaster, .s-

Argentine Republic./ La Y'eiitavo, ft

\Plaia.;i»iiza (isiH-iC). j,

<)iiza(l's:«-.")U), yPeso Kuerte, sReal, s

Asia (French), Cash, 6Kaiioii, s

Austria. Ducat, r/

(Hungary), u". Quaar-pl.,j,'

Florin, y" s

New-Kreutzer, 6i^cudo, sTlialer, Levantine, s

,1 i*Pe<'ies. ft

,, ' Vereins, .«

vereins-Kroue, gAzores. Miireis, sBaden. Florin, sBatavia, Rix Dollar, s

Stiver, bBavaria. Caroline, g

D'lil Gulden, sDiieat, (7

Florin, sI.udwig (I'or. !7

Max (POr, .7

Belgium. Centavo, ft

Pranc, *

S. VAL.$ 4 .34

99.96

66.986.69

.11

5.35( 36 .10

66.986 .69

.11

1 .04

.99

83.25

28.85

.951.'>.51 .4614.6=; .79

iX1.90

10..52

5.722.28 .28

2.29.169.13 .2048.2341 ..30

.411. 2.6099 .96

1. 2 .3071 .40

0.64 .20S3 .50

40

1 .564.99 .20

81.^2.28 .76

II

,3.43 ..85

3.34 .14.19

19.30

GT. BRIT. VAL.£ 2s. 17d

4s. Id

2s. 9.49d3.34d.Uod

2.67d6.05d9.4;id

3.34a5.0od.52d49dod

.12d2.42a2.54a5.18d

48d3. .3s. 10.23(1

3 4.3I><1

4s. Id5d

.16d

2.86d4.75d5.25(1

7.25fl

1.50d

9S.

9s.

1.17s.

28.

2S.

14s.

13s.

.20fl

2.8(id

Id2.15a

3.75d5.5('d

8.5i'(i

Id7sl

6.111(1

5. I2d4.75rt8.50a

2(1

9.07(1

.(Kid

9.G5d

COUNTRY. COINS. U

510

COUSTHY. COIN. rI'iaster, b

Finland. ]Nrîkka, ,?

I'cuni, bJFraiice. Centime, b

Franc, sLouis d'Or (1785), g |" (180'J-4U), g

ASIA { '^' ''

German Kinpii-e.Crown, gDoppelkronc, gKrone, gJ[ark, .«

I'l'ennig, bGerinaiiv.

UunUlc Thaler, s'I'lialer, *•

Vereins-Ivrone, g" Tlialer, s

Great Britain.Crown. *Fartliing. b

Florin, *'

Guinea, gPenny, h

round Sterling, gShilling, *Sovereign, g

Greece.l>rachmas (20), gDrachma, *

Lepta sPhoenix, s

Hanover.Ludwig d'Or, g

Hesse-I>arnistaclt.Karolin, g

Hungary. Ducat, gIndia. Anna, b

Pice, bPie. bRupee, s

Ionian Islands.Obolo, 6

Italy. Centisimo, b

Lira, sSequin, gSovrauo, gZecchine, g

Japan. Itakaue, gXtzebu, sKobang, g" (Imperial), gYen, sSen, bTi-ade Dollars, s

Liberia. Cent, b

10 Cent, s25 Cent, s

Madras, aiohur, g8tar-Pagoda, .s-

Malta. Grano, b

Scudo. .9

Taro, b

Mexico.Doubloon, gPeso, .s'

Real, ,s-

Netlierland (Holland).Cent, bDouble Ducat, g" William, g

Ducat, gFlorin, .v

Hytler, gStiver, b

Norway. Crown, sKoner, sOere, b

Paraguay. Cicntavo, b

Peso, sReal, s

Persia. Abassee, b

Dinar, bDinar-Bistee, 6Kasbequi, b

. S. VAL.

^ 511

FRENCH GRAMMES AND ENGLISH GRAINS.COPYRIGHTED BY A. M. SMITH.

This Table exhibits tlie Grammes (French) contained in Grains f"Fnp:lish). rTlip Grnnime is the nnit ofweight in tlie metric system, equivalent to the weight of one cubic . .-iitiiiH-t.-r of liiuv water at its ax umdensity, that is, at a temperature of X)° Fahrenheit, In a vacuum ; It is (•(]uul to 15, 4:r grains avc liic lupois or troy ]

GRAINS

^

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Illustrated Encyclopaedia of Gold and Silver Coins of the World