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Illinois State UniversityIllinois State University
Exercise and Body Exercise and Body CompositionComposition
Relationships of Total and Relationships of Total and Regional Body Composition Regional Body Composition to Morbidity and Mortalityto Morbidity and Mortality
Illinois State UniversityIllinois State University
Relationships of Total and Relationships of Total and Regional Body Composition to Regional Body Composition to
Morbidity and MortalityMorbidity and Mortality High BMIHigh BMI
– (overweight)(overweight) High waist/hip ratio High waist/hip ratio
– (abdominal fatness)(abdominal fatness) Important health risk factors for Important health risk factors for
some severe and disabling some severe and disabling conditions.conditions.
Illinois State UniversityIllinois State University
BMIBMI
BMI and fitness must be BMI and fitness must be considered together.considered together.
Those with higher BMI and higher Those with higher BMI and higher CV fitness are at lower risk than CV fitness are at lower risk than those with lower BMI and lower CV those with lower BMI and lower CV fitness fitness – (Blair, 1999)(Blair, 1999)
Fit and FatFit and Fat
Illinois State UniversityIllinois State University
Relationships of Total and Relationships of Total and Regional Body Composition to Regional Body Composition to
Morbidity and MortalityMorbidity and Mortality
Remember:Remember: high BMI and high waist/hip ratio high BMI and high waist/hip ratio
may reflect underlying genetic, may reflect underlying genetic, socioeconomic, and lifestyle socioeconomic, and lifestyle factors that may substantially factors that may substantially affect their health implications.affect their health implications.
Illinois State UniversityIllinois State University
Factors That May Factors That May Impact Relationship Impact Relationship
Socio-cultural and demographic Socio-cultural and demographic factorsfactors– age (menopause)age (menopause)– sexsex– race (ethnicity)race (ethnicity)– income and educationincome and education– socioeconomic conditions and socioeconomic conditions and
hygienehygiene
Illinois State UniversityIllinois State University
Factors That May Factors That May Impact Relationship Impact Relationship
Lifestyle Factors:Lifestyle Factors:– smoking habits (including past smoking habits (including past
smoking habits)smoking habits)– dietary intake (e.g., amount and type dietary intake (e.g., amount and type
of fat, antioxidants)of fat, antioxidants)– alcohol consumptionalcohol consumption– physical activityphysical activity
Illinois State UniversityIllinois State University
Factors That May Factors That May Impact RelationshipImpact Relationship
Health-related factorsHealth-related factors– background prevalence of diseasebackground prevalence of disease– genetic predisposition to diseasesgenetic predisposition to diseases– presence of diseasespresence of diseases– presence of other risk factorspresence of other risk factors
Illinois State UniversityIllinois State University
Factors That May Factors That May Impact RelationshipImpact Relationship
Biometric factorsBiometric factors– stature (including history of stunting stature (including history of stunting
and wasting)and wasting)– fat distributionfat distribution– body proportions (leg length/sitting body proportions (leg length/sitting
height)height)– history of large fluctuations in weighthistory of large fluctuations in weight
Illinois State UniversityIllinois State University
Body Composition and Body Composition and MorbidityMorbidity
There has been established a There has been established a continuous increase of the risk of continuous increase of the risk of coronary heart disease with increasing coronary heart disease with increasing BMI values.BMI values.
BMI has also been recognized as an BMI has also been recognized as an important risk factor for non-insulin important risk factor for non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM).dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM).
Illinois State UniversityIllinois State University
Body Composition and Body Composition and MorbidityMorbidity
Other life threatening diseases Other life threatening diseases include:include:– osteoporosisosteoporosis– breast cancerbreast cancer– osteoarthritisosteoarthritis
Illinois State UniversityIllinois State University
BC and Respiratory BC and Respiratory FunctionFunction
Hypoventilation syndromeHypoventilation syndrome Sleep breathing disordersSleep breathing disorders
Illinois State UniversityIllinois State University
BC and Mortality RatesBC and Mortality Rates
The increased mortality at the The increased mortality at the higher end of the range of BMI higher end of the range of BMI values can be readily explained by values can be readily explained by an increased risk of dying from an increased risk of dying from cardiovascular disease, NIDDM, cardiovascular disease, NIDDM, and cancers of the breast, and cancers of the breast, endometrium, and prostate.endometrium, and prostate.
Illinois State UniversityIllinois State University
RiskRisk
A waist to hip ratio <0.72 is A waist to hip ratio <0.72 is considered healthy.considered healthy.
>0.88 increases one’s risk 3.25 >0.88 increases one’s risk 3.25 times.times.
Illinois State UniversityIllinois State University
Waist to Hip RatioWaist to Hip Ratio
If your gut If your gut is bigger is bigger than your than your butt, butt, you’re at you’re at greater greater risk!risk!
Illinois State UniversityIllinois State University
RiskRisk
BMI (kg/mBMI (kg/m22)) Men Men << 102 cm ( 102 cm (<< 40 40 in)in)
Women Women << 88 cm ( 88 cm (<< 35 in)35 in)
>102 cm (> 40 >102 cm (> 40 in)in)
> 88 cm (35 in)> 88 cm (35 in)
25-29.925-29.9 IncreasedIncreased HighHigh
30-34.930-34.9 HighHigh Very HighVery High
35-39.935-39.9 Very HighVery High Very HighVery High
>> 40 40 Extremely HighExtremely High Extremely Extremely HighHigh
Grundy et al, MSSE, Grundy et al, MSSE, 19991999
Waist Waist CircumferenceCircumference
Illinois State UniversityIllinois State University
Waist CircumferenceWaist Circumference
If you spend more If you spend more time working on time working on your 12 pack….your 12 pack….
Illinois State UniversityIllinois State University
Waist CircumferenceWaist Circumference
……and less time and less time working on working on developing a 6 developing a 6 pack, you’re at pack, you’re at greater risk!greater risk!
Illinois State UniversityIllinois State University
SummarySummary
Weight loss seems to have at least Weight loss seems to have at least short -term beneficial results for all short -term beneficial results for all who tend to suffer from conditions who tend to suffer from conditions such as coronary heart disease, such as coronary heart disease, hyperlipidemia, NIDDM, hyperlipidemia, NIDDM, hypertension, or mechanical hypertension, or mechanical problems of overweight.problems of overweight.
Illinois State UniversityIllinois State University
SummarySummary
Because therapy for the Because therapy for the attainment of “attainment of “optimaloptimal” weights ” weights are commonly unsuccessful, the are commonly unsuccessful, the concept of “concept of “reasonablereasonable” weight ” weight and weight loss goals should be and weight loss goals should be further developed.further developed.
Illinois State UniversityIllinois State University
SummarySummary
From a public health viewpoint, it From a public health viewpoint, it is desirable that emphasis be is desirable that emphasis be placed on the placed on the prevention of prevention of overweightoverweight, but preventive , but preventive strategies are mainly theoretical.strategies are mainly theoretical.
None has been proven to be None has been proven to be successful.successful.
Illinois State UniversityIllinois State University
SummarySummary
Genes account for 20-40% of the Genes account for 20-40% of the risk for being overweight.risk for being overweight.
Illinois State UniversityIllinois State University
SummarySummary
However, there can be no change However, there can be no change in the gene pool in one decade.in the gene pool in one decade.
In any case, you can’t change your In any case, you can’t change your genes, but you can control and genes, but you can control and adjust your behavior.adjust your behavior.