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8/13/2019 Iliad Paper
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Abhi Goyal
11/20/13
Literature Humanities Essay 1Revised again
The Royalty vs. the common man in Homers Iliad
A central theme of Homers Iliadis the clear and definite relationship between the
common men of the two armies and the more important figures, typically those of royalty or
those with important fathers. This dichotomy necessarily arises from the culture of the Homeric
Dark Ages, where the lesser kings could challenge the supreme leader, but where the common
menwere unable to challenge either. This division of authority is clearly seen in Books I and II
of the Iliad, where Achilles, a king in his own right, and Thersites, a clearly lower-class man who
does not possess any version of kalokagathia, each publically insult Agamemnon,
The differences in the listeners responses to both assailants of Agamemnon
readily demonstrate much about power divisions in the Iliad. However, Homer clearly did not
include these passages just to teach his audience about their own culture. Instead, these
passages serve an artistic significance. By having Thersites punished but Achilles only politely
admonished, Homer makes it clear to his readers the difference between a justified accusation
and an ignoble, anarchic one, and how each would be perceived within the Iliad.In addition,
within the same rank, it is seen that men are esteemed based on their excellence and beauty,
with those with ugly features or deformities being looked down upon. This description reflects
the cultural schema that external and internal characteristics are seen as one and the same.
In Book I, following Agamemnons stern dismissal of Chryses, and subsequent plague
upon the Achaeans brought down by Apollo, Achilles calls an assembly, something that
Agamemnon, as king of kings, is generally expected to do. Achilles openly claims himself to be
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the best of the Achaeans when he tells Calchas, No man so long as I am alive above earth and
see daylight shall lay the weight of his hands on you beside the hollow shipseven if you mean
Agamemnon, who now claims to be far the greatest of all the Achaeans (I: 88-91). By saying
that he is able to defend Calchas against someone claiming to be the best of the Achaeans,
Achilles is directly placing himself above Agamemnon in terms of strength, a virtue by which the
Homeric Greeks esteemed power and authority. In Book II, after Agamemnons blunder,
Thersites, a common man, stands and mimics Achilles words by denouncing Agamemnon and
claiming that Achilles is the better man. And now he has dishonored Achilleus, a man much
better than he is. He has taken his prize by force and keeps her. But there is no gall in Achilleus
heartotherwisethis were your last outrage (II: 239-242). Replicating the words and
accusations of Achilles, Thersites is blaming Agamemnon for being a terrible leader, instigating
a mutiny, and further claiming that Achilles is in fact the best of the Achaeans, not Agamemnon.
Achilles continues to berate Agamemnon. He then insists that Agamemnon return
Chryseis to her father to protect the Greek men, but Agamemnon sees this as adding insult to
injury, and moves to steal Achilles prize. The two engage in a heated verbal quarrel, during
which Achilles repeatedly mocks Agamemnon and diminishes his authority. Through such
lambasts as Always the greater part of the painful fighting is the work of my hands; but when
the time comes to distribute the booty yours is far the greater reward, and I with some small
thing yet dear to me go back to my ships (I: 165-168), Achilles is portraying Agamemnon as a
sort of parasite, leeching the prizes from those who did all of the work. Thersites does the same
in Book II, insulting Agamemnon just as Achilles had. Son of Atreus, what thing further do you
want, or find fault with now? Your shelters are filled with bronzeor is it still more gold you will
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be wantingis it some young woman to lie with in love...? (II: 225-232). Thersites makes the
same arguments that Achilles did, and both claim that Agamemnon is greedy and lustful, with
his mind ever on treasures and prizes.
Achilles adds a final insult, O wrapped in shamelessness, with your mind forever on
profit, how shall any one of the Achaeans readily obey you? (I: 149-150). Thersites mimics
him, and continues, My good fools, poor abuses, you women, not men, of Achaia, let us go
back home in our ships, and leave this man here in Troy (II: 235-237). In this final insult,
Achilles and Thersites are questioning Agamemnons right to rule, and either hinting at or
convincing others to mutiny and return home.
The listeners responses to both instances are starkly contrasting. The only responses to
Achilles insults towards Agamemnon come from Agamemnon himself and from Nestor,
another king of equal rank to Achilles. Nestor does not physically do anything to Achilles, but
instead berates both of them with words, by singing of the glories of the men of old, and
contrasting these ancient heroes with Agamemnon and Achilles. He then offers advice to both
on how to resolve the conflict. He says to Achilles, Nor, son of Peleus, think to match your
strength with the kingEven though you are the stronger manyet is this man greater who is
lord over more than you rule (I: 277-282). Thus the only reaction that Achilles receives from a
listener is one of advice from an older king to back down. He says to Agamemnon, You, great
man that you are, yet do not take the girl away but let her be, a prize as the sons of the
Achaeans gave her first (I: 275 277). The fact that Nestor also admonishes Agamemnon
emphasizes what Homer is trying to make his readers understand: that Achilles accusations
were justified. Further, the common men were not once mentioned in this quarrel. This was a
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quarrel between men of power, and the reactions of those beneath them are not worth
mentioning.
The reaction to Thersites monologue is considerably different. There was no pause of
stunned silence as there was when Achilles attacked Agamemnon; instead, brilliant Odysseus
swiftly came beside him scowling and laid a harsh word upon him (II: 244-245). Odysseus
recognizes that Thersites is an influential orator, though tells him that his words were foolish,
and warns him to learn his place and to not stir up unnecessary scandal by saying, if once more
I find you playing the fool, as you are now, nevermore let the shade of Odysseus sit on his
shouldersif I do not take you and strip away your personal clothingand send you thus bare
and howlingwhipping you out of the assembly place with strokes of indignity (II: 258-264).
Odysseus then physically assaults Thersites, who collapses, doubled over, and a round tear
dropped from him, and a bloody welt stood up between his shoulders under the golden
scepters stroke (II: 265-268). The other common men around Thersites were described as
feeling some sympathy, but laughed over him happily, saying, but now this is far the best
thing [Odysseus] has ever accomplishedto keep this thrower of words, this braggart out of
assembly (II: 270-276). Thus the reactions that Thersites receives include being beaten by a
king of considerably higher rank and to be laughed at by his fellow common men. This passage
serves to make clear the second half of what Homer is attempting to relay to his readers: that
Thersites, who, in contrast to Achilles, is given no supporter, was unjustified in his accusations
and deserved his punishments.
The reasons that the reactions to the two challengers of Agamemnon are so different
are not complex. Greek culture clearly dictates that only kings may speak among kings, while
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the common men should only listen and obey. In addition, Greeks granted respect within a
specific rank based on kalokagathia, highly esteeming those who are both beautiful and
excellent, and degrading those who lack these features, since they saw external phenotypes as
indicators of internal worth and personality. Thus, when Thersites is described as, the ugliest
man who came beneath Ilion. He was bandy-legged and went lame of one foot, with shoulders
stooped and drawn together over his chest, and above this his skull went up to a point with the
wool grown sparsely upon it (II: 216-219), it can immediately be assumed that he is disliked
and not at all respected by the rest of the Greeks, who would see him as also possessing the
ugliest personality. In contrast, Achilles is repeatedly described as the best of the Achaeans,
and thus would be seen as having the greatest internal worth. Although Homer neither had nor
developed the crasis kalokagathia, (a term instead arising from Plato) the term aristos,
pervasively present within the Iliad, encompasses both of these aspects of the respected Greek,
making Achilles the most respected of the Achaeans when he is given this epithet. For this
reason, he is neither beaten nor ridiculed. Another reason is that Achilles arguments are
considered just, as he was protecting his honor and pride from Agamemnons blatant insult of
stealing his prize. Thersites spoke without ever having been slighted directly, making him an
unjustified aggressor.
The inclusion of this dichotomy between royalty and the common man adds artistic
significance to theIliad.
It serves to contrast justified and unjustified accusations. Since Achilles,
as best of the Achaeans and seen as having the greatest worth, was attempting to preserve
his honor and pride, his accusations were considered justified, and he was only warned to
abandon his course of action. He was even granted a supporter in Nestor, who warned
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Agamemnon to heed Achilles words. On the other hand, Thersites, an externally and perceived
internally ugly man, was never insulted himself, yet he berated a man of considerably higher
rank. His actions were not deemed justified, and he was beaten and ridiculed by all around him,
and was not granted any support whatsoever.