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case 3:13-cv-00750-JGH Document 4 Filed 07t26tLB page 1 of 6 pagelD #: 34
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Case 3:l-3-cv-00750-JGH Document L Filed 07126lL3 page 1 of 19 pagelD #: 153
IN THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
WESTERN DISTRICT OF KENTUCKY
LOUISVILLE
NO. 3 : l-3-cv-00750-.lGH
GREGORY BOURKE and MICHAEL
DELEON, and I.D. AND I.D., minor
children, by and through their
parents and next friends, GREGORY
BOURKE and MICHAEL DELEON
)
)
)
)
)
)
Plaintiffs
STEVE BRESHEAR, in his official
capacity as Governor of Kentucky;
and JACK CONWAY, in his official
capacity as Attorney General ofKentucky;and BOBBIE HOLSCLAW in
her official capacity as
Jefferson County Clerk
)
)
)
)
)
)
)
)
Defendants )
vs.
Case 3:L3-cv-00750-JGH Document 1 Filed O7l26lLS Page 2 of 1-9 PagetD #: 154
COMPLAINT FOR DECLARATORY AND INTUNCTIVE RELIEF
INTRODUCTION
1. Plaintiffs bring this action to challenge the constitutionality of Kentucky's laws excluding
same-sex couples from marriage and voiding within the State of Kentucky the marriages
of same-sex couples entered in other states or countries. KRS 402.040(2)
2. Plaintiffs Gregory Bourke and Michael Deleon are already married, having wed in
Ontario Canada. Kentucky does not recognize same-sex mariages. The Plaintiffs are
treated as legal strangers in their home state of Kentucky.
3. Plaintiffs I.D. and I.D. are children of the Plaintiffs, Gregory Bourke and Michael
Deleon. The fact that their parents' marriage is not recognized in Kentucky harms them
materially by reducing family resources and stigmatizes them by denying their family
social recognition and respect.
4. The Plaintiffs all reside in Louisville and are active members of the Catholic Church.
The adult Plaintiffs work as an application consultant and database administrator and
have been employed as such for 19 years and 25 years respectively. They have been
together for thirty one years, having met as students at the University of Kentucky. They
have been raising children together for over a decade. The situations faced by the adult
Plaintiffs are similar to those faced by thousands of same-sex couples in Kentucky who
are being denied the basic rights that are afforded to them by marriage.
5. The Plaintiff couple, like other committed couples, have cared for each other, supported
each other, sacrificed for each other, and made plans for the future with each other. Like
other couples who have made a lifetime commitment to each other, the plaintiff couple
are spouses in every sense, except that Kentucky law says even though they are married
in another jurisdiction, their marriage is not honored here in Kentucky.
6. As the Plaintiff couple's marriage is not recognized by the state, when they adopted the
minor Plaintiffs, they were only able to have one parent listed as the adoptive parent, and
the other parent had to go to court to acquire guardianship papers for his own children so
that he could be their legal guardian, but not their legal parent. This is just one example
of how the Commonwealth materially impacts the Plaintiff children's lives.
Case 3:l-3-cv-00750-JGH Document L Filed 07t26113 Page 3 of 1-9 pagetD #: i.SS
7. The Commonwealth's exclusion of same-sex couples from recognition of their marriages
adversely impacts the Plaintiffs and same-sex couples across the Commonwealth in other
significant ways. It excludes them from the many legal protections available to spouses.
For example, when one spouse dies, the surviving spouse may face serious financial
hardship, including the loss of the family house, because he is denied the inheritance tax
exemption provided to surviving spouses. Due to Kentucky's refusal to allow or to
recognize their marriages, same-sex couples are also denied many federal protections
afforded to other married couples such as the ability to take time off work to care for a
sick spouse under the Family Medical Leave Act and access to a spouse's social security
retirement benefits.
8. The exclusion from mamiage undermines the Plaintiff couples'ability to achieve their lifegoals and dreams, tlreatens their mutual economic stability, and denies them "a dignityand status of immense import." United states v. wndsor, No. 12-307, Slip op., at 1g
(U.S. June 26,2013). Moreover, they and their children are stigmatized and relegated to a
second class status by being barred from marriage. The exclusion "tells [same-sexcouples and all the world - that their relationships are unworthy" of recognition. Id. atZZ-
23. And it "humiliates the ...children now being raised by same-sex couples" and "makes
it even more difficult for the children to understand the integrity and closeness of theirown family and its concord with other families in their community and in their dailylives. " Id. at 23.
9. The adult Plaintiffs are old enough to remember when a majority of states had laws
prohibiting mariage between people of different races and when the Supreme Court
struck down such prohibitions in Loving v. Virginia,388 U.S. l, lZ (196T), declaring:"The freedom to marry has long been recognized as one of the vital personal rightsessential to the orderly pursuit of happiness by free men.,,
10. Our courts and our society have discarded, one by one, marriage laws that violated the
Constitution's mandate of equality, such as anti-miscegenation laws and laws that denied
maffied women legal independence and the right to make decisions for themselves.
History has taught us that the vitality of mamiage does not depend on maintaining such
discriminatory laws. To the contrary, eliminating these unconstitutional aspects ofmarriage has enhanced the institution. Ending the exclusion of lesbian and gay couples
Case 3:13-cv-00750-JGH Document 1 Filed O7l26lL3 Page 4 of L9 PagetD #: 156
from marriage is no different. Indeed, in 13 states and the District of Columbia, same-sex
couples are manying and the institution of marriage continues to thrive.
11. This is because, at its heart, marriage is both a personal and a public commitment of two
people to one another, licensed by the state. Through marriage, the Commonwealth
recognizes a couple's decision to establish a family unit together and support one another
and any children of the marriage.
12. Marriage contributes to the happiness of countless couples and their families and also
contributes to society. Kentucky, like other states, encourages and regulates marriage
through hundreds of laws that provide benefits to and impose obligations on married
couples. In exchange, the Commonwealth receives the well-established benefits that
marriage brings: stable, supportive families that contribute to both the social and
economic well-being of the Commonwealth.
13. Kentucky's exclusion of same-sex couples from mariage infringes on the Due process
and the Equal Protection Clauses of the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States
Constitution. This discriminatory treatment is subject to heightened scrutiny because itburdens the fundamental right to mary and because it discriminates based on sex and
sexual orientation. But it cannot stand under any level ofscrutiny because the exclusion
does not rationally further any legitimate government interest. It serves only to disparage
and injure lesbian and gay couples and their families.
14' Plaintiffs bring this suit pursuantto 42 U.S.C. S 1983 for declaratory and injunctive reliefagainst Defendants. specifically, Plaintiffs seek: (a) a declaration that the
Commonwealth's prohibition of marriage for same-sex couples and its refusal to
recognize marriages of same-sex couples validly entered into outside of the
Commonwealth violate the Due Process Clause and the Equal Protection Clause of the
Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution; and (b) a permanent injunction
i) preventing Defendants from denying the Plaintiff couple and all other same-sex
couples otherwise eligible to marry, the right to marry in the Commonwealth ofKentucky, and ii) directing Defendants to recognize the marriages of the plaintiff couple
and other same-sex couples validly entered into outside of Kentucky.
15. The Plaintiffs were legally married in another jurisdiction and their marriage should be
recognized in Kentucky even if at the time of their marriage, it would not have been
Case 3:13-cv-00750-JGH Document 1 Filed 07l26lL3 Page 5 of 19 PagelD #: L57
allowed in Kentucky. For example, Kentucky does not allow marriage by proxy, as
Oklahoma does, but does not specifically void a marriage by proxy once it is legally
performed in Oklahoma. If it did, it would be specifically listed in that statute, just as
first cousin marriages are not only not performed here but are voided here, even when
legal in the state they were performed in. This means that but for their gender, the
Plaintiffs' marriage would be recognized which is a violation of the Equal Protection
Clause of the 14th Amendment.
THE PARTIES
16. Plaintiffs Gregory Bourke ("Greg") and Michel Deleon ("Michael") have been together
for 31 years and have lived together for 31 years and live in Louisville, Jefferson County
Kentucky. Greg is a 55 year old Applications Consultant at Humana and Michael is a 55
year old Database Administrator at General Electric. They have been together since they
were students at the University of Kentucky.
17. Greg and Michael have nruo children, Plaintiff I.D., who is a 14 year old girl and Plaintiff
I.D. who is a 15 year old boy. Both of the minor Plaintiffs were adopted by Michael as
they could not be legally adopted by both of their parents as the marriage was not
recognized by this Commonwealth. Greg then went to court to be designated the
children's legal guardian, but not their parent as this Commonwealth does not recognize a
same-sex marriage.
18. Greg and Michael are involved at the children's school, church and extra-curricular
activities. Greg and Michael are active with I.D.'s boyscout troop and I.D.'s basketball
team.
19. Greg and Michael are devout Catholics and they, as their children are members of and
actively involved with their church.
20. Greg and Micheal were married in Ontario Canada, as same-sex unions were not possible
in the Commonwealth on March 29,2004.
21. Greg and Michael would like to have their marriage recognized in the Commonwealth of
Kentucky in order to have the same legal protections opposite-sex married couples are
Case 3:13-cv-00750-JGH Document L Filed 071261L3 Page 6 of 19 PagetD #: 1-58
afforded in the Commonwealth. They are unsure of how they might be treated in a time
of crisis and therefore had a lawyer draw up powers of attorney for them.
ZZ.In addition, even though they now have the option for same-sec partner health insurance
through both of their employers, they would have to pay to add their spouse, but a similar
situated opposite-sex married couple would not have to pay to add their spouse on their
employers' health insurance plans.
23. Moreover, when either Greg or Michael dies; they will have to pay an inheritance tax at a
much higher rate than they would if their marriage was recognized by the
Commonwealth.
24. Gregand Michael want their marriage recognized by the Commonwealth because they
are concerned their children are being taught that the Commonwealth values their family
less and is less deserving of respect and support than other families.
25. I.D. and I.D.grew up knowing that their parents are married. As they got older and came
to learn that their parents marriage is not recognized in the Commonwealth, both children
felt &at this was unfair to the whole family. They know they are a family and want to be
legally recognized as one. They believe they should not be deprived of economic
resources available to families headed by opposite-sex married couples. And they feel
stigmatized by the fact that their parents are excluded from marriage. They believe that
allowing their parents to marry would demonstrate that society accepts their family and
considers it worthy of respect.
DEFENDANTS
26. Defendant STEVE BRESHEAR is the Governor of the Commonwealth of Kentucky. In
his official capacity, he is the chief executive officer of the Commonwealth and is
responsible for the faithful execution of the laws of the Commonwealth of Kentucky,
including the laws that exclude same-sex couples from marrying or having their
marriages recognized KRS 402.045(1) and the Kentucky Constitution, Section 233A.
27 . Defendant JACK CONWAY is the Attorney General of the Commonwealth of Kentucky.
He is sued in his official capacity pursuant to the KRS 15.020.
28. Defendant BOBBI HOLSCLAW is the Jefferson County Clerk of the Commonwealth ofKentucky. She is being sued in her official capacity as such overseas the issuing of
Case 3:13-cv-00750-JGH Document 1 Filed 07l26lL3 Page 7 of 19 PagelD #: 159
marriage licenses and the enforcement of the regulations surrounding said licenses. She
is being sued in her official capacity. She is responsible for preparing and approving the
marriage license application and marriage license forms used in county offices across the
Commonwealth.
29. All Defendants named above are, and at all relevant times have been, acting under color
of state law, and are sued in their official capacities.
JURISDICTION AND VENUE
30. . This Court has jurisdiction over this matter pursuant to 28 U.S.C. SS 1331 and 1343
because the suit raises federal questions under 42 U.S.C. S 1983 and the Fourteenth
Amendment to the United States Constitution.
31. Venue is proper in the Western District of Kentucky under 28U.S.C. S 1391(b) because
Defendants perform their official duties in this district.
FACTUAL BACKGROUND
32. The Commonwealth presently prohibits persons of the same sex from marrying by stating
that "Only a mamiage between one man and one woman shall be valid or recognized as a
marriage in Kentucky". Kentucky Constitution, Section 223A, ratified November 2,
2004, provides: Only a marriage between one man and one woman shall be valid or
recognized as a marriage in Kentucky. A legal status identical or substantially similar to
that of marriage for unmarried individuals shall not be valid or recognized. Marriage
between members of the same sex is prohibited. See KRS 402.020(1) (d). KRS
402.040(1) provides that if a resident of this state marries in another state, the marriage
will be valid in Kentucky if it was valid in the state where solemnized. However, KRS
402.040(2) provides: A marriage between members of the same sex is against Kentucky
public policy and shall be subject to the prohibitions established in KRS 402.045. KRS
402.A450) provides in part that, "A marriage between members of the same sex which
Case 3:13-cv-00750-JGH Document L Filed A7l26lL3 Page I of 19 PagelD #: 160
occurs in anotherjurisdiction shall be void in Kentucky." KRS 402,045(2) provides that
"Any rights granted by virtue of the [same sex] marriage, or its termination, shall be
ulenforceable in Kentucky courts." Thus under these legislative enactments no county
clerk, or deputy or assistant county clerk can legally issue a mamiage license to applicants
of the same sex. KRS 402.990(6)3 provides that any clerk who knowingly issues a
mariage license to persons prohibited from marrying shall be guilty of a class Amisdemeanor and removed from office by the judgment of the court in which the clerk is
convicted.
32. As a result, marriage in Kentucky is legally available only to opposite-sex couples.
Same-sex couples may not marry in Kentucky and if they are married elsewhere, their
maniages are not recognized in Kentucky.
Same-Sex and Opposite-Sex Couples are
Similarly Situated for Purposes of Marriage
33. The Supreme Court has called marriage "the most important relation in life," Zablocki u.
Redhail,434 U.S. 374,384 (1978) (internal quotation marks omitted), and an "expression
[] of emotional support and public commitment." Turner v. Safley,482 U.S. 78, 95
(1987). It is "a far-reaching legal acknowledgement of the intimate relationship between
two people...." Windsor, Slip. Op. at 20. This is as true for same-sex couples as it is for
opposite-sex couples.
34. Same-sex couples such as the Plaintiff couple are identical to opposite-sex couples in all
of the characteristics relevant to marriage.
35. Same-sex couples make the same commitment to one another as opposite-sex couples.
Like opposite-sex couples, same-sex couples build their lives together, plan their futures
together and hope to grow old together. Like opposite-sex couples, same-sex couples
support one another emotionally and financially and take care of one another physically
when faced with injury or illness.
36. Like some opposite-sex couples, some same-sex couples like the Plaintiffs Greg and
Michael are parents raising children together.
Case 3:13-cv-00750-JGH Document 1 Filed 07l26lL3 Page 9 of 19 PagelD #: 161-
37. Same-sex couples seeking to marry are just as willing and able as opposite-sex couples to
assume the obligations of marriage.
38. The Plaintiff couple and other same-sex couples in Kentucky, if permitted to marry,
would benefit no less than opposite-sex couples from the many legal protections and the
social recognition afforded to married couples.
39. There was a time when an individual's sex was relevant to his or her legal rights and
duties within the marital relationship. For example, husbands had a duty to support their
wives but not vice versa and husbands had legal ownership of all property belonging to their
wives. But these legal distinctions have all been removed such that the legal rights and duties
of husbands and wives are now identical.
The Exclusion of Same-Sex Couples from Marriage
Causes Substantial Harm to Couples and Their Families
40. By preventing same-sex couples from marrying and refusing to recognize their
marriages from others states, the Commonwealth's law deprives them of numerous legal
protections that are available to opposite-sex couples in Kentucky by virtue of their
marriages. By way of example only:
a. A married person is exempt from inheritance tax on property left to him by an
opposite-sex spouse, including the spouse's share of the couple's home, and, thus,
protected against economic distress or loss of a home because of an estate tax bill. KRS
140.070. A same-sex surviving spouse or partner is denied this exemption and must pay a
higher rate, which applies to non-family-members. KRS 392.020.
b. The Commonwealth requires opposite-sex spouses to support one another financially.
KRS 404.40. There is no support obligation for same-sex spouses or parhrers.
41. Same-sex couples are excluded from these and many other legal protections provided
for married couples under Kentucky law.
42.The exclusion of same-sex couples from marriage also denies them eligibility for
numerous federal protections afforded to married couples including in the areas of
immigration and citizenship, taxes, and social securit5l. Some of the federal protections
for married couples are only available to couples if their marriages are legally recognized
Case 3:13-cv-00750-JGH Document l- Filed 071261L3 Page L0 of 19 PagelD #:1,62
in the state in which they live. See, e.g., 42 U.S.C. S 416(h)(1)(A)(i) (mariage for
eligibility for social security benefits based on law of state where couple resides at time
of application); 29 C.F.R. S 825.122(b) (same for Family Medical Leave Act). Thus, even
Plaintiffs Michael and Greg, who are already maried, cannot access such federal
protections as long as Kentucky refuses to recognize their existing marriage.
43. The exclusion from mariage also harms same-sex couples and their families in less
tangible ways.
44. Although the Plaintiff couples are all in long-term committed relationships, they and
other same-sex couples are denied the stabilizing effects of marriage, which helps keep
couples together during times of crisis or conflict.
45. Excluding same-sex couples from mamiage also harms couples and their children by
denying them the social recognition that comes with marriage. Marriage has profound
social significance both for the couple that gets married and the family, friends and
community that surround them. The terms "married" and "spouse" have universally
understood meanings that command respect for a couple's relationship and the
commitment they have made.
46. The exclusion from the esteemed institution of marriage also demeans and
stigmatizes lesbian and gay couples and their children by sending the message that they
are less worthy and valued than families headed by opposite-sex couples.
47.The impact of the exclusion from marriage on same-sex couples and their families is
extensive and real. The denial of the right to marry causes these couples and their
families to suffer significant emotional, physical, and economic hardships.
48. The plaintiff couples recognize that maniage entails both benefits to and obligations
on the partners and they welcome both.
Excluding Same-Sex Couples from Marriage Is Not
Rationally Related to a Legitimate Government Interest,
-Let Alone Able to Withstand Heightened Scrutiny
49. As the evidence will show, the prohibition against marriage for same-sex couples in
Kentucky is not closely tailored to serve an important government interest or
Case 3:13-cv-00750-JGH Document 1- Filed 0712611,3 Page 1L of 1-9 PagelD #: 163
substantially related to an exceedingly persuasive justification. In fact, as the evidence
also will show, the prohibition fails any level of constitutional scrutiny. It is not even
rationally related to any legitimate justifications that were offered in support of it when
the Constitution was amended in2004 or to any legitimate interest of the Commonwealth
that Defendants might now offer as a basis for denying same-sex couples the freedom to
marry in Kentucky.
50. When the Commonwealth enacted the 2004 amendment prohibiting marriage for
same-sex couples, legislators in favor of the amendment relied on the fact that at that
point there were not states that allowed same-sex marriages, so the amendment was
couched as something just maintaining the status quo. There was no way for the drafters
of the amendment, and the voters, to know that within a decade, there would be multiple
states legalizing same-sex unions.
51. The justifications given at the time were similar to those in support of the Defense of
Marriage Act and none of these justifications, or any other justification that might now be
offered, passes Constitutional muster.
52. Neither tradition nor moral disapproval of same-sex relationships or mariage for
lesbian and gay couples is a legitimate basis for unequal treatment of same-sex couples
under the law. The fact that a discriminatory law is longstanding does not immunize it
from constitutional scrutiny. And the Supreme Court has made clear that the law cannot,
directly or indirectly, give effect to private biases and has expressly rejected moral
disapproval of marriage for same-sex couples as a legitimate basis for discriminatory
treatment of lesbian and gay couples. Windsor, Slip Op., at 2l (an "interest in protecting
traditional moral teachings reflected in heterosexual-only marriage laws" was not a
legitimate justification for federal Defense of Marriage Act).
Preserving the Public Fisc and the Coffers of Private Business
53. The Commonwealth cannot justify its denial of mariage to lesbian and gay couples
by claiming an interest in preserving the public fisc or the coffers of private business.
Saving money is not ajustification for excluding a group from a government benefit
without an independent rationale for why the cost savings ought to be borne by the
particular group denied the benefit. Moreover, the evidence will show that there is no
Case 3:13-cv-00750-JGH Document 1- Filed 071261L3 Page 1-2 of 1-9 PagelD #: 164
factual basis for the notion that allowing and recognizing the marriages of same-sex
couples will burden the Commonwealth financially or constitute a burden on businesses.
Protection of Children
54. The Commonwealth's ban on marriage for same-sex couples is not rationally related
to child welfare concerns. The government has a vital interest in protecting the well-being
of children, but the exclusion of same-sex couples from marriage bears no relation to this
interest. To the contrary, it harms children in the Commonwealth.
55. Commonwealth law recognizes that neither sexual orientation nor gender has any
bearing on a couple's ability to successfully rear children and, thus, treats gay and lesbian
couples the same as heterosexual couples with respect to adoption and recognition as
parents through the in loco parentis doctrine. Kentucky judges have granted adoptions to
same-sex couples, recognizing that the adoptions are in the best interest of the child.
Indeed, the government itself places children for adoption with same-sex couples like
Plaintiffs Michael and Greg who jointly adopted their son I.D. out of the foster care
system. Any assertion that the Commonwealth does not consider same-sex couples
equally effective parents cannot be credited given its own conduct evidencing a different
view.
56. Moreover, there is no valid basis for the Commonwealth to assert a preference for
child-rearing by opposite-sex couples over same-sex couples. The evidence willdemonstrate that there is a consensus within the scientific communit5l, based on over
thirty years of research, that children raised by same-sex couples are just as well adjusted
as children raised by opposite-sex couples. This is recognized by every major
professional organization dedicated to children's health and welfare including the
American Academy of Pediatrics, the American Psychological Association, the American
Medical Association, the National Association of Social Workers and the Child Welfare
League of America.
Case 3:13-cv-00750-JGH Document L Filed 07126lL3 Page 13 of 19 PagelD #: l-65
57. Other courts have found, after trials involving expert testimony, that there is no
rational basis for favoring parenting by heterosexual couples over gay and lesbian
couples. See, e.g., Perry v. Schwazenegger,T04F. Supp. 2d 921, 980 (N.D. Cal. 2010)
(finding that the research supporting the conclusion that " [c]hildren raised by gay or
lesbian parents are as likely as children raised by heterosexual parents to be healthy,
successful and well-adjusted" is "accepted beyond serious debate in the field of
developmental psychology"), afd sub nom. Peny v. Brown,671 F.3d 1052 (gth cir.z0lz) , vacated for lack of standing sub nom Hollingsworth v. Perry, No. 1 2- 1 44 , zol3wL 3196927 (u.s. June 26, 2013); In re Adoption of Doe,2008 wL soo6lTz, at*20
(Fla. Cir. Ct. Nov. 25,2008) ("[Blased on the robust nature of the evidence available in
the field, this Court is satisfied that the issue is so far beyond dispute that it would be
irrational to hold otherwise; the best interests of children are not preserved by prohibiting
homosexual adoption."), affd sub nom Florida Dept of Children &Families v. Adoption
of x.x. G., 45 So.3d 79 (Fla. Dist. ct. App. 2010); Howard v. child welfare Agency
Review Bd., Nos. 1999-988 1 , 2004 wL 3 1 54530, ar *g and zoo4 wL 3200916, at x3-4
(Ark. Cir. Ct. Dec. 29,2004) (holding based on factual findings regarding the well-being
of children of gay parents that "there was no rational relationship between the [exclusion
of gay people from becoming foster parentsl and the health, safety, and welfare of the
foster children."), affd sub nom Dept of Human Sews. v. Howard,z38 s.W.3d 1 (Ark.
2006).
59. Excluding same-sex couples from marriage has no conceivable benefit to children ofheterosexual couples. Denying same-sex couples the right to marry does not encourage
opposite-sex couples who have children to marry or stay married for the benefit of their
children. And regardless of whether same-sex couples are permitted to marry, the
children of opposite-sex spouses will continue to enjoy the same benefits and protections
that flow from their parents' marriage.
60. Excluding same-sex couples from marriage serves only to harm the children raised by
lesbian and gay couples by denying their families significant benefits and by branding
their families as inferior and less deserving of respect and, thus, encouraging private bias
and discrimination. According to the 2010 United States Census, there are over 2800
same-sex couples raising children in Kentucky. The state's interest in the welfare of
Case 3:l-3-cv-00750-JGH Document l- Filed 07t26lL3 Page 1-4 of 3.9 PagelD #: L66
children of lesbian and gay parents is or should be as great as its interest in the welfare of
other children.
CLAIMS FOR RELIEF
COTJNT I:
Deprivation of the Fundamental Right to Marry in
Vlolation of the Due Process Clause of the
Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution
(42 U.s.C. S 1e83)
61. Plaintiffs incorporate by reference all of the preceding paragraphs of this Complaint
as though fully set forth herein.
62. The Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution precludes any State
from "depriv[ing] any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law. "
U.S. Const. amend. XIV, S 1. Governmental interference with a fundamental right may
be sustained only upon a showing that the legislation is closely tailored to serve an
important governmental interest.
63. The Supreme Court has long recognized that maniage is a fundamental right and that
choices about marriage, like choices about other aspects of family, are a central part of
the liberty protected by the Due Process Clause.
64. Kentucky law denies the Plaintiff couple and other same-sex couples this
fundamental right by denying them access to the state-recognized institution of marriage
and refusing to recognize the marriages they entered into in other states and countries.
65. The Commonwealth can demonstrate no important interest to justify denying the
Plaintiff couple this fundamental right. Indeed, it cannot demonstrate that the denial is
tailored to any legitimate interest at all.
Case 3:13-cv-00750-JGH Document 1 Filed 071261L3 Page 1-5 of 1-9 PagelD #: l-67
66. The Commonwealth's prohibition of marriage between persons of the same sex
and is refusal to recognize mariages entered into by same-sex couples in other
jurisdictions violates the Due Process Clause.
67. Defendants, acting under color of state law, are depriving Plaintiffs of rights secured
by the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States
Constitution in violation of 42 U.S.C. S 1983.
COUNT II:Discrimination on the Basis of Sexual Orientation in
Violation of the Equal Protection Clause of the
Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution
(42 U.S.C. S 1eS3)
68. Plaintiffs incoqporate by reference all of the preceding paragraphs of this Complaint
as though fully set forth herein.
69. The Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States
Constitution provides that "no State shall ...deny to any person within its jurisdiction the
equal protection of the laws." U.S. Const. amend. XIV,S 1.
70. By denying the Plaintiff couple and other lesbian and gay couples the ability to marry
and to have their out-of-state marriages recognized, the Commonwealth, through
Defendants, disadvantages lesbian and gay people on the basis of their sexual orientation.
It denies them significant legal protections. And it "degrade[s] [and] demean[s]" them by"instruct[ing] ...all persons with whom same-sex couples interact, including their own
children," that their relationship is "less worthy" than the relationships of others.
Wndsor, Slip Op., at 25.
71 Same-sex couples and opposite-sex couples are similarly situated for purposes ofmariage.
72.The evidence will show that classifications based on sexual orientation demand
heightened scrutiny.
Case 3:13-cv-00750-JGH Document 1 Filed A712611,3 Page 16 of 1-9 PagelD #: 168
73. Lesbians and gay men are members of a discrete and insular minority that has
suffered a history of discrimination in the Commonwealth and across the United States.
74. Sexual orientation bears no relation to an individual's ability to perform or contribute
to society.
75. Sexual orientation is a core, defining trait that is so fundamental to one's identity that
a person may not legitimately be required to abandon it (even if that were possible) as a
condition of equal treatment. Sexual orientation generally is fixed at an early age and
highly resistant to change through intervention. Efforts to change a person's sexual
orientation through interventions by medical professionals have not been shown to be
effective. No mainstream mental health professional organization approves interventions
that attempt to change sexual orientation, and many -including
the American
Psychological Association and the American Psychiatric Association -have
adopted
policy statements cautioning professionals and the public about these treatments.
76. Prejudice against lesbians and gay men continues to seriously curtail the operation of
the political process preventing this group from obtaining redress through legislative
means. Lesbiars and gay men lack statutory protection against discrimination in
employrnent, public accommodations, and housing at the federal level and in more than
half of the states, including Kentucky. Lesbians and gay men have far fewer civil rights
protections at the state and federal level than women and racial minorities had when sex
and race classifications-were declared to be suspect or quasi suspect. They have been
stripped of the right to marry through 30 state constitutional amendments, and have been
targeted through the voter initiative process more than any other group.
77 . For all these reasons, classification based on sexual orientation should be reviewed
under heightened scrutiny, but this one cannot survive under any level of constitutional
scrutiny The Commonwealth's exclusion of same-sex couples from marriage is not
rationally related to any legitimate governmental interest. All it does it disparage and
injure lesbian and gay couples and their children.
78. The Commonwealth's prohibition of mamiage for same-sex couples and its refusal to
recognize the marriages of same-sex couples entered into elsewhere violates the Equal
Protection Clause.
Case 3:13-cv-00750-JGH Document 1 Filed 07126113 Page t7 of 1-9 PagelD #: 1-69
79. Defendants, acting under color of state law, are depriving Plaintiffs of rights secured
by the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States
Constitution.
COUNT III:Discrimination on the Basis of Sex in
Violation of the Equal Protection Clause of the
Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution
(42 u.s.c. s 1e83)
80. Plaintiffs incorporate by reference all of the preceding paragraphs of this Complaint
as though fully set forth herein.
81. The Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States
Constitution provides that "no State shall ...deny to any person within its jurisdiction the
equal protection of the laws.'.' U.S. Const. amend. XIV, S 1.
82. Commonwealth law defines marriage as " Only a marriage between one man and one
woman shall be valid or recognized as a marriage in Kentucky." Kentucky Amendment
223A.
83. By defining marriage in this way, the Commonwealth discriminates on the basis ofsex. For example, Plaintiffs Greg and Michael are not permitted to marry in this
Commonwealth solely because they are both men. If Michael (or Greg) were a woman,
the marriage would be allowed. The only reason the marriage is prohibited is the sex ofthe partners.
84. In addition, the Commonwealths has made KRS 402.045(1) which provides in part
that, "A marriage between members of the same sex which occurs in another jurisdiction
shall be void in Kentucky." KRS 402,045(2) provides that "Any rights granted by virtue
of the [same sex] marriage, or its termination, shall be unenforceable in Kentucky
courts. "
85.The marriage of Greg and Michael, for example, is denied recognition solely because
they are both men.
Case 3:13-cv-00750-JGH Document 1- Filed A7l26lL3 Page 18 of 19 PagelD #: 170
86. The Supreme Court has made clear that perpetuation of traditional gender roles is not
a legitimate government interest.
87. Given that there are no longer legal distinctions between the duties of husbands and
wives, there is no basis for the sex-based eligibility requirements for marriage.
88. The Defendants can demonstrate no exceedingly persuasive justification for this
discrimination based on sex.
89. Commonwealth law prohibiting marriage and recognition of marriage for same-sex
couples thus violates the Equal Protection Clause.
90. Defendants, acting urder color of state law, are depriving Plaintiffs of rights secured
by the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States
Constitution in violation of 42 U.S.C. S 1983.
PRAYER FOR RELIEF
WHEREFORE, Plaintiffs respectfully request that this Court:
1. Enter a declaratory judgment thatZZ3AAmendment to the Kentucky Constitution
violates the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States
Constitution;
2. Enter a declaratory judgment that KRS 4A2.045(Z) and KRS 402.045 (1) violate the
Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution;
3. Enter a permanent injunction enjoining Defendants from denying the Plaintiff couple
and all other same-sex couples the right to marry in the Commonwealth of Kentucky and
directing Defendants to recognize marriages validly entered into by the Plaintiff couple
and other same-sex couples outside of the Commonwealth of Kentucky;
4. Award costs of suit, including reasonable attorneys' fees under 42 U.S.C. S 1988; and
5. Enter all further relief to which Plaintiffs may be justly entitled.
Respectfully submitted this 26th day of July, 2013.
Case 3:13-cv-00750-JGH Document L Filed 071261L3 Page 19 of 19 PagelD #: L7L
/s/ DAWN ELLIOTT
Dawn Elliott
1752 Frankfort Ave.
Louisville, KY 40206
542.569.77t0
Counsel for Plaintiffs
FAUVER LAW OFFICE, PLLC
/s/ SHANNON FAUVER
Shannon Fauver
1752 Frankfort Ave.
Louisville, KY 40206
502-569-7710
Counsel for Plaintiffs