ILBM - 滋賀大学rcse.edu.shiga-u.ac.jp/gov-pro/plan/2009list/09lake_lanao/ilbm... · • Diffuse nutrient source • Industrial pollution • Severe eutrophication Environmental

ILBM (Integrated Lake Basin Management ):

Consultation and Seminar-Workshop on Integrated Lake Basin Management: Lake

Lanao in Focus

Masahisa NakamuraChairman ILEC Scientific Committee, and Chairman ILEC Scientific Committee, and

Professor, Shiga University Center for Sustainability and EnviroProfessor, Shiga University Center for Sustainability and Environment nment

Provincial Capitol Complex Buadi Sacayo, Marawi CityProvincial Capitol Complex Buadi Sacayo, Marawi CitySeptember 2September 2--6, 20096, 2009

Global Study on the State of World’s Lakes

Masahisa Nakamura, ILEC, May 2009

a Global Profile of the State of Lake Basins


Experience and Lessons Leaｒned

from 28 cases

Let’s look at some Asian Lake Basins


Bhoj WetlandsBhoj Wetlands


Severe eutrophication

laundry washing

Heavy metal pollution

idol emersion

Water hyacinth infestation

Sedimentation

agricultural soil erosion

Solid waste pollution

Eutriphication• Urbanization/industrization

• Serious catchment degradation

Sector Conflicts• Fishery, Agriculture, Water

Supplies, Flood Control

• Operation of hydraulic gates

Shoreline Enchroachment• Political and Jurisdictional

Issues

Laguna Laguna Lake Lake



Threatend Traditional LifeThreatend Traditional Life--Style Style

Degradation of terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems

Health threats

• over-exploitation of coastal and in-lake resources

• human waste disposal in water and on land

Lake Tonle SapLake Tonle Sap

What about What about Other Lake BasinsOther Lake Basins

NepalNepalMalaysiaMalaysiaLake LanaoLake Lanao

Degrading Global Aesthetic and Cultural Assets

Biodiversity loss

Diminishing Livelihood for Ethnic Villagers Deforestation Unsustainable agriculture Soil erosion Exploitative practices

Resource Provisions for Downstream Polulation Centers Increasing urbanization Increasing population Tourism development

• 6000 rivers• 3252 Glaciers• > 10 Reservoirs• 234 Lakes (!)• > 23,000 Ponds• Marshy lands• Paddy fields

a. Nepalese Lakesa. Nepalese Lakes-- IssuesIssues


•5% of Nepal’s land

is under wetlands.

•High Mountain: 182

•Mid Hills: 6

•Terai: 46

Nepalese National Program DevelopmentNepalese National Program DevelopmentNational Lake Conservation Development Committee National Lake Conservation Development Committee

(NLCDC) 2006(NLCDC) 2006ObjectivesObjectives Policy Recommendation Policy Recommendation

National & International CoordinationNational & International Coordination

Conservation and Development of Lakes (Tourism, Biodiversity & CConservation and Development of Lakes (Tourism, Biodiversity & Culture)ulture)

Lake Linked Livelihoods Lake Linked Livelihoods

Lake Inventory and DatabaseLake Inventory and Database

Conflict ResolutionConflict Resolution

Resource DiversificationResource Diversification

Program identification/implementationProgram identification/implementation

Partnership building (national/international)Partnership building (national/international)

ILBM ILBM -- G Review 2009, Kusatsu, JapanG Review 2009, Kusatsu, Japan

Diminishing Tropical Wetlands

Loss of indigenous species

Land Use Change and Its Impacts Massive soil erosion Expanding palm oil and rubber estates Urban and industrial developments

Point and nonpoint source pollutions Shortage of sewerage coverage Need for nutrient removal Agricultural chemicals

b. Malaysian Lakes and b. Malaysian Lakes and ReservoirsReservoirs


Malaysian Nationa Program Malaysian Nationa Program DevelopmentDevelopment

Conceptual Framework Plan Conceptual Framework Plan using Logical using Logical Framework Approach (LFA) format Framework Approach (LFA) format –– multimulti--stakeholder workshop stakeholder workshop on 15 January 2008on 15 January 2008

Six Component Plans Six Component Plans –– consultation workshops on consultation workshops on LFA formatLFA format GovernanceGovernance –– 1919thth August 2008August 2008 ManagementManagement –– 88thth July 2008July 2008 Research and Development Research and Development –– 33rdrd June June

20082008 Capacity Building Capacity Building –– 44thth June 2008June 2008 Information Management Information Management –– system system

developed at NAHRIMdeveloped at NAHRIM Community Stakeholders Community Stakeholders –– 22ndnd December December

20082008 Synthesis Report and Strategic Plan for Lake and Synthesis Report and Strategic Plan for Lake and

Reservoir Management Reservoir Management –– currently at Drafting stagecurrently at Drafting stage

Lake LanaoLake LanaoLake Lanao Lake Lanao -- IssuesIssues

Watershed degradation due to

• Water level fluctuations

• Agricultural activities

Water quality degradation• Wastewater discharges• Diffuse nutrient source• Industrial pollution• Severe eutrophication

Environmental and ecological deterioration• Loss of littoral zone• Soil erosion• Lake siltation• Fish biodiversity threatened Masahisa Nakamura,

ILEC, May 2009

Lake Lanaois facing many challenges:

having important implications to others lakes in the world !

16 Types of Lake problems

Lake

sin

the

Wor

ld


Why do all of the world’s lakes degrade ?


• Water Supplies• Fish• Irrigation Crops• Wood and Fiber• Fuel• Hydropower

Potential, etc.

Resource Provision Service

Regulating Service

Cultural Service

Supporting Service

Ecosystem Services



Regulating Service

Cultural Service

Supporting Service

Ecosystem Services


• Flood and Drought Mitigation Capacity

• Self-purification Capacity

• Health Provisions

• Navigation Routes

• Climate Mediation

• Aquatic Habitats

• Diverse Food-chains

• Coastal Ecotone Buffer Capacity

• Fertile Lands

• Aesthetic and Scenic Values

• Religious Sites and Spiritual Values

• Historic Sites

• Educational Resources


Regulating Service

Cultural Service

Supporting Service

Ecosystem Services


• Soil Properties

• Habitat formation

• Primary production

• Nutrient cycling


Regulating Service

Cultural Service

Supporting Service

Ecosystem Services



Regulating Service

Cultural Service

Supporting Service

Ecosystem Services


We all want this value

We all forget these values

Time


Free Access

More Development

Peak

Rapid Decline

Development Efforts

Let’s Look at Resouce Values

ConservationEfforts

Loss of Other Services also

Don’t Return to Peak

Gradually Deteriorates

Highly Degraded Situation

Not Recover Totally

Recovery is Slow

Time

EcosystemResponse

Development Efforts

ConservationEfforts

What is going on inside the Lake?


Cultural Service

Supporting Service

Without Timely Conservation, all Ecosystem Services may Disappear.

Exploitation of Resource

Provision Service

Degradation of Regulating ServiceRegulating Service


Loss of Regulating Service

So, we have been losing much of the world’s lake ecosystem services!!!


But, it is also not so easy for degrading lakes to recover!!!

Why?

System won’t fully recover(or Regime Shift may set in)

How Do We Manage Lakes?


We have to know of We have to know of the the Unique FeaturesUnique Features of Lakesof Lakes

• Integrating Nature(Everything comes together)

→ 1. Issues are mostly inseparable

• Long Retention Time Retention Time.ppt

(Problems remain long, and

• finding solutions also takes long time)→ 2. Changes are gradual and invisible

• Complex Response Dynamics (Everything affects

everything else in water)→ 3. Unpredictable and Uncontrollable

Unique Unique FeaturesFeatures of Lakesof Lakes


In addition, we must keep in kind that

Lake Basins (Watersheds) are Lentic – Lotic Combinations

Natural lentic water system

Artificial water systemLotic water system

Microscale Watershed

A Lake Basin consisting of Many Lake Basins

Lentic Waterbodies

Mesoscale Watershed

Macro-scale Watershed

Lake Lake Features Features lead tolead to

Management Management Requirements, Requirements, i.e.,i.e.,

so what do weso what do we Need Need to do? to do?

1. Issues are mostly inseparable

2. Changes are gradual and invisible

3. Unpredictable and Uncontrollable

and what are the and what are the ChallengesChallenges? ?

• manage Across Jurisdictions

• manage Land and Water together

• introduce Multiple Policies and Programs


we NeedNeed to ….

LetLet’’s look at Management Requirement 1.s look at Management Requirement 1.

(jurisdictions have competing needs)

(interactions are often too complicated)

(implementation becomes too complex)

1. Issues are mostly inseparable

but the ChallengesChallenges are:

Over Entire Basin


2. Changes are gradual and invisible

• have Long-term Policy and Financial Commitments

• have Long-term Monitoring

(the political and economic situations may change over time)

(it may take too much time and money)

Management Requirement 2.Management Requirement 2.

but the ChallengesChallenges are:we Need to we Need to ……..

Over Time


3. Unpredictable and Uncontrollable

• undertake Scientific and Applied Studies

• take “Precautionary Approach”

(but the results may not always be directly ”applicable” for policy-making)

(but we are not so “visionary”)

Management RequirementsManagement Requirements

but the ChallengesChallenges are

People’s Heart

we Need to we Need to ……

the Challenges the Challenges encompass…


Perception

TimeSpace

we need a systematic we need a systematic approach in:approach in:

Heart-ware

Soft-ware Hard-ware

NeedsNeeds

• Need to management across jurisdictions

• Need to know air-land-water linkages

• Need to introduce multiple policies and programs

• Need to have long-term policy and financial commitments

• Need to have long-term monitoring

• Need Science • Need “Precautionary

Approach”


ChallengesChallenges

• How can a balance be achieved?

• How can we attain partial linkages?

• Are there innovative ways to implement them satisfactorily?

• Can we develop innovating financing schemes?

• Collaborative monitoring may be possible and useful

• Integrate science in all plans and programs

• Be watchful of early warnings, but late lessons should not be ignored

• How can a balance be achieved?

• How can we attain partial linkages?

• Are there innovative ways to implement them satisfactorily?

• Can we develop innovatingfinancing schemes?

• Collaborative monitoring may be possible and useful

• Integrate science in all plans and programs

• Be watchful of early warnings, but late lessons should not be ignored

Question is Governance

Long-term policy with strong implementationSustained financial commitment

Flexible and collaborative institutional arrangements Important participatory roles of citizens and the public

Focused and long-term scientific efforts Well-balanced mix of technologies and policies


Long-term policy with strong implementationSustained financial commitment

Flexible and collaborative institutional arrangements Important participatory roles of citizens and the public

Focused and long-term scientific efforts Well-balanced mix of technologies and policies

Continuous Exploration of

Good Practices with

Taking into Account

Long retention

Complex Dynamics

Heart-ware

Soft-ware Hard-ware

Lessons Learned from 28 Cases:

Everything comes in


Integrated Lake Basin ManagementIntegrated Lake Basin Management

Institutions for Institutions for Effective LBMEffective LBM

Institutions: Organizations for Institutions: Organizations for ActionAction

FunctionsFunctions

•• Resource developmentResource development

•• Service deliveryService delivery

•• RegulationRegulation

•• AdvisoryAdvisory

•• CoordinationCoordination

Institutional EvolutionInstitutional Evolution

LongLong--term Institutional commitment term Institutional commitment necessarynecessary

Yet, successful institutions are adaptableYet, successful institutions are adaptable•• Emerging problemsEmerging problems•• Changing community objectivesChanging community objectives•• Unplanned opportunitiesUnplanned opportunities

Policies for Effective Policies for Effective LBMLBM

National PoliciesNational Policies

Lake policies seldom produced; instead Lake policies seldom produced; instead sectoral policies need coordinationsectoral policies need coordination

Water resources or environment policies Water resources or environment policies •• Can coordinate across sectorsCan coordinate across sectors•• But often weak institutionsBut often weak institutions

Need to be linked to poverty alleviation Need to be linked to poverty alleviation and national developmentand national development

Involving PeopleInvolving People


Levels of involvementLevels of involvement

Higher level not necessarily betterHigher level not necessarily better

Information sharing

Consultation

Collaboration

Empowerment

Levels of Involvement

Infl

uen

ce


Benefits of Community Involvement:Benefits of Community Involvement:

•• Sustainability of lake basin planSustainability of lake basin plan•• Access to local knowledgeAccess to local knowledge•• Promotes inclusion of disenfranchisedPromotes inclusion of disenfranchised•• Improved acceptance of rules and Improved acceptance of rules and

chargescharges•• Encourages involvement of politiciansEncourages involvement of politicians•• Add to the skill base of institutionsAdd to the skill base of institutions

Involving People Involving People –– NGOs and NGOs and CBOsCBOs

NGOs and CBOs play important rolesNGOs and CBOs play important roles•• Agenda setting & policy developmentAgenda setting & policy development•• Operational functionsOperational functions•• Networking, collaboration, mediationNetworking, collaboration, mediation•• Communication and facilitationCommunication and facilitation•• Training and capacity buildingTraining and capacity building

NGOs and CBOs often have direct NGOs and CBOs often have direct contact with stakeholderscontact with stakeholders

Sustainable Financing Sustainable Financing

Finances Finances –– Local SourcesLocal Sources Payment for services provided by lake basin:Payment for services provided by lake basin:

•• Fishing levyFishing levy•• Pollution chargesPollution charges•• Water abstraction chargesWater abstraction charges•• Tourism feesTourism fees

Introducing fees for services regarded as Introducing fees for services regarded as free goods is politically difficultfree goods is politically difficult

Legal framework sometimes prevents local Legal framework sometimes prevents local use of fundsuse of funds

Finances Finances -- Local SourcesLocal Sources

Usually not sufficient unless wealthy Usually not sufficient unless wealthy resource userresource user•• Urban water supply (L. Biwa)Urban water supply (L. Biwa)•• Hydropower generation (Kariba Reservoir)Hydropower generation (Kariba Reservoir)

Key features of successful local Key features of successful local financing:financing:•• Involvement in decisionsInvolvement in decisions•• Local retention (at least partially)Local retention (at least partially)•• Transparency of expenditureTransparency of expenditure

Subjects of Discussion TodaySubjects of Discussion Today

Discussion Group 1: Institutions and Policy Group

Theme 1: Developing Efficient Organizations

Theme 2: Broad Policy Directions and Society’s Support

Theme 1: Developing Efficient Organizations

Our organizational structure correct? Necessary

legislations? Relevant organizations?

Do we have good links to decision makers and do they

listen to us (the lake and the people)? Political will and

commitment?

Our capacity building and training programs sufficient

and effective ?

What mid-course corrections are needed?

Theme 2: Policy Directions and Society’s Support

Policy clear and well understood by people?

Policy framework for sustainable use and conservation

of Lake Bhopal well integrated into various sector

policies?

Is LCA adequately resourced to be able to play the

crucial roles of catalysis and of a hub of institutional

network?

Discussion Group 2: Participation and Knowledge Group

Theme 3: Expanding the Circle of Involvement

Theme 4: Pursuing the Sources of Knowledge and Wisdom

Theme 3: Expanding the Circle of Involvement

Benefits of community involvement?

What have we done well and what could have been

done better?

Effective communication with and among different

stakeholder groups having different perceptions?

How their capacities to be reflected to the future of

Lake Bhopal basin management.

Theme 4: Pursuing the Sources of Knowledge and

Wisdom

What more do we have to know for better management

of the lake and its basin?

How can knowledgebase and database be enhanced,

with appropriate role played by LCA?

Discussion Group 3: Technologies and Financing

Theme 5: Possibilities and Limitations of Technologies

Theme 6: State of Financial Mobilization

Theme 5: Possibilities and Limitations of

Technologies

How infrastructure development be accelerated?

Other technological possibilities?

Amelioration of possible adverse impacts of shoreline infrastructure?

Operation and maintenance lack of funds. What can be done, institutionally, financially, and managerially?

Theme 6: State of Financial Mobilization

What could be possible means of raising funds locally?

What are the prospect of success and possible constraints?

Communication to the political arena for greater

mobilization of financial resources to the lake basin

management sector?

The Major Challenge is:The Major Challenge is:

“Lake Basin Governance”

Lakes globally are facing serious problems

Lake

sin

the

Wor

ld


Documents

ILBM - 滋賀大学rcse.edu.shiga-u.ac.jp/gov-pro/plan/2009list/09lake_lanao/ilbm... · • Diffuse nutrient source • Industrial pollution • Severe eutrophication Environmental