Studies on Phytoplankton Diversity of Ranipur dam Shahada Taluka District Nandurbar (M.S.) India.

Patil Ravindra D1. Patil J. V2. and Dr. Patil Rajendra D3.

1. Department of Zoology, Vasantrao Naik Arts, Science and Commerce College Shahada, Dist. Nandurbar.

2. SVS’s Dadasaheb Rawal College, Dondaicha. Dist. Dhule (M.S.) India3. Department of Zoology, Arts, Commerce and Science College, Navapur, Dist.

Nandurbar.

Abstract:

Seasonal variation of phytoplankton diversity and density was studied of Ranipur dam. This revealed that the total density of phytoplankton was Maximum in summer, while minimum density was recorded in monsoon. Phytoplankton diversity is an important criterion for evaluating the suitability of water for drinking and irrigation purposes. The phytoplankton structure depends on a variety of environmental factors that include various physico-chemical factors. The Pearson correlation was calculated by keeping phytoplankton as dependent variables and other abiotic factors as independent variables. The present study deals with the survey of phytoplankton communities from Ranipur dam reservoir of Maharashtra state, India, during June, 2012 to May, 2014. During the period of investigation 57 Species of Phytoplankton representing four taxonomic groups such Cyanophyceae, Chlorophyceae, Bacillariophyceae and Euglenophyceae. It accounted for a contribution of 43.97% Bacillariophyceae, 33.28% Chlorophyceae, 20.29% Cyanophyceae and 2.51 Euglenophyceae. Cyanophyceae and Chlorophyceae found to be Maximum in winter, Bacillariophyceae maximum in summer and Euglenophyceae in monsoon.

Keywords:

Ranipur dam, Phytoplankton, Biodiversity, Seasonal variation, density and correlation.

Introduction:

Biodiversity is one of the important life supporting system on earth. “Biodiversity is the variety and variability among living organism and ecological complexes in which they occur”. It is an index of Nations wealth and the basis of human survival. Phytoplanktons are chlorophyll bearing suspended microscopic organism consisting mainly of algae. Phytoplanktons are the basic member of aquatic ecosystem and hence change in phytoplankton population has a direct link with the change of water quality in any aquatic medium. The number and species of phytoplankton serves to determine the quality of water body (Bahura, 1991). Phytoplankton which includes Cyanophyceae, Chlorophyceae, Bacillariophyceae and Euglenophyceae, etc is important among aquatic flora. The phytoplankton diversity and density is controlled by water

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quality and other biotic communities in a water body (Reid and Wood, 1976). Phytoplankton functions as the primary producers in the aquatic Biotopes. Hence the quality and quantity of phytoplankton population bear much influence on the production potential of an aquatic ecosystem. Phytoplanktons are ecologically significant as they form the basic link in the food chain of all aquatic animals (Misra, 2001). When they are in large numbers they make the water greenish.

Study area:

A Ranipur minor project lies at 210 45’ North Latitude and740 74’ East Longitude. A Ranipur reservoir is the minor project which is built up during the decade of 2000. The catchment area of Ranipur minor project is 52.63 Sq.Km. The nature of catchment area is hilly and well developed for the collection of water. The dam receives the water by rainfall only. The project is located near Ranipur village for about 500M away and 25Km from Shahada. It is perennial dam and used for irrigation and drinking purposes as well as Pisciculture.

Fig. 1: Satellite image and Panoramic view of Ranipur dam.

Materials and Methods:

Surface water samples were collected from three stations of the dam at monthly intervals for two years during June, 2012 to May, 2014. Water samples were analyzed in the laboratory for the important physico-chemical parameters like temperature (AT and WT), Water cover (WC),

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Transparency (Trans), Total Solids (TS), Total Dissolved Solids (TDS), Total Suspended Solids (TSS), pH, DO, CO2, TH, Cl-, NO3

-, PO4-3, SO4. Mg+2 and Ca+2 were estimated using standard

methods of analysis as per APHA (1998) and Michal (1984).

Ten liters of water was filtered using plankton net No. 25 of bolting silk with mesh size 64 µm and concentrated to 100ml and preserved in separate vials by adding 1ml of 4% formalin, 1ml of Lugol’s iodine was added to it for further qualitative and quantitative studies for quantitative estimation of plankton, 1ml well mixed sample was taken on ‘sedgewick Rafter cell’. The average of 5-8 counts was made for each sample. Qualitative study of phytoplankton were carried out with the help of key’s given by Edmonson (1963), Sarode and Kamat (1984) and Battish (1992).

Results and Discussion:

The Physico-chemical analysis of Ranipur dam water has been in (Table- 1 & 2). The phytoplankton communities of the study period total 57 species belong to 4 groups recorded in the Ranipur dam. These four groups, Cyanophyceae, Chlorophyceae, Bacillariophyceae and Euglenophyceae (Table- 4).

Table: - 1 Seasonal variation in physical parameters of Ranipur dam over the period of two years from June 2012 to May 2014(Mean ± SEM)

Sr. No Parameters Monsoon Winter Summer F value1. AT0C 22.81±0.4 18.25±0.8 23.75±0.8 F2 21 18.422. WT0C 20.19±0.4 18.19±0.2 20.88±0.6 F2 21 9.543. Water cover% 68.75±3.91 90.00±0.2 64.38±3.8 F2 21 17.454. Transparency(Trans)

cm1.24±0.02 1.42±0.01 1.29±0.03 F2 21 12.48

5. Total solids (TS) mg/L

186.9±4.3 153.4±3.08 82.6±4.02 F2 21 22.77

6. Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) mg/L

149.9±4.4 126.6±3.1 160.4±2.9 F2 21 23.81

7. Total Suspended Solids (TSS) mg/L

37.00±1.6 26.75±1.74 22.25±1.3 F2 21 23.59

Table: - 2 Seasonal Variations in Chemical Parameters of Ranipur Dam Over the period of two years from June 2012 to May 2014 (Mean ± SEM)

Sr. No Parameters Monsoon Winter Summer F value1. pH 7.72±0.10 7.42±0.08 7.98±0.13 F2 21 6.722. Dissolved

Oxygen (DO) mg/L

7.91±1.1 9.5±0.87 6.41±0.87 F2 21 2.68

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3. Free Carbon-dioxide (CO2)

mg/L

3.26±0.17 1.4±0.27 3.62±0.31 F2 21 20.3

4. Total Hardness (TH) mg/L

84.88±7.7 109.4±8.6 143.8±6.6 F2 21 14.89

5. Chloride (Cl) mg/L

29.63±3.04 22.38±2.7 39.25±4.3 F2 21 6.18

6. Nitrates (NO3) mg/L

0.16±0.02 0.092±0.005 0.1±0 F2 21 0.53

7. Phosphates (PO4

-3) mg/L0.36±0.07 0.16±0.02 0.26±0.04 F2 21 4.17

8. Sulphates (SO4) mg/L

7.63±0.35 4.13±0.40 5.22±0.33 F2 21 24.31

9. Magnesium (Mg) mg/L

7.41±0.7 14.13±1.29 18.5±1.81 F2 21 17.22

10. Calcium (Ca) mg/L

12.25±1.0 17.5±1.9 27.0±1.9 F2 21 20.00

Table:- 3 Seasonal variations in density of different groups of phytoplanktons (No/L) with two years mean percentage density at Ranipur Dam during June - 2012 to May- 2014.

Parameters F- value Monsoon Winter Summer Two years %

Total Phytoplankton

F2 21 37.2 1726±152.5 2878±84.68 3328±157 -

Cyanophyceae F2 21 37.63 353.5±24.28 784±45.72 472±35.56 20.29

Chlorophyceae F2 21 30.6 455.4±47.99 1295±57.9 885.1±107.9 33.23

Bacillariophyceae F2 21 34.35 804.1±96.54 764.9±72.37 1918±151.3 43.97

Euglenophyceae F2 21 39.56 112.5±9.83 33.88±2.90 52.38±4.8 2.51

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Table:- 4 Diversity of Phytoplankton in Ranipur dam.

Cyanophyceae Chlorophyceae Bacillariophyceae Euglenophyceae1. Microcystis

viridis A.Br. Lemm

2. Merismopedia convoluta Breb.

3. Oscillatoria limosa (Ag)

4. Oscillatoria brevis (Kuetz) Gomont

5. Oscillatoria rubescens De. Ex. Gomont

6. Phormidium ambigum Gomont

7. Lyngbya limnetica (Lemm)

8. Lyngbya aestivani Liemb ex.Gomont

9. Nostac commune Voucher. Ex. Brunet Flav.

10. Anabaena spiroides Klebnn

1. Volvox sp.

2. Ulothrix

aqualis Kuetz

3. Microspora

indica Radhwa

4. Microspora

subsetece

(Kuetzing) De.

Toni

5. Chaetophora

elegans Roth.

C.A. Agardh

6. Closterium

acerosum

(Schr.) Ehr.

7. Closterium

microporum

Nageli

8. Pediastrum

duplex Meyen

9. Pediastrum

simplex

(Meyen)

10. Cosmerium

anatinum

Cooke

11. Cosmerium

subsucumis

1. Mastoglia baltica Grun.

2. Melosira islandica (O. Muell)

3. Synedra affinis Kuetz

4. Asterionella spp5. Frustulina spp6. Gyrosigma

accuminatum Kuetz

7. Gyrosigma khandeshensis Sarode et. Kamat

8. Navicula papula Kuetz.

9. Navicula cuspidate Kuetz.

10. Navicula rhynchocephala Kuetz

11. Amphora ovalis. Kuetz

12. Pinnularia interrupta W. Smith

13. Pinnularia vidarbhensis Sarode et. Kamat

14. Pinnularia maharastrensis Sarode et. Kamat

15. Rhopalodia gibba Her O. Muell

16. Nedium longiceps Grey A. Cl. V.

17. Stauroneis obtuse Lagerst. V.

18. Surirella capronii Breb.

19. Surirella sabsalsa

1. Euglena spirogyra Her.

2. Euglena gaumei

3. Phacus longicauda Her Duj

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Cooke.

12. Staurastrum

spp

13. Eudorina spp

14. Spirogyra

hyalina (Cleve)

15. Spirogyra

biformis Jao

16. Merismopedia

convoluta

Breb.

W. Smith20. Cymbella

ventricosa Kuetz21. Cymbella gracilis

(Rabh.) Cleve22. Gomphonema

gracile Ehr.23. Gomphonema

intricatum Kuetz24. Gomphonema

lanceolatum Ehr.25. Fragilaria

construens Ehr. Grun

26. Fragilaria intermedia Grun.

27. Fragilaria rupens Grun.

28. Nitzschia jalgaonesis Sarode et. Kamat

Cyanophyceae:

Cyanophyceae, a rich plankton community with well marked serial succession is the hallmark of Indian reservoirs. It mainly occurs in clean or polluted water body generally exhibits a characteristic cyclic growth. Cyanophyceae possess a high potential of adaptation to diverse environments (Garcia, Pichel et al.,2001). Cyanophyceae has been reported to dominate phytoplankton communities under reduced light environment (An and Jones,2000). At the study site Ranipur dam Cyanophyceae were third dominant quantitative group of total phytoplankton with an average of two years contribution of 20.29% to the total phytoplankton population. In the present study seasonal variation of Cyanophyceae shows maximum density was observed in winter (784± 45.72 No/L) and minimum during monsoon period (353±24.28 No/L) (Table- 3). Similar results were reported by various workers, B. Suresh et al., 2013, Patil J. V, (2011), Tapale B.K. 2013, Ekhande A.P. (2010). Oscillatoria Sp. and Lynabya Sp. are most dominant species during the study period.

In the present study seasonal variation of Cyanophyceae maximum density was observed in winter (784± 45.72 No/L) and minimum during monsoon period (353± 24.28 No/L) (Table- 3). In the present study Cyanophyceae are the positively significantly correlation with WC, Trans at 0.01 level while negatively significant correlation with AT, WT, TS, TDS, CO2 and SO4 at 0.01 level. (Table- 5).

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Chlorophyceae:

Chlorophyceae are free living phytoplankton is mostly found in shallow water and found on attached to the submerged plants or moist soil (J. Huisman, H. et al., 2005). The Chlorophyceae are an extremely large and morphologically diverse group of algae that were more or less distributed in freshwater environment. Cyanophyceae, the seasonal dominant quantitative group of total phytoplankton with an average of two years contribution of 33.23 to the total phytoplankton population. Same record was noted by M.B. Devi et.al.,2010 found (70.5%) at lake Baskandianua, Cachar district, Assam. Girriyappanavar B. S. and Patil Rahul R. 2010 found (24.99%) at Begaum and Wadral lake, Wadral Karnataka. This group included 16 species and 11 genera are Volvox sp., Ulothrix aqualis kuetz, Microspora indica radhwa, Microspora subsettce (Kuetzing) De. Toni. Chaetophoorra elegans roth. C.A. Agardh; Closterium accerosum (schr) Her; Closterium microphoru nageli, Pediastrum duplex (meyen), Pediastrum simplex (meyen), Cosmerium anatinum coooke, Cosmerium Subbsucumis Cooke; Staurastrum sp., Eudoorina sp., Spirogyrra hhyalina (cleve), Spirogyra biformis Jao, Merismopedia onvoluta breb The Microspora sp., Closterium sp., Pediastrum sp., Cosmerium sp and spirogyra sp. are most dominant species during the study period.

In the present study seasonal variation of Chlorophyceae showed maximum density was reported in winter (1295± 57.9 No/L) and minimum (455.4±47.99 No/L) in monsoon period. (Table- 3). In the present study Chlorophyceae are the positively significant correlation with WC at 0.01 level and negatively significant correlation with AT, WT, TS, TDS, TSS, CO2, NO3

- and SO4 at 0.01 levels (Table- 5).

Bacillariophyceae (Diatoms):

The Bacillariophyceae constituted an important component of the freshwater. Basically they are autotrophs can also utilize organic substance as nutrients. The diatoms are also being used increasingly as indicators of environmental changes including studies of past climatic changes (Smol and Cumming 2000; Wim et al., 2007). The environmental factor such as physico- chemical and biological factors influence the abundance and species richness of Bacillariophyceae. According to Mahajan- 2001 and J.P. Descy et al., 1987, the temperature is the most important factor affecting the growth of diatoms. Maximum density of Bacillariophyceae was recorded in summer (1918± 151.3 No/L) and minimum in winter (764.9± 72.37 No/L) season. (Table- 2). The similar observations are reported by Hujare (2005), Jawale and Patil (2009) and Shinde et al.,(2012) and Sukla et al., (2013).In the present study Bacillariophyceae are the positively significant correlation with AT, WT, TDS, pH, CO2, TH, Cl-, Mg+2 and Ca+2 at 0.01 level. While negatively significant correlation with WC, TSS and NO3

-

at 0.01 levels (Table- 5).

Euglenophyceae:

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Euglenophyceae are commonly found in small water bodies having rich organic matter (Palmar 1969) demonstrated that Euglenophyceae are the key species of biological indicator of organic pollution. Euglenophyceae occupied last position in the phytoplankton diversity. Euglenophyceae was the group represented in the lowest percentage density in the Ranipur dam water with annual average percentage density of only 2.5% when it’s seasonal variations are considered higher density of Euglenophyceae were recorded in Ranipur dam maximum in monsoon (12.5± 9.83 No/L) and minimum in winter (33.88± 2.90) season (Table- 3). The similar observations are also reported by Hafsa and Gupta (2009), Patil J. V. (2011) and Barban D. et al. (2013). The Euglenophyceae group included 03 species and 02 genera are Euglena spirogyra HCR, Euglena gaumei and Phacus longicanda Her Duj. Euglena sp. is most dominant species during the study period. In the present investigation in Ranipur dam the density of Euglenophyceae showed positively significant correlation with TS, TSS, NO3

-, PO4-3 and SO4

- at 0.01 levels, while negatively significant correlation with Trans at 0.01 level (Table-5).

Table: - 5 Pearson correlation of total phytoplankton density along with individual group with Abiotic parameters of Ranipur Dam during June- 2012 to May- 2014.

Sr.

No.

Parameter Tot. Phyto. Cyano. Chloro. Bacillario. Eugleno.

1) Atmospheric Temperature (AT)

-.091 -664** -583** .459* .479*

2) Water Temperature (WT)

.018 -580** -564** .662** .357

3) Water Cover (WC) -.902** .632** .600** -537** -417*

4) Transparency (Trans)

.221 .636** .471* -.207 -.599**

5) Total Solids (TS) -.276 -.741** -.782** .375 .607**

6) Total Dissolved Solids (TDS)

.081 -.640** -.567** .666** .309

7) Total Suspended Solids (TDS)

-.853** -.336 -.603** -.609** .767**

8) Ph .227 -.463* -.332 .666** .237

9) Dissolved Oxygen (DO)

-.153 .376 .040 -.325 -.301

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10) Free Carbon Dioxide (Co2)

-.032 -.618** -.616** .541** .451*

11) Total Hardness (TH)

.650** .032 .284 .637** -.318

12) Chloride (Cl) .275 -.484* -.088 .551** .221

13) Nitrates (No3-) -.888** -.373 -.571** -.662** .786**

14) Phosphates (Po4-3) -.208 -.486* -.309 .063 .669**

15) Sulphates (So4) -.756** -.723** -.811** -.228 .859**

16) Magnesium (Mg+2) .671** 248 .382 .534** -.452*

17) Calcium (Ca+2) .648** .052 .306 .619** -.409*

* The Pearson correlation is significant at the 0.05 level (Two tailed).** The Pearson correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (Two tailed).

Conclusion:Ranipur dam was rich in diversity of phytoplankton. In the present study, total phytoplankton were belong to 57 species of 37 genera of different groups like as Cyanophyceae (10 species of 7 genera), Chlorophyceae (16 species of 11 genera), Bacillariophyceae (28 species of 17 genera) and Euglenophyceae (03 species of 02 genera). In the study period, group Bacillariophyceae was dominated over rest of the phytoplankton population. Maximum phytoplankton density recorded in summer due to high temperature and low water level provides nutrient rich water and high photosynthesis rate in summer. Low density of phytoplankton shows in monsoon due to heavy flood freshwater inflow they were resumed again in monsoon due to dilution and high water level. In present investigation author concluded that, Ranipur dam water supports good diversity and density of phytoplankton with Bacillariophyceae as the most common group while Euglenophyceae the least. Human activities like washing clothes and cattle and agricultural activities create favorable atmospheric condition of growth of phytoplankton. The results indicate that different ecological factors have influenced the phytoplankton abundance. Acknowledgements:

The authors are thankful to Principal and Head Dept. of Zoology, Arts, Commerce, Science college, Navapur Dist. Nandurbar (M.S.) India for providing laboratory and library facilities to conduct the work successfully. We are thankful to principal Vasantrao Naik Arts, Science and commerce college Shahada, District. Nandurbar (M.S.) India for their whole hearted support during the course of study and for providing all necessary laboratory facilities.

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