9
A11 Colville data were taken from A. hkttinals unpblished fourth version of Colville Dictionary. nqo suffixes: -ilx lmotion', -alx 'plural' 3 The list of cognates i s based on Kinkade's 1977 materials. 4 Karen Booker discusses general pattern in the use of der-paired roots in her paper entitled "A Cross-Linguistic Study of Mrber Suppletion in North Am- erican Languages". Here she notes the types of words camonly suppleted, and sane constraints on the occurrence of these pairs. References Carlson, Barry, Spokan Dictionary. Unpublished computer printout. Kinkade, E.1. Dale, "Singular vs. Plural Roots in Salish", presented at the 1977 Inter- national Salish Conference, Cknak, IVa. Irbttina, Anthony, "Colville Grammatical Structure", University of Ila~iaii PhD Dissert- ation, 1973. Reichard, Gladys, "Stw-list of the Coeur dlAlene Language", IJAL, Vol. X, nos. 2,3. Proto-Salish *y 2nd the Velar Nasal Problem1 Stcven u. Pgesdal University of Hawaii The resonant T,* a fro3t velar fricative articulates with little friction, has been ajdsd as a 'latecomer* to the overall Salish phoneme iaventory on the basis of its rscant 'dis=3verv1 ic '_~llooet (Ll), Thompson (Th), Shuswd? (Sh), an3 nortnerr. dlalezts of Ckana?an(XOk). Its exlztence as a Salish ph3neme case t~ light only after deralled rcsea~ch os these northern Languages 3f the Ir.terioc uncover~tl rhls exceedingly rare sol;n?. Zarlier studizs on Salish co~parative ptLon313qy by Boas arid Paeberlin (1927), Vogr (1943b), SWad€Sb (1952) and Relchard (1958) Eealt very little with the northern Interior lanquaqes, and it 1s tnercfore not suLpc1sir.j to find a com~lete lacn of referecce t 3 y In their studlrs. In tercst ir.gly or.ou?h, Boas' cornparati vs Salishan vocabularies (AP2 asnuscript) show forms for at least t w ~ wor3s now known to cor.tlin 7: 'trer' and 'lyox'. Hi trlnszrlbes y as either r or 8 (= x, 1.e front velar), e.q. (1) T5, L1 ST€'&; Sii (s) cr"p : 'trcc'3 (2) PIS *stnya'v) 'lynx" Poas IS., iteo 265: Po35 75.. item 176: Ll cEra'ap Ll ssnaya'~ Ch clra'p Th s2mEra'l ;h ts5ra.p Sh aZac'a'l nk tclr?'~ unlp+rs was thr first t.o recognize y as d Salish ph>riene, 4r.d ne also pcsitril rt as 3 ?cote-S-rllsh (PS) pnocrhe in 1977 on th? b.lsls of ltz occ,lrrev.cc lr. S:.~:ida?. Ir. descrrbrzj nls pLofoseJ ?S phork+me lr.v:i.tsrv, tr writes: 'y ((:har.etlcally rrldte,l tc y rr the same day as, s. J. Dutch v to lahloducral w) is fo.1r.i lr. Sh[utiuap; only: ir. the otn=r intecior lanql~ajes it ha; rncrlel with y. (YIIL~PKS iY7d:dd) In tho sane vear iatkins'(l070) rfissrrtation ;haws 7 AS a pi.>n:eie i:i a :orthoi.n drilecr oE 263z~3ar. (yon). ~hortl~ T ~ C L E S ~ C ~ K :1L- loort was add-d to ti.? list of 1any:lsjes navio.3 7, f3il3de': ty ?...onn:;on. Thornpion i3s st first tho.l!ht to st.3~ a reflex .: for ?S 07, dlth y occcr~ir~j as a fror.tei a:lc$hon~ of L 1:. t h ~ +CVL- ro?.ae?t >f hijlr vowels sni :. Aftcr 1irect~:q specla; nttectror. +,>waris clicitdt~on of tii? rare so~in.1, nowaver, co?.trasts ?acani. api'arent dr~,]. y w-ts rrliserf td ?honeffiic status (L.;. Thsrnpsan, 2-c.). Ir. a d f l t ~ c c , n n.1rber o i rhr Th racts cbntal-lrj y uers fo>~rl to Lnv8 cojnates in other ::~rthctr. Ir.te~lorlanjliaqes; c.4. Th y37 ('S *1 > TI1 y), q l n s e l r ' a:.: 3!1 131, ';ore' (adlltlor.dl exaaples 1 ' appecdix) . :Jnderstaii2ii;:i of I ir.crrlsel as kori and better rateriais brcase available. Furpzr, (1'17a) sl;~tstt.J S33tnern I~.t.er13~ JOY- carts for Snuswap forms witn y 15 the comparatlvr Salzsn data IT.- c1u1le.l in his Sbllswap .llcti:~r.ary, 6. ,. Sh yal, 'stronj*, Coeor rl'Alene Jar). 'flrml; Sn (s)cya'p, *trf.-.*, C olv~lle (S3k) cii-2, 'treeq. Later, Kuipcrs (197b, 1979) formally olltlined the refltxes

IJAL,lingpapers.sites.olt.ubc.ca/files/2018/03/1981_Egesdal.pdf · nqo suffixes: -ilx lmotion', -alx 'plural' 3 The list of cognates is based on Kinkade's 1977 materials. 4 Karen

  • Upload
    others

  • View
    0

  • Download
    0

Embed Size (px)

Citation preview

Page 1: IJAL,lingpapers.sites.olt.ubc.ca/files/2018/03/1981_Egesdal.pdf · nqo suffixes: -ilx lmotion', -alx 'plural' 3 The list of cognates is based on Kinkade's 1977 materials. 4 Karen

A 1 1 Colville data were taken from A. hkt t ina ls unpblished fourth version of Colvil le Dictionary.

nqo suffixes: - i l x lmotion', -alx 'plural '

3 The list of cognates i s based on Kinkade's 1977 materials.

4 Karen Booker discusses general pattern in the use of d e r - p a i r e d roots i n her paper ent i t led "A Cross-Linguistic Study of Mrber Suppletion in North Am- erican Languages". Here she notes the types of words camonly suppleted, and sane constraints on the occurrence of these pairs.

References

Carlson, Barry, Spokan Dictionary. Unpublished computer printout.

Kinkade, E.1. Dale, "Singular vs. Plural Roots i n Salish", presented a t the 1977 In ter - national Salish Conference, Cknak, IVa.

Irbttina, Anthony, "Colville Grammatical Structure", University of Ila~iaii PhD Dissert- a t ion , 1973.

Reichard, Gladys, "S tw- l i s t of the Coeur dlAlene Language", IJAL, Vol. X , nos. 2 ,3 .

P r o t o - S a l i s h *y 2nd t h e Velar Nasal Problem1 S tcven u. Pgesda l

U n i v e r s i t y of Hawaii

The r e s o n a n t T , * a f r o 3 t v e l a r f r i c a t i v e a r t i c u l a t e s with l i t t l e f r i c t i o n , has been a j d s d a s a ' l a t e c o m e r * t o t h e o v e r a l l S a l i s h phoneme i a v e n t o r y on t h e b a s i s of i t s r s c a n t ' d i s = 3 v e r v 1 i c ' _ ~ l l o o e t ( L l ) , Thompson (Th), Shuswd? (Sh) , an3 no r tne r r . d l a l e z t s o f Ckana?an(XOk). I t s e x l z t e n c e a s a S a l i s h ph3neme c a s e t~ l i g h t o n l y a f t e r d e r a l l e d r c s e a ~ c h o s t h e s e n o r t h e r n Languages 3f t h e I r . t e r i o c uncove r~ t l r h l s e x c e e d i n g l y r a r e sol;n?.

Z a r l i e r s t u d i z s on S a l i s h c o ~ p a r a t i v e ptLon313qy by Boas arid P a e b e r l i n (1927) , Vogr ( 1 9 4 3 b ) , SWad€Sb (1952) and Relchard (1958) E e a l t very l i t t l e with t h e n o r t h e r n I n t e r i o r l anquaqes , and i t 1s t n e r c f o r e no t suLpc1si r . j t o find a c o m ~ l e t e l a c n o f r e f e r e c c e t 3 y I n t h e i r s t u d l r s . I n t e r c s t i r . g ly or.ou?h, Boas' cornparati vs S a l i s h a n v o c a b u l a r i e s (AP2 a s n u s c r i p t ) show forms f o r a t l e a s t t w ~ wor3s now known t o c o r . t l i n 7: ' t r e r ' and ' l yox ' . Hi t r l n s z r l b e s y a s e i t h e r r or 8 ( = x , 1 . e f r o n t v e l a r ) , e.q.

(1 ) T5, L 1 S T € ' & ; Sii ( s ) cr"p : ' t r c c ' 3 (2) P I S *stnya'v) ' lynx" Poas IS., i t e o 2 6 5 : Po35 75.. i tem 176:

L l cEra 'ap L l s s n a y a ' ~ Ch c l r a ' p T h s2mEra'l ;h t s 5 r a . p S h aZac'a ' l n k t c l r ? ' ~

u n l p + r s was t h r f i r s t t.o recognize y a s d S a l i s h ph>riene, 4r.d ne a l s o p c s i t r i l r t a s 3 ?cote-S-rllsh ( P S ) pnocrhe i n 1977 on t h ? b . l s l s of l t z occ , l r rev .cc l r . S:.~:ida?. Ir. d e s c r r b r z j n l s pLofoseJ ? S phork+me lr.v:i.tsrv, t r w r i t e s :

' y ( ( : ha r . e t l ca l ly r r l d t e , l t c y r r t h e same day a s , s . J. Dutch v t o l a h l o d u c r a l w ) i s fo.1r.i lr. Sh[utiuap; only: i r . t h e o t n = r i n t e c i o r l a n q l ~ a j e s i t h a ; rncrlel w i t h y . ( Y I I L ~ P K S iY7d:dd)

I n t h o s a n e vear i a t k i n s ' ( l 0 7 0 ) r f i s s r r t a t i o n ;haws 7 A S a pi.>n:eie i : i a :orthoi.n d r i l e c r oE 2 6 3 z ~ 3 a r . (yon). ~ h o r t l ~ T ~ C L E S ~ C ~ K : 1 L - l o o r t was add-d t o t i . ? l i s t of 1any : l s j e s navio.3 7 , f 3 i l 3 d e ' : t y ?...onn:;on. Thornpion i3s s t f i r s t tho.l!ht t o s t . 3 ~ a r e f l e x .: f o r ?S 0 7 , d l t h y o c c c r ~ i r ~ j a s a f r o r . t e i a : l c $ h o n ~ of L 1:. t h ~ + C V L -

ro? .ae?t > f hijlr vowels s n i :. A f t c r 1 i r e c t ~ : q spec l a ; n t t e c t r o r . + , > w a r i s c l i c i t d t ~ o n of t i i ? r a r e so~in .1 , nowaver, c o ? . t r a s t s ? a c a n i . a p i ' a r e n t dr~,]. y w - t s rrliserf t d ?honeffi ic s t a t u s (L.;. Thsrnpsan, 2-c . ) . Ir. a d f l t ~ c c , n n.1rber o i r h r T h r a c t s c b n t a l - l r j y ue r s f o > ~ r l t o Lnv8 c o j n a t e s i n o the r : : ~ r t h c t r . I r . t e ~ l o r l an j l i aqes ; c.4 . Th y37 ('S *1 > TI1 y ) , q l n s e l r ' a:.: 3!1 131, ' ;o re ' ( a d l l t l o r . d l e x a a p l e s 1' appecd ix ) .

:Jnderstaii2ii;:i of I i r . c r r l s e l a s kori and b e t t e r r a t e r i a i s b r c a s e a v a i l a b l e . Furpzr, ( 1 ' 17a ) s l ; ~ t s t t . J S33tnern I ~ . t . e r 1 3 ~ J O Y -

c a r t s f o r Snuswap forms w i t n y 1 5 t h e compara t lv r Sa l z sn d a t a IT.- c1u1le.l i n h i s Sbllswap . l l c t i :~ r . a ry , 6. ,. Sh yal, ' s t r o n j * , Coeor rl'Alene J a r ) . ' f l r m l ; Sn ( s ) c y a ' p , * t r f . - . * , C o l v ~ l l e ( S 3 k ) c i i - 2 , ' t r e e q . L a t e r , Kuipcrs (197b, 1979) fo rma l ly o l l t l i n e d t h e r e f l t x e s

Page 2: IJAL,lingpapers.sites.olt.ubc.ca/files/2018/03/1981_Egesdal.pdf · nqo suffixes: -ilx lmotion', -alx 'plural' 3 The list of cognates is based on Kinkade's 1977 materials. 4 Karen

f o r PS *-I r:i t h e I n t e r r o r l a n g u a g e s , e.g, P S * T

L l , Th, S h , NO& : T Ka, Cm, SOk : Y C r : J

, + , z 5 ~ I ~ c i d e n t a l l y , t h e c h a r g e o f PS * 7 > y > 'j r n C r p a r a l l e l s t h e c h a n g e o f P s *y > Cr d ; V o j t (1940b: i -5) r e c o g n r z e d t h e Ka y : C r d c o r r e s p o n d e n c e ~ c h l s b r l e f b u t i n s i q h t f u l c o m p a r a t i v e ~ 0 2 t h - F r n I n t e r i o r S a l l s h s t u l y . I t 1s l a p o r t a n t t o n o t e t h a t i n t h e p r o p o s e d PS *r > *y > C r J t h e o r r g l n a l PS *y m u s t h a v e a l r e a d y s h i f t e d b e t o r e t h e D S *T > l n t e r m e d l a t e C r *y. P n e r e was p r o b a b l y

* f a n r n t e r m e d r a r e s t a g e o r s o r n t h e P S *y > C r d s h l f t , 1.e. *y > " *dy > d. PS * 7 , o n t h e o t h e r h a n d , s a y h a v e moved d r r e c t l y t o a

' 3 ' p a l a t a l s t o p , 1.e. :r 3. R e f l c x e s o f PS *T f o r C o a s t S a l l s h , h o w e v e r , h a v e beer., a n d

I 1L c o r ~ t r n u e t o b e , e l u s ~ v e . Two p o s s r b l e c o r r e s p o n i e n c e s h a v e b e e n ' --I , t - s , l g g e ; t e d , b o t h o f w h l c h a r e b a s e d o n s l n g l e f o r m s . The f l r s t s u g -

q a s t l o n w a s a PS * r : CS y c o r r e s p o n d e n c e , b a s e d o n t h e word f o r * c o y o t e ' / ' l y n x ' , ~ . g . ~

( 3 ) ? S * s m ~ a ' w ) : v l y n ~ ' / ' ~ o y ~ t e l

' l y n x ' ' l y n x 1 toyorr

' c o y o t e ' ) ' c o y o t e 1 * c o u q a r 8 ' c o y o t e ' I c a y o t e '

L C A 5 T ~i ( C o a s t ) ; b ( r ) y d * w : ' c o y o t e ; 40%

T h i s t o r s , h o u e v ~ r , s l e m s m o r e l i k e l y t o h a v e b e e n a b ~ c r 3 W i n g i - t o t h e C o a s t 1 a r . g u a y e L u s h o o t s e e d . l a t t i n a ar.d ?.ortler (1978: .3?7) mar), i t . a; d b o r r ~ w e i l i t e ~ m e \ l i n t h e i r C o l v i i l e d i c t i o : i a r y ( S 3 k ) ( ~ . c K - h a p s l u c t o t h e ~ l z e x ~ e c t e 3 a - v o w e l ? ) . 12 C o r u r d ' A l e n e , one would e x p c c t a J r a t h e r t a d : a y a s t h e r e f l e x f o r P S *7 , s o i t i s pro bat::^ a l o a n t h a r c a s well, K a l l s p e l k * t r s ~ m i y e ' ' c o u g a r * c o n t a i n s kwt.1.n ' h l , j 1 a n d s a n l y c ' : r i ~ s e c o n d morpheme i s p r o b a b l y c o g n a t e w l t h 3:c.t s r c ) i 5 ' u ( ) ) ' l y n x ' a ? ? t h e c r l g l c a l P I S moanrng was p r o b a b i y a l s o ' l y n x ' ( S y r x ~ . i n a , i ~ ~ ? s r s ? ) . 6 The o t h e r K a l i s p e l f o r m smye'w ' c o y o t e 1 is F ~ T . ~ , Q ~ d S O K ~ O W ~ ; . ; o r r e f l e z t s a 2 e a r l y s e m a n t i c s h i f t f r o 3 t h e c r i - g i n a l ' l y n x ' . T i : i ~ is 3 i s c u s s e d be low. The f a c t t h a t more zbmson- :y u s e d w o r 4 s 1 l r o 3 3 y e x i s t f o r * c o y o t e 1 i n t h e K a l i s p e l d r a l e c t s h . ~ v i n j smye 'u ( s ; > i ' i y e 7 < NPZ P e r c e o r S a h a p t r r . : s i ? t ) a l e " , / s r . E ) a l ~ * p w i t h c o q n a t e s t h r o ~ ~ ? n o u t t h a I n t e r i o r ) , i n c r e a s e s t h e s u s p i c i o n t h a t snye 'w is a h o r r o r s 3 t e r m .

B o r r o w i n g o f a n i m a l t e r m s i s n o t s u r p r i s i n g when o n e c 3 n s l - d e r s t h a t t h e d i f f e r e n t S a l i s h p e o p l e s o c c a s i o n a l l y u s e d common j r o u n l s f o r h u n t i n g a c d g a t h e r i n g , a n d t h e r e wou ld s u r e l y h a v e b e e n many o c c a s i o n s o n w h i c h common f l o r a a n d f a u n a w3u ld h a v e b e e n d i s -

c u s s e d . Even a c u r s o r y l o o k a t S a l i s h a n i m a l n o m e n c l a t u r e p o i n t s t o e x t e n s i v e b o r r o w i n g ~ f t e r n s . I n t h e c a s e o f smje'w), i t p r o b - a b l y w a s o r i q r n a l l y all I n t e r i o r term f o r ' l y n x 1 w h i c h u n d e r w e n t l o c a l s e m a n t i c ~ e i n t e r p r e t a t i o n s . ~ I n C o l u m b r a n i t p r o b a b l y b e - c a m e ' c o y o t e ' , a n o t h e r comnon m e d i u m - s i z e d p r e d a t o r o f t h e P l a t e a u w h i c h s h o w s some p h y s i c a l s i m i l a r i t y t o t h e l y n x , a somewha t ' dog - l i k e * f e l i n e . T h e o c c u r r e n c e o f s b ( i ) ya'w, ' c o y o t e ' i n C o a s t S a l i s h L u s b i o o t s e e d c o u l d t h e n b e t r a c e a b l e t o C o l u x b i a n , a l a n g u a g e w i t h w h i c h it s h a r e d a l i n g u i s t i c b o r d e r a ~ d some c o n t a c t ( i n s p i t e o f t h e i n t e r v e n i n g C a s c a d e s ) . T h e C o l v r l l e - O k a n a g a n , C o e u r d o 8 l e n e , a n d K a l i s p e l f o r m s c o u l d a l s o b e e x p l a i n e d a s b o r r o w i n g s f r o m Colum- b i a n .

T h e s e c o n d c o r r e s p o n d e n c e ( n o t a d i r e c t r e f l e x ) p r o p o s e d f o r PS *T is I , a g a i ~ b a s e d o n a s l n g l e f o r m ( K u l p e r s 1979 :8 ) : ( 4 ) PS * ~ a ' p : ' s t 3 n d 1 , ' v e r t i c a l ' TNTEQIOR L i , T h , S h , N31 : re'! ' s t a r i d ' , ' v e r t i c a l * L i , Th , NOK : s y e p t r e e l S h : ( s ) c r e ' p ' t r e e 1 SOk : y i : p 'st a n d i n g ' S3k : c y l ' p t r e e 1

COAST s Y : spa 'y ' ' c e d a r ' 1 3 : r p a ' y ' e c ' c e d a r 1 K l ( b o r r o u r r g ) g a 'y ' ' c e d a r s h a k e s * ; ' d r i e d c e d a r ' K l ( n a t i v e ) I & a ' 7 ~ + ~ ( z e d ) c e d a r ' C x : ~ a ' p a y ' s t i c k '

r h e c o n n e c t r o n o f I; 7 w r t h C3 8 d r a w s OL K u r p e r s l ( 1 9 7 9 ) u v u l a r - v e l a r l o n b l e t s h y p o t h e s i s , wh ich a d v a n c e s t h e s u ~ q e s t i o r ~ t h a t u v d l a r s dcd v e l d r s w s r e r n s o a e n r r d 02 s o ~ n d s y m b o l r s m r e l a t i o n s h i p i n ?S. ? S *k a n d * I may t e e n a p p e a r e d i:t a l t e r n a t e f o r m s o f t n e s a m e r o o t , w l t h p e r h a p s *y d e n o t r n g a l a r g e r i t e m a n d *k a s m a l l e r ore ( S a t a p t i n a n d Htz P e r z e t o t h e s o s t h o f S a l i s h s11od t n i s K i 2 d o f r - y s o u r d s y m b o l i s m : c f . a i g s b y a z d S i l v e r s t ? i n 19bY:56; N i c h o l s 1 9 7 1 ) . The p a r a l l e l v a r i a t i o n f a r t h e r e s o n a r i t s wcu ld h a v e Leen *L a n d * 7 , a z d s i n c e t h e C S r e f l e x f o r *4 1s g, o n + may f i n d C s f o r m s w i t h t h a t would c o r r e s p o n d t o t h ? ( m i s s i n g ) *L p a r t n e r o f t h e a t t e s t e d *T, H e t h u s s u g g e s t s l l s e o f t h e ' l a r g e 1 u v u l a r p a r t n e r o f t h e r o o t t o r e f e r t o v l i a t i s o n t h e C o a s t a l a r 3 e t r e e . T h e s e m a n t i c c o n s e c t r o o 1s a o t u n r e a s - o n a b l e . I f t h e * r a p n e a n t s o m e t h i n g l i k e ' l o n q c y l i n i l r i c d i a b j e c t . s t a r d s s t i c k i n g n t r a r o h t u p f r o n t h e gr0ur .d ' ( a s r t d o e s s e d s t o ) , t h e n i t is ~ ~ o t d i f f i c t r l t t o i m a j i n e d i f f e r e n t l - l n g u a g e s ( i . 2 . I S a n d CS) m a k i n g t n e s a m e l o g i c a l a s s i g n s e n t t o t r e e s o f t n i s d e s - c r i p t i o c . T h e C j word may h a v e m e a c t s o m e t h i n g l r n e ' l a r g e s t a n i erect- t r e e ' , w i t h t h e a u g m o n t a ti ve f o r a o f t h e r o o t * r a p , ' s t a n d erect ' a n d t h a l e x i c a l s u f f i x - a ' y ), ' ~ l a r t / t r e e ' : * L a p - a ' y ) .

I t r s l m p o r t a n r t o c0v.p r n c o n s l d e r r c j t n r s e x a m p l e , h o w e v e r , t h a t t h e u v u l a r - v e l a r s o u n d - s i z e s y m b o l i s m e l s e w h e r e i n S U A m e r i c ~ h a s L e e c fo t ind t o b e s p o r a d i c , n o t g e n e r a l , a l t h o u g h i n some l a n g - a u g e s i t is f o u c d t o b e q u i t e common ( N i c h o l s 1 9 7 1 ) . r a p i s a p p a r - e n t l y a l s o l i m i t e d i n i t s o c c u r r e n c e t o t h i s s i n g l e word i n CS.

Page 3: IJAL,lingpapers.sites.olt.ubc.ca/files/2018/03/1981_Egesdal.pdf · nqo suffixes: -ilx lmotion', -alx 'plural' 3 The list of cognates is based on Kinkade's 1977 materials. 4 Karen

T h e s e t w o t h i z ~ s t a k e n t o g e t h e r weaken t h e c a s e f o r a PS * y a p : CS s p (-a' y') e t v a o l o q y c o n s i d e r a b l y . a

A s e a r c h f o r f u r t h e r e x a m p l e s h a s y i e l d e d a f e w p a s s i b i l i t i e s : ( 5 ) C o u l i t z

s 1 e : l n 7 ' e a r r i n g ' ( p e r h a p s t o b e a n a i y z e d s - i e : s - n ' ) J 3 7 - p o k e / p i e r c e - e a r c f . S h l a 7 ' p o k e e

T h i s c o u l d b e c o g n a t e i n s t e a d w i t h t h e e l e m e n t i i - 5 o c c u r r l n y I n Th i i ' i = x n , ' f o o t * a n d l i ' r = k s t , 'baud', which seems t o mean s o m e t h i n g l i k e f r i c g e ' .

( 6 ) S o n g i s h p a c ' l a k e ' , ' p o n 3 ' , ' s w a m p * ( c f . L d : f a ' t u " l a k e ' )

T.? 73k l h ~ ~ h - w a t e r '

A s l o n g a s t h e n a t t e r o f t n e C o a s t r e f l e x a s of a PS * y r e m a i n s u n c e c t a l n , t h ? s t a t u s o f t n e r e c o n s t r u c t r o c w i l l b e t r o u b l e s o m e . N e i t h e r o n e o f t h e p r o p o s a l s o f f e r e d t h u s f a r c a n b e v i e w e d a s s a t - i s f a c t o r y c o r s l 3 e r i c g t h e l a c k o f s o l i d c o n f i r m i n g e v i d e n c e f r 3 n t h e C o a s r . it rclqrrr b e a r g ' i e 3 t h a t t h e PS *y was s i m p l y l o s t i n t b 2 C o a s t I a a q > q ; d s . Ggair . ~e z e f d c o n v l n c l f i q c o g n a t e s . T h i s p ~ p e r i n - c l u d e s a n d p ~ a n l i x q i v i n q a l l r o o t s o r st?ms c o n t a i n i n g 7 , u h i z h msy a i d i~ i j e n r i f y i 3 g p o s s i S 1 2 z o g n a t e s i n t h e C o a s t l a n g u a g e s . I t i s o f c o . i r i e p o s s l t l e t h a t a l l t o r m s r n v o l v i 2 g PS * T w e r e s i m p l y l o s t L C t h a C; l a n g u a c e s ; y is c e r t a i r . 1 ~ r a r e e n o u g n u h e r e i t d o c s o c c u r ( i s rh; s I n t I a r . g , l a y e s ) .

f h o a p s s t i ( 1 9 7 7 ) t i n t s t o w a r d s a n a l t e r n a t i v e s o u r c e f o r t h e K T c t y an3 ~ t s S1r.t y/J C o u n t 3 r p a r t s - a PS *q. I n 3 i s c u s s i n g t t e ; o s s i b r l l t y of d 7 s * q , h t u r l t c s ( T t o m p s o c 1 9 7 3 : 7 1 6 ) :

*~ ty r so ;o . ; l~ : ; t h o t i g a t t o c o ! , t a l n ? S * y b u t z n c s l c c ; ~ r a p p r o p r i a t e r e f l e x e s I n c e r t d i n l a n g u a ~ ? ~ xa y well r e f l e c t d *q. And t n s r a r e P r o t o - I n t e r i o r * y m y r ? f l e : t t h e s a m e e l e a e n t . '

Thompson a p p e l r s t o jioir. t t.r, 7 3s a?. l c t e r a e 3 l a r e P r o t o - I n t a r i o r S a l i s h (?I;) ?h;ncm;-. w n i c ~ w o b : l i c o r r a s c c z d t o t h e r c f l e x a s o f ?; *g or, t h e C d 3 s t . ho.. w s . l l i t h i s f i t i r i t a t h a o v e r a l l PS s o u r , 4 s y s t e a ? " s a t w o u l i t L e r e f l e x e s o f t h i s PS * I ] h e i l l C S : a r . g o , i g e s ? ; n e s s s a e i ' l i s t l c : . ~ w h i c h a ~ s t CE c ~ ~ s r d ~ r e d . F l e f o r t t , l r n i n q t o t t a s i , h o d t v i i r , : ? s n e n t s on - t o n , r s o a ' s ' h i n t 1 by K ' l i p e ~ s ( 1 9 7 9 ) nee3 b e 3 d d r e s s ~ j .

I n t h e s l a s a r t i c l e i n whLich h e proi ,osed t h e P.5 *y : CS 5 - o r - r c s p o r . d e n c ? , - ' , l l ? e r s c r l t l , , . : e s s o m e c: T h 5 r ? s o n ' 5 i d e a s , l n s o n e c a s e s a p p a r ~ n c l y m i s u 1 i 4 c r s t s n ~ i n g some o f t h e r e f l e x e s 3 f T h o m i ~ ~ o i r q ~ r e v i s e d PS aslr.;i s y s t r l n . 10 1:. ccr . 'ec t lo : . u i t a r h c s u g ~ ; e s t e d PS * 2 t c s a y s :

' A p c 3 n + ~ i *-I is t t n t a t l v ~ l y d i d e d t o r t h e o r e t i c d l r e a s o n s - - i t c 0 u i . i pc:;sl'.ly d c c o l l r r f o r t h e Y o r t h e r n I S v e l a r zrsona?. t y a n d f o r s o m e u n e x p l a i n ~ 3 c a s e s o f y. Phe u v u l a r r e s o n a n t s a r c q l v e n 3 5 * j , * j ) , * j w , * j ) * , i n a d l i t i 3 n t h e r e a r e t w o l a r y n 3 e a : s *4, * 4 ) . j n ~ c o r l c l ~ l d e s t b a r t h e * j , * f ) r e p r e s e n t a n s l t e r n a t i v e f o r I S 7 , 7.' ( K u i p e r s 1979: 2)

' A n o t h e r c o n s i d e r a t i o n is t h e e x i s t e n c e o f t h e v e l a r c o c - s o n a n t y i n t h e N o r t h e r n I S , b u t a s t h e p a r a l l e l v e l a r - o v u l a r f o r m s r e l a t e i t t o 4 , it is u n l i k e l y t o g o bacK t o a n a s a l . ( i b i d . 1 2 )

1 3 i p e r s 1 f i r s t c o a m e n t r e q u i s e s s o m e c o r r e c t r o c . T h o a p s o n ' s u v u l a r r e s o n a n t s b e c o s e p h a r y r . g e a l s i n t h e s o d e r n I n t e r i o r l a u g - u a g e s , 1.e. 4 , 4w, <,, 4 ) ~ . T h e PS ~ h a r y r . 3 e a l s . *4, * 4 ) , h e p r o - p o s e s u e r e l o s t i n a l l l a n g u a g e s e x c e p t Ckanagan . P h e s e a r e r e c o n s t r u c t e 3 on t h e h a s l s 3f r e t r a c t i n g r o o t s 1 n t h e I n t e r l o r l a n q o a g e s . T h o m p s o n ' s P S *;, *+I, t h e n , a r e n o t p o s s i b l e a l t e r n a - t i v e s f o r t h e N I n t y , 7 ) . N I n t 7 , 7 ) a r e r e f l e x e s o f h i s PS *g, * K u i p e r s * s e c o n d comment a s s u m e s t h a t h e has made a s t r 3 n g c a s e f o r t h e u v u l a r - v e l a r d o u b l e t s h y p o t h e s i s . 3 0 f a r as *y/*L f o r P r o t o - S a l i s h , t h e h y p o t h e s i s s e e m s t o b e b a s e d o n t h e s i n g l e c a s e d i s c u s s e l a b o v e .

3 e t u r n i n g now t o t h e q u e s t i o n s o f t h e p l a c s o f PS * p i n t h e o v e r a l l PS s y s t e m ar.d t h e r e f l e x e s o f PS 1r CS, we o b s e r v e h a r e a g o o d d e a l o f open-o : ide l s p e c ~ ~ l a t l o n .

T h o m p s o n ' s t e n t a t i v e s u g g e s t i o n o f a PS *q ( i t is l i s t e d w i t h a q u e r y i n h i s PS phoneme c h a r t ) is a d d e d t h e o s t t r c a l l y ( a s K u i p e r s p o i n t s o u t ) a s a L o q i c a l c o u n t e r p a r t t o w h a t a p p a a r s t o b e a more m o t i v a t t d PS *i)w. T h e PS *Q* n a s p r o b a b l e r e f l e x e s

i m a z d r~ i n s a l i s h , a c d b r c 3 o s e a l a h i a l i z e d c o n s o n a r t 1s a s s u m e 3 t o h e m o r e m a r k e d t h a n a i t s p l a i n c o u n t e r p a r t , a s y s t e m w ~ t a o u t

I p l a i n * g s e e m s s o m e w h a t s u s p e c t t y p o l o g i c a l i y ; t n l s l e a u s t o s p e c u l a t i o n a b o u t what a a y h a v e h a p p e n e d t o a n e x p e c t e d p a r s l l e l *,). The *qw is p a r t o f a PS l a n r o - . r e l a r s e c r h d m p s o n ( 1 9 7 9 ) p r o p o s e s , 2w ( q ) * ) K W ar.d K ) W t o a c c c * l n t f o r t h e odd c o r r e s - i . o r . ? e n c e s o r m , n ) J L , ~ p , p ) l c s c s e i a : . guaJ ra t o 9, g ) 5 , F ) ( r e s p e c t l v c l y ) i n S t c a l t s l a n g u a g e s . K u i p e r s f i n d s f a u l t v r t k t h e p r o p o s a l o f t a e s e l a h i o - v e l a r s , e s p e c i a l l y t h e 2 3 *qw.:1 A f t e r p o i r t r n q o u t f o c n s l r i S t r a i t s w h i c h h6 c o r . s r : l e r s p r o b l e m ~ t l = i r . c o n n r i e r i n q T h o m F s o n l s p c o p o s a l , h e s t a t e s :

' F r n a l l y , t i l o1 r<~ l t t y ~ ~ o l o y l c a l c o r . ; l d e r a r l o r s n u s t a l w a i o ~ I K ?

s e c o n i p l a c - t o f a c t u a l e v r d e n c t , t k + y d o r i d t o t h e c ~ ~ I ~ . : ~ L - ~ v l d e n c e 1l.e. e v l d e t s e a q a l r . s r T n o m p s o n l s p r o p o s e 3 ? S *tu, * K ) * , *g, * 7 ~ 1 . A p h o n e q e qw w c d l ? h e e n o l l j h o f i r . o l 3 l t y t o r c i u i r e d firm d d s t r u c t i o ; . '

1 A c c e p t a l ~ c c o f t h z PS + 7 a n d ~ t s l a t l a l l 7 e i c ~ u r ~ r e r p a r t *.;w will o f c o u r s e t e s e t v l t h 1 g o o d d e d l ot s k s p t ~ c i s m . 7 t . r ~ s x c ? t r c - 1 s O h a s 3s Its SC1IlrCC Some ~l3CCi 'SClO. lS FLC7~Ir l lCcS Or t a C l t 1PSUm;)- t r c n s c n how p r o t o - s y s t s m s s h o u l ? l ~ o k . p l ~ s t , t h c r e s e e m s t o b e + l + C l c l t e n r s ) ~ d i c t t h a t v e l a r r a s a i s 3c ~ . o t mdKe f o r v e r y 3-03 rK3t0- p h o n e m e s ; 1.e. r r ~ s t a n c e s of n ( a o d 7 ~ ) a r e t e s t t r e a t e d a s s-.con- ! d r y l e v e l o p m - . r ~ r s (e.q. n g > l g > II w l t t , ioss o f '1). P a r r JI this a t t l t 9 1 d e co d o u b t c o m e s f rom I n d o - E u r o p e a n s c h ~ l a r s h l 2 , w n e r e q :lr. Ye shown t o b e d s e c o n d a r y 3 e v e l o p m s c t I n t h e 1 d n q 1 ~ d j e s T h a t h a v c r t . s e c o n 4 , l a b r a l i z e r l c o n s o n a n t s a l s o s r z m t o b e c ~ n s t d t r e d lesser c a n l l - J a t e s f o r p r o t o - e h o n e m e s h r p . 1 2 T b l s r a y stem f c o s n o t l o n s on mark- e l n a s s : 1.e. l a b l a l l z e d c o n s o n a r t s a r e considered t o b e r a t h e r n a r k e d

Page 4: IJAL,lingpapers.sites.olt.ubc.ca/files/2018/03/1981_Egesdal.pdf · nqo suffixes: -ilx lmotion', -alx 'plural' 3 The list of cognates is based on Kinkade's 1977 materials. 4 Karen

a n d t h e r e f o r e u n l i k e l y c a n d i d a t e s f o r i n c l u s i o n i n p r o t o - s y s t e m s , o r s i m p l y f r o m t h e e x p e r i e n c e t h a t w i t h f a m i l i a r l a n g u a q e s s u c h e l e m e n t s seem t o f u n c t i o n a s c l u s t e r s .

I t is a l s o t r u e t h a t p r o p o s a l s f o r new p r o t o - p h o n e m e s u s u a l l y a r e met v i t h r e s i s t a n c e . S c h o l a r s a r e r e l u c t a c t t o t a m p e r v i t h w h s t h a s b e e n e s t a b l i s h e d . A i g o q u i a n r s t s w i l l n o t t o u c h B l o o m f i e l d ' s PA *p, e v e n t h o u g h t h e r e is t h e p o s s i b i l t y o f i t b e r n y r m p r o v e d upon , c o n s i d e r i n g t h e r e f l e x i n A r a p a h o / A t s i n a is E; m a i n t a i n i n g Rloom- f i e l d ' s r e c o n s t r u c t i o n i n d i c a t e s a h i g h l y p a r k e d u n c o n d i t i o r e d *p > A r / A t (> k ) > E ( t h i s i s d i z c u s s e d b e l o w ) , I n d o - E u r o p e a n i s t s a r e n o t c o n t e n t w i t h t h e u n n a t u r a l p , t , k , k u / b , d , g , g * / b h , d h , g h , q * h s t o p s y s t e m ; y e t ! neu s u g g e s t r o n s a r e met u r t h c o o l r e c e p t i o n . t 3

P e r h a p s r t IS time t o q u e s t i o n some o f t h e s e t a c i t a s s u m p t i o n s . F i r s t , t h e p r e j u d r c e c o n c e r n i n g P S *IJ ' s r i g h t t o p r o t o - p h o n e m e - s h i p 1s a d d r e s s e d , s h o w i n g t h a t s u c h a PS phoneme is r e a s o n a b l e i n i n l i g h t o f d a t a fo l lnd i n o t h e r A m e r i n d i a n l a n g u a g e s . S e c o n d , t h e r o t i o n t h a t ( p r o t o - ) s y s t e a s l a c k i n g l a t i a l s a r e o d d i t i e s r s % u e s - t i o n t d , a s T h o m p s o n ' s p r o p o s a l o f PS *?, *g* is n e c e s s a r i l y a f f e c t e d ( a d v e r s e l y ) b y t h i s n o t i o n . T h i r d , d i s t r i b u t i o n o f r i n l a n g u a g e s n e i g h b o r i n g t h e S a l i s h l i n g u i s t i c a r e a 1s s t u d r e d a s a p o s s i b l e e x p l a n a t i o n o f how a p r o p o s e d PS *g may h a v e become

a s a r e i n t e r p r e t a t i o n d u e t o a r e a l i n f l u e n c e . F o u r t h , r r r e y u l a r - i t i e s i n t h e s o u n d c o r r e s p n d e n c e s i n c e r t a i n S a l i s h l a n g u a g e s a r e p r e s e n t e d , wh ich may b r r n g a d d i t r o n a l s u p p o r t t o t h e PS *g , * q w p r o p o s a l .

T h e r e a r e s e v e r a l c a s e s o f p h 0 n 0 1 0 g l ~ a l r r r e g u l a r i t r e s i n c e r - t a i n h m e r i n d i s n l a n g u a g e s o u t s i d e S a l i s h wh ich p o i n t t o w a r d g* a s a m e a n s o f e x p l a i n l n y a n o m a l i e s . C a m p e l l ( 1 9 7 6 ) p r o p o s e s a n u n d e r - l y i n g /nu / i n Hueyapan N a h u a t l t o a c c o u n t f o r what h e c o n s i 3 e r s a n a n o m a l o u s [ I J ] - [ v ] a l t e r n a t i o n . A l t h o u q h / q ~ / n e v e r s u r f a c e s a; [ Q W ~ , C a m p c l l a r g u e s f o r i ts e x i s t e n c e a t t h e u n d e r l y r n g l e v e l b a s e d o n a n a p p a r e n t p a r a l l e l v i t h a c u n d e r l y r n y /kw/ a c c o u n t i n g f o r a [ k ] - [ w ] a l t e c n a t i o r . . r n a d d l t i c n t o o t h e r s u p p o r t i v e p h o n o l o q l c a l c v i n e n c e h e f i n d s i n t h e l a n q u a g e .

? lo r Jan ( 1 9 8 0 : 9 - 1 1 ) . i n h r s t h e s l s p r o p o s i n g a d i s t a n t g e n e t i c r e l a t i o n s h i p S e c w e = c K o o t e n a y a c d S a l i s h , s u y q e s t s a ' s p e c i a l s o u 5 3 c o r r e s F o n d e n c e ' b e t v ~ c n K o o t e n a y m/n, w a n d S a l i s h *OW. He a d d s , h o w e v e r , t n a t t h e r e 1s i n t e r n a l e v i d e n c e v h i c h p o i n t s t o / g u / a s ax e a r l l e r K o o t e n a y phor . eae , c o m m e c t l n g ( 1 1 ) :

' T h e p e c u l i a r a l t e r n a t i o n b e t w e e n / m / a n d / u / i n c e r t ? i i n a o r - p h c m e s i n K o o t e c a y z r i e s o u t f o r s o n 6 s o r t o f e x p l a n a t i o n o r a n i n - t e r r a l l y r a c o n s t r u c t e d phoneme h a v i n g b o t h n a s a l a n d l a t r a l ? r o y e r - t i e s , b u t v h i c h i s d i s t i n c t f r o m /m/. T h e t o t a l l a c k o f [ g ] i n a n y f o r m o f ~ a o t e n a y p h o n o l o g v a n d t h e i l l t e r n a l l y e v i d e n t l i k e l i h o o a t h a t a n e a r l i e r f o r m o f K o o r e r a y h a d l a h i a l r z e d v e l a r a n d u v u l a r c o n s o n a n t phonemes make */qu/ a c a n d i d a t e f o r s u c h a n i n t e r n a l l y r e c o n s t r u c t e d phoneme, e v e n w l t h c u t r e f e r e n c e t o r e c o c s t r u z t a d S a l - i s h a n p h o n o l o 7 y . '

O t h e r puzz l1 r .g s o a n a c h a r . 3 e s c o n c e r n i n g l a b i a l a n d v e l a r (r a s a l ) c o r r e s p o c , I e n c ~ s c a n b e torand i n t h e p r o p o s e d P r o t o - U t o - Az tec311 s y s t e m ( V o e q e l l n , V o e q e l i n , a n d H a l e 1 9 6 2 ) .

P - U A *v > T U b a t u l a b a l a n d H o p i IJW

P -UA *m > S o u t h e r n P a i u t e 7* T h e conditioning f a c t o r s g i v e n f o r s u c n c h a n g e s a r e o b s c u r e .

154

T h e T u b a t u l a b a l a n d 3 o p i c h a n g e v a s s u p p o s e d l y c o n d i t i o n e d by a p r e c e d i n g a h i g h n a s a l i z e d v o v e l ( i n t h e p r o t o - l a n g u a g e ) . A q u e s - t i o n t h e n a r i s e s a s t o t h e o r i g i n o f t h i s p r o t o - n a s a l i z e d v s v e l . P e r h a p s a l a b r o - v e l a r (*g*) m r g h t b e seec a s a r e a s o n a b l e a l t e r - r - a t i v e h e r e . Y u n r o ( 1 9 6 8 ) s u g g e s t s P r o t o - U t o - A z t e c a c *w a s a p o s - s i b l e s o u r c e f o r L u i s c K o g. A g a i n , a P-UA *IJ* m r g h t b e s e e n a s a n a l t e r n a t i v e .

A n o t h e r c a s e v h e r e g* m i g h t b e c o n s r d e r e d a s a p r o t o - phoneme is A t h a b a s k a n : L e e r ( 1 9 7 9 ) p r o p o s e s P r o t o - A t h a b a s k a n *y a n d * i f , w i t h *? s h o w i n g r e f l e x e s i, I, n, a n d p ( v o i c e l e s s ) a n d *V p r e s u m a b l y b e i n g l o s t ( n o r e f l e x e s were d r r e c t l y g r v e n n o r c o u l d a n y b e i n f e r r e d f r o m h i s m a t e r i a l ) . S e r e , t o o , g o r Q*

m i g h t b e s e e n a s r e a s o n a b l e a l t e r n d t r v e s , A f t e r a l l , how d i f f e r e n t i s a 7 f r o m a ( f r o n t v e l a r ) g o r J f r o m g* a r t i c u l a t o r i l y o r a c o u s t i c a l l y ?

T u r n i n g nou t o t h e n o t i o n t h a t p h o n o l o q r c a l s y s t e m s l a c k i n g l a t i a l s a r e o d d i t i e s , o n e f i n d s t h a t s y s t e m s o r p r o t o - s y s t e m s l a c k - i n q l a b i a l s a r e p e r h a p s n o t a s o d d i n N o r t h Amerrca a s o r e m i y n t e x p e c t , c o n s i ? e r i n ~ t h a t b o t h P r o t o - A t h a b a s k a n ( K r a u s s 1964 , L e e r 1 9 7 9 ) a n d P r o t o - I r o y u o i a c (Y it h u n 1 9 7 9 ) a r e r e c o n s t r u c t e i w i t h o u t l a b i a l s . P r o t o - C a d d o a n m i g h t a l s o b e a l d e d t o t h e l r s t ; c f . C h a f a ' s ( 1 9 7 9 : 2 2 2 ) comment c o n c e r n i n q t h e p r o p o s e d P r o t o - C a d d o a n *p > n i c h i - t a , K i t s a i w , k* ( ~ l n c o n d i t i o n e d c h a n q e ) :

' I t is o f c o u r s e p o s s i b l e t h a t t h e o r i g r n a l s o u z d was *r* r a t h e r t h a n * p , i n v h i c h c a s e W i c h i t a a c d K r t s a i h a v e p r e - s e r v e d t h e e a r l i c r s i t 2 1 a t i o n a n d t h e o t h e r l a c g u a g e s h a v e i n n o v a t e d .

T l i n g i t , o f w h i c h t h e g s n e t i c c o n n e c t i o n t o A t h a b a s k a n - E y a k w i l l p r s - s u m a b l y b e e s t a b l i s h e d ( c f . K r a u s s 1 9 6 4 ) , a l s o l i c k s l a b r a l s . 9 d i 3 3 , t o o , is weak i n l a b i a l s . R e f e r e n c e t o t h e s e l a n g u a q e s o r l 3 n q u a g c f a e i l i e s n o r t h o f S a l i s h t e r r i t o r y i s p r e s u m a b l y w h a t T h o n p s a n ( l 9 7 3 : 7 1 6 ) a l l u d e s t o r n h i s comment [ a f t e r p r o p o s r n g l a b i o - v e l a r s f o r ?:o- t o - S a l i s h i n s t e a d o f l a b i a l s ] :

' T h i s v o u l i f i t i n t e r e s t i n g l y w i t h o t h e r l a n y u a g e s r n t h e a r e a v h i c h a r e weak I n l a b i a l s . ' P r o b l e m s e x i s t v i t h p r o p o s e d p r o t o - l a b i a l s a c d t h e i r 1 a t ) i o -

v e l a r r e f l e x e s r n o t h c r l a n g u a g e s . P r o t o - A l q o n ~ r a n ( B l o o m f i e 1 3 1946) * p > ' r o t a - A r a p a h o - A t s i n a *k ( G o d d a r d 1974, Y a a s 1 9 7 8 ) . d e v c l o p - i n g f u r t h e r t o 2 i n t L d t l a n g u a q e ; P r o t o - A l g o n k i d n *p c o r r e s p o n d s t o p, k i n ~ t s distant C a l i f o r n r a c r e l a t i v e , Yurok ( b o t h g o b a c k t o P r o t a - A l g i c , where m o s t s c h o l a r s would p r e s u s a b l y r e c o n s t r u c t a P r o t o - A l q l c * ? ? I .

PA * p e p o * n Yurok k i p u o n ' t u r n 1 P R * e v e n Yurok ke lom- ' w i n t e r e ( H a a s 1978: 2 5 4 , 255) -

T h e f i r s t c a s e , PA * p > A r a p a t o , A t s i n a ( > k ) > c i r , v o l v e s a n ~lc- c o n r l i t l o n a l c h a n q e . The c h a n q e o f P r o t o - A l q i c ( ? ) *p > Yurok k w o u l d p r e s u m a b l y b e c o n d i t i o n e d b y n f r o n t v o u e l . C o n d i t i a n e d c h a c g e s O L t h e s e c o n d t y p e i r e u n d e r s t a r . d a b l e ; T i b e t a n p > a n d L a t i r . p > Roumacran E , k i n p a l a t a l i z i n q e n v i r o n m e n t s a r e s i m i l a r c h a n g e s , l * U n c o n d i t i o n a l c h a n g e s o f p > k , h o v e v e r , a r e s t c i k - i n g l y o d d , a n d f i r m l y d o c u m e ~ t e d diachronic c h a r g e s o f t h i s s o r t a p p e a r t o b e n o n e x i s t e n t i n t h e v o r l d e s l a n g u a g e s .

7 is f o u n d i~ a number o f l a n g u a y e s t o t h e n o r t h o f t h e

Page 5: IJAL,lingpapers.sites.olt.ubc.ca/files/2018/03/1981_Egesdal.pdf · nqo suffixes: -ilx lmotion', -alx 'plural' 3 The list of cognates is based on Kinkade's 1977 materials. 4 Karen

S a l i s h l i n g u i s t i c a r e a , 1.e. A t h a b a s k a n , C o a s t ' P s i m s h i a n , a n d E s k i m o - h l e u t , a n d t h i s way b e i m p o r t a n t i n t h e d e v e l o p m e n t o f S a l i s h y. S b e r z e r (1976:34) g i v e s y a s a t r a l t o f a l l d i a l e c t s o f E s k i m o a n d ' p e r h a p s a l l l a n g u a g e s o f t h e W e s t e r n S u b a r t i c . ' f f h i l e h i s s t a t e m e r t may b e a n o v e r - g e n e r a l i z a t i o n c o n c e r n i n g t h e A t h a b a s k a n l a n g u a g e s o f t h e a r e a , y h a s b e e n r e c o r d e d i n a t l e a s t K u t c h i n , D o g r i b , S l a v e , C h i p e w e y a n , T a n a n a , Yukon I n g a l i k , H a r e , C l i l c o t i n , S a r s i , C a r r i e r , a n d A h t e n a ( i n f e r r e d f r o m H o i l e r 1 9 6 3 , K r a u s s 1 9 6 4 , S h e r z e r 1976, 9 i c e 1 9 7 7 , a n d Cook 1 9 7 7 ) . P e r h a p s o t h e r s c a n b e a d d e d t o t h e llst. S a r s l , C h i l c o t i n , a n d C a r r i e r b o r d e r on t h e N l n t S a l i s h l a n g u a g e s t o t h e n o r t h ; a l l h a v e y. It wou ld a l s o be i n t e r e s t r n l r o , k n o w i f t h e A t h a b a s k a n e n c l a v e o f N i c o l a h a d y, 3s i t m u s t h a v e h a 3 s o m e e f f e c t s o n t h e 9 1 n t S a l i s h l a n g u a g e s . S a p i r ( 1 9 3 1 ) , a o i j e r ( 1 9 6 3 ) , a n d K r a u s ( 1 9 6 4 ) 50 n o t r e c o n s t r u c t a P r o t o - A t h a b a s k a n *I ; b u r L e c r ( 1 9 7 9 ) d o e s r e c o n s t r u c t it. It i s i m p o s s i b l e a t t h i d rime t o s a y a r y r h r r g a b o u t r e l a t i v e c h r o n o l o g i e s b e t w e e n t h e t i I n t y a n 3 a p u t a t i v e P r o t o - A t h *y o r modern n e i g h b o r i n g C h i l c o t i n , C a r r i e r , a n d S a r s i y. I t is s i , g n i f l c a r . t . h o w e v e r , t h a t y o c c u r s xn t h e s e l a n g u a g e s t o n o r t h o f S a i i s h , p a r a l l e i i n 3 t h e o c c u r r e n c e o f y i n t h e N I n t ; a n 3 t h a t y is n o t f o ~ r . 4 i r l a n q u a q e s ir. a n y a r e a s t o t h e i m m e d i a t e s o u t h o r w e s t o f S a l l s b , a g a i n p a r a l l e l i n g t h e l a c k o f y i~ S I n t a n d C o a s t S d l i S h . ' 5

4 s s u m i u g t h e n t h a t a l a h i a i - l e s s PS s y s t e m is r e a s o n a b l e a n d t h a t a PS *q 2 0 ~ 1 3 h a v e become a 7 i n N I n t d s e t o a r e a l i n f l u e n c e , con - s i ? e r a t l ? c m u s t b e g i v e n t o t h e d e v e l o p m e n t o f PS * q o u t s i d e o f t h e N1r.t l a n j u a y e s . I t 1s p e r h a p s r e a s o n a b l e t o p o s x t a P r o t o - I n t e r i o r S a l i s h * 7 w i t h r e f l e x e s N i n t y a n d S I n t y, 7 ( w i t h t h e e x c e p t i o n o f y ic N3K. a i i i c h t , e l o r . g s t o the s o u t h e r n s u b q r o u p ) 1 6 E v i d e n z e f r o e T h o a p s o n (River) s a l i s h w o u l d s c e m t o s u p p o r t t h l s , w h o r e y is belr.3 r e p l a c e d h y y. T h i s may b e t r a c e a b l e t o b o r r o w r n g f r o m a s l n t l a c g ! ~ a ; e ( S o k ? ) o r y o u n g e r t i l i n y u a l Thompson-Englishspeakers r e p l a c i n g r a t e y w i t h -dore commoc v. C e r t a i c c o o t d o u t l e t s , h o w e v e r , p o i n t t o i s o u n d c h a n y e i n F r o - J r e s s , 0.9. c ' a y a L d c ) a y : ' e r e c t l o n g cylindrical o b j e c t ' (Thompson. T b o a p s o n , c t a 1 f n p r e p d r a t i o n : 233 , 2 3 4 ) .

d h a t a r e t h o r e t l e x e s o f PS * q o n t h e C o a s t : A number o f p o s s i b i i ~ t ~ e s e x l s t . 1. 4 0 c o l ~ l d h a v e v o c a l i z e d i n u n s t r e s s e d s v l i a b l e s w h e r e i t f e l l

.. . - h e t w e e n c o n s o c a z t s , a s 1s t h e c a s e f o r ~s a n d n i n a number o f mol- , . - , ' I e r n l a n g u a g e s ; i t c o u l d h a v e t h e n b e e n r e d u c e d f r o m s u c b u n s t r e s s c :

n y l l d b l s s , a l o r i q w i t h m3ny o t h e r u n s t r e s s e d v o w e i s . 2. *q c o a l 3 h a v e b e e r f r o n t e d t o r.; t h i s u0~11d p a r a l l e l t i l e f r o r . t L n q o: 4 , k.) > F, F). P o s s i t l e e x a ~ p l a s ocf t h i s may be:

S a m i c h : r e - q a t ,*- % -,&WOU Thompsoc: %ua'n (- t ) ' f a s t '

p y - e ' k s t - m - t - m we d i d it f a s t

guy-u ' cn kn I e a t f a s r z ~ i - guy-u'cn T h e y a l l e a t f a s t

( N o t e a l s o t h a t P-UA * q f e l l t o g e t h e r w i t h * n i n s e v e r a l U t o - A z t e c a n l a n g u a g e s : e.g. P a p a g o , N a h u a t , etc.) 3. * q c o u l d h a v e b e e n f r o n t e d e a r l y w i t h a loss o f n a s a l i z a t i o n t o * y , I n which c a s e i t s r e f l e x e s w o u l d b e Sd d z , S t E , o t h e r CS y. 4, * q c o u l d h a v e b e e n f r o n t e d t o y a f t e r *y h a d s h i f t e d t o Ld d z a c d S t E , i n w h i c h c a s e i t may a c c o u n t f o r t h o s e ' u ~ e x p e c r e d ' i n s t a n c e s o f y i n Ld a n d S t .

ile n e e d , t h e n , t o c h e c k t t , c N I n c f o r m s c o 2 r a l n i n g y a g a i n s t f o r m s i n v a r i o u s C o a s t l a n g u a g e s , k e e p l s g i n mind t h e s e naw p o s s i b l e r e f l e x e s : n a n d y ( a n d L d d z , S t E ) . we a l s o n e e d t 3 c a n s i d e r c a r e - f u l l y a l l f o r m s i n S t r a i t s l a n g u a g e s i n v o l v i n q l a b i a l s ; s o m e a r e oh- v i o a s l o a n s , b u t i t may y e t be p o s a i b l e t c 3 i s c o v e r c o m p l e m e n t a t i o n b e t w e e n t h e p a l a t a l s t o p s a n d v c l a r q on t h e o n e h a n d , o n t h e o t h e r , l a h i a l s i n w o r d s t h a t a p p e a r n o t t o b e l o a n s .

T h e a r g u m e n t f o r a PS *q, a l o n g w i t h T i i o m p s ~ n ' s l a b i o - v e l a r se t may come down t o t h e t h e o r e t i c a l a p p r o a c h o n e t a k e s t o w a r d s r e c o n s t r u c t l o 2 o f p r o t o - s y s t e m s . s h o u l d o n e r e c o n s t r u c t ' n a t u r a l ' l o o k i n g p r o t o - s y s t e m s w i t h u n n a t u r a l r u l e s t o a c c o u n t f o r m 3 l e r n r e f l e x e s ? Or s h o ~ 1 1 3 or!e t e c o n s t r u c t e , ~ n n d t u r a l ' 1 0 0 L l n j p r o t o - s y s t e m s w i t h n a t l r a l r a l o s t o a c c o u n t f o r modern s y s t e m s ? Y - ~ i p e c s ( 1 9 7 9 ) seems t n p r e f e r t h e f l r s t c o u r s e , 1.e u r . c o n l l t x o n t d c h a n c e o f PS * m > 4 , q ; PS * F > p , E . Thompson ( 1 9 7 9 ) s e e a s r o p r e f e r t h e s czo r .3 c o u r s e , i.e. PS *qu > m, q; PS *ku > p, E . i i h a r m l g h r t ~ p t h e s c a l e i n f a v o r o f t h e s c c o n d c o u r s e is t h e f o l l o w i n q n o t i ~ n : d o e s n ' t it s e e m l o q i c a l t h a t l a n g u a g ~ s w o u l d move f r o m less 2 a t u r a l s y s t e m s t o n o r e n a t o r x l o r i e s - a n d b y n a t u r a l r u l e s ?

K l a l l a n : E ) a ' q ) - t ' c o a e b a c k home' Thozpson : p ) a ' n ) - t ' r e t u r n (home] '

T h t 2 5 r o o t prar c o m a o n l y o c c u r s w r t h t h e i m m e d r a t e a s p e c r u a l s u f f i x - t ; t h i s may b e t h e s a m e e l e m e n t i n t h e s e c o n d Thompson f o r m , w h i c h a l w a y s h a s f i c a l -t. Ac a s s i m i l a t x o n o f a PS * q > n / - - ( - I t i s c o t n a r d t o i m a g i n e i n t h e s e c a s e s . T h e c a s e 1s f u r t h e r s t r e c y - t h e n e d hy t h a Thompson r o o t p a y , w h i c h a p p e a r s i n j u s t a f e w d e r i v a - t i v e s ; 9-g. y u y - e ' k s t - e Do i t f a s t !

Page 6: IJAL,lingpapers.sites.olt.ubc.ca/files/2018/03/1981_Egesdal.pdf · nqo suffixes: -ilx lmotion', -alx 'plural' 3 The list of cognates is based on Kinkade's 1977 materials. 4 Karen

157

F o o t n o t e s

* T h i s p a p e r w a s w r i t t e n a s p a r t o f a s e m i n a r o n c o m p a r a t i v e S a l i s h a t t h e U n i v e r s i t y o f H a v a i i d u r i n g S p r i n g S e m e s t e r 1 9 8 1 . I am q r a t e f u l t o t h e s e m i n a r members , A n a t o l e L y o v i n , M a r i a n a Z a d u e l l , C l a u d i n e P o g g i , J o a c Romick , a n d T e r r y Phompson. l h e r r c o m m e n t s a n d s u g g e s t i o n s were h e l p f u l i n i m p r o v i n g b o t h t h e c o n t e n t a n d o r g a n r z a t r o n o f t h i s p a p e r . I owe a s p e c i a l t h a n k s t o L. C. Thompson , t h e s e m i n a r ' s ' c h i e f * , f o r h i s g e n e r o u s g u i d a n c e t h r o u g h o u t a l l p h a s e s o f r e s e a r c h i n g a n d v r i t i n g t h i s p a p e r . 8 y r e s e a r c h o n t h e S a l i s h l a n g u a g e s h a s b e e n g e n e r o u s l y s u p p o r t e d by t h e U e l v i l l e a n 3 E l i z a b e t h J a c o b s R e s e a r c h Fund a n d t h e N a t i o n a l Endoumen t f a r t h e f l u m a n i t i e s .

27 is u s e d t h r o u g h o u t t h e p a p e r f o r L o t h y a n d 7 ) . y ) is f o u n d i n t h e modern l a n g u a g e s o n l y a s a s e c o n d a r y phoneme, e.g. Th s m y e ' y ) u 7 ' l y n x k i t t e n ' ( d i m i n u t i v e ) .

"The L i a n d Ph f o r m s f o r ' t r e e * may n o t b e d z r e c t l y c o m p a r s b l e w i t h t h e Sh a ? ? 3Ok f o r m s f o r ' t r e e * . T h e L i a n 4 Th w o r d s s e e m t o b e c o m p o s e 3 o f a s- n o m i n a l i z e r a n d t h e r ~ o t ye 'p , * t o e rect s-t.'. Tn t h e S h a n d ~ 3 t f o r m s t h e (c) n a y b e a p r a f i x b e f o r e t h e c s g n a t e r o o t re'n, b u t t h i s 1s n o t c e r t a i n . A n o t h e r possibility m i g h t b e a weak r o o t c a y 2 1 1 s r h e l e x i c a l s u f f i x -e 'p * b o t t o m * .

S o u r c e s f o r t h e d a t a c i t e d a r e a s f o l l o w s : S h K u i p e r s ( 1 9 7 4 ) ; r9k i a t k i n s ( 1 9 7 3 ) ; S o h n a t t i n a a n d K o n t l e r ( 1 3 7 8 ) ; Th ThompsoL a c l Thompson ( I n p r e 2 a r a t i o n ) ; L i L y o v i n , f i e l d n o t e s ; Ka Vog t ( 1 9 4 0 ) ; 5: -aa C l r l s o z ( I r . p r e p a r a t i o n ) ; Cm K r u e g e r ( 1 9 6 7 ) ; C r R e r c h 4 r d ( 1 9 3 9 a ) ; L 3 7 e s s ( 1 5 7 6 ) ; ti1 Thompson a n d Thompson, f i e l d n o t e s ; Sq K a i p e r s ( 1 9 0 7 , 19691 : Cz, K i n k a i e ( I n p r e p a r a t i o n ) : S q V i t c h e l l ( 1 9 6 8 ) .

' K u l p a r s ( 1 9 7 6 : 12 ) gives PS *s-my-a'w) : * l y n x e , * c o y o t e ' . I t is p r o p o s 2 d a o c e c o n s e r v a t l v e l y h e r e a s a P I S f o r m u l t h t h e meanlr.3 ' l y n x ' . Tho 2 t y s o l o q y of t h e f o r m h a s p r o b a b l y b e e n l o s t . I t 1s p g r h a p s r e l a t a d t c t h e s3n r o o t may, ' f a s t e n ' a n d t h e Th l + r l c a l s u f f r x -2 'w) fo81nd I:.: y ) u y - e ' w ) : ' t o p r c k b e r r r e s '

r l p e - ?

S K u i p e r s ( 1 9 7 6 : 3 ) a d v a ~ c e d t h e suggestion o f PS * y > C 5 y, a s w e l l 3s t o e * T > S I N t y. !3e writes: * O n l y t o r t h e r n I S r e t s l c s a f u l l c o n p l e a ? n t j o f PS r e s o n a n t s ] , e l s e w h e r e 7 > y. ' Thompson (1379 :714) e c h o e s t n r s s , l 3 g e s t i o n , s t a t i n g P s * y . v a s ' p e r h a p s y o n t n r c 3 a s t . ' T h e e x a n o l e o n u n i c h % h e s u g g e s t i c n was base ' 3 v a s K u l p e r s ' ?S *s-my-a 'w) * l y n x / c o y o t e l , s h o w i n a u p a s Ld a s s b (i) ya'w ' c o y o t e 8 .

6 ~ a ' c o l l g a r * : k u t u ' n - s a m i y e ' ( w ) > k u t i s a m i y e ' ( w ) ' b i g ' * l y n x 7

/ / k u t u e n / / > h w t a y /--s; V > 8' ( r e d u c t i o n ) ; y > 1 k u t u ' n > k u t u y > k u t y > k w t i

I than^ B a r r y C a r l s o n f o r b r i n g i n g t h i s t o ly attention.

? T h e modern 4 r s t r i b u t r o n o f t h e l y n x (Lynx c a n a d e n s r s ) z o i n -

c i d e s n i c e l y v l t h t h e a b o r i g i n a l N I n t l i g u i s t i c a r e a ( I n g l e s 1905: 3 8 9 ; Cowdn a n d G l i g e t 1 9 6 5 ) . T h i s may i n d i c a t e t h a t t b e tersl *s-my-a'u) w a s n o t a PS word b u t o n e c o i n e d b y c o a s t a l S a l ~ s h m o v i n g i n t o t h e I n t e r i o r upon e n c o u n t e r i n g t h e n o v e l f e l i n e . The 1 ~ S c a t ( l y ~ x r u f u s ) h a s a much w i d e r modern d i s t r i b u t i o n , t a k i n g i n t h e w h o l e o f what was t h e a b o r i g i n a l S a l i s h a r e a . T h e p r o p o s e d PS *p )k )am ' b o b c a t ' ( K u i p e c s 1976: 12) is w e l l - a t t e s t e d on t h r o u g h o u t moch o f S a l i s h . T h e term f o r ' l y n x * , o n t h e o t h e r h a n d , a p p e a r s t o b e l a c k - i n g or l a n g u a g e s p e c i f i c t h r o u g h o u t S a l i s h o t h e r t h a n t h e N I n t , a n d t h i s may i n d l c a t e t h e ' l y n x ' ( L y n x c a n a d e n s i s ) was n o t a f a n i l r a r a n i m a l t o t h e C o a s t a n d S I n t S a l i s h p e o p l e s . The d e t a i l s c o n c e r n - i c g t h e s e two f e l i n e s h a v e y e t t o b e w o r k e d o u t . s o u r c e s o f t e n p r o v e t o b e o f l i t t l e u s e , b e c a u s e t h e term ' l y n x 1 1s u s e d f o r b o t h f e l i n e s ; t h i s is s i m i l a r t o p r o b l e m s w i t h v o c a b u l a r i e s t h a t 9 0 n o t a l v a y s d i f f e r e n t i a t e f i s h e r , m a r t e n , a n d w e a s e l .

a I f 5 is i n d e e d t h e c o r r e c t C o a s t r e f l e x f o r PS *4, t n e n t h e r z - f l e x o f P S *y m i g h t a l s o b e l e v o i c e d ; s o x, s , a n 3 s c o u l d b e p o s s i b l e CS r e f l e x e s t o c h e c k a g a i n s t N I n t 7.

P H e r e t h e a ~ ~ m e n t a t r v c - d i m i r u t i v e p a t t e r n would a p p e a r t o b e r e v e r s e d ; i.e. y+k s 3 g q e s t s a more a u g m e n t a t i v e n o t i o n , w h i l e Sg p s c , Li &a 'Eu7 a r e r e l a t i v e l y c o l o r l t s s o r t e n d t o w a r d t h e J r m r n u t l v e .

1 o F o r d r r e c t c o m p a r i s o n o f t h e p r o t o s y s t e m s p r o p o s e d b y t n e t w o a u t - h o r s t h e y a r e c i t e d t o g e t h e r h e r e :

K u l p e r s ( 1 9 7 9 )

P t c k V k* 1" p ) t b ) ? c ) h ) q ) k)w q ) - a

C s x J x u 8 * J P n l y 7 4 Y Lw h i J m ) n ) 1 1 y ) 7 ) L ) w ) 4 ) u '

1 IThompson f i r s t p r o p o s e 3 t h e l a l i o - v e l a r se t t o a c c o u n t f o r t h e s e c o r r e s p o n d e n c e s i n 1 9 6 5 i n a p a p e r r e a d 3 t t - h e 4 t h CAIL, 3 e n v e r . S x t t l e s ( 1 9 6 5 ) i n d e p e r . d e n t l y c a l l e d a t t e n t i o n t o t h e s a m e c o r r e s p 9 n - d e r c e s , w h i c h h e a t t r i b u t e s t o o r i g i n a l l a b r a l s ; e x t a c t l a b r 3 l s i c S t r a i t s l a n q n a g e s , h e s a y s a r e a l l d u e t o b o r r o w i n g . R a n k i n ( 1 9 7 4 ) p o i n t s o u t c h a t t h e l a b i o - v e l a r t o b i l a b r a l s h i f t is f a i r l y common

Page 7: IJAL,lingpapers.sites.olt.ubc.ca/files/2018/03/1981_Egesdal.pdf · nqo suffixes: -ilx lmotion', -alx 'plural' 3 The list of cognates is based on Kinkade's 1977 materials. 4 Karen

i n t h e world's languaqes, I t occurs i n Roumanian (< L a t i n ) , Uelsh and Breton, Oscan-nmbrian, Arcient Greek, Alabama-Kosdtr, Caado an3 Choctaw-Chickasaw among others . Proto-Uto-Aztecan *ku > Papaqo b can be added t o t h i s l ist (Voegelin, Voegelin, and Bale 1962:48).

IzNote, however, t h a t Haas (1978) grves k* a s a consonart i n her ' b a s i c c o r e f o r ::orth America*. e. g.

P t E k k* 7

m I1 s h

w i IJiiopper (1973) propsses a d i s t i c t i o n of p la in , e j e c t i v e

and murmured s t o p s e r i e s i n PIE a s an a l t e r n a t i v e t o the t r a d i t i o n a l v o i c e l e s s , vo ice l , an6 vorced a p i r a t e d s e r i e s , respec t ive ly . This s e r v e s t o make t h e P I X s t o p s look more l i k e a ' n a t u r a l ' system; e.3. i n s t e a d of the t r a l i t i o n a l t , d, dh he proposes t, t ) , J (d = mur- mured s t o p ) .

I * I am rc, ieSt61 t o Anatole Lyovin for information or Tibetan p > 5 change : t h s s s z i l a r La t in p > Roumanian (Bocce d i a l e z t s ) k , E is d i ~ c u s s e ~ l i n . l e t s i l b v Kankin (1974).

lssuadesh ( 1 9 5 3 : 3 5 ) proposes Proto-Wakashan * r , * T ) , l n s p i t e t h e f a c t t h a t t h e s e have not come down i n any of tne mo.lerfi languaqes, T h i s woltl(! have impl ica t ions f o r a t h e g r e a t e r a r e a l picture. rJnfart.lr.atelv, He o f f e r s no evidence An the way of re f - l e x e s f o r P i * l , + y ) o r satnple etymologies. He presunat~ly bases t h e recons t ruc t ian or some i r r e g u l a r alternations caused by t h e 'sozant1zin.j rnfi3er.cc of c e r t a i n s u f f i x e s ' (n - x , y: 1bi.l.: 3 6 , cf . a l s c Say i r 1 5 3 8 ) . cons ider ing the lack of support ing d a t a , the proposal for P % * r , * I ) m u s t be considered only t e n t a t i v e an3 scarce- l y coxpel l ing. rhss , = h e i cc idecce of remains s o i e l y t o the north of S a l i s h , p a r a l l t l i r o Its occurrence i n the NInt langun>es, willle i t is lack iaq i n a l l a r ? a s neighboring t h e CS an3 SInt lar~yuagss.

Ibroryari (1930 : 10) j l v e s s ' s p e c l a 1 sound cor respond~ncc ' of Yootrnay , y : Sal i shan 7. This p a r a l l e l s the PIS *7 > sInt y (ar.d 7) s h l t t . a o o t ~ r n y probably occupied an area south a n j west of its present o r even pre-zontact1 l o c a t i o n , which woull g i v s It an d f f i l r a t i o n more d i t h the S I n t than t h e NInt l i n g u i s t i c area. T t s h o u i l a l s o h ? note4 t h a t 3 p u t a t i v e Proto-Kooter.ay-Salish * q c o ~ ! l l l o q i c a l l y haV€ A E V ~ ~ O ; ) E . ~ t c Xootenay y f l t h e r rndepen3actly o r an p a r t of a l d t e r ' ~ a v e * a c r o s s the whole family a rea - a :;prca I whlch, &3.rver , j r a rot a f f e c t Northern I n t e r i o r d i a l e c t s o f ::kanaqaa, vhere t.5: a r e a l in f luence was inducing (or had a l - r-.ar:y r e s u l t e d ir.) cilc s h l f t of * ? t o 7.

160

Appendix

1. P I S *la7 'p ie rce ' S h l a 7 'put i c e : 'poke' Th yar ' i c s e r t t i g h t ' T i l a r ' i n s e r t ' ( 1 a ~ ) - c - a ' n ) : t o cork s. t.; with secoc ja ry

g l o t t a l l z a t i o n ) N O k 137 ' s t a b ' : ' s t i n q l Cm l i y ' s tab ' , p o k . t , $ p ~ ~ r Cr l e j ' p i e r c e a : ' p r i c k '

2. P I S 4 ~ a . p ' e r e c t ' ; ' v e r t i c a l ' Sh ~ e ' p ' t z ~ put up': ' t o s t a n d s.t- up' T h ye'p ' e r e c t ' L i ~ e ' p ' t o put up' X 3 k re'p ' long oh j e c t st acds' 53k. yr'p ' s t . 2 ~ 4ing'

3. ' t r e e 1 ( p r e s , ~ & a b l y etymoloqical ly connected w i t h 2 ) S h ( s ) c r e ' p Th s r e ' p L i r re 'p (Lyovlt) : cre 'p (Kaipers) NOk c r e e p S 7 k cayi 'o , cyr 'p

Q. 215 *snra 'w()) ' l y n x * ; 'coyote' S h se!are'w)/smaye'w) ' lynx ' T h smreev ) ' 1 y r . x ' L i S M ~ E ' V ) 'lycx' 3?k smiya'w ' coyote* Cs s/miya'.r 'coyote ' F a - S p k*ti-samye'u 'aosr- tain l i o n ' ; 'couqarl Ka-F1 k*ti-samiye' 'aountain l i o n ' : 'csuqar ' Y a ssya'w ' zovote ' C r s m i y i ' u ' coyote*

5 . PIS *ya l ' s t r o c g l S h 71-lnl- t ' s t r o c g l (CM q > r - * v * . , ' , $ . * .. ti L;-<al ' s tcor q'

i39k y a r ? ' p u s h s . t . ' ) Ka e l ) ' t o t r y bard': 'make a n e i f o r t ' Cr ' Ja r ' ' f i rm*

6. 215 * t ~ 7 '"h t a r ' b e s p r l t k l e * WOk t a r ' v a t ~ r flows' S > k t a y ' w ~ t e f runs ' Fa t r71-u- ie7xu? 'Sprrny' = 'melt g~ou?.d* Cr t ) a J ? ' F O U C l l y u r d ' ( 3 l o r t a i l z a t l o n ? )

t i m ) ? ' (snow) m d l t '

7. PIS * r e ( ' ) ? Sh ~ i ' ' t h i s w

Page 8: IJAL,lingpapers.sites.olt.ubc.ca/files/2018/03/1981_Egesdal.pdf · nqo suffixes: -ilx lmotion', -alx 'plural' 3 The list of cognates is based on Kinkade's 1977 materials. 4 Karen

Ka y e ' t h i s ' R e f e r f nces

8. P I S * 7 a n ? ~ h 7 a n * s h i v e r e NOk 7 a n * i t c h *

9. PIS * s a ~ ~h s a ~ * s h a k e o f f ' ~ h s a y ' a s p i r a t e : b l o w w i t h m o u t h * CB k - s b - a . u ) - n * s h a k e a t r ee* s&L-h t 1C-. COC'C)'

1 0 . PIS * 7 e c ? ' h a w k * wok r e ' c r c * h a v h * S2k y y ) i ' c y e * hawk1

11. 4 d d r t l o n a l S h u s w a p f o r n s c o c t a i n i n y y: , a . c e ~ * t ~ u r n * c, , , - r,, , L q M . ac,,' b- ? e l * C G O ~ s.t. o f f * C. 7 ' a l * c v e n l r . g * 3. t ) y l ' - r t - s * t o c o m p e t e w i t h s.0. : t o d o u b t o n e ' s w o r d *

12. 4 d 3 l t l 0 f i a l P h o a p s o n f o r n s a . c 1 3 7 ' v e r t ~ c a l * k . an ' h l g n - w a t e r ' C. T J S ' b e g l n t o g e t d a r k * e.g. ' e s - t - 7 3 ' s - e ;

' r t ' s j u s t h e g i n n l n g t o y e t d a r n * d . f a t *r ,umb* e . 7 a t ' s t l c k h l a d e ~ n ' f- k 3 7 ' s w e e p '

1 3 . 3 d 3 r t ~ o n a l h o r t h e r n O K a Z a g a n f o r m s v r t h 7: , a . ~ o v ' b u r r o w * e . 3. T O Y - x o ' t n : ' b a d d e r * C w a *" auw14k uh F. c a y ' f a s t e r t E - 3 . m~-me ' r . : ' s a f e t y p l n *

%-CM , j a b f i - %r =- l a . A 3 l l r r o o C o r u r d ' A l e n e f o r m s w l t h 3: a. :ax *ping; * b r a c e '

' m a r k by scratching* 1 )

b . :ay cw. ya5 - & \ a ? I , ./-J,i/t c. f l y ) J L ~ ) ( - t ) * b e u g l y f ; lhome:y*: ' u g l y * I

ha '; ' . < kx.,nuv,! '

3 l o o a f i e l d , L e o n a r d . 1 9 4 6 , A l g o n q u i a n . L i n g u i s t i c s t r u c t u r e s o f N a t i v e A m e r i c a . V i k i n g F u n d P u b l i c a t i o n s i n A n t h r o p o i o g y 6 - 8 5 - 129,

P o a s , P r a n z e t a l . n s . C o m p a r a t i v e s a l i s h a n Vocabularies. A m e r i c a n P h i l o s o p h i c a l S o c i e t y .

R o a s , P r a n z , a n d H e r m a r H a e b e r l i n . 1 9 2 7 . S o u n d s h l f t s i n S a l i s h d i a - lec ts . I J A L 3.39-45.

C a r l s o n , B a r r y . In p r e p a r a t i o n . S ~ o k d n e D i c t i o n a r y .

C a m p e l l , Joe R. 1976. U n d t r l y r n y / p w / i n H u e y a p a n s a h u a t l . I J A L U2.U6-50,

C h a f e , W q l l a c e L. 1 9 7 9 . Cadrloar, . T h e l a n g u a y e s o f N a t l v e A m e r i c a , e d l t e d b y L y l e C a m p e l l a n d n a r i a n n e K i t h u n . A u s t i n : q n l v e r s l t y of T e x a s P r e s s .

C o o t , 5. D. 1977. S v l l a t l e w e i g h t i n t h r e e n o r t h e r n A t h a b a s k a n l a r g l a y e s . I J A L 43.259-268.

C o w a n , I a n ? l c T a g q e r t , a n d C h a r l e s J. G u i g e t . 1 9 6 7 . T h e mamm31? o f 3 r i t i s h C o l u m b i a .

; i L s o n , J a m e s 4. 1 9 7 9 . S h u s v a p j r a f f i n a t i c a l s t r u T t u r e . ' J n r v e r s r t y o f H a w a i i h o r k i n g P a p e r s i n L i n g u r s t i c s 5 : s .

G o d d a r d , I v e s . 1 9 7 0 . Ar o u r l i c e o f t h e h l s t o r r c a l p n o n o l o g y o f 4 r a p a h o a h 3 A t s i n a . I J A L 4 0 - 1 0 2 - 1 17.

E a a s , 5 a r y H. 1978. L a n q u a q e , c u l t u r e , a n d h i s t o r y . S t a n f o r 3 ! l n i v e r s i t y P r e s s .

' s r ~ c r , P a u l J, ; l o t t a l i z s d a n d m u r m u r e d o c c l u s i v e s i n I n d o - E u r o p e a n . G l o s s a 7. 1 4 1 - 166.

I n q l e s , L l o y , i G. 1967. X a m m a l s o f t h c P a c i f i c s t a t e s . S t a n f 3 r 3 l l n r v e r s r r y P r e s s .

F , ~ i ~ e r s , A e r t . 1 9 7 0 . ' T o w a r d s a S a l r s n e t y m o l o g l c a l d l c t i o c a r y . ' L i n q u a 2 6 - 4 6 - 7 2 .

1 9 7 4 . T h e S h u s v a p L a c g u d g e : G r a m m a r , T e x t s , D r c t r o n a r y . J a n L , S e r i e s P r a c t i c a 225.

1 9 7 6 . *On t h e p h o n o l o g i c a l t y p o l o g y o f e r o t o - S a l l s h . * P a ? e r p r e - s e n t e d a t t h e X L I I I n t e r n a t l o n a l C o n g r e s s o f A a e r l c a n i s t s , P a r i s , 1 9 7 6 .

Page 9: IJAL,lingpapers.sites.olt.ubc.ca/files/2018/03/1981_Egesdal.pdf · nqo suffixes: -ilx lmotion', -alx 'plural' 3 The list of cognates is based on Kinkade's 1977 materials. 4 Karen

1979. 'On r e c o n s t r u c t i n g t h e P r o t o - S a l i s h s o u n d s y s t e m . ' P a p e r p r e s e n t e d a t t h e 1 4 t h I n t e r n a t i o n a l C o n f e r e n c e on S a l i s h L a n g u a g e s . B e l l i n g h a m , Wa., 1979.

K r a u s s , n i c h a e l 9. 1964, P r o t o - A t h a b a s k a n a n d t h e p r o b l e m o f Na- Dene I: p h o n o l o g y . IJAL 30.118-131.

K i n k a d e , 7. b a l e . I n p r e p a r a t i o n . C o v l i t z D i c t i o n a r y .

L e e r , J e f f , 1979. P r o t o - A t h a b a s k a n v e r b v t e n v a r i a t i o n . P a r t I: P h o n o l o g y . A l a s k a N a t i v e L a n g u a g e C e n t e r R e s e a r c h P a p e r s , no. 1.

K a t t l n a , A n t h o n y , a n d T l m o t h y N o n t l e r . I n p r e p a r a t i o r . . C o l v i l l e D i c t i o n a r y .

K i t c h e l l , n a r j o r l e R. 1968. A d i c t i o n a r y o f S o n g i s h , a d i a l e c t o f S t r a r t s S a l i s h . O n i v e r s i t y o f V i c t o r i a # . A . t h a s i s .

F i t h u n , T a r l a n n e . 1979 , I r o q u o i a n . The l a n g u a g e s o f N a t i v e X a o r l c a , e d l t r d b y L y l e C a m p e l l a n d n a r i a n n e X i t h n n . A w t i n : 7 n l v e r s l t y ~ f t e x a s P r e s s .

: 4o rqan , L a u r e n c e ;. 1980. K o o t c n a y - S a l i s h a n l l n j u l s t r c comparison: a p r ~ l l m r n a r y s t u d y . U ~ l v e r s i t y o f B r l c l s n C o l u m b l a N . A . t h e s i s .

P l~ lx ro , P a n e l a . 19bS. P r o t o - n t o - A z t e c a n *u: OLE: s o l l r c e f o r L u r s e E o 1w. I . I A L 34.135-136.

T i c h o l s , Jonn:I.i. 1971. D i m i s n t ~ v e s y m b c l r s e i r , w e s t e r n k x e r i c a . L d n g l l a ~ j e 47.826-848.

C a n k i n , Hobert. 1314. L 2 t i n k w , q w > f iouman idn p , t: An E x p l a n - d t i o n , L ' a p ~ r p r e s e n t t : l a t t h e T e x a s Svm2osium o n s J s a r . c e C l n y u i s t l c s .

?€i i r rh , l r 1, i;i . ~ . l j . i . 193R. C o e u r d ' A l e n e . ! !d? .dboo~ o f A n e c l c a r . I c i i a r . Lano l l a JC'S 3.517-707.

1739. s t e m - l r s t o f t h c C o e u r d g A l e n e l a n g u a y e . I JAL 13.92- 133.

1353-1>0. h c ~ n p ~ r i s o n o f f i v e S a l i s h l a n y u a g e s , ed . b y F i o r s n c e !!. v o g i l e l i n . i JAL 24 .293-330 ; 25.9-15, 90-6, 150-67 , 231-53 : Lh.50-h 1.

r i c c , ~ r - r c n 7 l l - ! l t c r . 1 9 7 7 - T h e c o n t i n ~ a n t s i n d a r e , I J 4 L 4 3 . 315-326.

F i y s b y , nroc ,>. 3:d l l c n a e l i i l v e r s t e i n . 1569. Nez p e r c e v o w e l s 1 x 3 pro to - : ; 3 h ~ ; ) t i a n v o w e l h a r m o n y . Lg- 45 -45-53 .

S h e r z e r , Joel. 1976. An a r e a l - t y p o l o g i c a l s t u d y 9f A m e r i c a n I n d i a n l a n q u a g e s c o r t h o f Y e x i c o . Amsterdam: N o r t h H o l l a s d P u b i i s h i c 3 Company,

S u a d e s h , "oris. 1952 . S a l i s h p h o n o l o g i c g e o g r a p h y . Lg 28.232-248.

1953. Y o s a n I: A p r o b l e m o f r e m o t e common o r i g i n . I JAL. 19.26-U4.

Thompson , L a u r e c c e C. 1979. S a l i s h a n a n d t h e N o r t h w e s t . The l a n q u a q e s o f N d t i v e America, e d i t e d b y L y l e C a m p e l l a n d Y a r i a n n e f i i t h o n . A l l s t i n : U n i v e r s i t y o f T e x a s P r e s s .

' \ ---- , f!. T e r r y Thompson , e t d l . I n p r e p a r a t i o n . A D i c t i o n a r y of t h z

Thompson l a n g u a g e ,

V o e g e l r n , C a r l F., V o c g e l i n P.F., a n d H a l e , K e n c e t b . 1962. T y p o l o - q i c a l a n d c o m p a r a t i v e g r a m m a r o f U t o - A z t e c ~ n : I ( P h o n o l o g y ) . I n d l a c a P u b i l c a t l o c s i n A n t h r o p o l o g y a n d L i n g u i s t r c s , ?emor r 17. s u p p l e m e n t t o I J A L 28.1.

V o g t , Hans. 194J't . T h e K a l i s p e l Lanquaqe. O s l o , De t N o r s k e Y i 3 e a s - cap -Akademi .

1943b. S a l i s h a n S t u d i e s : C o m p a r a t i v e n o r e s o c K a l i s p e l , S p o k a n e , C o l v i l l o , a n 2 C o e u r d 9 A l e n e . ( S k r i f t e r u t y i t t a v Det NorsKe V ~ d e c s ~ a p s - Akademi , 11, H i s t . - F i l o s . K l a s s e No 2.) 0513.

U a t k r n s , 3orLa13. ' A D e s c r l ~ t r o n o f t h e p h o n s m e s a s d p o s l t l c ~ r . c l d s - sts i n t t c m o r r h o l o q y o f Head o f t h e L a k e 3 k a n a g a n ( S a l r s h ) . '

U n l v ~ r s i t y o f A l b e r t a E l s s e r t a t r o c , .

S a p i r , Edward , 1938. G l o t t a l i z e d r e s o n a n t s i n Navaho, Y o o t k a , a n 1 K v a k i u t l ( w l t h d n o t e o n I n d c - E u r ~ ~ e a n ) . Lg. 14.248-74. r R e p r i t l t e d i n S e l e c t e d W r i t i n g s o f Edward S a p i r 225-50. 1