Iilleteracy in India

8/13/2019 Iilleteracy in India

1/22

Name : Unnati .R.Pathak

Roll No. : 51Class: TY BBA (GEN)


2/22


3/22


4/22

A person who is unable to sign andunable to read and write in simplesentences is called an

ILLITERATE


5/22

Economic condition of the people. Ineffective implementation of educational

programmes in rural area.

Lack of entrepreneurship by the educated to shareand spread knowledge.

Preference to work rather than to study(no internaleconomic incentives).

Emigration of educated individuals(external economic

incentives). No family support.

Many sublings.


6/22

UNESCO (United Nations Educational, Scientificand Cultural Organization)

According to them in 2004

i. In North america the level of illiteracy rate was6.9% or 42 million people.

ii.In EUROPEthe level of illiteracy rate was2.2%or 13 million people.

iii. InASIAthe level of illiteracy rate was 2% or11.81 million people.


7/22

Illiteracy is one of the biggest problems that India is facing incontemporary world. Illiteracy is the mother of various other issues likepoverty, population explosion, unemployment, child labor andfemale foeticide. When the masses are illiterate they are unaware aboutthese social issues and consequently they end up being a part of it.Illiteracy is a major stumbling block in the growth and development of

the country. The majority of the population in India is still illiteratewhich is hampering the progress. In India, illiteracy is basically categorized as wide gaps between rural

and urban populations. The majority of the people are illiterateespecially in rural areas, where people are unaware about the ill effectsof being illiterate and moreover facilities are also not ample. Theenrolment level of students in primary and secondary grades is verylow in rural areas. In spite of various schemes and initiatives by theGovernment to promote literacy the results are not satisfactory. Eventhere is a wide variation in the literacy ratio of males and females. Indiais a male dominated society and thus the right of education seems to beowned by them only.
http://www.shemford.com/blog/illiteracy-in-indiahttp://www.shemford.com/blog/illiteracy-in-indiahttp://www.shemford.com/blog/illiteracy-in-india


8/22

Literacy is a strong weapon which can root out the socialissues like casteism, dowry, corruption and child labor.Literate population can contribute manifolds in theeconomic and social development of a nation. If India

wants to be a developed and powerful nation, then literacy

is the key. The government should introduce new schemesand policies and should allocate special funds to promoteliteracy. Although child labor is banned but still it is beingpracticed which is again a factor responsible for illiteracyamong young children. Government alone can not doanything; the citizen should also be aware about thebenefits of literacy and thus contribute and make efforts tokill the demon of illiteracy.


9/22

The 15th official census in India was calculated in the year 2011. In a country like India,literacy is the main foundation for social and economic growth. When the British ruleended in India in the year 1947 the literacy rate was just 12%. Over the years, India haschanged socially, economically, and globally. After the 2011 census, literacy rate India 2011was found to be 74.04%. Compared to the adult literacy rate here the youth literacy rate isabout 9% higher. Though this seems like a very great accomplishment, it is still a matterof concern that still so many people in India cannot even read and write. The numbers ofchildren who do not get education especially in the rural areas are still high. Though the

government has made a law that every child under the age of 14 should get freeeducation, the problem of illiteracy is still at large.

Now, if we consider female literacy rate in India, then it is lower than the male literacyrate as many parents do not allow their female children to go to schools. They get marriedoff at a young age instead. Though child marriage has been lowered to very low levels, itstill happens. Many families, especially in rural areas believe that having a male child isbetter than having a baby girl. So the male child gets all the benefits. Today, the female

literacy levels according to the Literacy Rate 2011 census are 65.46% where the maleliteracy rate is over 80%. The literacy rate in India has always been a matter of concernbut many NGO initiatives and government ads, campaigns and programs are being heldto spread awareness amongst people about the importance of literacy. Also thegovernment has made strict rules for female equality rights. India literacy rate has shownsignificant rise in the past 10 years.


10/22

Illiteracy rate in differentregion:-


11/22

Literacy in India has made remarkable stridessince Independence. This has been further confirmed by the results ofthe Census 2001. The literacy rate has increased from 18.33% in 1951 to64.84% in 2001. This is despite the fact that during the major part ofthe last five decades there has been exponential growth of thepopulation at nearly 2% per annum. Some of the important highlights

of Census 2001 are given below: The literacy rate in the country has increased to 64.84%, which reflects

an overall increase of 12.63%, the fastest decadal growth ever. This isthe highest rate since independence.

The male literacy rate has increased to 75.26%, which shows anincrease of 11.13%. On the other hand, the female literacy of 53.67% has

increased at a much faster rate of 14.38%. The male-female literacy gap has reduced from 24.84% in 1991 to

21.59% in 2001. Mizoram has the smallest gap (3.97%) followed byKerala (6.52%) and Meghalaya (5.82%).


12/22

Literacy efforts

The right to educationis a fundamental right,[and UNESCO aims at education for all by

2015.[] India, along with the Arab states and sub-Saharan Africa, has a literacy levelbelow the threshold level of 75%, but efforts are on to achieve that level. The campaign

to achieve at least the threshold literacy level represents the largest ever civil and

military mobilization in the country.[International Literacy Dayis celebrated each year

on 8 September with the aim to highlight the importance of literacy to individuals,communities and societies.

Government schemes

National Literacy Mission

The National Literacy Mission, launched in 1988, aimed at attaining a literacy rate of 75

per cent by 2007. It imparts functional literacy to non-literates in the age group of 15

35 years. The Total Literacy Campaign is the principal strategy of the NLM for

eradication of illiteracy. The Continuing Education Scheme provides a learningcontinuum to the efforts of the Total Literacy and Post literacyprogrammes.[

Sarva Siksha Abhiyan

The Sarva Siksha Abhiyan(Hindifor Total Literacy Campaign) was launched in 2001 to

ensure that all children in the 614 year age-group attend school and complete eight

years of schooling by 2010. An important component of the scheme is the Education

Guarantee Scheme and Alternative and Innovative Education, meant primarily forchildren in areas with no formal school within a one kilometre radius. The centrally

sponsored District Primary Education Programme, launched in 1994, had opened morethan 160,000 new schools by 2005, including almost 84,000 alternative schools.[
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Right_to_educationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literacy_in_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literacy_in_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literacy_in_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post_literacyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post_literacyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post_literacyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post_literacyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literacy_in_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literacy_in_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literacy_in_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Right_to_educationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Right_to_educationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Right_to_educationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Right_to_educationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Right_to_education


13/22

Non-governmental efforts

The bulk of Indian illiterates live in the country's rural areas, where social and

economic barriers play an important role in keeping the lowest strata of society

illiterate. Government programmes alone, however well intentioned, may not beable to dismantle barriers built over centuries. Major social reformation efforts are

sometimes required to bring about a change in the rural scenario. Several non-

governmental organizations such as ITC, Rotary Club, Lions Clubhave worked to

improve the literacy rate in India.

[Mamidipudi Venkatarangaiya Foundation

Shantha Sinha won a Magsaysay Award in 2003 in recognition of "her guiding the

people of Andhra Pradesh to end the scourge of child labour and send all of their

children to school." As head of an extension program at the University of

Hyderabad in 1987, she organized a three-month-long camp to prepare children

rescued from bonded labour to attend school. Later, in 1991, she guided her

familysMamidipudi Venkatarangaiya Foundationto take up this idea as part of itsoverriding mission in Andhra Pradesh. Her original transition camps grew into

full-fledged residential "bridge schools." The foundation's aim is to create a social

climate hostile to child labour, child marriage and other practices that deny

children the right to a normal childhood. Today the MV Foundations bridge

schools and programs extend to 4,300 villages.[
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotary_Clubhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lions_Clubhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Hyderabadhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Hyderabadhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bonded_labourhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mamidipudi_Venkatarangayyahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Child_marriagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Child_marriagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Child_marriagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Child_marriagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mamidipudi_Venkatarangayyahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mamidipudi_Venkatarangayyahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mamidipudi_Venkatarangayyahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mamidipudi_Venkatarangayyahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mamidipudi_Venkatarangayyahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bonded_labourhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bonded_labourhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bonded_labourhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Hyderabadhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Hyderabadhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Hyderabadhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Hyderabadhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Hyderabadhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lions_Clubhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lions_Clubhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lions_Clubhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotary_Clubhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotary_Clubhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotary_Club


14/22

I.SARVA SHIKSHAABHIYAN :-


15/22


16/22


17/22

In all the States and Union Territories the male literacy rate except Bihar (59.68%) isnow over 60%.

For the first time since independence there has been a decline in the absolute number ofilleteracy during the decade. In the previous decades, there has been a continuousincrease in the number of illiterates, despite the increase in the literacy rates, but now forthe first time the total number of illiterates has come down by 24.77 million.

The number of literate persons has increased to 560.68 million in 2001 thus adding an

additional 201.40 million literates in the country.

Rajasthan has recorded the highest increase i.e.21.86% in the literacy rate among theStates/UTs of India. Literacy rate of Rajasthan in 7+ population in 1991 was 38.55% whichhas increased to 60.41% in 2001.

The state also recorded very good increase in the female literacy. It was 20.44% in 1991,which has increased to 43.85% in 2001.

The female literacy rate of Chhattisgarh in 7+ population in 1991 was 27.52% which hasincreased to 51.85% in 2001. Thus the rise in female literacy rate in Chhattisgarh hasbeen to the extent of 24.33%, which is the highest among all the States/UTs of thecountry.

Madhya Pradesh also recorded a good increase in female literacy rate i.e.20.94%. In 1991the literacy rate of females was 29.35%, which has increased to 50.29% in 2001.


18/22


19/22

Total Literacy Campaign (TLC) has been the principal strategy of the National Literacy Mission(NLM) for eradication of illiteracy after the success of the campaign mode in Ernakulamdistrict of Kerala.

The TLC has certain positive characteristics like being area-specific, time-bound, participative,delivery through voluntarism, cost effective and outcome oriented. Though the campaignemphasizes the achievement of predetermined levels of literacy and numeracy, there areother activities linked up with TLCs, such as campaigns for universal enrolment and retentionin schools, immunization, conservation of environment, the small family norm, womens

empowerment, etc.

The TLC has an assumed duration of 12 to 18 months of which half is devoted to preparationand half to actual teaching/learning activity. In exceptionally difficult areas, the duration issuitably extended. Two activities, namely, environment building as well as monitoring andinternal evaluation are continued throughout the campaign.

The initial activity of environment building is closely followed by a door-to-door survey toidentify potential learners and volunteer instructors. Suitable primers (in 3 parts) are

developed through the State Resource Centres for adult education in accordance with thenew pedagogic technique of Improved Pace and Content of Learning.

The three-legged management structure of TLC consists of popular committees from districtto village levels, the ZSS supported by the subject-specific sub-committees, and the officials ofthe district and block level administration.

Literacy campaigns are implemented by the Zilla Saksharata Samitis, usually headed bydistrict collectors. Both the central and state governments participate in funding in the ratio of2:1 for normal districts while the ratio of center and State share for districts under tribal sub-plan areas is 4:1. Presently, per learner cost for a TLC is between Rs.90 to 180.


20/22

Although the total literacy campaigns took the form of a mass movement and spread throughout thecountry, in many cases a number of campaigns stagnated due to natural calamities, lack of political will,frequent transfer of collectors, etc. Restoration of stagnating projects is a priority area. Despite success ofliteracy phase, there are still pockets of residual illiteracy. Priority would continue to be given to cover thedistricts uncovered so far and those having female literacy rate below 30%. Focus continues on women andthose belonging to disadvantaged groups.

The funding ratio between the Centre and State Government is 2:1 with the exception of districts under the

tribal sub-plan where the ratio is 4:1. Implementing agencies are now allowed to incur expenditure on basicliteracy activities along with post-literacy and advanced phase of Continuing Education.

According to 2001 Census, 47 districts in the country have female literacy rate below 30%. Most of thesedistricts are concentrated in Bihar, Jharkhand, Uttar Pradesh, and Orissa. Special innovative projects arebeing taken up to raise the level of female literacy in these areas. Special efforts are being made to targetfemale Panchayati Raj functionaries and make them literate.

Since this problem is most acute in Bihar and Uttar Pradesh, to begin with, 8 low female literacy districts inU.P. have been brought under an accelerated peogramme of female literacy, which was implemented througha network of about 100 NGOs. As per evaluation conducted in 8 AFLP districts of Uttar Pradesh, it has beenreported that out of enrolment of 24.53 lakh female learners, 17.10 lakh learners have been made literate.

Accelerated Female Literacy Project (AFLP) was sanctioned to nine low female literacy districts in Orissa. Theywere: Gajapati, Nupada, Kalahandi, Rayagada, Nabarangpur, Koraput, Malkangiri, Bolangir and Sonepur. Outof 122 NGOs identified for implementation of AFLP, 117 have come forward to participate in the programme.It has been reported that 9.10 lakh female learners have been identified, out of which 9.03 lakh were enrolled.

It has been reported that under Accelerated Female Literacy Projects in Orissa, 5.80 lakh female learner havecompleted primer III.


21/22

Reasons for Low Literacy Rate The absence of adequate school infrastructure like improper facilities and

inefficient teaching staff is one of the main factors affecting literacy in India. Thereis a shortage of 6lakh classrooms to accommodate all the students in 2006-

2007.[In addition, there is no proper sanitation in most schools. The study of 188

government-run primary schools in central and northern India revealed that 59%

of the schools had no drinking water facility and 89% no toilets A Public Report

On Basic Education (PROBE) team did surveys and reported that India had very

poor infrastructure in 1999 and a 25% rate of teachers being absent from schoolon any particular day in 2005. In 600,000 villages and multiplying urban slum

habitats, free and compulsory education is the basic literacy instruction

dispensed by barely qualified para teachers.]The average Pupil Teacher Ratio for

All India is 1:42, implying teacher shortage Such inadequacies resulted in a non-

standardized school system where literacy rates may differ. Furthermore, the

expenditure allocated to education was never above 4.3% of the GDP from 1951-

2002 despite the target of 6% by the Kothari Commission. This furthercomplicates the literacy problem in India.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literacy_in_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literacy_in_India


22/22

THANKYOUHAVE A

GOOD DAY

Documents

Iilleteracy in India