III: Histories, Journals, Dictionaries, Encyclopedias, and other writings

explaining the religious, pedagogical, and cultural influences on folk performances

Abiodun, Rowland. "What Follows Six Is More Than Seven: Understanding African Art." British Museum Occasional Papers. London: The British Museum, 1995.

Abrahams, Robert D. "The Daddy's Ear." Nevis, West Indies: Morning Star, 1980.

Abrahams, Roger. "Charles Walter, West Indian Autolycus." Western Folklore 27 (1968): 77-95.

• Comparison between local Nevisian folk artist and Shakespeare's character in the Winter's Tale; patterns of British folk expression; all the major traditional festivals on these islands, in form of observance, are patterned on British practices.

• Walter's songs are dominated by British (and American) forms, but are suffused with a tone and point of view that combines European, African, and local West Indian elements.

• formal devices in Walter's songs borrowed from England; "come-all-ye-opening" ballad meter, verse chorus, moralistic ending (81); tone and point of view, completely West Indian; use of local scandal, adoption of WI conventions of the catalog song--the Bush to Kill the Baby & Grievance of Man; Texts for Mr. Maloney's Mule, "syncretistic amalgamation"; love & friendship; world leaders, Roosevelt, King George VI, rejection of sentimental love due to instability of conjugal union; darker side of picture from British traditional songs, Barbara Allen, The Butcher Boy; love fiction created by women for their own profit; Grievance--most widely remembered song; Misogynistic theme; generally how a man in St. Kitts made fool of himself over a girl; Long Tongue Man; local incidents; disasters and tragedies, songs of scandal; --sentimental & humorous; 1949 Sinking of the Crown; awkward 5th stanza and moralizing conclusion; 1950 Tragedy at Brimstone Hill;

• Church ground Informer Song; (Hammond--name for moonshine in Nevis;) songs commemorating historical events in elegiac or hortatory terms; diction foreign; deaths of George VI; Roosevelt and his friend Webbe; coronation hymns to George VI & Elizabeth II; //memory of Queen Victoria and her "supposed" role in emancipation; songs about island life; importance of breadfruit tree; recipe for a tea to induce abortion; "The Bush to Kill the Baby"; reconstructed texts--Walters

left no printed collection; Comparison between Barbara Allen, "Butcher Boy--Maybelle Simmonds, Lowlands, Nevis, her version.

---. "The West Indian Tea Meeting: An Essay in Civilization." Old Roots in the New World. Westport: Greenwood, 1977. 173-208.

Abrahams, Roger D. "The Cowboy in the British West Indies." The Texas Folklore Society 32 (1964): 168-75.

• Cowboys and Indians; wassailing as serenading; mummers as buzzard--or neagar business; little improvised plays based on local happening; scene and musical interlude; 2 separate groups, from movies and comic books; final line, King George said I be an Indian: or President Roosevelt made me an Indian.

---. "The Shaping of Folklore Traditions in the British West Indies." Journal of Inter-American Studies 9 (1967): 456-80.

---. "Introductory Remarks to a Rhetorical Theory of Folklore." Journal of American Folklore 81 (1968): 143-58.

---. "Speech Mas' on Tobago." Tire Shrinker to Dragster. Wilson J., ed. Hudson. Austin: Encino Press, 1968. 125-43.

---. "Public Drama and Common Values in Two Caribbean Islands." Trans-Action July/Aug 1968: 62-71.

--"'Pull Out Your Purse and Pay' A St. George Mumming from the British West Indies." Folklore 57.20 (Autumn 1968): 176-201.

• Important article making connections between 17th century English peasants who settled in St. Kitts & Nevis and the mumming traditions; attempt to identify exact source of two versions of St George play, "sketch the milieu in which they were found, and then to rehearse the previous scholarly findings to suggest which theories are corroborated and which are not" (177). Common elements--procession, ritual combat, death and comic resuscitation (176).

• 2 texts: #1 witnessed on Jan. 1, 1966--road performance by group from Phillips, also associated with town of Lodge Village; second text from Willie Archibald, Pot Works, Nevis, learned from Lodge Village group in 1930s; hadn't seen play for twenty years, Nevis version shorter, fewer characters--no James Dolly and Page; same adversaries, combats and results but Page & Giant; also St. George is slain by Giant; new important speech in St. George's speech to Princess; resuscitation here; no quote and 4 (George, Patrick, David, & Andrew) champions make WI versions unique;

• Margaret Dean-Smith identified 2 forms of combat-drama, (1) one hero defeats all challengers, (2) leader and his company (?); WI plays have parallel in plays throughout English--Helm identifies Yorkshire text with multiple champions but no doctor, series of combats & deaths; another chapbook text with the same 4 champions; includes Princess Sabrina; // in other texts from Cornwall, Hampshire, Sussex; Major questions--what account for their length and the repetition of the combats, and where does this place them in the history and dissemination of this widespread folkplay? "West Indian environment in which there is a stronger folk play tradition than in Great Britain, more players were available in search of hero roles" (195). //Bull Play in Nevis, in 1962 Captain

• Joe Huggins responded to demands of player for more bulls, rewrote the play for seven instead of one; ///in COWBOYS AND INDIANS--large number of leading performers; final theory, WI texts represent a tradition closer to the original source-play than any others; theory that original source play had seven champions; two islands settled in 1620Æs; white Scotch-Irish indentured servants brought traditions to islands; Christmas Sports, Wassailing (Serenading), elaborate Morris Dance (Masquerade) Big Drum in reality a fife-and-drum set; dialect and rhetoric not at all close to the local creole; play preserved in a more archaic state than any place in the British Isles; analysis of speeches of characters which distinguish between various antagonists; possible existence of ur-play.

---. "A Performance-Centered Approach to Gossip." Man 5 (1970): 290-301.

---. "British West Indian Drama and the 'Life Cycle' Problem." Folklore 81 (1970): 241-65.

---. "Patterns of Performance in the British West Indies." Afro-American Anthropology: Contemporary Perspectives. Norman E. Whitten Jr. and John F. Szwed, eds. New York: Free Press, 1970. 163-79.

---. "Joking: The Training of the Man of Words in Talking Broad." Rappin' and Stylin' Out: Communication in Urban Black America. Thomas Kochman, ed. Chicago: University of Illinois Press, 1972. 215-40.

---. "The Training of the Man of Words in Talking Sweet." Language in Society 1.1 (1972): 15-29.

---. "Christmas Mummings on Nevis." North Carolina Folklore Journal 21 (1973): 120-31.

---. "Traditions of Eloquence in Afro-Caribbean Communities in the Caribbean."Caribbean Issues 6.3 (1974): 44-60.

---. "Symbolic Landscapes on St. Vincent." Revue Canadienne d'Anthropologie 2 (1981): 45-53.

---. The Man-of-Words in the West Indies: Performance and the Emergence of Creole Culture. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins U.P.,1983.

Abrahams, Roger D. and John F. Szwed, eds. After Africa: Extracts from British Travel Accounts of the Seventeenth, Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries Concerning the Slaves, Their Manners , and Customs in the British West Indies. New Haven:Yale U.P., 1983.

Abrahams, Roger D. and Richard Bauman. "Sense and Nonsense in St. Vincent: Speech Behavior and Decorum in a Caribbean Community." American Anthropologist 73 (1971): 762-72.

Alegria, Ricardo E. "The Fiesta of Santiago Apostol (St. James the Apostle) in Loiza, Puerto Rico." Journal of American Folklore . American Folklore Society (1956).

• Account of syncretic combination of Spanish and African cultures present in the festival; parallel references in other folk performances , costumes, masks, music, similar division of characters between Christians and pagans (vejigantes) as in British mummers; vejigantes.

Alford, Violet. "Hobby Horses." Folklore 79 (1968 Summer 1968): 122-34.

Ali, Arif, ed .Grenada, Carriacou, Petit Martinique: Spice Islands of the Caribbean. London: Hansib Publishing Limited, 1994.

Alleyne, Mervyn C. Roots of Jamaican Culture. London: Pluto, 1988.

---. "A Linguistic Perspective on the Caribbean." Caribbean Contours. Sidney W. Mintz and Sally Price, eds. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins U.P., 1992. 155-77.

American Bible Society, ed. The Holy Bible Containing the Old and New Testaments. Translated out of the Original Tongues and with the Former Translations Diligently Compared and Revised. King James Version. New York: American Bible Society, 1972. [1611].

Anderson, John L. Night of the Silent Drums. New York: Scribner, 1975.

• Semi-fictionalized account of a slave revolt in St. John, V.I, in 1733; author makes it read like a novel.

Anduce, Del. "Good Morn-Ing, Good Morn-Ing! An' Ah Wish Yo' Mer-Ry Christ-Mas." Virgin Islands View 1.7 (December 1965): 16-23.

• Cruzian carols, kicking cardboard boxes, thunderbolts & firecrackers, food, scratch band, steel band, wine & brandy, Cruzian Christmas Tree decorated with candies & small samples of gin, scotch, bourbon, & rum; church--once a year; flute, fiddler, drummer, box-bass, muffler piper; streets of St. Thomas 30 yrs. ago; girls dressed as Danish girls; music; Fungi band; Xmas eve night, Choralers visiting homes of important people; groups as large as 60, sing until sunrise; pole platted with streamers; Mocko Jumbies, Big Head; David and Goliath, Donkey Man, Indians, Uncle Sam, Martha Washington's, from Xmas day to second Day Xmas, Old Year's Night, New Year's day, 3 King's day; Merry making died out in 1930s; revival for spring Carnival; 1950s only one old traditional Zulus;

Anniversary Committee. "Charlestown Methodist Church 150 Years: 1844-1994." Charlestown, Nevis: Nevis Printing, 1994.

• The History of Methodism in Nevis by Rev. George E. Lawrence gives account of Methodism from Coke's visit in 1787 to present.

Anonymous. "Digging Up Our Cultural Roots After change from Christmas Sports to Culturama." n.d.

• Unidentified source; brief account of popular traditions from African West coast--Giant Despair, David and Goliath, Neager Business, Mock-o-Jumbies, Masquerade Dancers, Big Drum (Nevisian definition--more similar to String Band),Masquerade Dancers--important of peacock feathers & raising of peacocks, Quadrille, Fine Dance, Fine, Fine Dance, Polko, Jig, Peacock Dance; Moko Jumbie from King Moko, stilts, god of Vengeance, customs of story telling--ANANCY STORIES; African words in Nevis--Koko-bya, Obeah; "Those of us who scoff so quickly at things "African" might be surprised to discover just how "African" we really are.

---. "John Bull and the Children," n.d.

---. "Mock Hangings." Radio program segment. Programme #71. St. Vincent, West Indies. n.d.

---. "Quadrille Dancing." Radio program segment. Programme #34. Our Heritage. GIS Radio Production. St. Vincent, West Indies. n.d.

---. "Tea Meetings." Radio program segment. Our Heritage. GIS Radio Production. St. Vincent, West Indies. n.d.

---. "Tea Meetings." Radio program segment, Programme #67. Our Heritage. GIS Radio Production. St. Vincent and Grenada, West Indies. n.d.

--"Bom- Drum Serenaders." Our Heritage. GIS Radio Production. St. Vincent, West Indies. n.d.

---."Bush Hunting." Our Heritage. GIS Radio Production. St. Vincent, West Indies. n.d.

---."Early Old Mass Celebrations". Our Heritage. GIS Radio Production. St Vincent, West Indies, n.d.

--- "Easter Monday Traditions". Our Heritage. GIS Radio Production. St. Vincent, West Indies, n.d.

--- "Favorite Moonlight Games and Activities." Our Heritage. GIS Radio Productions.St. Vincent, West Indies. n.d.

--- "Grenada Handbook and Directory 1946". Caribbean Quarterly. pp.60-71.(1974.)

---. "Honduras". Encyclopedia Brittanica, vol.11 of 24. Pp. 710-13. London, 1929.

--- John Canoe p. 259.

---" Jumbie Traditions". Our Heritage. GIS Radio Productions. St. Vincent, West Indies. n.d.

---. "Letters and Depositions. Case in Nevis." London: Whitmore & Fenn, 1818.

---"Maroon Festival - Union Island". Our Heritage. GIS Radio Productions. St. Vincent, West Indies. n.d.

---Mumbo Chumbo: A Tale Written in Ancient Manner Recommended to Modern Devotees. London: Becket and DeHondt, 1765.

---. "Nevis." Folk-Lore of the Antilles, French and English. Memoirs of the American Folk-Lore Society.

Anthony, Michael. "Parade of the Carnivals of Trinidad, 1839-1989." St. James, Port-of-Spain, Trinidad: Circle, 1989.

"Antigua and Barbuda: Introductory Survey." Europa World Year Book. London: Europa, 1993. 338-44.

"Antigua and Barbuda: Statistical Survey." Europa World Year Book. London: Europa, 1995. 370-73.

"Antigua and Barbuda." The World of Learning,1994. 50.

Archibald, Washington. Reflections on an Epic Journey. Saddlers Village, St. Kitts: G.W. Archibald, 1993.

Armony, Jacqueline, ed. "Miss Somersalle: Oral History Project". Resident report.Basse-Terre, St. Kitts.1973

---"Is Carnival at the Crossroads?" Caribbean Contact 11 (April 1984): 15.

Armstrong, Anthony. The Church of England, Methodists and Society. 1700-1850. Trenton,New Jersey: Rowman and Littlefield, 1973.

Armstrong, Douglas V. The Old Village and the Great House: An Archaeological and Historical Examination of Drax Hall Plantation, St. Annís Bay Jamaica. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1990.

Asbury, Francis. Journal and Letters. Elmer T. Clark, et al., eds. London and Nashville: Epworth and Abingdon Presses, 1958.

Ascher, Barbara Lazear. "Open Doors in Carriacou." The New York Times 31 Oct 1993: 10 & 37.

Augier, F.R. and Shirley C. Gordon, comps. Sources of West Indian History. London: Longmans, Green and Co. Ltd., 1962.

Augier, F. R., S. C. Gordon, D. G. Hall, and M. Reckord. The Making of the West Indies. London: Longmans, Green, and Co. Ltd., 1964.

Austin, Diane J. "English-Speaking Caribbean: A View from Jamaica." American Ethnologist 19.2 (1983): 223-40.

Axton, Marie. "The Tudor Mask and Elizabethan Court Drama." English Drama: Forms and Development. London: Cambridge U.P., 1977. 24-47.

Axton, Richard. European Drama of the Early Middle Ages. Pittsburgh: U. of Pittsburgh P., 1975.

--- "Folk Plays in Tudor Interludes." English Drama: Forms and Development. London: Cambridge U. P. 1977. 1-23.

Baker, Frank. Methodism and the Love-Feast. London: Epworth, 1957.

---. "Origins of West Indian Methodism." London Quarterly Review Jan 1960.

Baker, John. The Diary of John Baker, Barrister of the Middle Temple, Solicitor-General of the Leeward Islands, Being Extracts Therefrom, Transcribed and Edited with an Introduction and Notes. Philip C. Yorke, ed. London: Hutchinson & Co., 1931.

Bakhtin, Mikhail. Helene Iswolsky, trans. Francois Rabelais and Folk Culture of the Middle Ages and Renaissance. Bloomington: Indiana U.P., 1984.

Ballou, Maturin M. Due South or Cuba Past and Present. New York, 1885.

Banham, Martin, Errol Hill, and George Woodyard, eds. The Cambridge Guide to African and Caribbean Theatre.141-51,153-7, 173-84,197-218.Cambridge: Cambridge U.P., 1994.

"Barbados: Introductory and Statistical Survey." Europa World Year Book. London: Europa, 1993. 468-75.

"Barbados: Statistical Survey." Europa World Yearbook. London: Europa, 1995. 506-10.

Barclay, Alexander. A Practical View of the Present State of Slavery in the West Indies. London: Smith, Elder, and Co., 1828.

Barnett, Sheila. "Jonkonnu and the Creolization Process in Jamaica: A Study in Cultural Dynamics." Master's thesis. Antioch, Ohio: Antioch International College, 1977.

Barrett, Leonard. The Sun and the Drum: African Roots in Jamaican Folk Tradition. London: Heinemann, 1976.

Bascom, William. Shango in the New World. University of Texas at Austin: Occasional Publications, 1972.

Baskervill, C. R. "Mummersí Wooing Plays in England." Modern Philology 21 (1924): 225-72.

Bauman, Richard. " Folklore, Cultural Performances, and Popular Entertainnmnet: A Communications-Centered Handbook.". International Encyclopedia of Communications. New York: Oxford University Press, 1992.

Baxter, Ivy. The Arts of an Island. Metuchen NJ: Scarecrow, 1970.

Bayley, Frederic W.N. Four Years' Residence in the West Indies. London: W. Kidd, 1832.

Bayne-Powell, Rosamond. Eighteenth Century London Life. New York: E. P. Dutton & Co., Inc., 1938.

Bearon, Peter and Alison Whitaker. "Christmas Sports in St. Kitts-Nevis--II: Christmas Sports Observed--Christmas 1991." Musical Traditions 12 (1994): 32-5.

Becker, John. Diary, 1812.

Beckford, William, Esq. A Descriptive Account of the Island of Jamaica: With Remarks Upon the Cultivation of the Sugar Cane Throughout the Different Seasons of the Year and Chiefly Considered in a Picturesque Point of View Also Observaions and Reflections Upon What Would Probably Be the Consequences of an Abolition of the Slave Trade, and of the Emanciipation of the Slaves. London: Printed for T and J Egerton, Military Library, Whitehall, 1790.

Beckford, William, Jr. Remarks Upon the Situation of Negroes in Jamaica Impartially Made from a Local Experience of Nearly Thirteen Years in

That Land. London: Printed for T and J Egerton, Military Library, Whitehall, 1788.

Beckles, Hilary McD. "Black Rebellion in Barbados: The Struggle Against Slavery." Bridgetown, Barbados: Carib Research and Publications, 1987.

Beckles, Hilary McD. White Servitude and Black Slavery in Barbados. Knoxville: U of Tennessee P, 1989.

Beckles, Hilary McD. and Verene Shepherd, eds. Caribbean Freedom: Economy and Society from Emancipation to the Present. Princeton: Markus Weiner, 1996.

Beckwith, Martha Warren. Folk Games in Jamaica. Poughkeepsie, NY: Vassar College, 1922. .

---. Jamaica Folk-Lore. New York: Kraus, 1969. 1928.

---. Black Roadways: A Study of Jamaican Folk Life. Chapel Hill: U. of North Carolina P., 1929

---Helen H. Roberts, music recorder. Christmas Mumming in Jamaica. Poughkeepsie, New York: Vassar College, 1923.

Bede, Cuthbert. "Christmas at Exeter in 1737." Notes & Queries 2nd ser. 10 (1860): 464-5.

Behn, Aphra. Oroonoko: An Authoratative Text, Historical Backgrounds, Criticism. Ed. Joanna Lipking. Norton Critical Edition. New York: Norton, 1997. 1688.

Beier, Ulli. "Yoruba Theatre." Introduction to African Literature: An Anthology of Critical Writing from 'Black Orpheus' . Evanston: Northwestern U.P. 1970.

Belisario, Isaac M. Sketches of Character, in Illustration of the Habits, Occupation, and Costume of the Negro Population in the Island of Jamaica, Drawn After Nature, and in Lithography. Kingston, Jamaica: Published by the artist, at his residence, no. 21, King-Street, 1837.

Bell, Hesketh J. Obeah: Witchcraft in the West Indies. London: Sampson Low, Marsten & Co., 1893.

Benitez-Rojo, Antonio. James E. Maraniss, trans. "The Repeating Island: The Caribbean and the Postmodern Perspective." Post-Contemporary Interventions. Durham: Duke U.P., 1996.

---. A View from the Mangrove. Amherst: U. of Mass. P.1998.

Benjamin, Guy. "Rounding the Seine." U.S. Virgin Islands Folklife Festival. The Friends of the Virgin Islands Institute of Culture in Collaboration with the Smithsonian Institution. University of the Virgin Islands, St. Croix, 1991. 20.

Bennett, Louise. Selected Poems. Kingston, Jamaica: Sangsterís Book Stores, 1996.

Bennett, Wycliffe. "Theatre and the English We Speak." Jamaica Journal (1961)

Berleant-Schiller, Riva. "Free Labor and the Economy in Seventeenth-Century Montserrat." The William and Mary Quarterly 46 (1989): 539-64.

Berlin, Ira and Philip D. Morgan. Cultivation and Culture. Charlottesville Virginia:U. of Virginia P.,1993.

Besson, Jean. " Family Land and Caribbean Society; Toward an Ethnography of Afro-Caribbean Peasantries". Perspectives on Caribbean Regional Identity. Liverpool: Centre for Latin American Studies, U of Liverpool P., 1984.

---. "Family Land as a Model for Martha Braeís New History: Culture Building in an Afro-Caribbean Village." Afro-Caribbean Villages in Historical Perspective. Charles V. Carnegie, ed. Kingston, Jamaica: Institute of Jamaica, 1987. 100-31.

---. "Freedom and Community: The British West Indies." The Meaning of Freedom: Economy, Politics, and Culture After Slavery. Frank McGllynn and Seymour Drescher, eds. U.of Pittsburgh P.1992. 113-46.

Best, Lloyd. West Indian Society 150 Years After Abolition. London: Frank Cass, 1985.

Bethel, Clement. "Junkanoo in the Bahamas." Caribbean Quarterly 36.3 & 4 (Dec 1990): 1-28.

Bettelheim, Judith. "The Jonkonnu Festival: Its Relation to Caribbean and African Masquerades." Jamaica Journal (1976).

---. "Jamaican Jonkonnu and Related Caribbean Festivals." Africa and the Caribbean: The Legacies of a Link. Margaret E. Crahan and Franklin, eds. Baltimore:Johns Hopkins U.P. 1979. 80-100.

---. "The Afro-Jamaican Jonkonnu Festival: Playing the Forces and Operating the Cloth." Diss. Yale, 1979. Ann Arbor: UMI, 1979. 7925633.

---. "The Jonkonnu Festival." Journal of Ethnic Studies 13.3 (Fall 1985).

---. Carnivals and Festivals in Cuba. Seattle: U. of Washington P., 1988.

---. "Carnaval in Cuba: Another Chapter in the Nationalization of Culture." Caribbean Quarterly 36.3 & 4 (Dec 1990): 29-41.

Bettelheim, Judith, John Nunley, and Barbara Bridges. "Caribbean Festival Arts: An Introduction." Caribbean Festival Arts: Each and Every Bit of Difference.. John W. Nunley and Judith Bettelheim,eds. Seattle and London: The Saint Louis Art Museum in association with University of Washington Press, 1988. 31-37.

Bhabha, Homi. "Of Mimicry and Man: The Ambivalence of Colonial Discourse." The Location of Culture Routledge, 1994.

Bickell, Richard. The West Indies as They Are. London: J. Matchard & Son & Lipton Reefe, 1825.

Billington, Sandra. A Social History of the Fool. New York: St. Martinís Press, 1984.

Bisnauth, Dale. History of Religions in the Caribbean. Kingston, Jamaica: Kingston Publishers Limited, 1989.

Blackman, Francis (Woodie). Methodism: 200 Years in Barbados. Bridgetown, Barbados: N.p., 1988.

Blackman, Margot. Bajan Proverbs. Caribbean Graphics & Letchworth, 1982.

Blassingame, John W. The Slave Community: Plantation Life in the Antebellum South. New York: Oxford U. P., 1972.

Blyth, George. Reminiscences of Missionary Life, with Suggestions to Churches and Missionaries. Edinburgh: William Oliphant, 1851.

Boatright, Mody C., Wilson M. Hudson, and Allen Maxwell, eds. A Good Tale and a Bonnie Tune. Dallas: Southern Methodist U.P. 1964.

Bohannonn, Laura. "Shakespeare in the Bush." Natural History (1966).

"Creolization and Creole Societies: A Cultural Nationalist View of Caribbean Social History: In Intellectuals in the Twentieth Century." Spectre of the New Class 1 (1992 ) London: Macmillan.

--- Nigel O. "The Politics of Freedom in the British Caribbean." The Meaning of Freedom: Economics, Politics, and Culture After Slavery. McGlynn, Frank and Drescher, Seymour, eds. Pittsburgh U.P., 1992.

Bolton, H. Carrington. "Combay, A Festival Rite of Bermudian Negroes." Journal of American Folklore 3.10 (1890). .

Borde, Pierre-Gustave-Louis. History of Trinidad Under the Spanish Government, Second Part (1622-1797). Trinidad (Paris), 1982.

Bosman, Willem. A New Description of the Coast of Guinea . n.p.1705.

Bowdich, Edward T. Mission from Cape Coast Castle to Ashantee. London: Cass- Murray, 1966.

Bowen, Calvin. "Jamaicaís John Canoe." Caribbean Commission Monthly Information Bulletin 8.1 (1954): 10-12.

Box, W. Memoir of John Gilbert. Liverpool, 1835.

Boyke, Roy. Trinidad Carnival. Key Caribbean Publications: Port of Spain:1981.

Bragg, Rick. "Another Battle of New Orleans: Mardi Gras." New York Times 19 Feb 1995: 1 & 16.

Braithwaite, Hope. "Language, Culture, and Values." Trinidad and Tobago Education Forum. Vol.1 No.4. 1981.

Brana-Shute, Gary. "Drinking Shops and Social Structure: Some Ideas on Lower-Class West Indian Male Behavior." Urban Anthropology 5.1 (1976): 53-68.

---. On the Corner: Male Social Life in Paramaribo Creole Neighborhood. Prospect Heights, Illinois. Waveland Press, 1989.

Brandon, George.Santeria from Africa to the New World, The Dead Sell Memories. Bloomington: Indiana U. P., 1993.

Brathwaite, Edward. The Development of Creole Society in Jamaica 1770-1820. Oxford: Clarendon, 1971..

---. Caliban, Ariel and 'Unprosperoed' the Conflict of Creolization: A Study of the Slave Revolt in Jamaica in 1831-32. New York Academy of Sciences, 1977.

---. "Negus." Third World Poems. Harlow, Essex, England: Longman, 1983. 40-43.

---. History of the Voice: The Development of Nation Language in Anglophone Caribbean Poetry. London: New Beacon Books, 1984.

---. History of the Voice: Notes on Nation, Language, and Poetry in the Caribbean. Power Above Powers.U of Mysore: Centre for Commonwealth Literature and Research, 1984.

Breck, Samuel. Recollections of Samuel Breck with Passages from His Note-Books (1771-1862). H. E. Scudder, ed. Philadelphia: Porter & Coates, 1877.

Brereton, Bridget. The Trinidad Carnival 1870-1900. Cambridge U.P. London, 1979.

Bridenbaugh, Carl. Vexed and Troubled Englishmen, 1590-1642. New York: Oxford U.P.,1968.

Bridenbaugh, Carl and Roberta Bridenbaugh. No Peace Beyond the Line: The English in the Caribbean 1624-1690. New York: Oxford U.P., 1972.

Briggs, Katherine M. "The Folds of Folklore." Shakespeare in His Own Age: Shakespeare Survey 17. E. Nicoll, ed. 1964. 178-9.

Brinkley, Frances Kay. An Analysis of the 1750 Carriacou Census. N.p., 1978.

Brizan, George. Grenada, Island of Conflict. London: Zed, 1984.

Brody, Alan. The English Mummers and Their Plays: Traces of Ancient Mystery. Philadelphia: U. Pennsylvania P.,1970.

Bronkhurst, Rev, H.V.P. The Colony of British Guyana and Its Labouring Population: Containing a Short Account of the Colony, and Brief Descriptions of the Black Creole, Portuguese, East Indian, and Chinese Colonies, Their Manners, Customs, Religious Notions, and Other Interesting Particulars and Amusing Incidents Concerning Them. London: T. Woolmer, 1883.

Brooks, A.A. "History of Bedwardism or the Jamaica Native Baptist Free Church." Jamaica Gleaner, 1917.

Brow, Roger and Albert Gilman. "Politeness Theory and Shakespeareís Four Major Tragedies." Language and Society 18.2 (June 1989): 159-212.

****Brown ? The Drama of the King Shotaway, June 20 & 21, 1823 (performed by African Company to benefit their manager, Mr. Brown).

Brown, Wallace. "The Loyalists of the American Revolution in the Bahamas and the British West Indies." Revista Review Interamericana 5.4 (Winter 1979): 638-47.

Browne, Whitman. "Nevis Is." Culturama Magazine, 1981. 14-17.

Brownlow, Kevin. The Paradise Gone By. Berkeley: U.of California P., 1968.

Bruner, Charlotte H. "The Meaning of Caliban in Black Literature Today." Comparative Literature Studies 13 (Sept 1976): 240-53.

Brunvand, Jan Harold. The Study of American Folklore: An Introduction. New York: Norton, 1968.

Bunyan, John. The Pilgrim's Progress with Explanatory Notes. Thomas Scott and Josiah Conder, eds. Sterling, Va.: Grace Abounding Ministries, 1986.

---. The Pilgrim's Progress. Retold by Dan Larsen. Illustrated Christian Classics. Uhrichsville, Ohio: Barbour, 1996.

Burder, George. Bunyan's Pilgrim's Progress, Versified for the Entertainment and Instruction of Youth. Hartwick, N. Y.: Printed at the office of L & E. Todd, 1818.

Burdon, Katharine Janet. A Handbook of St. Kitts-Nevis. London: The West India Commmittee, 1920.

Burke, Edmund Newton. Stories Told By Uncle Newton. Kingston, Jamaica. N.p.1950 [1946].

Burke, Peter. Popular Culture in Early Modern Europe. New York: New York U.P., 1978.

Burne, Charlotte S. "Review of the Hooden Horse by Percy Maylam." Folklore 21.10 (1910).

Burton, Janet. "Preservation Through Consumption: Hoop and Wist on St. John." U.S. Virgin Islands Folklife Festival. The Friends of the Virgin Islands Institute of Culture in Collaboration with the Smithsonian Institution. University of the Virgin Islands, St. Croix, 1991. 33-34.

Burton, Richard D. E. Afro-Creole: Power, Opposition, and Play in the Caribbean. Ithaca: Cornell UP, 1997.

Buscombe, Edward and Roberta E. Pearson, eds. Back in the Saddle Again: New Essays on the Western. London: British Film Institute, 1998.

Bush, Barbara. The Family Tree Is Not Cut. Amherst: University of Mass., 1986.

Bushaway, Bob. By Rite: Custom, Ceremony and Community in England 1700-1880. London: Junction Books, 1982.

Cadaval, Olivia. "Persistence and Creativity." U.S. Virgin Islands Folklife Festival. The Friends of the Virgin Islands Institute of Culture in Collaboration with the Smithsonian Institution. University of the Virgin Islands, St. Croix, 1991. 10-19.

Caines, Clement. The History of the General Council and General Assembly of the Leeward Islands. Basseterre, St. Kitts, 1804.

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