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User’s Guide to Basic Joshua

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Page 1: courses.csail.mit.educourses.csail.mit.edu/6.871/Assignment3/joshua-user-guide.pdf · iii April 2003 Table of Contents Table of Contents !#"%$&$(')+*,!.- ' "/102435"/4 76 6 ! ")$8$9'%:*,!.-

User’s Guide to Basic Joshua

Page 2: courses.csail.mit.educourses.csail.mit.edu/6.871/Assignment3/joshua-user-guide.pdf · iii April 2003 Table of Contents Table of Contents !#"%$&$(')+*,!.- ' "/102435"/4 76 6 ! ")$8$9'%:*,!.-
Page 3: courses.csail.mit.educourses.csail.mit.edu/6.871/Assignment3/joshua-user-guide.pdf · iii April 2003 Table of Contents Table of Contents !#"%$&$(')+*,!.- ' "/102435"/4 76 6 ! ")$8$9'%:*,!.-

iiiApril 2003 Table of Contents

Table of Contents

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ivTable of Contents April 2003

} «���>g�����a. �m²jg�����k;�c;d���ml���n#k)�2g/³�®8;�������5g����c���h��� �h�K83EG�Z�GT?D��$9GT!D3�YJ"%]H��-�h�76 ��6����OGH�D�,]H�.-´�43%SqpE?�!DrhGc3���Gc3�*,!.-�'�"/��h��X �hXp�!DBC�L�uv,�4BMrh]H�.-´!DZ>*,!.-�'�"/�1K83EG�Z�GT?D��$9GT!D3�h�7� �hoV��5-�GH?+K83EG�Z�GT?D��$9GT!D3�xu��?Gc]�Gc$9GT�.-

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Page 5: courses.csail.mit.educourses.csail.mit.edu/6.871/Assignment3/joshua-user-guide.pdf · iii April 2003 Table of Contents Table of Contents !#"%$&$(')+*,!.- ' "/102435"/4 76 6 ! ")$8$9'%:*,!.-

vApril 2003 List of Figures

List of Figures

�������� °�ÉV��5-�GH?Up5"E�%-N�D$�!DZ�$9'%�:*,!.-�'�";�=�uO�!D$�!�?�!D]6 6,�p�GcBMr5]T�1�#v,��BMr5]T�:"�-�Gc3���ZH")3%?$9GH!D3���O���rh')Ê�Ë4"/�DO���Ê�O���-9")]�$�-X �,Xxu!�O¦>��O�StYu")]T�1IuOGc�����DO:��3)SU��?#$9GT!D3�����O$�-� �,�V���?A©,¦��4O�StYu")]T�1IuOGc������OU��3)SU��?#$(GH!D3�����O$�-o �,�R�O���rh'EG�3E�jË4"/�DO��Ì-9"%r5r,!DO$8Z�O�!DBÍ����?A©,¦��4O�StO�"%]H�� o��p5")BMBC��O���!DZ>*,!.-�'�"/�1YJ"%]H�=Î�r,�DO���$9GH!�3� �4�p��4BMrh]H�=R�O���r5'f!DZ8Iy[\p�p,"%r5r,!DO$° �4�Iy[qp��uv,�4BMrh]H�=ÊcÊ Ïw��¦Éxu��?$wsu!D3�$9O���S.GT?#$N-w�uv5G�-�$9Gc3���x2��?#$� �4�Iy[qp��uv,�4BMrh]H�=ÊcÊzIJO���?��1��3%St<>��5"%�����DO+<zG�-�rh]H��E-�2��3)StxyG�O�-�$&Yª�D$9O���?$9GH!�3��� °h�Iy[\p��Jv,��BMr5]H���usu!D3�$9G�3�"/��SqÊcÊ <���S4"/?���Stxu��?#$�su!D3�$9O���S.GT?#$�-��JvhG�-�$9Gc3���x2�.?$��� °�6Iy[\p��Jv,��BMr5]H���usu!D3�$9G�3�"/��SqÊcÊzIuO��.?��U<�G�-�r5]T�#����3)Sqp���?�!D3)StYª�D$9O���?$9GH!D3��6 °hXIy[\p��Jv,��BMr5]H���usu!D3%?]�"/S5��SqÊcÊzIy[qpt� "%$�!DBC��$9GH?���]c]Q�qYª�D$9O���?#$N-wK83�-9"%r5r,!DO$���S

x2��?#$��X °hXIy[\p��Jv,��BMr5]H���usu!D3%?]�"/S5��SqÊcÊu� ")$F!DBC�4$(GH?+Yª�D$9O���?#$(GH!D3��4�¤$9'%�=I2[\p

Page 6: courses.csail.mit.educourses.csail.mit.edu/6.871/Assignment3/joshua-user-guide.pdf · iii April 2003 Table of Contents Table of Contents !#"%$&$(')+*,!.- ' "/102435"/4 76 6 ! ")$8$9'%:*,!.-
Page 7: courses.csail.mit.educourses.csail.mit.edu/6.871/Assignment3/joshua-user-guide.pdf · iii April 2003 Table of Contents Table of Contents !#"%$&$(')+*,!.- ' "/102435"/4 76 6 ! ")$8$9'%:*,!.-

1April 2003 Introduction

1. Introduction

1.1. About the Joshua Language

*,!.-�'�"/�qG�-:��3¿�#vh$��D3;-�G��,]H��-N!DZ�$9¦���O��tr5O�!�S�";?$MZ(!DOU�5"%Gc]HS�Gc3��¸��3%S�S5��]cG��,�DOG�3E�Ð�#vhr,�DO$U-��E-�$��DB��r5r5]�GH?���$9GH!D3;- �2Ñ $&G�-wG�BWrh]H�DBC�D3�$���Sq!D3�$(')�=p.�5Bw��!D]cGT?4- X5�5�h� Z(��BMGc]Ò�E�u!�3Ì$F!Dr�!DZ�$9'%�1p��5Bw��!D]TÊGH?�-�R>��3)�DO��Ó�D3��hGcO�!D3�BC�D3�$ � *,!.-�'�";� G�-�!�r5$9G�BWGTÔD�@SÕZ9!�O¸�4rhr5]�GH?���$9GH!D3;-�¦z')��O��»r��DOZ(!DOBC��3)?����3)SqS5��]cG��,�DO��@S\ZH"%3)?$9GH!�3)��]cG�$H���4O��UGcBMr,!DO$���3E$ �*,!.-�'�"/�ÌG�-t���,�DO��¿?D!DBMr,�.?$t-��E-�$��DBU��!DO����3�GHÔ���S¸��O�!#")3%S¸�»-�BC��]c]w3�")Bw���DO�!�ZU?D!�O��jZH"%3)?�Ê$9GH!�3�- � *,!.-�'�"/��PQ-tS5�DZ(�D")]�$\-�$(O�";?$�"%O��.-1r5O�!�5GTS5���»-�GcBMr5]T�ÌSh��?#]T��O��4$(G��,�Ì?�!DO���]H��3E�5"/�����j¦zGc$('�5"%Gc]�$�Ê�G�3ÖZ(��?#G�]cG�$9GH�.-fZ(!DO×��r5rh]cGT?D��$9GT!D3�Sh�#�,�D]H!�r5BC�D3�$ � �uO�!D��O���BMBMGc3��ئ�G�$9'Ö$(')�ÕS5�DZ(�D")]�$�-fG�-�,�DO��§-�$9O���Gc��'�$9Z(!DO¦��4O�S��&��]c]H!�¦�G�3E� ��!"Ù$�!f�5"%Gc]TSÕ�DZ�Z9�@?#$9G{�,�¿��rhr5]�GH?��4$(GH!D3;-jË�"%GH?�©�]Q� � Iu'�G�-¤G�-S4"/�L$F!\-N�#�,�DO���]zZ(����$�")O���-��

•Iu')�f-��53E$F�@v»!�ZW*,!.-�'�"/��G�-U"%3EG�Z9!DOBU��-�$���$��DBC�D3�$�Êc!DOGT�D3�$���S�����3)Sf0yG�-�r�Ê�]�G�©��.��-N!�$(')��$M�,!#"3%����St3)!�$&]T����O3f�43f��3E$9G�O��D]Q�q3%�D¦É]H��3��5";����� �

•Iu')�jGc3�$��DOZ(��?D�j$�!�$(')�ÌS5��$��D���,-N�ÐÚH��3h�×Sh��$��D���5-N��ÛCG�-¤-�GcBMr5]T�f��3%Sm"%3�GcZ(!DOBU��?�!D3;-�G�-�$9G�3E�!DZ�$9'%�U$9'EO��@�LZH")3%?$9GH!D3;-��Â���nk)�ug)³{g�n�­���ÂN��n#k)�2g/³Ò��a.£�£��2��3)S+ÂN��n#k)�2g/³Ò��£cahg� �

•p�r���?GH��]WÜ�BC�.?�-tZ9��?Gc]cG�$9GH��-\]�G�©����,O���?A©��D$1BC�4$F?#'�Gc3��Ý��3%SÕ-�r��@?#GT�4]+?'%��O��.?$��DO�-q���5-N�Ìr5O�!�Ê��O���B±S5�����]H!DrhB+��3E$ �

Þ�ß�àAá�â ßÌãzäEåcæ�à�ç�èÌé ê5ßAåcë\ì)è�ßNí)ä�ê)��$(')�ÌZ�G�O�-�$¡BC��3�"/��]CG�3î$(')��*,!.-�'�"/�»S5!�?�")BC�D3�$���$9GT!D3Ù-N�D$��?D!����O�-M�#�,�DO��5$('EG�3E�¡��!#"f3%����St$�!+©�3%!D¦É$�!Ur5O�!D��O���Bï"�-�Gc3��¤*,!.-�'�"/��PQ-8�5"%Gc]c$FÊ�Gc3�Z(��?#G�]cG�$9GH�.- ���BC!D3��ð*,!�-�'�"/��Pñ-Ì-�$9O��D3���$9';-�G�-¤$9'%�4$\$9'�G�-Ì-��E-�$��DB G�-j� ?D!D'%�DO��D3�$��bBw")]�$9GHÊ{]H�#�,�D]L�D3��hGcO�!D3%ÊBC�D3E$N�´BC�D©�G�3E�ò��S�����3%?D�@SîZ(����$�"%O��.-m�D�,��Gc]H�D�,]H�צz'%�D3ó��!#"Ö3%����SÝ$9'%�DB � *,!.-�'�";�ÕG�-j�h")G�]c$��O�!#")3%SÕ-N!DBC� X5� ?�!DO��ÌZô"%3%?#$9GT!D3;-��$9'%�Ì�uO�!D$�!�?�!D]+!DZ Ñ 3EZ(�DO��D3%?��.��¦z'�GH?'ó��O��jê5ë�ëNà�ßNßåcõ�ö{à�ç�èç�í�àCä�ßNàá�÷9è�áwøMè�æ)åQ÷�åcëNê�ç�åcè�ù)úIJ'�G�-WBC!�S�")]T��OGc$H�Ì��3%Sj��?D?��.--�G{��Gc]�Gc$H�Ì!�Z�Z(�DOLr�!D¦��DOZH"%]b��S4�,��3)?���S�Z(����$�"%O��.-��2"y-N��O=G�3E$F�DOZ9��?��.-�?D!�3E$9O�!�]&-�$9O�"/?$�")O���-� -�$�!DO������¤-F$9O�";?$�"%O��.-C?���3¸��]c]z���¡?A"�-�$�!DBMGTÔD��Sq$�!=O��DZ�]T��?$w¦z')��$wG�-MBC!.-�$3)��$�"%O���]CZ(!DO�$(')�Ð��r5rh]cGT?D��$9GT!D3yûb�#vh$��DO3%��]:S5��$��D���5-N�.-¤?D��3ð���Ð��?D?��.--N��S�û8�#vhG�-�$9Gc3��É-N!�Z�$9¦���O��$�!�!D]�-:?��43f����-N����BM]H��--�]Q��G�3E$F�D��O���$���S�Gc3�$�!t$9'%�1*,!.-�'�"/����rhr5]�GH?��4$(GH!D3�û�r��DOZ(!DOBC��3)?��q?���3f���Z�G�3)�@Ê�$�"%3)�@S � ¨��»r5O���-N�D3E$���]c]L$9'%�.-N�¿$F!Dr5GT?4-�Gc3Ù$9'%�×?�!DBMr���3�GH!D3òSh!�?A"%BC�D3�$���$9GH!D3§�,!D]{")BC�5�pE�@�L$9'%�=S5!�?�")BC�D3�$�ì/è�ßNí)ä�ê¡ü>à9÷9àá�à�ù�ë�à8ýtê5ù%ä�ê�ö �*,!.-�'�"/��Sh!#�,�D$���Gc]�-U¦zGc$9'×R��D3%�DO�����3)Sfp��5Bw��!D]�GH?�-=su!DBMBC!D3¿0yG�-�rfGc3¿Bw";?'¿$9'%�Ì-N��BC�¤¦���$9'%�4$�0�G�-�rØ��3%Sóxy]T�D��!�O�-¸Sh! � *,!.-�'�"/�ðGc$�-N�D]�Z�G�-mG�BMr5]H��B+��3E$��@Só¦�G�$9'Öx�]H�D�,!DO�- � *,!.-�'�";�ðG�-?#]T!.-N�D]Ò��Gc3�$��D��O���$���S¤¦zG�$9'm0�G�-�rE����3%S¤0yG�-�r�?�!�S5�t?���3Ì���L"�-N��S¤¦zG�$9'EG�3Ì*,!.-�'�";�tO�"%]H�.- � �z]c]�!�ZR>�D3%�DO���PQ-ØrhO�!D��O���B Sh�#�,�D]T!Dr5BC�D3�$ÉZ(��?#G�]cGc$(GH�.-È��O����@�,��Gc]T�D��]H�Í$�!þ*,!.-�'�"/�,�j3)��BC�D]Ò�E��$9'%�ÜEBC��?�- ��S.G�$�!DO��:<��53%��BMGH?Ó¨�G�3)Sh!D¦�-�:Z(!DOBC�4$($���SÈ!")$9r�")$N�LS5�#�h")����G�3E��-9"%r5r,!DO$��L��3%SØ$9'%�KW-N��O Ñ 3�$��DOZ(��?D�+[q��3%�����DBC�D3E$�p��E-�$��DB �

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2Introduction April 2003

1.2. About the Joshua Documentation

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Page 9: courses.csail.mit.educourses.csail.mit.edu/6.871/Assignment3/joshua-user-guide.pdf · iii April 2003 Table of Contents Table of Contents !#"%$&$(')+*,!.- ' "/102435"/4 76 6 ! ")$8$9'%:*,!.-

3April 2003 Introduction

1.2.2. The Joshua Reference Manualì/è@ß�í%ä�ê�ü>à9÷9àAá�àNùEëNàMýtê5ù%ä�ê,ö���$9'%�¤?�!DBMr���3�GH!D3m�,!D]{")BC�t$�!t$9'�G�-��G�-:�¤Bw"/?#'¿Sh���Dr,�DO1rhO��.-N�D3%Ê$���$9GH!�3¸!DZ8$9'%�t?�!D3)?��Drh$�-8��!#"Ð3)�@��S¤$�!L"%3%S5�DO�-�$���3%S¤G�3¸!DO�Sh�DOU$�!1r�")$&*,!�-�'�"/�\$F!1$9'%�1Zô"%]c]T�.-�$r�!.--�G{��]T��"y-N� � IJ'�G�-1BC��3�";��]´G�-1Z9!DO��v5r,�DOGH��3)?���SÐrhO�!D��O���BMB+��O�-¡¦z'%!j3%����SÐ$F!j¦zOGc$��j$F�4GTÊ]H!DO��@S��2!Dr5$9G�BMGHÔ���Sq�4rhr5]�GH?��4$(GH!D3;- �I�!�r5GH?�-+r5O���-N�D3E$F��SÌ����O]cGT�DOt��O��\O��#�hG�-�G�$���Sj'%�DO��\G�3»BC!DO��¤Sh�Dr5$('���¦zGc$(' ?O�!.--NÊ�O���Z9�DO���3)?��.-+$�!$9'%�»����O]cGT�DOÌBC��3�"/��] � Iu'%�ÐZ(!�?A"�-¤'%�DO��ÐG�-�!D3É�4]�]:]T�#�,�D]�-�!�Z¡$9'%�f*,!.-�'�"/�¿�2O�!D$�!�?�!D]:ZH"%3)?�Ê$9GH!�3�-�z-N!t$(')��$8��!"×?���3Ó-N���t'%!D¦ ����?#'Ц�!DO�©)- � ¨�G�$9'¸$('EG�-W"%3%S5�DO�-�$���3%S.G�3E����!"×?��43ÐBC�D©��?#'%��3E����-�$�!×��35�§?D!�BWr,!D3%�D3E$�Z(!DO¿�DZ�Z�GT?#GT�D3%?�� � ýtè�æ�àö�åcù��y��$9')��$�G�-��$���Gc]T!DOGc3��Ø��35�§!DZq$9'%�*,!.-�'�"/�Ì?�!DBMr�!�3)�D3�$�-U$�!¡�,!#"%O¤��r5rh]cGH?���$9GH!�3�� G�-UGc3�$9O�!�S�";?���SÌGc3Ý-�!DBC�jSh�D$���Gc]���G�3)?]�"/S.G�3E�¿�#v,Ê��BWrh]H�.-´!DZ�BC!�S5��]cGc3���Sh��$��¤-�$9O�"/?#$�")O��.-��O�"%]H�t-�$�!DO������.�2�43%St¦zOGc$9G�3E�¡��!#"%OU!D¦z3fIy[qp �IJ'%�.-N�=��O��\-N!DBC�=!DZ�$9'%�L$F!Dr5GT?4-´?D!#�,�DO��@S\G�3ì/è@ß�í%ä�ê¡ü>à9÷9àAá�à�ù�ë�à8ýtêhù)ä�ê�ö(�

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4Introduction April 2003

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5April 2003 Getting Started with Joshua

2. Getting Started with Joshua

2.1. Setting up the Joshua Context and File Attributes

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6Getting Started with Joshua April 2003

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7April 2003 Overview of Joshua

3. Overview of Joshua

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3.1. Some Basic Joshua Protocol Functions

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8Overview of Joshua April 2003

¶·0�.�?>o<I0ª5�8´1]3/0§X`5Jj>TDk?�6v,T?j1c>/6�0ª5�8´1]3/0v9U5�<=3+>@?ª¼¬6�5�1=5�.�5�DcQ�X`5�<=1Y¼¬6�5�1�5�.�5�Dâ8k>/,T.�1�*k5�,l<R?�6�0GU6�5aV+0�,ã*L,M1=52<�>MGM.�5�X^hU5�,/0�,M1C<�Qu0�?�.a3ä5�8 p 3P*E.a3ãhU0�6�8�5�6�X_<©?4<=h;0�.�*L8c*k.bhU?�6�1:5�8ª1�3T0S8k>T,/.�F1�*k5�,�µ�<Z.�5�,M1�6�?�.�1Cm���3M*A<YX`5�Jj>TDk?�6�*-1k[}Dk0�1C<å[U5a>b8c*-,/0�F~1A>T,/0§?�,/J(DE5�.�?jD-*k½�0�.�3T?�,POM0�<Y1=5\8k>/,T.a1]*k5�,TF?�DL*L1E[ ?�1´?j,�[(Dk0as;0�DcQ�DE0�1�1�*-,PO}1�3/0�X 6�0�X`?�*L,{1�6�?�,l<=hU?�6�0�,M1¸1=5_1�3T0t0�,/Jt>o<I0�6�mfA,71�3M*A<wX`?�,+>@?�D p 0�.�5as;0�6B<I5�XR0©GM?#<=*k.©1=5�hUF�DE0as;0�D�h�6�5�1=5.�5�DR8k>/,T.a1]*k5�,l<w*L,71�3T0bæg?�1=?�GM?#<I0fA,M1=0�6�8]?�.�0�Q£ç^<I0�6�fA,M1=0�6�8]?�.�0�Qi?�,/Jè��²ª)NOU6�5a>ThP<�må��3T0�8%>T,T.a1]*k5�,l<(8�5�6©é¬>TDk0�fA,TJ#0�x#*-,PO4?�,TJé�>TDk0}ê�>o<=1=5�X^*k½�?�1�*k5�,¿?�6�0�>�<I0J�5�,PDr[�8]5�6�X`5�J�0�DL*-,PO/Q¥?�,/J�?�6�0w,T5�1�5�8^*LX^X`0�J�*E?�1=0w*-,P1�0�6�0�<=13/0�6�0�mR)U*LX^*-Dk?�6�D�[PQ p 0 p *-DLD�,/5�1:GM02.�5�,/.�0�6�,T0�J p *L1�3�1�3T0NJ�0�1=?�*-DA<�5�8 X`5�J�>/DE?�6�*k½�?j1]*k5�,�*-,0�?�.a3S5�8Y1]3/0ª8c*�s;0ªh�6�5�1=5�.�5�DåOU6�5a>ThP<�Qz<=*-,/.�0ª1�3M*A<R*L,M8]5�6�X`?j1]*k5�,�*A<_5�,MD�[©6�0�DE0as;?�,P1Z8]5�6tX`5�J#0�DEF*L,MO/më�*-O#>/6�0�GM?#<=*E.�F~h#6�5�1=5.�5�D_*c<{?¿J#0�h;5�h�>TDk?�1=0J�h�*k.�1A>T6�0»5�8�1�3T0bG+?#<=*k.�h#6�5�1=5�.�5�D_8%>T,T.a1�*E5�,l< p 0?�6�0�.�5as;0�6�*L,MOã3/0�6�0�mYë¬5�6B1�3/0è.�5�X^h�Dk0�1=0»h#6�5�1=5.�5�D]�Z)P0�0»1�3T04<I0�.�1�*k5�,

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USER INTERFACE

say

TMS PROTOCOL

justify unjustify

DATABASE INTERFACE

tell clearaskuntell

support

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Page 15: courses.csail.mit.educourses.csail.mit.edu/6.871/Assignment3/joshua-user-guide.pdf · iii April 2003 Table of Contents Table of Contents !#"%$&$(')+*,!.- ' "/102435"/4 76 6 ! ")$8$9'%:*,!.-

9April 2003 Overview of Joshua

óå�;�������#�I� ¦ �T���W� � �#�I�

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• ôIÙMÆaÐ/Ï�Ã/õøÏoÉlÄ�Ç�Ú-Ú ��éï0�X`5as;0�<^?(<=*L,MOUDk0_8�?�.�1¸1�3T?�1 ôIÙMÆ�Ð@Ï�Ã/õ�Ä=Ç�ÚLÚ h�>T1i*L,M1=5v1]3/0\J#?�1=?�GM?#<I0° ôIÙMÆ�Ð@Ï�Ã/õøÏoÉUô�Ï�Æ�Ä=Ò�Ë�Ô ��²ª?j,T?�OM0�<u1]3/0\��²ª) *A<�<�>@0�<´6�0�Dk?�1=0�J�1=5_6�0�X`5as�*L,MO 1]3/0_8�?�.�1

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ýÖ�C�W� ¦ �T���W� � ���C�ôIÙMÆaÐ/Ï�Ã@õHÆ�Ã#Ô �¬¼¬6�*-,P1C<Z5a>T1´1�3/0\X`0�?�,M*L,MO�5�8ih#6�0�J�*k.�?�1�*k5�,l<Y*L,�,T?�1A>/6�?�DgDE?�,PO#>@?�OM0�Q·5�6�<I5�XR0F1�3M*L,MO�<=*-XZ*-Dk?�6�më¬5�6\?:<�>MG/<I0�1^5�8å9;5�<=3U>l? <c[#XuGM5�Dc<Z*L,M1�6�5�J�>l.�0�Jw*L,�1]3P*c<ZX`?�,+>@?�D��Ö)M0�0t1�3T0}<I0�.�1�*E5�,

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3.2. List of Basic Joshua Symbols

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10Overview of Joshua April 2003

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11April 2003 Joshua Predications

4. Joshua Predications

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4.1. Predications and Predicates

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Page 18: courses.csail.mit.educourses.csail.mit.edu/6.871/Assignment3/joshua-user-guide.pdf · iii April 2003 Table of Contents Table of Contents !#"%$&$(')+*,!.- ' "/102435"/4 76 6 ! ")$8$9'%:*,!.-

12Joshua Predications April 2003

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13April 2003 Joshua Predications

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14Joshua Predications April 2003

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4.2. Predications, Truth Values, and the Database

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15April 2003 Joshua Predications

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16Joshua Predications April 2003

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17April 2003 Joshua Predications

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18Joshua Predications April 2003

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19April 2003 Joshua Predications

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20Joshua Predications April 2003

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21April 2003 Joshua Predications

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22Joshua Predications April 2003

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Page 29: courses.csail.mit.educourses.csail.mit.edu/6.871/Assignment3/joshua-user-guide.pdf · iii April 2003 Table of Contents Table of Contents !#"%$&$(')+*,!.- ' "/102435"/4 76 6 ! ")$8$9'%:*,!.-

23April 2003 Joshua Predications

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Page 30: courses.csail.mit.educourses.csail.mit.edu/6.871/Assignment3/joshua-user-guide.pdf · iii April 2003 Table of Contents Table of Contents !#"%$&$(')+*,!.- ' "/102435"/4 76 6 ! ")$8$9'%:*,!.-

24Joshua Predications April 2003

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Page 31: courses.csail.mit.educourses.csail.mit.edu/6.871/Assignment3/joshua-user-guide.pdf · iii April 2003 Table of Contents Table of Contents !#"%$&$(')+*,!.- ' "/102435"/4 76 6 ! ")$8$9'%:*,!.-

25April 2003 Joshua Predications

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Page 32: courses.csail.mit.educourses.csail.mit.edu/6.871/Assignment3/joshua-user-guide.pdf · iii April 2003 Table of Contents Table of Contents !#"%$&$(')+*,!.- ' "/102435"/4 76 6 ! ")$8$9'%:*,!.-

26Joshua Predications April 2003

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4.3. Predications and Logic Variables

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27April 2003 Joshua Predications

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28Joshua Predications April 2003

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?Ó¦L©��_¥xÊ��O«��_�L²�¯{¬,�=¥L�O§Ã�VÈ�²���¨V��¨�È�¨à¬�®Ç¦L«"�O§�³Î�O«�©�È�Æ#¬L§�¨;��§ ¨VÄm¬-�O«�©�È�Æ#¬L§�¨;¯�����¨9¦L®�!Ô»ÈG¬L«�³ª��O¨V¨�¬T«�§ �»§m­ ¥L�O§�²y¬ ¥T¦LÆ<²���§�¬O­u°Å�2¨ÇÄ ¦L¨VÄm¬L«O¼C§m¦L§mÖ�ÊN�O«��{�L²�¯_¬ �O«�©�ÈmÆ#¬L§�¨.���VÈG¥�Ä ���ò¥T¦L§mÖ��¨��O§�¨.��½?Ó¬L¨ ¿��K�,­�­��.¦TÆY¬j��¨à�»¨à¬LÆ#¬L§�¨.�A�L²�¦�È�¨>¨VÄm¬@Ä�¬'�»¯�¨VÄ)¦L®Øª�¬O¦Tª�¯{¬@��§)¦�Èm«@­��O¨��L²����.¬�¼Ó�O§�­=���VÁ=ÊN�O«TÖ�{¦�È/�YÔ»ÈG¬���¨V�{¦T§ ��½ óÓ¦T«z��§ ��¨��O§m¥L¬,¼q¨à¦$­�¬L¨�¬L«�ÆK�2§m¬;¨VÄm¬$¥1Èm«�«T¬L§�¨?Äm¬O�O¯2¨VÄò�à¨��O¨�È��Y¦L®7¨VÄm¬;ª�¬L«O�.¦T§ ��2§)¦�È�«;�.�OÆKª�¯{¬,¼ ¨VÄ�¬;ÔOÈ�¬L«�³�¥T�O§-¥T¦LÆ<²��2§m¬z¯{¦T©��{¥YÊN�O«��{�L²N¯{¬��?°Å�2¨VÄ-�j¥T¦L§ ��¨à�»§�¨7¨VÄm�O¨Y��ªN¬O¥��2®Ë�{¬��"¨�¦O­���³

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29April 2003 Joshua Predications

õ �Oä,�O� â úO�OæOø'ùOçOèT��÷���÷�çOèjÿ�çOúOèdc�äO�Oæ,�TäOæ��L�'æO�OøTû�ä'��å��,þõ �Oä,�O� â úO�OæOø'ùOçOèT��÷���÷�çOè@�OçOæOäxãOèOäO��c,çOè�÷��x�OçT���Tû,�,þõ �Oä,�O� â úO�OæOø'ùOçOèT��÷���÷�çOè@��å�äT�@c�äO�Oæ,�TäOæ��Oç����Tû��,þõ �Oä,�O� â úO�OæOø'ùOçOèT��÷���÷�çOè@>���÷�ãx�OäOèT��ç'è�÷���÷�æx�OçT����û��,þõ �Oä,�O� â úO�OæOø'ùOçOèT��÷���÷�çOè@��å�äT��ùOç,�����L�OæO�Oø�:�äOä��O�»þõ �Oä,�O� â úO�OæOø'ùOçOèT��÷���÷�çOè@eO��åO÷�è'��æO�Oè'üO��å�èx�OçT���Tû,�,þõ �Oä,�O� â úO�OæOø'ùOçOèT��÷���÷�çOè@��å�äT�-÷�è,öLäOù'��÷�çOè��L�OæO�Oø�c�çOèO�Oú'�,þõ �Oä,�O� â úO�OæOø'ùOçOèT��÷���÷�çOè < ��f�:�ç'çT�"úO�'è�fOä�å9�O�,�E:���û�æO�,þhg0èOçO�Oä��Lç�f�÷�ùTi���å'÷��Oü,�Lä"÷�è$�,�O�O�OüO�'æOä

g0ã�å�äT�N÷�ùO�O��÷�çOèõ �Oæ�� â úO�OæOøOù'çOèT��÷���÷�çOè��'ãOä�å�æOç'è��OùOç'èT��÷���÷�çOè��Oç����Tû��$���Vã�åO÷�èO�Oø����'ä�å1û98_��çOøOüO�'ù���:���å.��ø�å��,�TäOæ�è�÷T�Oþâ��� >Oø�j�� ��<-kC�lk � � e � � kC��� > =���m�= � ��� � <���� �â��� >Oø�j�� ��<-kC�lk � � >�n kCo������< � �lkC�-k > � � <���� �â��� >Oø�j�� ��<-kC�lk � � ����> �o����= e�� �-k��p� � <���� �â��� >Oø�j�� ��<-kC�lk � ��<���q�r ��� <���=���q� � � � <���� �Mg`i���å'÷��Oü,�Lä"÷�è$�,�O�O�OüO�'æOä�÷�æ"÷�èOæO�'�OèO��÷��'�OäT�"�'ç

g0ùOçOè'æO�O�OèO�"÷�èT�,�Oä�å1ûâ��� >Oø�j�� ��<-kC�lk � � ��� �< e �� > � > � � <���� �

¾xÄ���¯{¬CÆY�O¨�¥�Ä��2§�©)úO�Oæ'øOùOçOèT�N÷���÷�çOè;ª�«T¬O­,�{¥T�O¨V�{¦L§���¼ ÉN¦���Ä�ÈG��2§���¨��O§�¨Ç�{�O¨�¬��s#yã'ä�å�æOçOè#¨�¦C¨VÄ�¬C®Ë�2«O��¨�O«�©�È�Æ#¬L§�¨��2§�¨VÄm¬�ª�«T¬O­,�{¥T�O¨V�{¦L§ �O§m­t#�ùOçOèT�N÷���÷�çOèò¨�¦�¨VÄm¬ �.¬O¥L¦T§�­u�O«�©�ÈmÆY¬T§�¨1½K%��2§m¥L¬�°±¬��ª�¬O¥��2®Ë�{¬'­w§m¦:¯{¦L©��_¥�ÊN�O«��_�'²N¯{¬:®V¦T«!¨VÄm¬ò¨VÄ��2«T­8�O«�©�ÈmÆY¬T§�¨��2§ ¨VÄm¬ÎÔOÈ�¬T«�³vªN�»¨Ç¨�¬L«�§�¼7ÉN¦���Ä�È��Æ#�»¨à¥�Äm¬��#�2¨#¬�ôN�,¥�¨V¯Q³�½ÅÍ[a7¦L¨V�{¥T¬9¨VÄm�O¨C���2§m¥L¬$¦L§m¬$­��O¨��L²y�N�.¬9ª�«T¬O­��_¥L�O¨V�_¦L§�¼q§��OÆ#¬L¯Q³ �{úO�Oæ�Ö�ùOçOè���÷�ø��÷�çOè < ��f�:�çOçT�-úO�Oè�fOä�åx�O�,�E:���û�æO��¥L¦L§�¨��O�2§��j�"¯{¦L©��_¥$ÊN�»«��_�L²�¯{¬,¼±¨VÄ����@ÊN�O«��{�L²�¯_¬�²�¬'¥L�OÆ#¬�¨�¬LÆ#Öª�¦L«T�O«���¯Q³$�2§���¨��O§�¨V�_�O¨�¬O­9¨�¦C¨VÄ�¬z¥T¦L§ ��¨à�»§�¨K�OçT���TûC�2§�¨ÇÄ�¬zÔ»ÈG¬L«�³$ª��O¨V¨�¬L«�§�½JÏ�<¬T«T¬�O«T¬9�.¦LÆ#¬¦L¨ÇÄ�¬L«�¬�ôN�OÆAª�¯{¬���½

õ �Oæ�� â úO�OæOøOù'çOèT��÷���÷�çOè���å�äT�"�'ùOçOèT��÷���÷�çOèx��:�úOäOè'�����Vã�åO÷�èO�Oø����Oä�å1ûu8{��çOø'üO�Où���:,��å1��ø�å��,�LäOæxè�÷L�Oþâ��� >Oø�j�� ��<-kC�lk � � ��� �<vk� � j �lk � �� �� > � ø�e�� ����� �â��� >Oø�j�� ��<-kC�lk � � ��� �< j�� �<� �� > � ø r�� nO�â��� >Oø�j�� ��<-kC�lk � � ��� �<������ ����d�� > �� � <���� �â��� >Oø�j�� ��<-kC�lk � � ��� �< e �� > � > � � <���� �

?Ó¦L©��_¥@ÊN�O«��{�L²�¯_¬��YÄm�LÊN¬j¯_¬�ô��{¥T�O¯?�0¥L¦LªN¬$�»§m­�¥L�O§)²y¬9«T¬L®V¬T«�«T¬O­�¨�¦²,³��O§�³w?��Ë��ª�¥L¦'­�¬$¬LÆ<²�¬O­�Ö­�¬O­:��§v¨ÇÄ�¬xê.ë�ì�í�îÓï�ð%ï�ì1ñ�¥L¦L§�¨V��§yÈG�O¨V�{¦L§�½xGÓÄm¬�ÊN�O«��{�L²�¯_¬��=Äm�LÊ�¬)¨VÄm¬L�2«"��§ ��¨à�»§�¨V�_�»¨à¬O­ ÊN�O¯bÈG¬��È�§�¨V��¯ ¨ÇÄ�¬z¥L¦T§�¨V��§yÈG�O¨V�{¦T§�®V¦L«��©��bÊN¬L§��O§���°±¬L«YÄm���<®Ë�2§�����Äm¬O­$¬�ôN¬O¥ Èm¨V��§�©�½¾�¬x¥T�O§!Æ#¦O­���®2³"¨VÄm¬=¥L¦T§�¨V��§yÈG�O¨V�{¦T§:¦L®A¦�Èm«;ª�«T¬�Ê��{¦�È/�@ÔOÈG¬L«�³-�L²y¦�Èm¨�¥1È�«�«T¬T§�¨AÄm¬O�O¯2¨VÄÎ��¨à�»¨ËÈ��¨�¦:­��Ë��ª�¯_��³8�:®Ç¦L«�Æ#�»¨Ç¨�¬O­ �O§���°B¬T«�È/���2§�©8¨VÄ�¬!¯_¦L©��{¥"ÊN�»«��_�L²�¯{¬,�"�����2§���¨��O§�¨Ç�{�O¨�¬O­Î®Ç¦L«�¬O�,¥�ÄÆ#�»¨à¥�Ä/á

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30Joshua Predications April 2003

õ �Oæ�� â úO�OæOøOù'çOèT��÷���÷�çOè��'ãOä�å�æOç'è��OùOç'èT��÷���÷�çOè��Oç����Tû���4� õ �L��c,üT��� õ ÷�fOèOç�å�ä,þ õ öTç�åCc��O�x�zyC{�|�{ � ÷�æ�÷L�'��:�÷��'úT{ � !;yj�OãOä�å�æOçOèx�OùOçOèT�N÷���÷�çOè»þOþ8_��çOøOüO�'ù���:���å.��ø�å��,�TäOæ�è�÷T�Oþ

e � � kC��� ÷�æ"÷L�O��:N÷��Oú�> =���m�= � � !>�n kCo ÷�æ�÷L�'��:�÷��'ú �����< � �-kC�lk >/!����> ÷�æ�÷L�'��:�÷��'ú o����= e�� �-k;� !<���q�r ��� < ÷�æ"÷L�O�$:�÷��Oú ��=���q� �/!��� �< ÷�æ�÷L�'��:�÷��'ú�e �� > � >/!

ÌB­�­���§�©��.¦LÆ#¬j����ÆAª�¯{¬P?��Ë��ª=ª�«T¦O­»ÈG¥T¬��K¦�Èm¨Vª,È�¨Ò°Å�2¨VÄ��Äm¬O�,­���§�©�áõ ã�å�ç�fOè õ öLç�åc��O���pyC{�| � çT���Tû/�Væ o �'��÷�äOèO�@>O�O�O�'�Oæ/8�yLþ

õ �Oæ�� â úO�Oæ'øOùOçOèT�N÷���÷�çOèx�OãOä�å�æOçOè��'ùOçOèT��÷���÷�çOèx�OçT���Tû,���� õ �T��c�üT��� õ�} å�ä'æO��÷�f'èOç�å�ä,þ

õ öLç�åCc,�O���pyC{�|�{ � ÷�æ"÷L�O��:N÷��OúT{ � !�yj�'ãOä�å�æOç'è��OùOç'èT��÷���÷�çOè,þOþOþ8{��çOø'üO�Où���:,��å1��ø�å��,�LäOæxè�÷L�Oþ

� çT���Tû/�Væ o �'��÷�äOèO�@>O�O�O�'�Oæ/8e � � kC��� ÷�æ"÷L�O��:N÷��Oú�> =���m�= � � !>�n kCo ÷�æ�÷L�'��:�÷��'ú �����< � �-kC�lk >/!����> ÷�æ�÷L�'��:�÷��'ú o����= e�� �-k;� !<���q�r ��� < ÷�æ"÷L�O�$:�÷��Oú ��=���q� �/!��� �< ÷�æ�÷L�'��:�÷��'ú�e �� > � >/!�lkC

~ �%Ê���§�© � ª�«T¬O­��_¥L�O¨V�_¦L§ ªN�»¨Ç¨�¬L«�§ ¨�¦ ¨VÄm¬ ¥L¦L§�ÊN¬L§��{¬L§m¥L¬ ®{È�§m¥�¨Ç�{¦L§ ê.ë�ì�íGî ï�ð��zï��4)bë��*��0�)'�ï-�1ï�+/ï�ì���)��/0���'L7[,�ï1��72ë-5/ì����$��ÊN¬L«�³!È/�.¬L®�Èm¯A°±��³ ¦L®­�¦L�2§�©8�.¦LÆ#¬-¦Tª�¬L«T�O¨V�_¦L§8¦L§w­��O¨��L²����.¬ª�«T¬O­,�{¥T�O¨V�{¦L§��K¨VÄm�O¨<Æ#�»¨à¥�Ä�¨VÄm¬ª��O¨V¨�¬T«�§ ½Óó ¦L«z¬�ôN�OÆAª�¯{¬�¼Ñ�VÈ�ª�ª�¦��.¬Y³N¦�È �O«T¬§m¦¯{¦T§�©�¬L«C��§�¨à¬L«TÖ¬���¨�¬O­x��§ ��¨à¦L«��2§�©�®Ç��¥�¨1���L²y¦�È�¨?ª�¬T«O�.¦L§ �#°Å��¨VÄ-Æ#¬O����¯{¬���¼ �.¦C³�¦�È °±�O§�¨K¨�¦;®���§�­��O§�­x«T¬LÆ#¦�ÊN¬¨VÄm¬��.¬z®Ç�,¥�¨1�K�»¯�¯ �O¨?¦T§�¥T¬�½�~Å�bÊN¬z¨ÇÄ�¬;�Oª�ª�«T¦Lª�«��{�O¨�¬zªN�O¨V¨�¬L«�§"¨�¦?ê1ë�ì�í�îÓï�ð��zï��4)%ë��*��0�)�'mï1�.ï�+/ï�ìE��)�/0���'*7�,�ï1��7�ë-5�ìO½ZG Ä����C®�Èm§m¥�¨V�_¦L§!È/�.¬��?ê.ë�ì�í�î ï�ð%ï�ì ñ8¨à¦��.¬O�O«T¥�Ä ¦L§�¯Q³)¨VÄm¬�­��»¨à�'²y���.¬�¼ ¬�ô�¨Ç«T��¥�¨1�¨VÄm¬xÆ#�O¨�¥�Ä���§�©:­��O¨��L²����.¬=ª�«T¬O­,�{¥T�»¨Ç�{¦L§:®Ë«T¦LÆ ¨VÄm¬zê.ë�ì�íGî ï�ð%ï�ì ñv¥L¦L§�¨V��§yÈG�O¨V�{¦L§ �O§m­-¬�ô�¬'¥ Èm¨�¬��¨VÄm¬ ��ªN¬O¥���®��_¬O­ ¦Lª�¬T«T�»¨Ç�{¦L§ ¦L§ ¨ÇÄ��O¨vª�«T¬O­��_¥L�O¨V�_¦L§�½p �§ ¨ÇÄ��Ë� ¥L���.¬,¼�°±¬ «T¬'Ô»ÈG¬���¨v¨ÇÄ��O¨8�2¨ê1ë�ì�í�î ïGðJî�5/�������±¬�ÊN¬L«�³$Æ#�»¨à¥�Ä��2§�©�ª�«T¬O­��_¥L�O¨V�_¦L§��2¨Ò®���§�­���½

õ c��OãOøOç�i�ä�å�øT�,�O�O�OüO�'æOäOøOã�å�äT��÷�ùO�'��÷�çOèOæ â úO�Oæ'øOùOçOèT�N÷���÷�çOèx�OãOä�å�æOçOèTc,äO�Oæ,�Lä'æ���:�ú'äOèO���4�V�OèO�Oä»�O�Oþõ ùOã/8�äT�,äOùO�O�Oä'øOùOç�c�c,�OèT�vyE>OúOç�:xÿ�çOæOúO�'� < �O�'�OüO�OæOä�yLþ� å��Oä��'ú�÷�è�fOæâC��� >'ø�j�� ��<lkC�-k � �@<���q�r ��� <���=���q� �x� �� �r���� >O� âC��� >'ø�j�� ��<lkC�-k � � ��� �<hkC� � j �-k � �@ �� > � ø�e�� ����� �âC��� >'ø�j�� ��<lkC�-k � � e � � k��� > =���m�= � �@� � <���� � âC��� >'ø�j�� ��<lkC�-k � � ��� �< j�� �<@ �� > � ø r�� n'�âC��� >'ø�j�� ��<lkC�-k � � >�n kCo@�����< � �-kC�-k > � � <���� � âC��� >'ø�j�� ��<lkC�-k � � ����> @o����= e�� �-k��w� � <���� �

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�q¦�Èw¥L�O§�¼B¦T®C¥L¦�Èm«O�.¬�¼±�O¯��.¦=È��.¬�¨VÄm¬p��¯_¬O�O«jÉN¦���Ä�È��p�±�O¨��L²����.¬�¥L¦TÆAÆ#�O§m­-°Å��¨VÄ��"ª�«T¬'­��{¥T�,Ö¨V�{¦T§�ª��O¨V¨�¬T«�§�¨�¦z«T¬LÆ#¦�ÊN¬zÆ#�»¨à¥�Ä��2§�©�ª�«T¬O­��_¥L�O¨V�_¦L§��K®Ë«T¦LÆ ¨ÇÄ�¬;­��O¨��L²y�N�.¬,½_Gq¦z�2¯�¯bÈ/��¨V«T�O¨�¬�¼Ñ�VÈ�ªNÖª�¦��.¬�ó/«T¬O­ Ä����j¯{¬L®Ë¨;¨VÄ��Ë�$©�«T¦�ÈmªÎ¦L®zªN¬O¦Lª�¯{¬�°B¬�°±¬L«T¬�Æ#¦L§���¨�¦L«���§�©�¼Â�O§�­ò�O¯2¯#��§�®Ç¦L«�Æ#�O¨V�{¦T§�L²�¦�Èm¨>Ä��2Æ §�¬O¬'­y�<¨à¦�²y¬@«T¬LÆ#¦�ÊN¬O­9®Ë«T¦LÆ ¨VÄm¬z­��O¨��L²����.¬�½

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31April 2003 Joshua Predications

j,�LäO��åÿ�çOæ'úO�O� < �O�O�OüO�'æOä õ ã�å�äT��÷�ù'�O��÷�çOè'æ*� � �'�-�@ç�å � çOèOä â ��ä,öT�O�,�L� � �O�L�,þâ úO�Oæ'øOùOçOèT�N÷���÷�çOè@��å�äT���T�"��:�úOäOèO�

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4.4. Predications and Logical Connectives

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32Joshua Predications April 2003

ê1ë�ì�í�î ïGð�ð�5�ë-��½�%�¦,¼#�O®�¨�¬T«ò­�¬L®Ë�2§��2§�©u¨VÄm¬��Oª�ª�«T¦Tª�«��{�O¨�¬òª�«T¬O­,�{¥T�»¨à¬���¼K°±¬�¥L�O§ °Å«��2¨�¬��w¥T¦LÆ#Öª�¦�Èm§m­jª�«T¬O­��_¥L�O¨V�_¦L§��VÈG¥�Ä����Tá

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a<¬,��¨V�2§�©8ª�«T¬'­��{¥T�O¨V�{¦T§ ����§ ���_­�¬:¬'��¥�Äu¦L¨VÄm¬L«)�����»§m¦L¨VÄm¬L«)°±��³8¦L®²�Èm��¯{­���§�©8Æ#¦L«T¬ ¥L¦TÆAª�¯{¬�ôª�«T¬O­,�{¥T�O¨V�{¦L§��K¦�È�¨7¦L®<���2§�©�¯{¬z¦L§m¬���½�q¦�È-¥L�O§�È/�.¬@¯_¦L©��{¥T�O¯±¥L¦L§�§m¬O¥�¨Ç�bÊN¬��<��§9ê1ë�ì�í�îÓï�ð��������±�O§m­�ê.ë�ì�íGî ï�ð%ï�ì ñ���¨à�»¨à¬LÆ#¬L§�¨.�YÍ�¨VÄ�¬.³��O«T¬ª��O«�¨V�_¥ Èm¯{�O«�¯Q³9È/�.¬L®�Èm¯�¼/¨VÄm¦�Èm©�Ä ¼/�2§�«1Èm¯{¬��?�O§�­$Ô»ÈG¬���¨V�_¦L§��.Ïà½�Ó¦LÆKª�¦�Èm§m­@ê.ë�ì�íGî ï�ð��������Ò��¨��O¨�¬LÆ#¬L§�¨1�7È�����§�©;ê1ë�ì�í�îÓï�ð2ð�ï154'�DVÈ���¨#�.�LÊ�¬$�.¦LÆ#¬;¦L®Ò¨VÄm¬¯_�'²y¦L«z¦T®¬L§�¨�¬L«��2§�©uÆ?Èm¯2¨Ç�2ª�¯_¬Îª�«T¬O­��_¥L�O¨V�_¦L§��)��§�¨�¦ ¨VÄm¬ ­��O¨��L²����.¬�½�O §m¥L¬�¬L§�¨�¬L«T¬O­�¼A¨ÇÄ�¬ ª�«T¬'­��{¥T�O¨V�{¦T§ �­�¦L§/¿À¨A«T¬LÆ#�O�2§�³�¦�Áy¬O­�¨�¦T©�¬L¨VÄm¬L«O¼o¨VÄm�O¨A����¼6¬O�,¥�Ä:¦T®?¨VÄm¬=¥T¦LÆKª�¦L§m¬L§�¨Aª�«T¬O­,�{¥T�O¨V�{¦L§��Y���Y��§ �.¬T«�¨�Ö¬O­�·2¤LBm·{¹O·�Bm�y¢N´2´   ½_�q¦�È ¥T�O§�§m¦L¨#È��.¬xë-0x°Å�2¨VÄ�ê.ë�ì�í�î ï�ð��������#��¨��O¨�¬LÆ#¬L§�¨1�z��§ò¨VÄ�¬�¥1È�«�«T¬L§�¨�«T¬OÖ¯{¬O���.¬9ÍEê.ë�ì�íGî ï�ð����������2§�©��9­,����DVÈ�§m¥�¨V�{¦L§��Ë�K�=��¨à�»¨à¬LÆ#¬L§�¨7¦L®ØªN�»«�¨Ç�{�O¯6Á�§m¦L°Å¯{¬O­,©�¬OÏà½ê1ë�ì�í�î ïGð�ï�ì1ñòÔ»ÈG¬L«��_¬��K¥T�O§�­�¬L®Ë�2§m¬@Æ#¦L«T¬z¥T¦LÆKª�¯{¬�ô$©�¦O�O¯��Ò²,³9È�����§�©x¯{¦L©��_¥L�O¯±¥L¦T§�§m¬O¥�¨V�bÊN¬���½Go¦x°Å«��2¨�¬�¥L¦TÆAªN¦�Èm§�­$ê1ë�ì�í�î ïGð������[�K�O§m­=ê.ë�ì�í�î ï�ð%ï�ì ñv®Ç¦L«�ÆC��¼Å°Å«T�Oª�¨ÇÄ�¬xª�«T¬O­,�{¥T�O¨V�{¦L§��z°Å�2¨ÇĨVÄm¬�Oª�ª�«T¦Lª�«��_�O¨�¬¥T¦L§�§�¬'¥�¨V�%ÊN¬�½�ó ¦L«C¬�ô��OÆKª�¯_¬�á

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33April 2003 Joshua Predications

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34Joshua Predications April 2003

������e�e1�@����  ��� ø�j �����= � � >���j k � � qlk > � ��:�å�çO�Oäx�Ti�ä�å�æ�÷�çOèç,ö � úOä � å���ç,ö ç�i�ä¡!

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35April 2003 Joshua Predications

õ �Oæ�� â �OèT� â èOçO� â ùOú�÷L�����OãOä�å�æOçOèO�O�â ç�å â úO�OæOøOù'çOèT��÷���÷�çOè��'ãOä�å�æOç'èTc�äO�'æ,�LäOæx�OçT���Tû,�

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a<¦T° ¨VÄm�O¨C°±¬�¿ Ê�¬)�.¬'¬L§ Äm¦L° ¨à¦=²�Èm�2¯{­�ª�«T¬O­,�{¥T�»¨Ç�{¦L§��9�O§m­)ª�«�¬O­��_¥L�O¨V�_¦L§ ª��O¨V¨à¬L«�§ ��¼Å��¨C°±¦�È�¯_­²�¬9È/�.¬L®{È�¯Â¨�¦x­��Ë��ª�¯_��³�¨ÇÄ�¬$Æ#¬O�O§��2§�©!¦L®Kª�«T¬O­��_¥L�O¨V�_¦L§����2§ §m�O¨�Èm«T�»¯Â¯{�O§�©�È��O©�¬�½�%�¬O¬$¨VÄm¬��.¬O¥TÖ¨V�{¦T§

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4.5. Formatting Predications: the SAY Method

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36Joshua Predications April 2003

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37April 2003 Joshua Predications

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4.6. Tracing Predications

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38Joshua Predications April 2003

õ ��ä,öL�Oèx�Oä,�O�TøO�OèT��ø'�Oæ��Oø,öTçOçT��æ õ þõ ù,�TäO��åLþõ �Oä»�O� â �'èT� â öT��i�ç�åO÷��OäOø�c�ä'�,�=üOä'��å�æ�ú'çOèOäTû��

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39April 2003 Joshua Predications

4.7. Miscellaneous Predication Facilities

%�¬�Ê�¬T«T�»¯Yª�«T¬O­��_¥L�O¨V�_¦L§8®Ç�,¥���¯2�2¨Ç�{¬��x�O«T¬!�LÊN�O�2¯_�'²N¯{¬)®V¦T«�È/�.¬)° ��¨VÄ��2§9?/����ª�¥T¦O­�¬�½B¾�¬)Ä��LÊN¬��»¯_Ö«T¬O�,­L³"È��.¬'­-¦L§m¬�¼6§��OÆ#¬L¯Q³�¼ ê.ë�ì�í�î ïGðº.¢7���í4)2ìE�.ï1�����P��5¼�)['L��ì���0�î�,��Vî40���' ½©�<¬T«T¬��O«T¬��.¦TÆY¬�¦L¨VÄmÖ¬L«O��½�¾�¬9�VÈm©�©�¬���¨B³N¦�È�¯{¦O¦�Á=Èmª$¨VÄm¬L�2«�­��{¥�¨V�_¦L§��O«�³x¬L§�¨V«��{¬��7®V¦T«YÆ#¦L«T¬z­�¬L¨��O��¯�½ê1ë�ì�í�î ïGð('L73�`�;��0���5/�C)%ë�+�ê��,��.ì �®>¨VÄm¬j�O«�©�È�Æ#¬L§�¨1�Y�O«T¬#ê.ë�ì�í�î ï�ð2ð���ÀL�˼o¦L«@��®?¬T�2¨VÄm¬L«�O«�©�È�Æ#¬L§�¨

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ê1ë�ì�í�î ïGð��zïNñ4��)(�/0���'L7�,�ï-��72ë-5 �Ó¦L§���¨V«1ÈG¥�¨1�8� ª�«T¬O­,�{¥T�»¨Ç�{¦L§ Í_­�¦'¬��w§m¦L¨ ¬L§�¨�¬L«Ã�2¨Î��§�¨�¦ ¨VÄm¬­��O¨��L²y�N�.¬'Ïà½�GÓÄ�¬ �¤¥)�˳�§�¨��Lô �Ë��� «T¬'��­�¬L« ÆY�,¥�«T¦ ¨VÄ��O¨�¬�ôNÖª��O§m­y�7�2§�¨�¦@¨ÇÄ��Ë��½

ê1ë�ì�í�î ïGðº�/0���'L7[,�ï1��72ë-5 GÓÄ�¬ ²����.¬ ®Ë¯{�LÊN¦L« ®Ç¦L«u�O¯2¯�ª�«T¬O­,�{¥T�O¨V�{¦L§�����§ ÉN¦���Ä�È���½dG Ä����°±¦L«1Á�� °±¬L¯2¯ °Å��¨VÄ ®�Èm§m¥�¨V�_¦L§�� ¯2�%Á�¬ ê.ë�ì�í�î ïGð�ð��`ª*�/��� �O§m­ê.ë�ì�í�î ïGð�ð��`ª*�/��,�ï�ìE�y½

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G Ä�����¥�Äm�»ª�¨�¬L«)Äm���)��Ä�¦L°Å§�³�¦�ÈuÄ�¦L°r¨�¦�©�¬L§�¬T«T�»¨à¬!�2§�®V¦T«�ÆY�O¨V�_¦L§ �2§vÉN¦���Ä�ÈG� ²»³Î²�Èm�2¯_­���§�©ª�«T¬O­,�{¥T�O¨V�{¦L§���¼���¨à¦L«��2§�©Ã¨VÄm¬LÆ �2§D� ­��O¨��L²����.¬�¼A�O§m­u�.¬'�»«T¥�Ä��2§�©Ã¨VÄ�¬ ­��O¨��L²����.¬ò¨à¦Î�O§ ��°±¬L«Ô»ÈG¬L«��{¬,��½UGÓÄm¬�§m¬�ô�¨CÆ#�;D.¦L«x¥T¦L§�¥T¬Lª�¨@�Ë�@È/���2§�©!ÉN¦���Ä�ÈG�"¨�¦�­�¬T«��bÊN¬���§�®Ç¦L«�Æ#�O¨V�{¦T§:²,³�«T¬O���.¦L§mÖ�2§�© �L²�¦�Èm¨Yª�«T¬'­��{¥T�O¨V�{¦T§ �C°Å�2¨VÄ «1Èm¯{¬��z�O§m­)Ô»ÈG¬���¨V�_¦L§ ��½�%�¬O¬=¨ÇÄ�¬"�.¬'¥�¨V�_¦L§

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40Joshua Predications April 2003

Page 47: courses.csail.mit.educourses.csail.mit.edu/6.871/Assignment3/joshua-user-guide.pdf · iii April 2003 Table of Contents Table of Contents !#"%$&$(')+*,!.- ' "/102435"/4 76 6 ! ")$8$9'%:*,!.-

41April 2003 Joshua Rules and Inference

5. Joshua Rules and Inference

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42Joshua Rules and Inference

April 2003

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43April 2003 Joshua Rules and Inference

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li{�]�g�x�������~*jc_yx��i����~Ð�Î�Ú�lÐ�Ù�î¯Ñ1ü�@ÝLî[Ù»ÚvÜ�Ý2Ú}3`ñ�ô� Í�â$Ü`ÝÓÚ�JL34�»óT�Lùò¦á-Ð�ÎEÜCÛ@î Û@î»Ñ�Ú�ÒLÜ`î¯Ö�Ð�ÙKâ`Í�Îzâ`Í�ÎEÏ�Ð�Î�Ñ�ÐöÒÓÑXÔ1Ð�Ö£×lÏUÐ�Î�ѸÎCØ2Ù¯Ú�ÛEß� ô�ñ�ðCùM�2ø*ô�1lõ�õ��¸Ü`ÝÓÚ�álÐ�ÎEÜCÛ$Ñ�î[âÃâ�Ú�Îdâ`Í�Î�Ú�Ð�Ö�ݸÎCØÓÙ»Ú@Ü»ã�álÚ�üH�^ÝLî Û�î ÛPÔ*Ú�Ö�Ð�Ø�ÛÚ@Ü`ÝÓÚ�Ù¯Íc�-î»Ö�Ð�Ù6Û�Ü�ÎCØ/ÖR�ÜÃØÓÎ�Ú@Þ�Ð�áLÛPî�Ò*Ü�Í�Ð�ÒzJG � ùEô'1-óGJ9��ùRÛ;Ü`ÎCØ/ÖEÜÃØÓÎ�Ú�Ü`Ý2Ð�Ü6Î�Ú�â Ù»Ú�ÖEÜCÛPÜ`Ý2Ú�î�Ò*â�Ú�Î�Ú�ÒÓÖ�î[Ò��vÞ6Ú�Ü`ÝÓÍ�ÑRÔ*Ú�î[Ò��Ø�ÛÚ�ÑÕú[â`Í�ÎEÏ�Ð�Î�ÑhÍ�Î�Ô1Ð�Ö£×lÏ�ÐöÎ�Ñ�Ö�ÝÓÐ�î�Ò*î�Ò��*û;ü�̧Í�ÎEÏ�Ð�Î�ÑhÐ�Ò2ÑRÔ*Ð�ÖC×-Ï�Ð�Î�ÑhÖEÝ2Ð�î�Ò*î�Ò��MÎCØ2Ù¯Ú�Û¤Ñ�î[âÃâ�Ú�Îî�ÒwÜ`ÝÓÚ�î[Î6Þ�Ð�á�á�î[Ò��RÍ�â¹Ù»ÍR�-î»Ö�ÐöÙZÜ�ÍPî�ÞÆálÚ�Î�Ð�Ü`îlÚPá-Ð�ÎEÜCÛEü@ ÎCØÓÙ»Ú�ï(ÛPî[ÞÆá-Ú�Î�Ð�Ü`îT-ÚTá-Ð�ÎEÜCÛ�Ö�Í�Ò¼Û�î Û�ÜPÍ�â�Ð�ó�ô�J����LùEô�á-Ð�ÎEÜPÐ�ÒÓÑ�Ð�Ò,1�ðEó�J�ñ�ò álÐ�ÎEÜCü��^Ý2Ú�Ü�ÎEîG���*Ú�Îá-Ð�ÎEÜKÑ�Ú�Ü�Ú�ÎEÞÆî�ÒÓÚ�ÛKî�âNÐ�ÎCØÓÙ»ÚTî ÛHÐöá�á�Ù[î»Ö�Ð�Ô-Ù»ÚTÜ;Í@Ð��-îTlÚ�ÒSÛ�î[ÜÃØ/Ð�Ü`î¯Í�Ò/ü���ÝÓÚ@Ð�Ö�Ü�î»Í�ÒÕálÐ�ÎEÜKÑ�Ú�Ü;Ú�ÎR�ÞÆî�ÒÓÚ�ÛKÏZÝÓÐ�ÜKÍ�álÚ�Î�Ð�Ü`î»Í�Ò¼Û6Ü`Ý2ÚdÎCØÓÙ»Údá-Ú�ÎEâ�Í�ÎEÞPÛKÏZÝÓÚ�ÒMî[ÜKÚ�àlÚ�ÖCØÓÜ�Ú�ÛEü&Ì^Í�ÎEÏ�Ð�Î�ÑpÐöÒÓÑ@Ô*Ð�ÖC×-Ï�Ð�Î�ÑÎCØ2Ù¯Ú�ÛdÝ2ÐclÚhÑ�î[âÃâ�Ú�Î�Ú�Ò*Ü$Ü`ÎEîG���*Ú�ÎzÐ�ÒÓѸÐ�ÖEÜ`î¯Í�ÒuálÐöÎEÜÛEßsÛÍ�Ï�ÚhÑ�îÃÛÖCØ�ÛEÛ�Ú�Ð�ÖEÝuÎCØ2Ù¯ÚzÜ»ã�álÚXÛÚ�á-Ð��Î�Ð�Ü�Ú�Ù�ã*ü��ÝÓÚTÖ�Í�ÞÆÞ�ÐöÒÓÑK�-ÝÓÍ�Ï��-Í�Û�Ý1Ø¡Ð=+�ØÓÙ»Ú�ÛKÑ�îÃÛ�á�Ù»ÐEãLÛ�Ü`ÝÓÚTÖCØ2ÎEÎ�Ú�Ò*Ü`Ù�ãzÑ�Ú�â î�ÒÓÚ�Ñ@ÎCØ2Ù¯Ú�ÛEüF�¹Ð�ÎEî»ÍEØ�ÛKÍ�á��Ü`î»Í�Ò¼ÛdÙ»Ú�ÜPãlÍ�Ø�Ü�Ð�î[Ù»Í�ÎRÜ`ÝÓÚvÑ�îÃÛ�á�Ù»ÐEãLü�-^Ù»Ú�ÐlÛÚhÖ�Í�Ò/Û`Ø2Ù[Ü$Ü`ÝÓÚvÑ�î»ÖEÜ`î»Í�Ò2Ð�Î�ã�Ú�Ò*Ü`Î�ã¸â`Í�ÎwÜ�ÝLî Û@Ö�Í�Þ��Þ�ÐöÒÓÑ1ü

5.1.1. How Forward Rules WorkýÃÒ9Ð�â�Í�ÎEÏ�Ð�Î�ÑMÎCØÓÙ»Ú�ßUÜ`ÝÓÚ*JL3M��á-Ð�ÎEܤîÃÛ�Ü`ÝÓÚpÜ`ÎEî����*Ú�Î�ß¹Ð�Ò2ÑMÜ�Ý2ÚpóT�Lùò��¯á-Ð�ÎEܤî ÛdÜ�Ý2Ú�Ð�ÖEÜ`î»Í�Ò¼ü��*Ú�ÚâÃî���Ø2Î�Ú�Ñ�Î�Ð��*Í�Ò/ü

(defrule dragon-id-kit (:forward)

if [and [huge ≡creature][breathes ≡creature ≡fire]

[or [guards ≡creature gold]

[guards ≡creature maiden]]]

then [dragon ≡creature])

Trigger Part

Action Part

Ì�î���Ø2Î�Ú6�1üÕ̧Í�ÎEÏ�ÐöÎ�Ñ7+^Ø2Ù¯Ú �^ÎEîG���*Ú�ÎPÐ�Ò2Ñ<@�Ö�Ü�î»Í�ÒK-_Ð�ÎEÜCÛ

Page 50: courses.csail.mit.educourses.csail.mit.edu/6.871/Assignment3/joshua-user-guide.pdf · iii April 2003 Table of Contents Table of Contents !#"%$&$(')+*,!.- ' "/102435"/4 76 6 ! ")$8$9'%:*,!.-

44Joshua Rules and Inference

April 2003

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45April 2003 Joshua Rules and Inference

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46Joshua Rules and Inference

April 2003

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(defrule paternal-grandfather (:backward)

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47April 2003 Joshua Rules and Inference

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Page 54: courses.csail.mit.educourses.csail.mit.edu/6.871/Assignment3/joshua-user-guide.pdf · iii April 2003 Table of Contents Table of Contents !#"%$&$(')+*,!.- ' "/102435"/4 76 6 ! ")$8$9'%:*,!.-

48Joshua Rules and Inference

April 2003

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49April 2003 Joshua Rules and Inference

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50Joshua Rules and Inference

April 2003

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5.2. Removing Joshua Rule Definitions

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Z>a�gR[^]�_!`8a�bc]B�´[^d�g�ei]I`8h�uIj�e�g�wÏ_Í�Ø Ö�Ð�ÒQÑ�Í�Ü`Ý*îÃÛÕÛÐ�Þ6ÚSÍ�álÚ�Î�Ð�Ü`î»Í�Ò â Î�Í�Þ ÐÛéLÞ�Ð�ÖöÛhÚ�Ñ�î[Ü�Í�ÎvÔ�ØÓâÃâ�Ú�ÎXÏZî[Ü`Ý Ü`ÝÓÚIÚ�à�Ü�Ú�Ò2Ñ�Ú�ÑéLÞ�Ð�Ö�Û�Ö�Í�ÞÆÞ6Ð�ÒÓÑ�ê�ë�ì¦í©î�Ù[Ù)¡�Ú�âÃî[ÒLî[Ü`î»Í�Ò/ü©Ì§Í�ÎdÐ�ÛÐ�ÞNá�Ù»ÚTî�Ò*Ü�Ú�Î�Ð�Ö�Ü�î»Í�ÒÕÏZî�Ü�ÝÕÜ`ÝLî Û�Ö�Í�ÞÆÞ�ÐöÒÓÑ�¬�LÚ�Ú Ü`Ý2Ú Þ�Ð�ÖEÎ�Í Aæ�$�C�D^é2ä§DF�4ê���å'N��Y�IØL /çc��ê�N[ì�é�"'�-ß á-Ð��*Ú ­Í�Û�Ý1Ø¡Ð�¬ Ø2ÒÓÑ�Ú�â î�ÒÓÚ���á�Î�Ú�Ñ�î»Ö�ÐöÜ;Ú��ÌÖW?¯ ; �_ý4¹�¯Nü�¯JÍ�Ü;Ú�Ü`ÝÓÐ�Ü�Ð�Ò�ãhá�Î�Ú�Ñ�î»Ö�Ð�Ü`î»Í�Ò/Û�á�Î�Ú8�î»Í�Ø4Û�Ù�ãMÑ�Ú�Ñ�Ø/Ö�Ú�ÑwÔ�ãÕÐwÎCØÓÙ»ÚzÛ�Ü`î�Ù[ÙJÎ�Ú�Þ6Ð�î[Òî�ÒwÜ`ÝÓÚ�Ñ�Ð�Ü�Ð�Ô*Ð�ÛÚ�Ðöâ Ü�Ú�Îsã-Í�ØzÎ�Ú�Þ�Í8lÚPÜ`ÝÓÚHÎCØÓÙ»Ú�ï�Û Ñ�Ú�â î�Ò*î�Ü`î¯Í�Ò/ü�&ÍÕÎ�Ú�Þ�Í8lÚ Ð�Ù�Ù¤ÎCØÓÙ»Ú Ñ�Ú�â î�Ò*î�Ü`î¯Í�Ò/Û�Ð�ÜwÍ�Ò2Ö�Ú�ßxØ4ÛÚXÜ`ÝÓÚXâ»Ø2ÒÓÖ�Ü�î»Í�ÒÛACæ�$�C�D^é2ä�ì�E���é-ç�ü)�RÚXÝ2ÐclÚÔ*Ú�Ú�ÒÕØ4Û�î�Ò��ÕÜ�ÝLî Û�â»ØÓÒ2ÖEÜ`î»Í�Ò¸Ü�ÍRÖEÙ»Ú�Ð�ÎdÜ`ÝÓÚRÑ�Ð�Ü�Ð�Ô*Ð�ÛÚ�ß]Ô�Ø2ÜKî[ÜKÝ2Ð�Û¤ÐhÛÚ�Ö�Í�Ò2ÑhÍ�á�Ü`î¯Í�Ò2Ð�Ù Ð�Î���Ø#�Þ�Ú�ÒLÜ¢Ü�ÍPÙ»Ú�Ü�ã-Í�ØhÖEÙ»Ú�ÐöÎKÐ�Ù�ÙZÎCØ2Ù¯Ú¤Ñ�Ú�â î�Ò*î�Ü`î¯Í�Ò¼ÛEü��ÝÓÚPâ ØÓÙ�Ù�Ð�Î���Ø2Þ�Ú�Ò*Ü¢Ù�îÃÛ�ÜsÍ�â�Aæ�$8C�D§é2ä�ì�EG��é-çPîÃÛR¬

¾iÃ�ÄRº^ÇVm=Z'îc¿�ÆiÂ�s�¿�ÀRº�Ã0Z4¾�ÃiÄRº^Ç�h�Á8º^ÂRº^ïRº�¶�Ä�Â�w=Ì�À�Á�Ä Ê Ç�Ì�Ã�Äih�Ç�Ì�Ã�Äi¶�w��Ý-Ø4ÛEßFܯã�á�î[Ò�� Z4p�bR]�dI`zl.l�w ÖEÙ»Ú�Ð�Î�ÛTÜ`ÝÓÚMÑ�Ð�Ü�Ð�Ô*Ð�ÛÚ*1�ò�� Ð�ÜdÜ�Ý2ÚXÛÐ�Þ�Ú�Ü`î�Þ�Ú�Î�Ú�Þ�Í8lÚ�Û@ÐöÙ[ÙÎCØ2Ù¯Ú¤Ñ�Ú�â î�Ò*î�Ü�î»Í�Ò/ÛEüXÒ�Ú$Ð�Ï�Ð�Î�Ú�Ü�Ý2Ð�ÜxÜ`Ý*îÃÛJîÃÛÆÐ$Î�Ð�Ü`ÝÓÚ�ÎPÑ�Î�Ð�Û�Ü`î¯Ö$Û�Ü�Ú�á*ß�Ð�ÛÆÐöá�á�Ù[î»Ö�Ð�Ü`î»Í�Ò/ÛÆÑ�Ú�álÚ�Ò2ÑI�î�Ò��wÍ�ÒwÜ�Ý2Ú�ÛÚPÎCØÓÙ»Ú�ÛÚ¢»J»õ[õ©òLñ$õ3ñ�ò!�LùEô©¢©ñ�ô�ðÓß¼ØÓÒ*Ü`î�Ù_ã-Í�ØzÎ�Ú�Ù»Í�Ð�Ñ�Ü`ÝÓÚ�ÛÚHÎCØÓÙ»Ú�ÛEü��ÝÓÚ Ö�Í�ÞÆÞ�ÐöÒÓÑ ; Ù¯Ú�Ð�Îy�lÍ�Û�Ý1Ø¡Ð0¡�ÐöÜ;Ð�Ô1Ð�ÛÚXÝ2Ð�ÛzÐ�Ò Í�á�Ü`î¯Í�Ò Ü�ÍXÙ»Ú�Ü$ã-Í�Ø"Ö�Ù¯Ú�Ð�ÎÕÐöÙ[ÙÓ�lÍ�Û�Ý-Ø/ÐÎCØ2Ù¯Ú�ÛEüX��ÝÓÚ¤Ö�Ð�Ø2Ü�î»Í�Ò/Û�­`Ø4Û�ÜxÞ�Ú�Ò*Ü`î»Í�Ò2Ú�ÑTÐ�á�á�Ù�ãTÝ2Ú�Î�Ú¤Ð�ÛJÏ�Ú�Ù[ÙÃü

5.3. Tracing Rules

; Í�ÞÆÞ�ÐöÒÓÑ1ÛR¬ �_ÒÓÐ�ÔlÙ»ÚQ�lÍ�Û�Ý1Ø¡Ð7�^Î�Ð�Ö�î[Ò��¡Zî ÛÐ�ÔlÙ»ÚQ�lÍ�Û�Ý1Ø¡Ð7�^Î�Ð�Ö�î[Ò��

�@ÝLî[Ù»ÚvÑ�Ú�Ô�Ø����-î�Ò��0�lÍ�Û�Ý1Ø¡Ðvá�Î�Íc�-Î�Ð�ÞPÛ�ã-Í�ئÍ�â Ü�Ú�ÒuÏUÐ�Ò*Ü�Ü�ÍpÔ1ÚvÐ�Ô-Ù¯Ú�Ü�Í�Ï�Ð�Ü�Ö�ÝuÜ`ÝÓÚ�ÎCØÓÙ»Ú�ÛÚ�àlÚ�ÖCØ2Ü�Ú�ü�Ï_Í�ØhÖ�Ð�ÒwÜ`Î�Ð�Ö�ÚPÜ`ÝÓÚKÔ1Ú�Ý2Ðc�î»Í�ÎPÍ�â¹ÎCØÓÙ»Ú�Û¢Ô�ã�Ø�Û�î[Ò��@Ü`ÝÓÚ¤Ö�Í�ÞÆÞ�ÐöÒÓÑ

Äig�d���bc]vÈ^f�u�{ia�d�lI`�d�pIj8g�eBZ4lRµ^�i]�f�_=lI`8d�pIj�g�e�w Ê fI`�n^dI`M[*Ç�a�bR]�uâ`Í�Î6â�Í�ÎEÏ�ÐöÎ�Ñ�ÎCØÓÙ»Ú�ÛEߧÍ�Î�Ü`Ý2Ú�Ö�Í�ÞÆÞ6Ð�ÒÓÑ

Äig�d���bc]vÈ^f�u�{ia�d�ÂI`�d�pIj8g�eBZ4lRµ^�i]�f�_=lI`8d�pIj�g�e�w(ïid�p�kRn^d^`�[*Ç�a!bc]�uâ`Í�ÎNÔ*Ð�ÖC×-Ï�Ð�Î�Ñ�ÎCØ2Ù¯Ú�ÛEü��Ý*îÃÛdÖ�Ð�Ø4ÛÚ�ÛdÐ�Ü`Î�Ð�Ö�ÚpÞ�Ú�ÛEÛÐ��*ÚwÜ�Í�Ô*Úwá�ÎEî[ÒLÜ;Ú�ÑÕÚ8lÚ�Î�ãÕÜ`î�Þ�ÚzÐ�ÎCØÓÙ»ÚwÎCØÓÒ¼ÛEü��@î�Ü`ÝSâ�Í�ÎEÏ�Ð�Î�ÑÎCØ2Ù¯Ú�ÛdÜ`ÝÓÚzÞ�Ú�ÛEÛÐ��*ÚhÐ�á�álÚ�Ð�Î�Û�Ú�Ð�Ö�ÝIÜ`î�Þ�ÚzÜ�Ý2Ú�JL34�¯á-Ð�ÎEÜdÍ�âHÜ`ÝÓÚzÎCØÓÙ»ÚÕú[Ü`ÝÓÚzÜ`ÎEîG���*Ú�Î�ûPî ÛRÛ`Ø/ÖR�

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51April 2003 Joshua Rules and Inference

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52Joshua Rules and Inference

April 2003

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53April 2003 Joshua Rules and Inference

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54Joshua Rules and Inference

April 2003

5.4. Joshua Rule Basics At a Glance

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ASK callscontinuation

Rule Success(all if-parts

TriggerPart

PredicationsIn Trigger

Rule FiresWhen

ActionPart

TriggerAsked

TriggersSatisfied

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55April 2003 Asking the User Questions

6. Asking the User Questions

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6.1. Adding and Removing Joshua Question Definitions

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56Asking the User Questions April 2003

6.2. Default Joshua Questions

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57April 2003 Asking the User Questions

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58Asking the User Questions April 2003

6.3. Writing Custom Questions

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59April 2003 Asking the User Questions

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60Asking the User Questions April 2003

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61April 2003 Pattern Matching in Joshua: Unification

7. Pattern Matching in Joshua: Unification

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7.1. Unification Rules

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62Pattern Matching in Joshua: Unification April 2003

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7.2. Variables and Scoping in Joshua

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63April 2003 Pattern Matching in Joshua: Unification

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7.3. Some Examples of Joshua Unification

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64Pattern Matching in Joshua: Unification April 2003

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65April 2003 Pattern Matching in Joshua: Unification

û"¦$#¨�ª�vVp ß �� ã�* û �+ ��r�,Zt Z¨�§�¨�ª�v�à�¡�£$ ë ¡#§�­V§�¬"«9¥%������ * �- ã�. ä�á/ ª#¨9q�w�¨�ª�vVp ß �� ã * û �+ ��r�,Zt ë ¨�¢�¤Vp ß �� ã * û �+ ��r ã�Û � â t/ ª#¨9q�w�¨�ª�v�r ã�Û � â ë ¨�¢�¤�r�,/�ûZ¦$#¨Tª�vÓp��0����1 * � ß r0,Zt/2 #¨�§�¨Tª�v�à�¡�£$ ë ¡#§]­Ó§�¬"«¥1������� * �- ã . ä"Ý/%/ ªZ¨9qTw�¨�ª�vÓp�������1 * � ß r�,"t ë ¨�¢�¤Óp��������r . � * ����r� � ÷��3 Û t/%/ ªZ¨9qTw�¨�ª�v�r . � * ��� ë ¨�¢�¤% * � ß/%/ ªZ¨9qTw�¨�ª�v�r� � ÷��3 Û ë ¨�¢�¤�r�,/%/�ûZ¦�$#¨�ª�vVp . û ã�ß ä � * * � ß r�,Zt/%/ ªZ¨9qTw�¨�ª�v�r�, ë ¨�¢�¤%� Û � * ���/%/�ûZ¦�$#¨�ª�vVp������� � � � � Û � * ����t/2 #¨�§�¨Tª�v�à�¡�£$ ë ¡#§]­Ó§�¬"«¥1������� * �- ã . ä"Ý/%/ ªZ¨9qTw�¨�ª�vÓp������� � � � � Û � * ���t ë ¨�¢�¤Vp��������r . � * ����r�� � ÷��3 Û t/%/ ªZ¨9qTw�¨�ª�v�r . � * ��� ë ¨�¢�¤ � � �/%/ ªZ¨9qTw�¨�ª�v�r� � ÷��3 Û ë ¨�¢�¤%� Û � * ���/%/�ûZ¦�$#¨�ª�vVp . û ã�ß ä � *%� � � � Û � * ���tp ß �� ã�* û �+ �%� Û � * ����t

7.4. Basic Unification Facilities

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66Pattern Matching in Joshua: Unification April 2003

� &P-T�6���,1 ����ô�U���(+ CQ?�OPAm? 5 LS79GN@ 365 G�79@ CU7GN@ 3 A*@�CE@/? 3 7�:�KULiG67@ a A�@ @ 5 ;~f 3 A�@�@ 3�5 G6A a 5 ?/7 R@ 3�5 KU79W�CM8�IJA�;TCUA9O�K 5 ?�A�; 5Z� ?]7VKU7GkWéAm?S@ 365 ?0@�;�:(8T@Q:�; 5 ?�A*; 5 @ 365 ?]A a 5ZY�243 CF?SCQ?�A a :,8 3?0@ ;79GPW 5 ;j8979G�LZC=@ CU7G_@ 3 A*G�� &P-T�6�4�61����(�����cY?= A�CE;�?D@ 3 A*@B?]A�@ CF? R di� &P-��6���,1 ��� �Ð� � A�; 5 G67@\G 5 8<5 ?T?]A�;TCEKhd IJA*;TCMA�Gk@�? � O#:6@ 5 I 5 ;0d � A�CE;ì@ 3 A�@ ?]A*@�CQ? R C 5 ? � &P-��6���,1 ����ô�U���(+ A�KF?]7 ?]A*@�CQ? R C 5 ?� &P-T�6���,1 �c�(�Ð� �cY

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67April 2003 Using Joshua Within Lisp Code

8. Using Joshua Within Lisp Code

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68Using Joshua Within Lisp Code April 2003

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69April 2003 Advanced Features of Joshua Rules

9. Advanced Features of Joshua Rules

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70Advanced Features of Joshua Rules April 2003

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71April 2003 Justification and Truth Maintenance

10. Justification and Truth Maintenance

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72Justification and Truth Maintenance April 2003

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10.1. Justification

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73April 2003 Justification and Truth Maintenance

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74Justification and Truth Maintenance April 2003

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75April 2003 Justification and Truth Maintenance

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76Justification and Truth Maintenance April 2003

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77April 2003 Justification and Truth Maintenance

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78Justification and Truth Maintenance April 2003

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79April 2003 Justification and Truth Maintenance

[ALLERGIC JOHN PENICILLIN][HAS-CONDITION JOHN PNEUMONIA TODAY][TEST-FOR ALLERGIES JOHN NEVER-DONE]

[SCHEDULE-TEST-FOR ALLERGIES JOHN NOW]

True things

False thingsNone

(tell [not [has-condition john pneumonia today]]

Initial Database

New tell Statement Is Entered

1

2

TMS intervenes:tell statement contradicts

existing fact

3

(defrule schedule-tests (:forward)if [and [allergic ≡person ≡drug]

[test-for ≡problem ≡person never-done]then [schedule-test-for allergies ≡person now])

(defrule allergy-test (:forward)if [and [had-treatment ≡person ≡condition ≡drug yesterday]

[has-condition ≡person health today]]then [not [allergic ≡person ≡drug]])

Rules

[ALLERGIC JOHN PENICILLIN]

[HAS-CONDITION JOHN PNEUMONIA TODAY]

[TEST-FOR ALLERGIES JOHN NEVER-DONE][SCHEDULE-TEST-FOR ALLERGIES JOHN NOW]

True things

False things[HAS-CONDITION JOHN PNEUMONIA TODAY]

Database after first retraction6

User retracts fact

4

tell statement is added to database

5

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80Justification and Truth Maintenance April 2003

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81April 2003 Justification and Truth Maintenance

deduction contradictsexisting fact

Rule fires; TMSintervenes:

[ALLERGIC JOHN PENICILLIN]

[TEST-FOR ALLERGIES JOHN NEVER-DONE]

[SCHEDULE-TEST-FOR ALLERGIES JOHN NOW]

True things

False things[HAS-CONDITION JOHN PNEUMONIA TODAY]

[HAD-TREATMENT JOHN PNEUMONIA PENICILLIN YESTERDAY][HAS-CONDITION JOHN HEALTH TODAY]

Database with New tell Statements

(defrule schedule-tests (:forward)if [and [allergic ≡person ≡drug]

[test-for ≡problem ≡person never-done]then [schedule-test-for allergies ≡person now])

(defrule allergy-test (:forward)if [and [had-treatment ≡person ≡condition ≡drug yesterday]

[has-condition ≡person health today]]then [not [allergic ≡person ≡drug]])

Rules

(tell [and [had-treatment john pneumonia penicillin yesterday][has-condition john health today]])

8

[ALLERGIC JOHN PENICILLIN]

True things

False things[ALLERGIC JOHN PENICILLIN]

New tell Statements Trigger Rule

[HAD-TREATMENT JOHN PNEUMONIA PENICILLIN YESTERDAY][HAS-CONDITION JOHN HEALTH TODAY]

[TEST-FOR ALLERGIES JOHN NEVER-DONE]

[SCHEDULE-TEST-FOR ALLERGIES JOHN NOW]

[HAS-CONDITION JOHN PNEUMONIA TODAY]

7

User retracts fact

9

Deduced statement is added to database

10

True things[HAD-TREATMENT JOHN PNEUMONIA PENICILLIN YESTERDAY][HAS-CONDITION JOHN HEALTH TODAY]

Modified Database

False things[ALLERGIC JOHN PENICILLIN]

[HAS-CONDITION JOHN PNEUMONIA TODAY]

[TEST-FOR ALLERGIES JOHN NEVER-DONE]

[SCHEDULE-TEST-FOR ALLERGIES JOHN NOW]

11

Changes to Database

¶Q�^�;�]����Ë;:�£��h³!´1Ú�ºE��n­;¯F��¬·Í·���¢���^�¡�z�±�°�°U���±�Z���±#¶·�����2Í·���X������±��F�0� �2Ú·º;���b�����X�1¶h���0�Ë ý £ �·�]�p�Q³!´1§E�]��¸ �¨���X�0�[�»�¯�¯B±D��­����]±D���]���A����¬��Y�[±%���[�b��������A���¯�¯5�L�����������0� �n�®�]�µ�[� ���[­�°

­E�����b�±y­D���±��A���Y�®�A����ÿ éîêæ���ë�å�æ���õæéõ��Yô�èDí��ãYåå�æDí0ð�ï0æé!ç�èê�â1â�è�=�� £G�·�[�1�·�������%±����b­D¯A����^�y¶Q���;�[���µ���µ� °Ò���¢�b�b��� ý ¬?�b�[��¸ �2�®�¢���2���������������A��� £Ë � £ �·�¢���²�b�[��¸ �2���[�µ���^�]�¯�¬Z�[­�±;��b��±¡¬h�Y�[±������ �b���b�b���X�2±D�Y�����¡�;� ��£

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82Justification and Truth Maintenance April 2003

¶(���;�[����Ë Ë0£��Q³�´1Ú·ºE�Y�n­D¯A��¬hÍ·���X�������Z��±L°^°¥�����������¥���b­D¯A���%�Y�[±�´¢�������[±?*U���������0���F���

10.3.1.1. Definitions for the LTMS Example@�@�@BA í0æ���ï�îãõæC��æ�ô�ï0â�ï0õDï0èâ�éñD��æ�ôYï0âæ��ó�í0æ���ï0î�ãõæ1ãYåå�æDí0ð�ï0îWñ�ó�æDí0éèâC��í0ëðYöñbå�õ���éFE�å�õ���é��ó�í0æ���ï0î�ãõæ�����è���æ�åö�ö

ñD��æ�ôYï0âæ��ó�í0æ���ï0î�ãõæ1ê�ã����õDí�æãõ���æ�âõWñ�ó�æDí0éèâ%îèâ��Eï0õDï0èâC��í0ëðC=�êæâYöñbå�õ���éFE�å�õ���é��ó�í0æ���ï0î�ãõæ�����è���æ�åö�ö

ñD��æ�ôYï0âæ��ó�í0æ���ï0î�ãõæ1õ�æéõ���ô�èDí�ñ�ó�í0èä�å�æ��MóæDí�éèâG=�êæâ�����èâæ�öñbå�õ���éFE�å�õ���é��ó�í0æ���ï0î�ãõæ�����è���æ�åö�ö

ñD��æ�ôYï0âæ��ó�í0æ���ï0î�ãõæ1é�îêæ���ëYå�æ��õæ�éõ���ô�è�í�ñ�óDí�èä�å�æ��yóæDí0é�èâG=�ê�æâ�öñbå�õ���éFE�å�õ���é��ó�í0æ���ï0î�ãõæ�����è���æ�åö�ö

ñD��æ�ôYï0âæ��ó�í0æ���ï0î�ãõæ1ê�ãé��îè�â���ï0õDï�èâWñ�ó�æDí0éèâ%îèâ��Eï0õDï0èâC=�êæâYöñbå�õ���éFE�å�õ���é��ó�í0æ���ï0î�ãõæ�����è���æ�åö�ö

@�@�@BH ë�å�æC��æ�ô�ï0â�ï0õDï0èâ�éñD��æ�ôYí0ë�å�æ%éîêæ���ë�å�æ��õ�æéõé�ñIE�ô�èDíJ=�ãDí;�;öï�ô ÿ ãâ�� ÿ ã�åå�æDí0ðDï0îLKóæDí�éèâMK���í0ëð��

ÿ õæé�õ���ô�èDí?KóDí0è�ä�å�æ��NKóæDí0é�èâ1âæ�O�æDí�����èâæ����õê�æâ ÿ é�îêæ���ëYå�æ��õæ�éõ���ô�è�í!ã�åå�æDí0ðDï0æ�éMKóæ�í0éèâ%âè�=���ö

ñD��æ�ôYí0ë�å�æ%ã�åå�æDí�ð�ò��õæ�éõWñIE®ô�èDí;=�ã�í;�;öï�ô ÿ ã�â�� ÿ ê�ã����õDí�æãõ���æ�âõMKó�æDí0éèâLKîèâ���ï0õDï0è�âMK���í�ëð�ò�æ�éõæDí;��ã�ò��ÿ â�èõ ÿ ê�ãé��îè�â���ï0õDï�èâMKó�æDí0éèâLKîèâ���ï0õDï0è�â1õè���ã�ò����

ÿ ê�ãé��îè�â���ï0õDï�èâMKó�æDí0éèâ%êæã�å�õê1õè���ã�ò����õêæâ ÿ âèõ ÿ ã�åå�æ�í0ðDï0îLKóæDí0é�èâMK��Eí0ëð����Yö

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83April 2003 Justification and Truth Maintenance

[SCHEDULE-TEST-FOR ALLERGIES JOHN NOW]

True things

False things

[TEST-FOR ALLERGIES JOHN NEVER-DONE]

True things[HAD-TREATMENT JOHN PNEUMONIA PENICILLIN YESTERDAY]

[HAS-CONDITION JOHN HEALTH TODAY]

False things

Final, Updated Database14

12

13

Retraction removessupport fordeduced fact

(defrule schedule-tests (:forward)if [and [allergic ≡person ≡drug]

[test-for ≡problem ≡person never-done]then [schedule-test-for allergies ≡person now])

(defrule allergy-test (:forward)if [and [had-treatment ≡person ≡condition ≡drug yesterday]

[has-condition ≡person health today]]then [not [allergic ≡person ≡drug]])

Rules

[HAD-TREATMENT JOHN PNEUMONIA PENICILLIN YESTERDAY][HAS-CONDITION JOHN HEALTH TODAY][TEST-FOR ALLERGIES JOHN NEVER-DONE]

True things

False things[ALLERGIC JOHN PENICILLIN]

[HAD-TREATMENT JOHN PNEUMONIA PENICILLIN YESTERDAY][HAS-CONDITION JOHN HEALTH TODAY]

[TEST-FOR ALLERGIES JOHN NEVER-DONE]

[SCHEDULE-TEST-FOR ALLERGIES JOHN NOW]

[HAS-CONDITION JOHN PNEUMONIA TODAY]

[ALLERGIC JOHN PENICILLIN]

TMS retractsunsupported fact

Changes to Database

Database

[ALLERGIC JOHN PENICILLIN]

[HAS-CONDITION JOHN PNEUMONIA TODAY]

[ALLERGIC JOHN PENICILLIN]

[HAS-CONDITION JOHN PNEUMONIA TODAY]

¶Q�^�;�]����Ë ú £��h³!´1Ú�ºE��n­;¯F��¬·Í·���]��¯È�z±;�±�°^°>�Q³!´#¤G�[�b��������A���¯�¯t�P*Û�������������RQ�� ���[­;­E�����b�±¶·�����

¶(���;�[����Ë ý £��Q³�´1Ú·ºE�Y�n­D¯A��¬hÍ·���[�0¯c�Z±D�±�°�°·¤G�[�b��������F�S*U���®���������F���1�������[���Q³�´

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84Justification and Truth Maintenance April 2003

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ÿ õæéõ��Yô�èDí!ãYåå�æDí0ð�ï0æéGT�èêâ1â�æ�O�æDí�����èâæ�����öö@�@�@BU í0æãõ�æyô�ïí�éõ1îè�âõDí0ã��Eï0îõDï0è�âñD��æ�ô�ëâ1îDí�æãõæ���îèâõDí�ã���ï0îõ�ï0èâWñ�öñ�õ�æ�åå ÿ âèõ ÿ êãé��î�èâ���ï0õ�ï0èâGT�èêâ1ó�âæë���è�âDï0ã1õ�è���ã�ò�����öö

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85April 2003 Justification and Truth Maintenance

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86Justification and Truth Maintenance April 2003

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87April 2003 Dictionary Notes: Basic Joshua Dictionary

11. Dictionary Notes: Basic Joshua Dictionary

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88Dictionary Notes: Basic Joshua Dictionary April 2003

11.1. List of Entries in the Basic Joshua Dictionary

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89April 2003 Dictionary Notes: Basic Joshua Dictionary

�J��<�&���Z�E<ÒÄ� MF]�XÄ��<�!�^�]��J��<�&���Z�E<ÒÄ� !Ã<��G^Ä

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90Dictionary Notes: Basic Joshua Dictionary April 2003

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91April 2003 Basic Joshua Dictionary

12. Basic Joshua Dictionary

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96Basic Joshua Dictionary April 2003

Examples of Using joshua:askà�¤0�<Ö×­ ©�¤0¯D±^¬�¤Ì­J�0¥¦¤Ý®�¢�¤�©�±²ª�³��!¤�­<´¿¤0¬�!¤0¢�����¤0¥ ±^¬�!�Ý����¤3©�³��!³0Å.³¨­J¤I´B���Z¤�¬ ³I©�©£³Å.³Iª)�¨»ú³�¢�©É¢;���²¤4³�¬Z©5³>ųIª)�¨»Æ³c¢�©�s��F¤�­!�Y±²�0¬FÑR¶·��¤>¢;�Z�¸¤ ©�¤0�!¤0¢<¥Ø±�¬Z¤�­M»Í�Z³��P±À­N³�¬¤�³c�Ȥ0¢IÖ×­P¯�³0§¨�0¢<±��!¤Ü¯Y����©]Ñ ¶Ô��¤�sc�&¤�­!��±¸�0¬3¤0��±²ª<±^�;­P±�¬Ò¯Y�0¢<¥¦³���±²��¬Ý�!� ­J³���±D­!¯^¹«����¤Ü¢;���²¤�Ö×­­��Å]���³c�DÑ

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98Basic Joshua Dictionary April 2003

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100Basic Joshua Dictionary April 2003

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102Basic Joshua Dictionary April 2003

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103April 2003 Basic Joshua Dictionary

�Y�Z¤¿©�¤0¯D±^¬±^�Y±²�0¬F­<Ѿ v�´Ik��N�I�0o0ª � « j�o�q;çÜr�iGþ�o�q�r�§�o�þÐæIq�f��Nn�k�ÿ�¥�g�k�q;þÜq�jI�0o�i¾ l�ocæIr�s�oLm�e�ok��q�o�þ]r�ÿ�k�m�o�iä þ�oIæcr�s�o�|���q�o�þ]r�ÿ�k�m�oMo�þ]r�nI�0o ä f�n�åIo�ÿ�mIü�üä þ�oIæcr�s�o�|���q�o�þ]r�ÿ�k�m�oÐr<i�|Iæ0f�f�þ ä f�n�å�o�ÿ�mIü�üä þ�oIæcr�s�o�|���q�o�þ]r�ÿ�k�m�oMÿ�f�s�m�k�r<s�i ä f�n�å�o�ÿ�mLi�j�n�i�m�k�s�ÿ�ocü�üä þ�oIæcr�s�o�|���q�o�þ]r�ÿ�k�m�oMi�g�o�o�m ä f�n�å�o�ÿ�mIü�ü

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104Basic Joshua Dictionary April 2003

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105April 2003 Basic Joshua Dictionary

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114Basic Joshua Dictionary April 2003

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115April 2003 Basic Joshua Dictionary

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116Basic Joshua Dictionary April 2003

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117April 2003 Basic Joshua Dictionary

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118Basic Joshua Dictionary April 2003

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119April 2003 Basic Joshua Dictionary

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ä i�k�çT³Iæ��ü ä i�k�çT³Iæ�ªIü ä i�k�çT³Iæ�ÀIü ä i�k�çT³Iæ1Ã�üu t�f�f�þT³�ÿ�k�¥�o����Iü

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u m�o�´Im�j�q�o0³�ÿ�k�¥�o���f�r�i�m��ä �0f�f��Næ0f�q?ÿ�fI�0f�qMr�s�� ä o�§�o�sI�<ç�|�t�fI�<þºs�r�ÿ�oI�<çI|�n�q�f�gIsIü

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120Basic Joshua Dictionary April 2003

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¾�¾�¾ ��r�i��Lÿ�f�þ�oºr�sMk�ÿ�m�r�f�s0��k�q�mLfIæPn�k�ÿ�¥�g�k�qJþ°q�jI��oä þ�oIæcr�s�o�|���q�o�þ]r�ÿ�k�m�oMt�f�f�þ�|�m�f�|�q�o�k�þ ä n�f�f�¥Iü�üä þ�oIæ���k�q�k��Io�m�o�q�Ñ�n�f�f�¥�i�Ñ�� ä þ�o�ÿ�k��Io�q�f�sLÿ�k�s�m�o�q�n�j�q;çI|�m�kI�0o�iMt�k�q<t�k�s�m�j�k�|�k�s�þI|���k�s�m�k�t�q�j�oc�

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�ð���°ª0³�¬Ð±�¬Ò�±"Ũ±^�(Å.³�ª��]»Æ³�¢�©Lª<�Z³�±�¬Ò±�¬Ò��¢;���²¤¿±^¬]§¨��ª�³c�Y±²�0¬�ÅI¹L®]³�­<­!±^¬�2�;��<�Z���&���×�F�LG ³�­�Y�Z¤G�E<�-:B>��.C�9�\¾�]Ã�<Z:"Ã<��G^Ä��O�¤J¹�»Æ�0¢�©L³�¢<���Z¥¦¤0¬�¾�!�Ø�;��<�Z���&���Ò��9 ß�����¤2©�¤0¯Y³0�Z��� §¨³��"�&¤±D­ú�J����Z���Z�^�×�Jã�ÑRxD¬N���Ò±D­Øª�³�­J¤Õ����¤?­D¹Ò­!�!¤0¥ ©���¤�­½�0¬Ò� ¹M³2©�³��!³0ų�­J¤B�²�������Z®Ñ�ð��� ª�³c¬Ûª�³0�X­J¤4Å.³Iª)�¨»ú³�¢�©ysc�&¤�­!��±²��¬£±�¬.§¨��ª�³���±²��¬ÌÅc¹3®]³�­<­!±�¬Ò���J����Z���Z�^�×�ܳ�­Ð����¤�B<Ò�-:LF]�XÄ��<�!�^�]���J�¤;¹�»ú��¢�©P³�¢<����¥¦¤0¬Ò�(�!�R�;��<�Z���&���Ò��9�ß����Z¤¿©�¤�¯�³0���^�(±À­ú�J��<�&���Z�^� �µ�=G²ã�Ñ

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121April 2003 Basic Joshua Dictionary

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125April 2003 Basic Joshua Dictionary

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126Basic Joshua Dictionary April 2003

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128Basic Joshua Dictionary April 2003

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129April 2003 Basic Joshua Dictionary

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134Basic Joshua Dictionary April 2003

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137April 2003 Basic Joshua Dictionary

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138Basic Joshua Dictionary April 2003

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139April 2003 Basic Joshua Dictionary

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147April 2003 Basic Joshua Dictionary

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148Basic Joshua Dictionary April 2003

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149April 2003 Basic Joshua Dictionary

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150Basic Joshua Dictionary April 2003

�\Ó Ñ è�ßDÚ¯Ñ ñ�^Ù Ú¯Ö��¯Ü'ñ Î���`HÚ Ù¯Ó��¯Ü'Ó&ä å\GR��PÕDÓDâ�#DÜ'ÓY��# Ó ç èDÏ'ÓHÙ�Ü^ñ Ñ Ò���� ÎHÙ¯á��

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�\Ó Ñ è ñDÜ'Ó á Ó�# Ó Ñ Ö ñ��HÙ¯Ö¯ÜEÚ¯ç Ó á'Ú¯Î���# Ó ç èDÏ'Ó'Ù�Ü'ñ Ñ Ò���� ÎHÙ¯á��\Ñ Ò���� ÎHÙ$á��\Ó Ñ è ñDÜ'Ó á Ó�# Ó Ñ Ö ñ��HÙ¯ÖDÜhÚ¯ç Ó áHÚ$Î���# Ó ç èDÏ'ÓHÙ�Ü'ñ Ñ Ò���� ÎHÙ¯á��

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• � ('d-� �1&Fp�� o l\j1iP��{|��{_zDk/��{_c5v e�b2{_z$bÿ{�i�küi��Htr¥±c5o�tup k vSi���b~k �®�\bdp&�\y�jd�\bd� Åhk ojCpc5� ¨þ�����~�|���E���|¬ ¡ w�c p'i�v~c5��w�p5�hp5vdwùcDvÄ��b~k �FcD��k vH�ÿc5��b~p5yW��yDp w^{_zDk �\{_c5v5�öe¿püi�k$��\b~k � ¨þ�����d�|���h�|�|¬ ¡ b~k�i:k ¨s���|º!�_�����5� � §E«$���KøP�|���h�|�|¬ ¡ ú¿{|vÈi\jSz$b�k�zDkhi�p^����vdp?��y${�tÁ{N��\{Åhpzl\j1iP��{|��{_zDk/��{_c5vg{�i?iP�Ep z${_k o�oK�ÿ�\yDp k �Pp wü¥^�ÿ�\bdpa�sx É aÄ��yDc$Å�{Nw�p e�{|��bÄfhc'iPbEjSk�ú

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151April 2003 Basic Joshua Dictionary

v~k tup5oK� 0�j1k"6���I�(+6 � 0bjck 6���I�(�6 l\j�iP�\{|��{_zDk �\{_cDvûi7e�{�o|o�vdp¯Åhp5yR¥±pÿyDp5tuc¯Åhp w�¥/�¢�\bdp�sx É a?e�{|�\bdc¯jd�qN/jCp5yP��{�v,}?�\bdp·j�i�p5y �����\bdp5y®��y${�tÁ{��\{Åhprl\j�iP�\{��[{Nz5k �\{Nc5vûiuk yDp���yDp k �P�p w�k�imk�i$i\jdtÁ�H�\{_cDvûi��\bdk/��zDk vR¥2pGyDp5tuc¯Åhp w&¥/� ��b~p��sx É aR{|��vdp zDp'i$i�k yP���PcGyDp �i�c5oÅhpmkFz5cDv,�\yDk^w^{_z$�\{_c5vS�

• � � I�(+H�&<DU��&<,Gk�D�IK6�p�7�("� xnbdp'i�p¢k yDpg{_w�pDv,�\{Nz5k o&�Pcg��b~p¢k y$}�j~tup5v2��ià�Pcg�\bdpfEc^iPb±jCk���yDc5�Pc z5c5o��_j~vdz¯��{_c5v %'&)(+*-,/.10 %s,/(+HsIBD�d úþvdk/tup5o �¤k º�¡,��º�¬ ¡~�|� ú �|��§±�;=|«A§¯¨H¨1¬^��� úø\�E¼«��'=�«$§$¨�¨1¬/��� k v~w §E¡,´H¡,¬� ¡)=|«A§¯¨H¨1¬^��� �rxsb~p'i�pà��{_p5oNw±i7k yDpüj�i�p w�>Nc5yàw^{[i�zDk yDw�p w8A¥^�Ge�bdk �Pp¯Åhp5y�x É a&{[i£��yDp'i�p5v2���

xsbdp�w�k �Pk5¥2k�i�pm{�v,�Pc·e�b2{_z$b ¨þ�����~�|���E���|¬ ¡ {�ir�'jd�rw�p5�hp5vdw±iÁc5v7�\bdp�w�k �Pk�tuc w�p5oöc5�Z{|��i�HyDp w'{Nz5k �Pp^�sxsb~pmw�pD�\k5jdo|�Y{[i���b~pmw'{�i�z¯y${�tÁ{�v~k �\{Nc5v?vdp5���ÊsË k tÁ�Ho_p'i ��\á Ö^Õ Õ ßDÚ¯Ñ ñDâ'Ó ÛHÚ$çHÚ¯Ó��WæHٯΠÑ�� ÖHٯΠå��

�\á Ö^Õ Õ ß'� Î áRßDÚ¯Ñ ñDâ'Ó ÛHÚ$çHÚ¯Ó��Z_ Ó^Õ^Ú�# Ó�� å���\á Ö^Õ Õ ßDÚ¯Ñ ñDÜ'Ó Ò Û Í á ÖHÙ¯ñ Î��m`HÚ Ù¯Ó��DÜ'ÓWæHٯΠÑ�� ÖHٯΠå��\á Ö^Õ Õ ßDÚ¯Ñ ñ Ñ ÖHÙ�ã^Ó�� á ñ Î�m_ Ó^Õ/Ú�# Ó��WæHٯΠÑ�� ÖHٯΠå ×��'Ò Ñ á'Ú"�^Ú¯ç Ó áHÚ¯Î�� ×��HÙ¯ÖDâhÚ¯Ñ Ö���\á Ö^Õ Õ ßDÚ¯Ñ ñ��^Ù Ú¯Ö��DÜ'ñ Î���`HÚ Ù¯Ó��DÜ'Ó�_ Ó^Õ^Ú�# Ó�� å�×��^Ò Ñ áHÚ"�/Ú¯ç Ó áHÚ$Î���×[Ó Ñ Ñ ÒDâ�� áHÚ¯Î����

� ÕDÓ á ÖHÙWÙ¯Ö áHÙ¯Ó ç á ÖDÜG��\á Ö^Õ Õ��$ßDÚ$Ñ ñ Ö �EÚDÕ5ÖDÜ'ñ��/Ù¯ÎDâ7æ'ٯΠÑ�� Ö'Ù¯ÎU�����^Ú��DÜ'ñ Ö �EÚ5Õ5Ö ñ ç Î Ò�� áHÙ�Þ�R�æHٯΠÑ�� ÖHÙ¯Î��5å�

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152Basic Joshua Dictionary April 2003

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1. Interaction During m-X Kill Definition

2. Zmacs Buffer After Completion of m-X Kill Definition

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156Basic Joshua Dictionary April 2003

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157April 2003 Basic Joshua Dictionary

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159April 2003 Basic Joshua Dictionary

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" Î Ï ÌÐ)¿V� ¿�ÑÀ È Ì�Ã+À�ÄiÆCÐ)Ñ änÈ ¿�â�Ä�Ã"Ì�À�Ä�Å"Æ�Â;ÑBç£ÄKÀ�Á�Ñ vïÕ ¾ ³fáÌ] ð árÖ[v8á ¾ Ç Ô �q��ÑK¾FÒ�Ó Ç�Ô�Õ£Ö Ø§'¨)©+ª-«/¬1­2®3«5²-³5²�¨<´f²5® Í�ÚFÜ��KÚ�y�_Bà

] Æ�Ì è ¿�â Ã"Å Æ�ÂJÀJÌ�Æ)À Ê Â;¿�â æí v Å�ÂJÁ Ê Ì ÀJÅ â8¿"Æ-Å ÀJ¿ Ì À È'Ê À�Á �ïÌ�Í Ê ¿ Å ã§;¨)©+ª1«/¬-­B®'«5²1³5²c¨<´f²5® Ø ��Å Ê Ã ÌÆ�à Šè Ï Ì È ¿�À È'Ê À�Á*�ïÌÍ Ê ¿�Â Ê ÂJÄKÆ)Ð ±�C° Ø] Ï8È ¿�â�Ä�Ã"Ì�À�Ä�Å"Æ�Ä� §;¨)©�ª-«/¬1­2®3«5²-³5²c¨<´f²G® ç£Á�¿"Æ�À�Á�¿ È ¿OÄ� Æ-Åx�ïÌ�ÍKÄ�â È ¿�Ì<Â;Å"ÆMÀ�Á-Ì�À  Ê-Ï ÑÏ Å È À'Â�ÄKÀ ØëÇ Á�¿ Ï<È ¿�â�Ä�à Ì�À�Ä�Å Æ è Ì+í Å È è Ì+í�Æ-Å"À È ¿ è ÌÄiÆ ÄiÆ À�Á�¿�â<Ì�ÀJÌ"æuÌïÂ;¿ Î æ Ê ÀmÄ�Âà Å"Æ�Ã"¿ Ï À Ê Ì�ÍKÍ�í "

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160Basic Joshua Dictionary April 2003

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164Basic Joshua Dictionary April 2003

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165April 2003 Basic Joshua Dictionary

��ò�áVó�ç#á$ê�Üüà#â$Ý�á �)�I��%)�������")��!�(��� �!����O����!�"�� Ü4é*êá-íOÜ�ß�á$êXÜißYÝtòqácí�Þ-ìiìüÞ-úýÜiß`ãCá�öUâ� wó�ìôáDþ��ò�á3 �â�à�ç#ÞKÜ4éïè é�á$ê8Ý�ÞKÝ�á- wóUÞ#ç#â,ç�ÜiìkõXé�á#ݹ¬v¯�ßÚ£ Ò ´�ßXÝ�Þ0÷¥á9â9ìüÞ-ãUÜôà�ëuâ$ç�Üüâ-÷UìôáDþW��òqá#ßÝtúÌÞ�ó�ç#á$ê�Üüà#â$Ý�ÜüÞ-ßLéxâ$ç#á;à#Þ- wóUâ$ç#á$ê*Ý�Þ*é�á$á£ÜiídÝ�òqá�õ9è�ß`Üií�õ?ú�ÜiÝ�ò�Þ-ß�á;â$ß�Þ-Ý�ò�á-ç$þdþÉß`Üií4Üôñà#â$Ý�ÜüÞ#ßWÞ&à-àHè�ç$éxÜ�ß�Ýtò`ÜOé�à#âué�á?é�Þ0Ý�òqá0ítÞ-çI â,Ý�é�Ý�â$Ý�á� �á#ß`Ý ó�ç�Üiß`ÝHéïÝ�ò�á£ëuâ$ì\è�á*Þ#í�¬v¯�ß X£ Ò ´�ßåþ

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166Basic Joshua Dictionary April 2003

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167April 2003 A Figure of the Joshua Protocol of Inference

Appendix AA Figure of the Joshua Protocol of Inference

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168A Figure of the Joshua Protocol of Inference April 2003

RULE-INDEXING PROTOCOLadd-forward-rule-trigger delete-forward-rule-trigger

map-over-forward-rule-triggers

USER INTERFACE

positions-backward-question-matcher-can-skip

add-backward-question-trigger

say

delete-backward-question-trigger

locate-backward-question-trigger

RULE CUSTOMIZATION PROTOCOL

expand-forward-rule-trigger expand-backward-rule-triggercompile-forward-rule-action compile-backward-rule-action

positions-forward-rule-matcher-can-skip

locate-forward-rule-trigger

add-backward-rule-trigger delete-backward-rule-trigger

locate-backward-rule-triggermap-over-backward-rule-triggers

TMS PROTOCOL

justifyunjustify support

notice-truth-value-change

DATABASE INTERFACE

insert

tell clear

ask

ask-data ask-rules ask-questions

fetch

untell

uninsert

positions-backward-rule-matcher-can-skip

nontrivial-tms-p

current-justification

all-justifications

QUESTION PROTOCOL

map-over-backward-question-triggers

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169April 2003 Index

Index

About the Joshua Documentation, 2About the Joshua Language, 1Adding and Removing Joshua Question

Definitions, 55Advanced Features of Joshua Rules, 69A Figure of the Joshua Protocol of Inference, 167An LTMS Example, 78ask function, 15Asking the User Questions, 55ask query, 25Basic Joshua Dictionary, 91Basic Unification Facilities, 65Changing truth values without a TMS, 21clear function, 18Clear Joshua Database Command, 106Clear Joshua Database command, 18Compound Justifications, 74Continuation Argument, 92Database Interface, 7Database objects; see predication objects, 16database predication, 16Database Predications Can Have Multiple

Justifications, 74Default Joshua Questions, 56define-predicate macro, 12define-predicate-method function, 35Defining Joshua Rules, 42Definitions for the LTMS Example, 82Dictionary Notes: Basic Joshua Dictionary, 87Difference between joshua:untell and

joshua:unjustify, 159different-objects function, 39, 67Disable Joshua Tracing Command, 122Disable Joshua Tracing command, 39Discrimination net default database

implementation, 17Displaying the database contents, 144Enable Joshua Tracing Command, 122Enable Joshua Tracing command, 39Entering and Displaying Predications in the

Database, 15

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170Index April 2003

Examples of Using joshua:ask, 96Explaining Backward Chaining Support, 48Explaining Program Beliefs, 75Explain Predication Command, 123Extracting Parts of the Continuation with Accessor

Functions, 94Formatting Predications: the SAY Method, 35Free-floating predications, 16Getting Started with Joshua, 5graph-query-results function, 25graph-tms-support function, 76How Backward Rules Work , 46How Forward Rules Work, 43Instantiated logic variables, 34Instantiated query pattern, 25Introduction, 1ji:*data-discrimination-net* variable, 17joshua:*contradictory* variable, 107joshua:*false* variable, 125joshua:*true* variable, 151joshua:*unknown* variable, 159joshua::and, 32joshua:ask function, 91joshua:ask-database-predication function, 100joshua:ask-derivation function, 101joshua:ask-query function, 104joshua:ask-query-truth-value function, 104joshua:clear function, 105joshua:copy-object-if-necessary function, 107joshua:define-predicate macro, 109joshua:defquestion macro, 110joshua:defrule function, 115joshua:different-objects function, 121joshua:explain function, 123joshua:graph-query-results function, 126joshua:graph-tms-support function, 128joshua:known joshua predicate, 130joshua:make-predication function, 132joshua:map-over-database-predications macro,

133joshua::not, 32joshua::or, 32joshua:predication flavor, 136joshua:predicationp function, 136Joshua Predications, 11joshua:print-query function, 137joshua:print-query-results function, 137joshua:provable joshua predicate, 139

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171April 2003 Index

Joshua Rule Basics At a Glance, 54Joshua Rules and Inference, 41joshua:say function, 142joshua:say-query function, 143joshua:succeed function, 148joshua:support function, 149joshua:tell function, 150joshua:undefine-predicate macro, 152joshua:undefquestion function, 153joshua:undefrule function, 153joshua:unify function, 154joshua:unjustify generic function, 158joshua:untell generic function, 159joshua:variant function, 163joshua:with-statement-destructured macro, 164joshua:with-unbound-logic-variables macro, 164joshua:with-unification macro, 165Justification, 72Justification and Truth Maintenance, 71Justifications, Assumptions, 73 Deduction, 74 :one-of, 74 Premises, 73known joshua predicate, 23lexical scope, 29List of Basic Joshua Symbols, 9List of Entries in the Basic Joshua Dictionary, 88Logic variables, logic variables, 26 instantiated, 34 uninstantiated, 34make-predication function, 39, 67Miscellaneous Predication Facilities, 39modeling in Joshua, 7Modeling predicates, 14occur-check done by unifier, 154Overview of Joshua, 7Pattern Matching in Joshua: Unification, 61Predicate definitions, and predications, 13Predicates, 12predication flavor, 39, 67predication objects, 16predicationp function, 39, 67Predications, and predicate definitions, 13

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172Index April 2003

Predications and Logical Connectives, 31Predications and Logic Variables, 26Predications and Predicates, 11Predications, free-floating, 16Predications, Truth Values, and the Database, 14Primitive Justifications, 72print-query function, 25print-query-results function, 25Propositional-Logic-Based TMS (LTMS), 71provable joshua predicate, 23Querying the Database, 23query pattern, 27Removing a Database Predication with Untell, 18Removing Joshua Rule Definitions, 50Removing Predications From the Database, 17Reset Joshua Tracing Command, 141Retracting Predications with joshua:unjustify, 84Revising Program Beliefs, 77Rule Customization Protocol, 7Rule Indexing Protocol, 7say protocol function, 35say-query function, 25, 36Setting up the Joshua Context and File Attributes,

5Show Joshua Database Command, 144Show Joshua Database command, 16 matching a specified pattern with, 31Show Joshua Predicates Command, 11, 145Show Joshua Rules Command, 146Show Joshua Tracing Command, 146Show Rule Definition Command, 147Some Basic Joshua Protocol Functions, 7Some Examples of Joshua Unification , 63Streamlining Typical Continuation Requests with

Convenience Functions, 95succeed function, 65support function, 75tell function, 15The Joshua Reference Manual, 3The User’s Guide to Basic Joshua, 2Three-valued logic, 20Tracing predications, 39Tracing Predications, 37Tracing Rules, 50Truth Maintenance System (TMS), 71Truth Maintenance System (TMS) Protocol, 7Truth tables, 23Truth Values, 20

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173April 2003 Index

undefine-predicate function, 13Unification, 25Unification Rules, 61unify Function, 65Uninstantiated logic variables, 34unjustify function, 84unjustify generic function, 18untell generic function, 18User Interface Protocol, 7Using Joshua Within Lisp Code, 67Variables and Scoping in Joshua, 62variant function, 66virtual database concept, 15weeding out self-referential behavior, 121with-statement-destructured macro, 39, 67 used in say method, 36with-unification macro, 65Writing Custom Questions, 58~\\SAY\\ format directive, 36