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iihs.org IIHS Crashworthiness Research Update Humanetics Crash Meeting 2019 Raul Arbelaez Vice President, Vehicle Research Center

IIHS Crashworthiness Research Update - Humanetics · iihs.org IIHS Crashworthiness Research Update Humanetics Crash Meeting 2019 Raul Arbelaez Vice President, Vehicle Research Center

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Page 1: IIHS Crashworthiness Research Update - Humanetics · iihs.org IIHS Crashworthiness Research Update Humanetics Crash Meeting 2019 Raul Arbelaez Vice President, Vehicle Research Center

iihs.org

IIHS Crashworthiness Research Update

Humanetics Crash Meeting 2019

Raul ArbelaezVice President, Vehicle Research Center

Page 2: IIHS Crashworthiness Research Update - Humanetics · iihs.org IIHS Crashworthiness Research Update Humanetics Crash Meeting 2019 Raul Arbelaez Vice President, Vehicle Research Center

Enhancements to IIHS consumer information program

Crash Avoidance

– Pedestrian AEB, Rear AEB, Assessment of Level 2 driver assistant systems

Crashworthiness

– Rear (head restraints)

– Side

– Frontal

Page 3: IIHS Crashworthiness Research Update - Humanetics · iihs.org IIHS Crashworthiness Research Update Humanetics Crash Meeting 2019 Raul Arbelaez Vice President, Vehicle Research Center

Side crashworthiness

Page 4: IIHS Crashworthiness Research Update - Humanetics · iihs.org IIHS Crashworthiness Research Update Humanetics Crash Meeting 2019 Raul Arbelaez Vice President, Vehicle Research Center

50 km/h perpendicular impactBegan in 2003

IIHS side impact crashworthiness test

Vehicle ratings based on dummy

injury measures, restraints/dummy

kinematics and structural performance

cceptable

P

A

M

G ood

arginal

oor

Vehicle Ratings

Page 5: IIHS Crashworthiness Research Update - Humanetics · iihs.org IIHS Crashworthiness Research Update Humanetics Crash Meeting 2019 Raul Arbelaez Vice President, Vehicle Research Center

Side crash fatalities in the United States

0

2,000

4,000

6,000

8,000

10,000

2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018

Nu

mb

er

of

Fata

litie

s

Calendar Year

Page 6: IIHS Crashworthiness Research Update - Humanetics · iihs.org IIHS Crashworthiness Research Update Humanetics Crash Meeting 2019 Raul Arbelaez Vice President, Vehicle Research Center

Side impact ratings: crash tests and field data

Fatal crash analysis - 2011

– Fatality risk in side impact crashes 70 percent lower in ‘good’

rated vehicles versus ‘poor’

Remaining Fatal/Serious Injury case review - 2015

– Predominantly involve more severe crashes: higher impact

speed and heavier striking vehicles

Modified crash configuration - 2017

– Laboratory crash test configuration to best promote vehicle-

design improvements

• Higher Speed

• Vehicle-to-vehicle

• Heavier crash partner (LTV)

2016 Fatal Side Crashes (FARS)

Good

Not Rated

Poor

Marginal

Acceptable

Page 7: IIHS Crashworthiness Research Update - Humanetics · iihs.org IIHS Crashworthiness Research Update Humanetics Crash Meeting 2019 Raul Arbelaez Vice President, Vehicle Research Center

IIHS side crash test measures and driver death riskRated-vehicle drivers in left-impact police-reported crashes during 2000-16

Crash test measure

Change in

measure

Change* in

death risk

B-pillar intrusion -10cm -25%

HIC-15 -100 -8%

Maximum shoulder deflection -10mm -10%

Average torso deflection -10mm -12%

Maximum torso deflection -10mm -12%

Maximum torso deflection rate -1m/s -9%

Maximum torso viscous criterion -0.5m/s -14%

Acetabulum force -1kN -7%

Iliac force -1kN -9%

Combined pelvic force -1kN -8%

* All effects were statistically significant at 0.05 level, controlled for

driver age and sex and vehicle type and curb weight

Page 8: IIHS Crashworthiness Research Update - Humanetics · iihs.org IIHS Crashworthiness Research Update Humanetics Crash Meeting 2019 Raul Arbelaez Vice President, Vehicle Research Center

MDB test speed underrepresents crash severity50 km/h

0

25

50

75

100

0 10 20 30 40 50 60

Cu

mu

lati

ve P

erc

en

t

Lateral delta-V (km/h)

NASS Side Crash Delta V

MAIS 2+

MAIS 3+

Fatal

Average IIHS side

crash Delta V

Page 9: IIHS Crashworthiness Research Update - Humanetics · iihs.org IIHS Crashworthiness Research Update Humanetics Crash Meeting 2019 Raul Arbelaez Vice President, Vehicle Research Center

MDB mass underrepresents current SUVs and pickups

0

500

1,000

1,500

2,000

2,500

1985 1995 2005 2015

Vehic

le M

ass (

kg)

Vehicle Year

Pickups

SUVs

IIHS MDB

Cars

2,100 kg

1,900 kg

1,500 kg

1,500 kg

2017 models average mass

Page 10: IIHS Crashworthiness Research Update - Humanetics · iihs.org IIHS Crashworthiness Research Update Humanetics Crash Meeting 2019 Raul Arbelaez Vice President, Vehicle Research Center

Vehicles for evaluationVery strong Good rated structures

Toyota Camry Volkswagen Atlas

Page 11: IIHS Crashworthiness Research Update - Humanetics · iihs.org IIHS Crashworthiness Research Update Humanetics Crash Meeting 2019 Raul Arbelaez Vice President, Vehicle Research Center

Research testing: Comparison of IIHS barrier, SUV and Pickup impacts at higher mass and higher speed60 km/h

IIHS Barrier, 1,900 kg Ford F-150, 2,200 kgHonda Pilot, 1,900 kg

Page 12: IIHS Crashworthiness Research Update - Humanetics · iihs.org IIHS Crashworthiness Research Update Humanetics Crash Meeting 2019 Raul Arbelaez Vice President, Vehicle Research Center

How does the IIHS barrier represent a pickup or SUV striking vehicle?Ford F-150 into Toyota Camry at 60 km/h

Page 13: IIHS Crashworthiness Research Update - Humanetics · iihs.org IIHS Crashworthiness Research Update Humanetics Crash Meeting 2019 Raul Arbelaez Vice President, Vehicle Research Center

Struck vehicle kinematicsDifferent vehicle interaction

IIHS barriervehicle rolls away from barrier partner

SUVvehicle rolls toward SUV partner

Page 14: IIHS Crashworthiness Research Update - Humanetics · iihs.org IIHS Crashworthiness Research Update Humanetics Crash Meeting 2019 Raul Arbelaez Vice President, Vehicle Research Center

Higher severity IIHS barrier test does not capture impact pattern of SUV striking vehicles

Longitudinal distance from impact point (cm)

SUV

IIHS barrier

IIHS barrier striking vehicle

uniform stiffness construction creates uniform damage across length of vehicle and height

SUV striking vehicle

varying stiffness construction creates a “M” shape of varying deformation across the length of the vehicle and greatest intrusion at mid-door height

Maximum vehicle deformation along side of vehicle

Page 15: IIHS Crashworthiness Research Update - Humanetics · iihs.org IIHS Crashworthiness Research Update Humanetics Crash Meeting 2019 Raul Arbelaez Vice President, Vehicle Research Center

Higher severity IIHS barrier test does not capture impact pattern of SUV striking vehicles

IIHS barrier striking vehicle

uniform stiffness construction creates uniform damage across length of vehicle and height

SUV striking vehicle

varying stiffness construction creates a “M” shape of varying deformation across the length of the vehicle and greatest intrusion at mid-door height

Maximum vertical vehicle deformation along b-pillar

SUV

IIHS barrier

Page 16: IIHS Crashworthiness Research Update - Humanetics · iihs.org IIHS Crashworthiness Research Update Humanetics Crash Meeting 2019 Raul Arbelaez Vice President, Vehicle Research Center

Dummy injury measures

F-150 Pilot MDBCamry

Atlas

Driver

Passenger

Driver

Passenger

Body regions with injury risks exceeding IARVs

Page 17: IIHS Crashworthiness Research Update - Humanetics · iihs.org IIHS Crashworthiness Research Update Humanetics Crash Meeting 2019 Raul Arbelaez Vice President, Vehicle Research Center

Summary of crash partner comparisonsLTVs and IIHS Barrier

Higher speed test with a heavier MDB will encourage structural and restraint system design changes

– Must consider tradeoffs for safety performance in lower-speed crashes

With a higher severity test, modification of the IIHS MDB is necessary to make it more representative of SUV or Pickup striking vehicles

– Different vehicle kinematics

– Differences in structural deformation produced different injury patterns

MDB indicated high risk of head and chest injuries

SUV/Pickups indicated high risk of pelvic injuries

Side crashworthiness can be improved with more stringent evaluation criteria

Page 18: IIHS Crashworthiness Research Update - Humanetics · iihs.org IIHS Crashworthiness Research Update Humanetics Crash Meeting 2019 Raul Arbelaez Vice President, Vehicle Research Center

Updating the IIHS side impact barrier design

?

Barrier-face redesign

Create “M” shape along vehicle side

Similar amount of maximum b-pillar intrusion

Height of maximum deformation at mid-door height

No barrier-face bottoming or tire interaction

Crash cart redesign

Crash kinematics (redistribution of weight)

Page 19: IIHS Crashworthiness Research Update - Humanetics · iihs.org IIHS Crashworthiness Research Update Humanetics Crash Meeting 2019 Raul Arbelaez Vice President, Vehicle Research Center

Different trial barriersMixed stiffness honeycomb designs

IIHS MDB modified AE-MDB raised to

SUV height

IIHS MDB AE-MDB mod raised to

SUV height

Page 20: IIHS Crashworthiness Research Update - Humanetics · iihs.org IIHS Crashworthiness Research Update Humanetics Crash Meeting 2019 Raul Arbelaez Vice President, Vehicle Research Center

Different trial barriersMixed stiffness honeycomb designs

MDB modified AE-MDB raised to

SUV height

MDB AE-MDB mod raised to

SUV height

MDB MDB modified AE-MDB raised AE-MDB mod raised

Vehicle kinematics ✓

Deformation shape

Amount of structural deformation

✓ ✓

Injury patterns ✓

n/a

No barrier bottoming

Page 21: IIHS Crashworthiness Research Update - Humanetics · iihs.org IIHS Crashworthiness Research Update Humanetics Crash Meeting 2019 Raul Arbelaez Vice President, Vehicle Research Center

Next StepsDevelopment of a new IIHS side impact test

Barrier redesign effort in Summer/Fall 2019

– Mixed stiffness honeycomb design

Re-examine ratings criteria based on review of updated injury risk data

Explore potential trade-offs of a higher severity test

Test protocol to be released in 2020

Page 22: IIHS Crashworthiness Research Update - Humanetics · iihs.org IIHS Crashworthiness Research Update Humanetics Crash Meeting 2019 Raul Arbelaez Vice President, Vehicle Research Center

Rear occupants in frontal crashes

Page 23: IIHS Crashworthiness Research Update - Humanetics · iihs.org IIHS Crashworthiness Research Update Humanetics Crash Meeting 2019 Raul Arbelaez Vice President, Vehicle Research Center

Percent difference in risk of fatal injury for rear vs. front row by vehicle model yearBelted occupants

-60

-40

-20

0

20

40

60

80

2000 to 2002 2002 to 2006 2007 and newer

vehicle model year

front seat is safer

rear seat is safer

Page 24: IIHS Crashworthiness Research Update - Humanetics · iihs.org IIHS Crashworthiness Research Update Humanetics Crash Meeting 2019 Raul Arbelaez Vice President, Vehicle Research Center

Rear-seat occupant protectionUnderstanding rear-seat occupant injuries and fatalities in MY 2000 and newer vehicles

Rear-seat occupants comprise 8 percent of frontal crash fatalities

Prior studies showed rear-seated adolescents and older occupants at risk

New study of frontal crashes with rear-seat injuries or fatalities:

Fatalities or serious injuries from NASS CDS database

– Detailed review of crash investigation documentation, photos, injury data

– 36 belt-restrained occupants ages 6 to 92 years

Fatal crashes from FARS database

– Review of police crash report, scene photos, autopsy records

– 33 occupants ages 6 to 12 years using boosters or safety belts alone

– 48 belt-restrained occupants over 55 years

Page 25: IIHS Crashworthiness Research Update - Humanetics · iihs.org IIHS Crashworthiness Research Update Humanetics Crash Meeting 2019 Raul Arbelaez Vice President, Vehicle Research Center

Case crash severities compared with average crash test severitiesBy maximum injury severity of case occupant

US NCAP

IIHS Small Overlap

IIHS Moderate Overlap

serious injuries and fatalities occur at or below current crash test speeds

serious criticalsevere fatal

Page 26: IIHS Crashworthiness Research Update - Humanetics · iihs.org IIHS Crashworthiness Research Update Humanetics Crash Meeting 2019 Raul Arbelaez Vice President, Vehicle Research Center

Distribution of documented AIS 3+ injured body regions in rear-seat occupants in frontal crashes

chest, spine and abdomen trauma

from seat belt loading

Page 27: IIHS Crashworthiness Research Update - Humanetics · iihs.org IIHS Crashworthiness Research Update Humanetics Crash Meeting 2019 Raul Arbelaez Vice President, Vehicle Research Center

2019 research testingDevelopment of rear-seat occupant test protocol

Initial matrix of 16 tests to inform decisions on

– Frontal crash configuration

– Dummy size and type

Hybrid III 50M, 5F, 10YO, and THOR 5F

– Seat position

– Performance and injury metrics

Explore effect of potential countermeasures

Page 28: IIHS Crashworthiness Research Update - Humanetics · iihs.org IIHS Crashworthiness Research Update Humanetics Crash Meeting 2019 Raul Arbelaez Vice President, Vehicle Research Center
Page 29: IIHS Crashworthiness Research Update - Humanetics · iihs.org IIHS Crashworthiness Research Update Humanetics Crash Meeting 2019 Raul Arbelaez Vice President, Vehicle Research Center

4 of 16 tests include THOR 5th female in the rear seat

Page 30: IIHS Crashworthiness Research Update - Humanetics · iihs.org IIHS Crashworthiness Research Update Humanetics Crash Meeting 2019 Raul Arbelaez Vice President, Vehicle Research Center

Front crash: summary and next steps

Improved front restraint technologies are making the rear less safe by comparison

High seat belt loads exceeding human tolerances –older occupants at particular risk

Countermeasures exist but are not widespread

– Current regulatory and consumer information crash tests do not drive rear seat belt improvements

Next steps

Develop rear-seat occupant test protocol in frontal crash test

Page 31: IIHS Crashworthiness Research Update - Humanetics · iihs.org IIHS Crashworthiness Research Update Humanetics Crash Meeting 2019 Raul Arbelaez Vice President, Vehicle Research Center

More information at iihs.org and on our social channels:

iihs.org

/iihs.org

@IIHS_autosafety

@iihs_autosafety

IIHS

Raul Arbelaez

Vice President, VRC

[email protected]