II Yr Political Science Reader

7/29/2019 II Yr Political Science Reader

1/43

PoliticalScienceEnglishReader

1

IIyear

WinterTerm

2013


2/43

Table of contents page

1 News 3

1.1 News cycle 4

1.2 News sources 6

1.3 Tabloid tactics 8

2 Social networks, (Wiki)Leaks 12

2.1 Youth crime commissioner stands down over Twitter row 12

2.2 Manning given 35 years for leaks 14

2.3 Wikileaks soldier reveals why he shared secrets 15

3 EU current affairs 21

3.1 Croatia enters the EU 21

3.2 Turkey protests 23

3.3 Tear gas guidelines not the publics business 24

3.4 Switzerland limits immigration 26

4 Social policy issues 28

4.1 Refugees and asylum seekers 28

4.2 Migrants, emigrants and immigrants 29

4.3 Social exclusion 29

4.4 The lives of two refugees 30

5 Politics 35

5.1 Ex-Prime Minister Thatcher dies 35

5.2 Thatcher legacy 36

5.3 Secret taxi-driver 38

5.4 Ma Ying-jeou wins Taiwan election 39

5.5 Policies - Political parties in the USA 41


3/43

UNIT 1 NEWS

Lookatthewordcloudpictureandwritedownanswerstothe

followingquestions:

Discussfirst. Thenwritedown: whatisthefunctionofnews?

Howhasnewsreportingchangedovertheyears?


4/43

1.1 Lookatthenewscyclepictureanddiscusswithyourpartners

theroleofnewsintheageoftheinternet. Takesomenoteshere:

Notes:


5/43

Whatkindsofnewsaremostimportanttosociety? Whichareleast

important?

ManchesterbeatsCardif5 tonil Itsaboy!!!

Teencrimeontherise Interestratestoriseaseconomy

recovers

Newgreatdepression Localroadsinbadconditions

HeadlessbodyfoundinbarSickeningdayforjustice

Applemanagersconfirm: newiPhonesoon

Marsrovertobedeactivated Millerwinsincloserace

PrimeMinister: Wewillrestorefaith

intoBritain

Fiveheldhostageinviolent

rampage

Disasteronconstructionsite

Herofiremanstillincritical

condition

Parentsdistrustnewschoolpolicies

Stockmarketsinanuproar ObamastributetoBush

Motheroffivewinsthelottery Mankillswifeinfury

AncientskeletonfoundinChina EarthquakeinHaiti

Experts: Vegetarianslivelonger Outrageous: GuccicopiesPrada

Lioneatszookeeper Fatherhoodisbliss

AndtheOscargoesto... CrisistohitEuropeanbanks


6/43

1.2 NewsSources

broad-

sheet

tabloid supple

-ment

journal maga-

zine

news-

letter

intendedaudience

maincontent

publicationdates

format, layout

quality, reputation

advantages

disadvantages

blog pod-

cast

Twitter TV radio Digg

intendedaudience

maincontent

publicationdates

format, layout

quality, reputation

advantages

disadvantages


7/43

Whatdoesitmeantobeacitizenjournalist?


8/43

1.3 Tabloidtactics

By Brendan O'Neill

Howdoesareportergetascoop? Nurturingcontacts, wearingoutshoe

leather, poringoverdocuments. Andforsome, thetoolkitmay include

phonehacking, honeytrapsandcovertrecording.

WhentheNewsoftheWorld'sroyalreporterCliveGoodmanwasjailed

in 2007 for illegally hacking into royals' mobile phones, his bosses

emphasisedthatthiswasaone-of.

The Sunday tabloid is a pastwinner of Newspaper of theYear awards

ButtheGuardiansayssuchtacticsarecommonattheSundaytabloid,

andclaimsitsjournalistsroutinelyemployprivateinvestigatorstohack

intothemobilephonevoicemailsofhundredsofpoliticians, celebrities


9/43

and sportspeople. It also claims reporters on other papers, among

themtheDaily Mailand theObserver, employ privateinvestigators to

obtaininformationaboutprivatephonenumbersandaddresses.

For the tabloids, and sometimes the broadsheets too, have longused

varioustrickstofindafactoruncoverastory.

And for some, these dark arts - dressing up, following people,

eavesdropping, fibbing - add a frisson of John Grisham-style

excitementtothejob.

Aformerreporterononeofthered-toppapers - whowishestoremain

anonymous - saysitcancertainlybethrilling.

He followed public figures for days on end, eavesdropped on their

conversations, evenbookedhimself intoadjacent hotelrooms. "There

wasathrill, ofcourse. Itfeltdangerous. Youcouldbesnifedoutatany

moment."

Heremembershow 10 yearsago, tabloidreporterspaidfortheillegally

obtained phone bills of the famous, in order to see who they were

talking to - an early, lower-technology version of hacking into theirphones.

"But then I thought: what am I doing? I didn't get intojournalism for

this. Itstartedtogetsilly."

Tessa Mayes, who has worked as an investigative journalist for

newspapers and TVshows, sayseditorshaveasked her toflirt towin

someone'sconfidence, lieinordertopenetratetheinnersanctumofa

drugs gang, and fake documents in order to get work in a company

underinvestigation. Shehas alsoworked undercoverasareceptionist

inabrothel.

"If I hadsaidno, Iwouldn't havegot towork onthosestories. It'snot

unknownforjournalists tosleepwiththeirsources inordertomeeta

deadline. AsithappensIhaven'tneededorwantedtodothat."


10/43

Stinginthetale

Laurie Manifold, a former investigations editor for the People who is

described by media commentator Roy Greenslade as "the father of

modernpopularpaper investigativejournalism", pioneeredthe use of

subterfugeinthe 1960sand 70s.

Hetrainedhisreportersincoverttape-recordingtechniquesandwould

evensetupfakecompaniestocarryoutstings.

Oneof Manifold's mostfamousstorieswastherevelationin 1972 that

the then head of the Flying Squad, Commander Kenneth Drury, had

been on holiday witha pornographer. The story balloonedand led to

revelations of corruption in the police force. Ninety ocers weresuspendedand 13 wereconvictedofofences.

Oneof the most frequently employeddark arts is thesting, where a

reporter assumes a fake identity in order tocoax or cajole a public

figureintosayingsomethinginterestingorincriminating.

ThemostfamousistheNewsoftheWorld'sown "fakesheikh", Mazher

Mahmood, its investigations editor. He has regularly posed as amemberof theHouseofSaud, donningawhiterobeandRolexwatch

tomeetpublicfiguresandsecretlyrecordwhattheysay.

Overthepast 10 yearshehastaken in Sophie Wessex (whodescribed

CherieBlairas "horrid" andGordonBrown'sBudgetas "aloadofpap"),

Princess Michael of Kent (who labelled Princess Diana "nasty" and

"strange"), andNewcastleUnitedchiefsFreddy ShepherdandDouglas

Hall(who

described

footballer

Alan

Shearer

as

"boring

").

Healsoclaimstohavebrought 232 criminalstojustice - includingarms

dealers and immigration racketeers - by conning them with his

disguise.

Indisguise

In 2003, DailyMirrorreporterRyanParryusedfalsereferencestoget a

job as a footman in Buckingham Palace. His aim was to uncover

security lapses at the Palace in the run-up to President George W

Bush'svisit.


11/43

Herevealeddetails ofthePresident's bedroom as wellastheQueen's

breakfast habits. Eventually the Queen won a court order preventing

theMirrorfromrevealinganymore.

Anditiswidelyclaimedthatin 1994 RebekahWade - thenaNewsofthe

Worldreporter, noweditoroftheSun - dressedasacleanerandhidina

toiletfortwohoursinordertonabanearlycopyoftheSundayTimes.

The Sunday Times, housed in the same building as the News of the

World, was serialisingabiographyof PrinceCharles, andNoTWeditor

PiersMorganwantedtoknowwhatitsaid. JohnWitherow, editorofthe

Sunday Times, is alleged to have shouted at Morgan: "Theft isn't

journalism."

In the late 1990s and early 2000s, acharactercall "Benji the Binman" -

realname: BenjaminPell - wouldscourthebinsoftherichandfamous

for anything interesting that a newspaper might buy. He caused a

stormwithEltonJohn'sflowerreceipts. In 2000 PhilipGould, TonyBlair's

then pollster, suspected Benji of obtaining his discarded memos for

paperssuchastheTimesandtheSundayTimes.

Are such dark arts - whether illegal or not - justified? "These wereimportantstories, soitwas worth it," saysTessaMayes. "Investigative

journalists sometimes need to break the rules, and even the law, in

ordertogetagoodstory.

"We are not above the law and can go to prison. But even the law

recognisesjournalistscanhaveapublicinterestdefencetojustifytheir

methodsincertainsituations."


12/43

UNIT 2 SOCIAL NETWORKS, (WIKI)LEAKS

2.1 YouthcrimecommissionerParisBrownstandsdown

overTwitterrow

ParisBrownannouncingthatshewillstanddownfromherroleasyouthcrime

commissionerafterarowoverherTwittermessages. Photograph: GarethFuller/PA

Britain'sfirstyouthcrimecommissionerresignedfromthe15,000-a-

yearposttoday, lessthanaweekafterherappointmentwas

announcedbecauseofarowoverherTwitterpostings.

ParisBrown 17, fromSheernessinKent, saidbravadohadledtoher

statementsonTwitter, whichhadofendedmanypeople. Shesaidshe

wasresigningfromherpostastheyouthpoliceandcrime

commissionerforKentafterpoliceannouncedtheywereinvestigating

whetherhercommentsamountedtoacriminalofence.

Criticsclaimedthecommentswereracist, homophobicandcondoned

violenceanddrug-taking. Brownpleadedtobeleftalonenowthatshe

wasstandingdown.


13/43

AnnBarnes, thepoliceandcrimecommissionerforKent, admittedthe

tweetsofherchiefyouthaidehadnotbeenvettedbeforethe

appointment, butsaidtherole, whichhadbeenoneofhermain

manifestocommitments, wasagoodideaandshewouldlookfor

another

candidate.

Inherstatement, Brownsaid: "IacceptthatIhavemadecommentson

socialnetworkingsiteswhichhaveofendedmanypeople. Iamreally

sorryforanyofencecaused.

"IstronglyreiteratethatIamnotracistorhomophobic. Ihavefallen

intothetrapofbehavingwithbravadoonsocialnetworkingsites. I

hopethismaystandasalearningexperienceformanyotheryoung

people.

"Inowfeelthatintheinterestsofeveryoneconcerned inparticular

theyoungpeopleofKentwhoIfeelwillbenefitenormouslyfromthe

roleofayouthcommissioner thatIshouldstanddownasIfeelthat

therecentmediafurorewillcontinueandhampermyabilityto

performthejobtothelevelrequired.

"Iaskforthetimeandspacetorecoverfromwhathasbeenavery

diculttimeandtoallowmetomoveon."

Thetweets, postedwhenBrownwasaged 14 to 16, havenowbeen

deletedfromherTwitteraccount.

Barnessaidtheideaofayouthcrimecommissionerwasagoodone "to

reducethegapbetweenyoungerpeopleandtheauthorities,

particularlythepolice".

Barnessaid: "Iwasnotrecruitinganangel, andIwasnotrecruitinga

policeocer. Iwasrecruitingayoungperson, wartsandall. Ithinkit

wouldhavebeenabsolutelyimpossibletohavefoundayoungperson

whohadnotmadeasilly, foolishorevenperhapsadeeplyofensive

commentduringtheirshortlifetime.

"I'msureeveryonehassaidorwrittensomethingtheyregret I

certainlyhave. Unfortunately, todayweliveinaninternetworldwhere

manypeopleairtheirviewsinthepublicdomain."


14/43

BarnespraisedBrownas "anextraordinaryyoungpersonwith

exceptionalskillsandaproventrackrecordwithworkingwithyoung

people" whohad "turneddownthepositionofalifetime".

ThevettingofBrownhadfollowednormalpoliceprocedures, Barnes

said, buthadnotcoveredtheteenager'ssocialmediacontributions:

"WeusedKentpolice'svettingprocedures, whichdonotnormally

involvescrutinyofsocialnetworksforthisgradeofpost."

Barnes, whosaidshewouldnotbequittingherroleaspoliceandcrime

commissioner, saidBrownhadimpressedtheinterviewpanel, which

includedaformerchiefconstableandaservingocer: "Weworked

withthebestofintentionsbut, sadlyonthisoccasion, ithasn'tworked

out."

Barnessaidthemediashouldnotputintolerablepressureonthe 17-

year-old, whomshepraisedforfacingthecamerasafterthefurore

broke: "Itistheirjobtobreakstories. However, particularlyinthe

shadowofLeveson [thereportintomediaabuses], Idonotbelieveitis

theirjobtobreakpeople particularlywhentheyasyoungasParis."

Barnesisnowadvertisingforachiefofstaf. Applicantsmaybewise

tochecktheirsocialmediawritingsbeforeapplying.

Vocabulary (matchthetermstotheirdefinitionsontheright)

condone withdraworresignfromaposition

vet acceptandallowbehaviourthatisconsidered

ofensive

hamper includingfeaturesorqualitiesthatarenotattractive

standdown makeacarefulexaminationofsomething

wartsandall hinderorimpedethemovementorprogressof


15/43

2.2Manninggiven 35 yearsforleaksAmilitary court in theUShas sentenced Bradley Manning, the former

intelligence analyst who leakedhundreds of thousands ofdocuments

toWikileaks, to 35 yearsinprison. ThejudgeatthecourtmartialinFort

Meadealsoruledheshouldbedishonourably discharged fromtheUSarmy. TheBBC'sRajiniVaidyanathanreports.

Bradley Manning showed little emotion when his sentence was read

out, as some of his supporters in the room burst into tears. The

former intelligence analyst was convicted last month of 20 counts

includingespionage, computerfraudandtheft, afterleakingmorethan

700,000 classified government documents, military battle plans and

diplomaticcablestotheWikileakswebsite.

Bradley Manning's lawyer David Coombs said his client was a

whistleblower whowas exposingtruths about US foreignpolicy, and

called on President Obama topardon him. He said Bradley Manning

couldbeeligibleforparoleinaslittleassevenyears.

Thesentencewillbeadisappointmentformilitaryprosecutorsacting

on behalf of the US government, who argued the leaks threatened

nationalsecurityandpushedforaminimumsentenceof60 yearstoactasadeterrenttoothers.

words definitions

leak intentionallydisclose

counts particularcrimesapersonisaccusedof

whistleblower personwhoworksinanorganisationandinformsanauthority

aboutillegalordishonestactivity

pardon ocialforgivenessandendtopunishmentforacrime

eligiblefor

parole

allowedtobeconsideredforearlyreleasefromprison,

dependingongoodbehaviour

deterrent discouragement


16/43

2.3Wikileakssoldierrevealswhyhesharedsecrets

TheUSsoldieraccusedofgivinglargenumbersofsecretdocumentsto

Wikileakshasadmittedheisguiltyto 10 ofthe 22 chargesagainsthim.

But as Steve Kingstone reports from Washington, he denied a more

seriouschargeofaidingtheenemy.

Wenowhaveafirst-handaccountofwhatcompelledBradleyManning

to carry out the biggest leak of government secrets in American

history.

He toldthemilitary court he'dbeenappalledby the"bloodlust"of a

helicoptermission inIraq - videoofwhichhepassedontoWikileaks.He saidthat while servingin Iraq, he'd become depressedat what he

calledAmerica's "obsession" withcapturingandkillinghumantargets.

AndthattheAmericanpeopleshouldknowthe "truecostsofwar".

Asforthe leaked State Departmentcables, PrivateManningsaid they

"documented backdoor deals and criminality" unbecoming of a

superpower, andinsistedhisconsciencewasclear.

Themilitaryjudgeacceptedthedefendant'splea ofguilty to 10 ofthe

22 counts. But Bradley Manning denies the most serious charge of

aiding America's enemies - a charge which potentially carries a life

sentence. Prosecutors have indicated that they plan to push ahead

withafullcourtmartialinthesummer.

first-handaccount awrittenorspokenreportaboutsomethinggivenby

somebodywhowasinvolved

compelled forced, caused

leak releaseanddeliberatesharingofsecretinformationwiththe

public

bloodlust theenjoymentofanddesiretoseeviolence

cables messagessentbycable (alengthofwire, oftencoveredwith

plastic)

backdoor secretiveandoftendishonestorillegalunbecoming inappropriateorunacceptable (ofbehaviour)


17/43

plea statementgivenincourtinresponsetobeingaccusedofa

crime

lifesentence punishmentofbeingputinjailforalongtimeoruntildeath,

dependingonthelawsofthecountrypushaheadwith continuedoingsomethingdicultorunpleasant

courtmartial (atrialin) amilitarycourtwhichexaminesaccusationsagainst

membersofthearmedforces

Backgroundstory:BradleyManning'sdisruptedfamilylife

BBCNewsMagazineThetrialofBradleyManninghascastlightonhowhecametoleak

thousandsofclassifieddocuments, andonhis troubledchildhood

inafamilysplinteredbydivorceandalcoholism.

SusanManninglikedvodka - itwaseasiertohide. "Ifyouputvodkain

certaindrinks, youcan'treallysmellit," saidherdaughter, CaseyMajor,

inacourtroom inFortMeade, Maryland, last week. Shealsolikedrum

and beer - and, really, whatever was in the house. When she gotpregnant for thesecond time, friends andfamily had mixedfeelings.

Onerelative, DebraVanAlstyne, testifyingincourt, said: "AtfirstIsaid,

'Ohgreat.' ThenIthought, 'Ohno.'"

At the time, Majorwas 11. Sitting in the witness stand, Major, now 36

andahomemakerwholivesinOklahomaCity, countedonherfingers -

addinguptheweeksthathermotherwaspregnant - anddrinking. She

putherhandsinherlap."At least through the first trimester," she said. Her brother weighed

about 6lb (2.7kg) whenhewasborn.

Pte First Class Bradley Manning, 25, showed signs of foetal alcohol

syndrome, saidCaptDavidMoulton, aclinicalpsychiatrist, whotestified

in court that day. Moulton described Manning's facial features that

characterised the syndrome, such as his smooth, thin upper lip, and

lookedoverathiminthecourtroom.


18/43

Manninghasbeenfoundguiltyof20 charges, includingmultiplecounts

ofespionage, theftofgovernmentdataandcomputerfraud. Hewillbe

demoted to E1, a lower rank of private and the lowest rank in the

military.

On

Tuesday

he

was

sentenced

to35

years,

significantly

less

than

the90

thathecouldhavespentinprison.

Itisnotcleartowhatextent, ifany, thetestimonyabouthisupbringing

afectedthedecisionofthemilitaryjudge, DeniseLind.

By then, she may have had a good idea what she planned to do. As

retiredmilitaryjudgeGarySolisexplained, shehadalready "heardthe

factsandtheargumentsfrombothsides".

Nevertheless, thestoriesabouthisupbringingleaveanimpression.

And regardless of the impact they may have had on thejudge, this

testimony helps to flesh out Manning's story, revealing what his

childhoodandadolescenceinOklahomaandWaleswerelike.

His mothernaturally playedarole inshapinghim duringthoseyears.

Thedescriptionsofherlifeandherroleasaparenthelptoshowhowhebecamethepersonheistoday - forsome, atraitor; toothers, ahero.

Whetherheisseenascowardlyorcourageous, heisknownaroundthe

world. Formostofthecontroversyoverthepast threeyears, however,

hismotherhasremainedofstage.

Susan Manning, 59, who lives inWales, gavean interviewtothe Daily

Mail earlier this month, but otherwise has said little or nothing to

journalists.

Eforts to reach her through friends and family for this article have

beenunsuccessful.

ForTimPrice, authorofTheRadicalisationofBradleyManning, whohas

hadteaatherhouse, sheis "justaWelshmumwholovesherchildren

verymuch".

Thiswasnotthepicturepaintedofherinthecourtroom.


19/43

Susan Fox, as she was known before her marriage, is from

Haverfordwest, Pembrokeshire, in south-westWales. Shegrew up with

eightbrothersandsisters. Inthe 1970s, BrianManning, aUSNavyman,

wasstationedatnearbyCawdorBarracks.

One

day

in

the

early

to

mid-1970

s,

she

was

shopping

at

Woolworths

and

met Brian. They fell foreachotherandeventuallydecidedtomove to

theUS.

Shehadgrownupinanoisy, crowdedhouseandlivednearcousinsand

otherrelatives inWales. SuddenlyshefoundherselfinruralOklahoma,

withnoclosefamily, andinmany wayscutoffromtheworldaround

her.

BrianManningworkedas aprojectmanager forHertz, and they lived

onfive acresof landoutsideCrescent, atown in Logan County. They

hadapond, aswing, twohorsesandadog, recalledMajorincourt.

Thenearestneighbourlivedaquarterofamileaway, andhermother

didnotknowhowtodrive.

Inaddition, itisnotclearifshewasfullyliterate. "Iknowshecanread,"

saidMajor. "I'mnottoosureaboutthewritingpart."

Shetalkedwithfriendsandfamilyonthephone - anddrank. Whenshe

was pregnant, she continued todrink, "but not as much", said Major.

Afterhersonwasborn, shewentbacktoherroutine.

Shewas "very friendly" whenshestarteddrinking inthemiddleofthe

day, herdaughterrecalled. "Astheeveningworeon, shewouldbecome

sad.

She

would

drink

until

she

passed

out

or

went

to

bed.

In

the

morningshewasmean, verymean. Shewouldyellfromtheotherroom

togethercigarettesortomakeheracupoftea."

Majortookcareofherbrotherwhenhewasababy, bringinghimmilk

atnightwhenhecried. Hermotherdidnotgetup.

As Major testified about their childhood, her brother's face, marked

withpimples, was expressionless. Hefiddledwithaballpoint pen, his

handsbonyandpale.


20/43

Bradleyhadbeena "happykid", shetoldthecourt. "Hehadlittletrucks

thatheplayedwithinthedirt."

Asaphotoofhimasachildwasshownonanoverheadscreen, asmile

flickered across his face. He clicked his pen. Major choked up and

reached

for

a

tissue.

Theirparents' marriagestartedtocrumbleinthe 1990s, andonenight

hermotherhitalowpoint.

"MymomtookafullbottleofValiumandthenshewokemeupinthe

middleof thenightandtoldmeshehaddone it tokillherself," Major

said.

Shecalled 911 andwastolditwouldtaketoolongfortheambulancetoarrive. Shehelpedhermotherintothebackseatofthecarandtoldher

fathertositwithherandmakesureshewasbreathing. Heclimbedin

thefront.

"Unfortunatelymy 12-year-oldbrotherhadtoget inthebackandmake

sureourmotherwasstillalive," shesaid.

Thecoupleseparatedin 2000, andafterwardstheirmothermovedbacktoHaverfordwestwithherson.

Manningjoined the US Army in 2007 and was sent to Iraq, where he

floundered.

Atonepoint, hewasfoundonthefloorofasupplyroom, "curledupin

aballwithaGerber knife", saidMoulton. InMay 2010, hereleasedthe

classifiedmaterialtoWikileaksandwasarrested.

Twoyearsago, hismothersentalettertoUKForeignSecretaryWilliam

Hague, askingconsularocials tovisithim inamilitaryjailintheUS.

Inherletter, shesaidshehadtravelledtoQuantico, Virginia, toseehim.

During the sentencing hearings last week, however, she was not in

court.


21/43

UNIT 3 EU CURRENT AFFAIRS

3.1 CroatiaenterstheEuropeanUnion(1 July 2013)

Matchthewordstotheirdefinitions:

thepromisedland financialsuccess / havinglotsofmoney

adiplomaticfig-leafocialsongofaparticularcountryororganisation

anodetojoy havingpositiveandnegativefeelingsatthesametime

ambivalence battlegroundduringwar

anthem aplacewherepeopleexpecttofindcompletehappiness

prosperity apoliticalideaoractionthatcoversupanembarrassing

issue

combatzone asongabouthappiness (also, thetitleoftheEuropean

Unionanthem)

Usethewordsfromthetableabovetocompletethetext

TheEuropeanUnionnowhas 28 memberstates. Croatiaociallyjoined

onMondayafteraprocessthat lastedalmost adecade. Thousands of

people attended a special event in the capital Zagreb to mark the

occasion. But thenewerahas beengreetedcautiously by both locals

andforeignocials.

GuyDeLauneyreportsfortheBBC:

As the clock struck midnight, the __________ of the European Union

rangoutacrossZagreb'smainsquareandatlastCroatiacompletedits

journeyfrom_________________oftheformerYugoslaviatomemberof

Europesbiggestclub.

Butthiswasnotentirely____________. Zagreb'smainsquarewashardly

packed for most of the coming-out party. And that reflects the

_________________manypeopleherenowfeelaboutmembership. After


22/43

the prolonged economic crisis, the EU no longer looks like the

___________________Croatiaappliedtojoinadecadeago.

Likewise, the new member's own economic troubles have caused

concernamongtheother 27 states. Visitingforeignministers stressed

theEU'sroleasa builderofpeacerather than______________. Agood

point, bearing in mind Croatia's recent past. But also, perhaps, a

_________________________.

YourNotes:


23/43

3.2 Turkeyprotests

Turkish protesters have clashed with police in Istanbul overnight, in

some of the worst violence since protests started on Friday. BBC

correspondentJamesReynoldsreports:

Thedemonstrationsovernight inIstanbulwerethemostdramaticso

far. Protesters in the Dolmabahce neighbourhoods built barricades

andtriedtoreachtheprimeminister'soce.

Witnesses say they got hold of adigger and drove it at police lines.

Demonstratorsalsotriedtomarchontheprimeminister'soceinthe

capital Ankara. They were met by the police who fired teargas andwatercannon.

The government has reacted angrily to the continuing protests. The

primeminister, RecepTayyipErdogan, has dismissedaccusations that

heactsinanauthoritarianmanner.

ErdoganhasinsistedthatacontroversialplantoredevelopGeziPark

inIstanbul, theissuewhichsparked theinitial protests onFriday, will

stillgoahead.

words definitions

demonstrations publicprotests

barricades structureswhichstopmovementthroughanareaora

road

teargas gasthatmakeseyesuncomfortableandpeoplecry;

oftenusedbypoliceinriotstocontrolcrowds

authoritarian describesagovernmentwhereindividualfreedomis

secondtothepowerorauthorityofthestate

redevelop toimproveabuildingorarea, whichmayinclude

bringingpartsofitbacktotheiroriginalcondition

sparked started; causedtostart


24/43

3.3 Teargasguidelinesnotthepublics

businessPoliceGuidelinesregulatingtheuseofteargasinprotestinterventions,

particularlytheinstructionsreceivedbypoliceduringtheGeziParkunrest,

arenotopentothepublicastheissueonlyconcernsthepolicesownstaf,theTurkishpoliceauthoritieshavestated.

AdemandsubmittedbytheHurriyetDailyNewsonJuly 18 toaccessthe GasCircular, acriticalguidelineusedbythepoliceattheGeziprotests, which

wasalsousedasevidenceinaEuropeanCourtofHumanRights (ECtHR)

decision, wasrejectedonAug. 21. Therejectionwasbasedonthegrounds

thatitis beyondthescopeofrighttoinformation.

The GasCircular, datedFeb. 15, 2008 (EGMGenelgeNo: 19), wassenttoall

securityservicesbytheInteriorMinistry, whosecircularsareusuallyopento

public. ItwasalsoprovidedtotheECtHRtostrengthenTurkeyspositionin

the Yasavs. Turkey casereferredtothecourt, inwhichTurkeywaslater

foundguilty. Theguidelineisknowntohavebeenvalidduringthepeakof

theGeziprotests, andtheInteriorMinistrypublishedarenewedguidelineon

June 27.

InlinewithArticle 25 oftheLawonInformationstatingthat Information

anddocumentsofinstitutionsandorganizationsaboutregulationsthatdo

notconcernthepublicopinionandareonlyaboutpracticesforitsownstaf

andinstitution, isoutsidethescopeofrighttoinformation. However, the

institutioninquestionreservestherighttoinformitsownstafwhoare

afectedbytheregulation, yourdemandonthe GasCircular datedFeb. 15,

2008 hasnotbeenmet, thepolicedepartmentsanswertotheHDNread.

YusufAlata, aveteranlawyerwhohasrepresentedclientsattheECtHRon

manyoccasions, statedthatkeepingtheguidelinesfromthepubliceyewas

notlawful.

Normally, suchcircularscannotbeclosedtopublic. Thisisnotastate

secret. Thepracticesofthepolice, howthepoliceareinstructed, andhow

teargaswillbeused, mustbeknown, sothatcivilsocietyorganizationsand

thepeopleareawareofthelimitswhileexercisingfreedoms. Itisarightto

knowafterwhichpointtheactionsofthepoliceareagainstthelaw, Alata

toldtheHDNonAug. 22.


25/43

Theseareordersabouthowthepolicewillactwhenconfrontedbythe

people. Inparticular, itiseverybodysrighttoknowhowandunderwhich

circumstancestheycanusethissubstance, whichisveryharmfultohuman

health. Thisisnot internalbusiness, headded.

Thesethingsarehiddenfrompublicopinion. Iftheywerent, itwouldbe

easierforeverybodytoknowunderwhichcircumstancesthepolicecanuse

gas, andtocriticizetheactionsofthepolice. They [thepolice] donotwant

peopletosubstantiate [theircriticism] withocialdocuments Alatasaid.

DespitethefactthatsuchacircularservedinTurkeysadvantageduringthe

Yasavs. Turkeycase, anddespitethefactitisnotverydiferentfromthe

morerecentcircularthatwaswidelyreportedbythemediainlightof

sectionspublishedbytheECtHR, thepolicedepartmentchosenotto

disclosethedocument.

Wehaveahabit, whichistoseeoneselfabovethepeopleandnottoinform

whilegoverning. Areflexofrejection, Alatasaid.

AccordingtotheECtHRcasefile, amongotherinstructions, thelatestpolice

guidelinestatesthefollowing: Beforeusingteargas, thecrowdmustbe

notifiedaloudthatintheeventofnon-dispersion, teargaswillberesorted

to. Teargascannotbefiredtargetingthehumanbody. Teargas, underno

circumstances, canbeusedagainstthosewhopreventedresistanceor

aggression. Inaddition, theescaperoutesofpeopleafectedbythegas

shouldnotbeblocked. Ifescaperoutesareblocked, thecrowdmaybecome

moreaggressive.

http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/tear-gas-guidelines-not-the-publics-business-police.aspx?

PageID=238&NID=53056&NewsCatID=341
http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/tear-gas-guidelines-not-the-publics-business-police.aspx?PageID=238&NID=53056&NewsCatID=341http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/tear-gas-guidelines-not-the-publics-business-police.aspx?PageID=238&NID=53056&NewsCatID=341http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/tear-gas-guidelines-not-the-publics-business-police.aspx?PageID=238&NID=53056&NewsCatID=341http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/tear-gas-guidelines-not-the-publics-business-police.aspx?PageID=238&NID=53056&NewsCatID=341http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/tear-gas-guidelines-not-the-publics-business-police.aspx?PageID=238&NID=53056&NewsCatID=341http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/tear-gas-guidelines-not-the-publics-business-police.aspx?PageID=238&NID=53056&NewsCatID=341http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/tear-gas-guidelines-not-the-publics-business-police.aspx?PageID=238&NID=53056&NewsCatID=341http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/tear-gas-guidelines-not-the-publics-business-police.aspx?PageID=238&NID=53056&NewsCatID=341http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/tear-gas-guidelines-not-the-publics-business-police.aspx?PageID=238&NID=53056&NewsCatID=341http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/tear-gas-guidelines-not-the-publics-business-police.aspx?PageID=238&NID=53056&NewsCatID=341http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/tear-gas-guidelines-not-the-publics-business-police.aspx?PageID=238&NID=53056&NewsCatID=341http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/tear-gas-guidelines-not-the-publics-business-police.aspx?PageID=238&NID=53056&NewsCatID=341http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/tear-gas-guidelines-not-the-publics-business-police.aspx?PageID=238&NID=53056&NewsCatID=341http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/tear-gas-guidelines-not-the-publics-business-police.aspx?PageID=238&NID=53056&NewsCatID=341http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/tear-gas-guidelines-not-the-publics-business-police.aspx?PageID=238&NID=53056&NewsCatID=341http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/tear-gas-guidelines-not-the-publics-business-police.aspx?PageID=238&NID=53056&NewsCatID=341http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/tear-gas-guidelines-not-the-publics-business-police.aspx?PageID=238&NID=53056&NewsCatID=341http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/tear-gas-guidelines-not-the-publics-business-police.aspx?PageID=238&NID=53056&NewsCatID=341http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/tear-gas-guidelines-not-the-publics-business-police.aspx?PageID=238&NID=53056&NewsCatID=341http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/tear-gas-guidelines-not-the-publics-business-police.aspx?PageID=238&NID=53056&NewsCatID=341http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/tear-gas-guidelines-not-the-publics-business-police.aspx?PageID=238&NID=53056&NewsCatID=341http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/tear-gas-guidelines-not-the-publics-business-police.aspx?PageID=238&NID=53056&NewsCatID=341http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/tear-gas-guidelines-not-the-publics-business-police.aspx?PageID=238&NID=53056&NewsCatID=341http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/tear-gas-guidelines-not-the-publics-business-police.aspx?PageID=238&NID=53056&NewsCatID=341http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/tear-gas-guidelines-not-the-publics-business-police.aspx?PageID=238&NID=53056&NewsCatID=341http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/tear-gas-guidelines-not-the-publics-business-police.aspx?PageID=238&NID=53056&NewsCatID=341http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/tear-gas-guidelines-not-the-publics-business-police.aspx?PageID=238&NID=53056&NewsCatID=341http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/tear-gas-guidelines-not-the-publics-business-police.aspx?PageID=238&NID=53056&NewsCatID=341http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/tear-gas-guidelines-not-the-publics-business-police.aspx?PageID=238&NID=53056&NewsCatID=341http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/tear-gas-guidelines-not-the-publics-business-police.aspx?PageID=238&NID=53056&NewsCatID=341http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/tear-gas-guidelines-not-the-publics-business-police.aspx?PageID=238&NID=53056&NewsCatID=341http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/tear-gas-guidelines-not-the-publics-business-police.aspx?PageID=238&NID=53056&NewsCatID=341http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/tear-gas-guidelines-not-the-publics-business-police.aspx?PageID=238&NID=53056&NewsCatID=341http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/tear-gas-guidelines-not-the-publics-business-police.aspx?PageID=238&NID=53056&NewsCatID=341http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/tear-gas-guidelines-not-the-publics-business-police.aspx?PageID=238&NID=53056&NewsCatID=341http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/tear-gas-guidelines-not-the-publics-business-police.aspx?PageID=238&NID=53056&NewsCatID=341http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/tear-gas-guidelines-not-the-publics-business-police.aspx?PageID=238&NID=53056&NewsCatID=341http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/tear-gas-guidelines-not-the-publics-business-police.aspx?PageID=238&NID=53056&NewsCatID=341http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/tear-gas-guidelines-not-the-publics-business-police.aspx?PageID=238&NID=53056&NewsCatID=341http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/tear-gas-guidelines-not-the-publics-business-police.aspx?PageID=238&NID=53056&NewsCatID=341http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/tear-ga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3.4 Switzerlandlimitsimmigration

Switzerland is to restrict immigration from European Union member

states. It will introducenewquotas and limit long-term work permits

available toEUcitizens. AlthoughSwitzerland is not amemberof the

EuropeanUnion, someEUocialshavealreadycriticisedthemove. BBC

correspondentImogenFoulkesreports:

Switzerland'shighsalaries, lowunemployment, andstablecurrencyare

a magnet to Eurozone countries. Since the Swiss agreed to free

movementofpeople, immigrationfromEUmembershasrisensharply,

especially from Spain and Portugal, where unemployment is at crisis

levels.

In Switzerland, there is tension. The right wing People's Party claims

Swissjobseekers are losing out; the Green Party says immigration is

puttingtoomuch pressureonhousing andpublic transport. Now the

Swiss government has called a halt: being outside the EU means

Switzerlandhassomeflexibility, andfromnextmonthpermanentwork

permitsforEUcitizenswillbestrictlylimited.

Brusselshasreactedangrily: EUocialshavealwaystoldSwitzerlandit

cannot cherrypick only those parts of European policy it likes best.

Now, it's possible other deals the Swiss really need with Europe, on

trade perhaps, could be in danger. Meanwhile, sceptical members of

the European Union, like Britain, where many would like a less rigid

relationship with the EU, will be watching Switzerland's move with

interest.

Eurozonecountries sixteennationswhichusetheEuroastheir

currency

immigration thepermanentmovementofnon-nativepeople

intoacountry

calledahalt putastoptoit

workpermits writtencertificatesallowingsomeonetoworkina

country

cherrypick here: chooseonlythethingsthatitlikes

sceptical (US: skeptical) lackingtrustorconfidenceinsomething


27/43

Figures

Thelimitsontheeight newerEUmemberstateswerefirstintroduced

last year. From 1 May, the number of long-term residence permits

grantedto immigrantsfromthosecountrieswillbe cappedatat total

of2,180

for12

months.

The

states

concerned

are

Estonia,

Hungary,

Lithuania, Latvia, Poland, Slovakia, SloveniaandtheCzechRepublic.

From thesamedate, long-term residence permits for the 17 olderEU

states will be capped at 53,700 for 12 months. Immigration to

SwitzerlandfromBulgariaandRomania - thetwonewestEUstates - is

severelyrestricted, andmayremainsoforyearstocome.

Statement byCatherineAshton

Inastatementfromheroce, EUforeignpolicychiefCatherineAshtonsaid the new quotas disregarded "the great benefits that the free

movement of persons brings to the citizens of both Switzerland and

theEU".


28/43

UNIT 4 SOCIAL POLICY ISSUES

ExplainthefollowingtermsfromthetextinEnglish:

English definition SCBM

refugee

persecution

asylum

immigrant

emigrant

migrant

forciblydisplaced

4.1 Refugeesandasylumseekers

Since 1951, the word refugee has had a precise meaning in

international law, under the Geneva Convention of that year. An

applicant for refugee status must be outside his or her own country,

have a well-founded fear of persecution thereon grounds of race,

religion, nationality, membership of a particular social group or

politicalopinion, andbeunabletoreturnhome.

Once admitted with refugee status, a person has the right not to be

sent back to their former country. Refugees have other important

rights, too, including rights of access to education, health treatment

andhousing.

An asylum seeker is a person who has lodged a claim for asylum

(protection from danger) and is awaiting a decision. Some ask for

asylum immediately on arrival (which they have to do if they are to


29/43

qualify for benefits), but others, fearing instant refusal, may enter as

visitorsorstudents, hopingtochangetheirstatuslater.

Worldwide, the number of people seeking refuge from danger has

increased enormously over the last 25 years, from about 16 million in

1980 to over 200 million in 2006. Some 40 million have been forcibly

displaced. Many do not satisfy the Geneva Conventions rules for

seeking asylum; they are often fleeing civil wars, failed states, or

environmental crises such as floods or droughts. Most refugees are

from poorcountriesexperiencingconflict andabuseof humanrights,

and most are admitted by other poor countries. Attitudes hostile to

refugees and asylum-seekers influence the general public and are

diculttocounter.

4.2Migrants, emigrantsandimmigrants

A migrant is a person who moves from one country to another,

intending to settle temporarily or permanently in the place of

destination. An emigrant is one who leaves a country intending to

settleelsewhere, whilean immigrant isapersonarrivinginacountry,

intendingtosettletemporarilyorpermanently.

4.3 Socialexclusion

People are excluded when they are not part of the networks which

support most people in ordinary life networks of family, friends,

community and employment. Among many others, poor people, ex-

prisoners, homeless people, people with AIDS, people with learning

disabilities or psychiatric patients might all be said to be at risk of

exclusion. This is a very broad concept: it includes not only

deprivation but problems of social relationships, including stigma,

socialisolationandfailuresinsocialprotection .

Inpractice, the ideaofexclusion ismainlyusedinthreecontexts. The

firstisfinancial: exclusion is identifiedwithpovertyanditsefectona

persons ability to participate in normal activities. The second is

exclusionfromthelabourmarket: exclusionisstronglyidentifiedwith

long-termunemployment. Third, there is exclusion in its social sense,

whichidentifies exclusionpartly withalienationfromsocialnetworks,

andpartlywiththecircumstancesofstigmatisedgroups.


30/43

4.4 Read the description of lives of two refugees. Answer the

questions:

1 Whydidtheyhavetofleetheirnativecountry?

2 HowdidtheygettoBritain?

3 Whohelpedthemtosettleinthenewcountry?

Aliisa 22-year-oldyouthworkerwithasylumseekers.

The bad times started in January 2002. My brother had joined the

LiberationArmy and the police weresearchingforhim. They took me

to the police station and asked me to tell them where he was. They

didntgivemeanyfoodforthreedays, justwater. Theyslappedme, hit

me, punchedmeinthehead. Aftereightdaystheyletmego.

Ihidformorethanayear, untilMarch 2003. Thepoliceandarmywere

killingpeoplesoIdecidedtogetout.

Iwalkedfornearlytwodayswithalotofotherpeopletotheborder. We

had to cross late at night when thearmy werent around. I had some

moneythatmyfatherandmyunclehadgiventomein 2002, andIused

thistopayanagent. Ididntknowhimatall. Ijustmethiminthenight.

Iwasafraid, thinkingImightlosemymoney.

Ihadtopayhimabout 5,000 Eurosandhearrangedformetogetintoa

lorry. Ididntknowwhereitwasgoing. Theagentjusttoldme: Thiswill

getyouout; itmaygotoSwitzerland, Germanyorsomewhereelse.

Wewere inthelorry formaybe fourdays. Theyweredicult, horrible

days. Iwastired, scaredanddidntsleepatall.

ThenextplaceIsawwasLondon. Thelorryhadstoppedatafactory. It

musthavebeenabout 4 or 5 amandabouttwoorthreehourspassed.When itdidnt move, Ithought: Maybethis is it, thefinaldestination. I

openedthecanvasalittleandlookedout. IdidntknowwhereIwas.


31/43

I was the first one to leavethe lorry, as most people were sleeping. I

sawsomepeople, agirlandamanwithhighshoesandstrangeclothes.

Theymusthavecomefromsomecluborsomething, becausetheirhair

was sticking up, and they had lots of rings in their ears. My god, I

thought,

I

am

on

another

planet.

I was scared to ask them where I was, but there was no one else. I

couldnt speak English so I asked by pointing, saying Where is this?

Where I am? They said, This is England, London. I was amazed. And

then I asked forthe trainstation. Train, train, I said, just like that. A

maninatieandsuit toldmetogowithhimbecausehewasgoingto

London.

Iwasvery lucky. Theygavemetheaddressofasolicitor. Iwentthere,

andthenextdayhetookmetotheHomeOce. TheHomeOcesent

metotheRefugeeCouncilwhowereverykindtome.

Theyfoundaccommodationformeinahostel. Itwasntverygood, butI

wasjustgladtohavearoofovermyhead. Nearly 1,000 refugees inone

hostel usingthesamekitchen, andsoon, wasdicult. Iwastherefor

nearlyayear, Icouldntwaittogetout.

TheCouncilhelpedmegetintoacollegetolearnEnglish, andabouta

year after, I stopped living on benefits, when I got a job with theCouncil. From then, I could do everything for myself pay rent, buy

food and clothes. I still worried about what I had left behind. Ijust

worry that my parents might die and I wont see them. I dont have

contactwiththem, butIkeepmyphoneon 24 hoursadayincasethey

call me. I dont send money back to them because I dont have an

address, butIputalittleasideeverymonthtosaveforthem.

Ihavebeenanasylumseekerallthistime. Iappliedforleavetoremainand, after sevenmonths, they gavemeoneyear. When that ran out I

applied for an extensionbut after two months they refused. Iapplied

againandon 21stMaythisyeartheycalledmeforaninterview. IthinkI

surprised them because they had never interviewed someone who

didntneedaninterpreter. ButIhaventheardyet.

IfeellikeIbelonginLondonnow. Thiscountryhasbeengoodtomein

manyways. Thepeopleareveryfriendly, Iveneverhadanyprejudice. I

have learned a lot from working with young people from many


32/43

diferent nations. There are some people who treat asylum seekers

badly. Ihaveseenitalot, butithasntafectedmepersonally.

Robert, whodiedaged 80 in 2005 wasaJewishRefugee.

IcametoBritaininDecember 1938 fromViennawhenIwas 14. Iwason

thesecondoftheKindertransporttrainsorganisedbypeopleinBritain,

whopersuadedtheHomeOcetoallow 10,000 childrentobebrought

tothiscountry.

Icanstillrememberfeelingterriblydisturbed, but, asa 14-year-old, to

someextenttheexcitementofgoingtoadiferentcountryoutweighed

thesenseofforeboding. Some 65% oftheso-calledKindertransportees

lost their parents. I was one of those, although I had lost my father

whenIwas 10, andIhadnobrothersorsisterseither.

WearrivedatHarwichfromtheHookofHolland. Whenwetroopedonto

the deck, there were immigration ocials waiting to deal with us.

Hundreds of us were put on a train to a disused holiday camp near

Lowestoft. ItwasDecemberandwewereinthesewoodenchalets, with

the North Sea wind howling at us. Scarlet fever broke out and, of

course, Icaughtit. So, Ispentthenextsixweeksinanisolationhospital

inColchester. ThenIwassenttoaconvalescencehome inWaltonandfromtheretoanotherrefugeechildren`shomeinClacton.

Ihadagrounding inEnglishbecauseIhadbeentoagrammarschool

inVienna. Therewas ajobadvertisedwhichsaid someonewith afair

knowledgeofEnglishcouldbetrainedasachaufeur, tolookafterthe

carandworkasahandymanaroundthehouseandgarden. Itookthe

job, but itwasadisaster. Iwas 15, throwninthedeepend, andIdidnt

make a goodjob of it. Within three weeks, I was kicked out. I was

described to the refugee committee as indolent and insolent, a nice

alliterationbutnotverypleasant.

TheonegoodthingwasthatIwas toldaboutahousewhereaZionist

committeehadestablishedatrainingfarm. Iusedtogotheretorelax

and meet fellow refugees. One Sunday they had an open day for

wellwishers and supporters and I got talking to some people from

London. Theywereverykind, working- classEastEnders, Jewishpeople.

When they heard my story, they took me in, and I lived with them inHackney for the next eight years. That was a real stroke of luck,


33/43

otherwise God knows what would have happened to me,

psychologically.

Thefamily was in the tailoring trade. So I went into that. But I wasnt

very goodat it and inthewar I retrainedas an engineer, workingfor

twofirmsmakingproductsforaircraft.

I got marriedat 23 and we lived in asort of slum nearStamford Hill,

there wasagrievous housingshortage. Eventually, I decided tostudy

and I went toBirkbeck, andthen toKings College, London, totake a

history degree. Ibecameateacherand, afterseveralyears, awriterof

historybooks.

IbecameaBritishcitizenin 1949. Ihadsomefriendswhowentbackto

Austria, but I never really thought about going back, because IdiscoveredhowtheAustrianshadbehavedduringthewar. I didthink

about going to Israel at one point, but I am too much of a well, I

wouldntsaycoward, butitwouldtakesuchaneforttotakerootagain

inatotallystrangeenvironmentandlearnanewlanguage.

Im not sure how much at home or settled I feel here, even now.

Although I am hugely interested in British literature, history and

politics, therearepartsoftheBritishwayoflifethat arebarriers. Iamnot atall interestedinsport and Ihatedrinkingbeer, sotheyaretwo

fairlyhugesocialhandicaps.

(www.cre.gov.uk)

Whatdicultiescanpeoplehavewhensettlinginanothercountry?

- Discussthecrimeoftrackinginhumanbeings
http://www.cre.gov.uk/http://www.cre.gov.uk/http://www.cre.gov.uk/http://www.cre.gov.uk/http://www.cre.gov.uk/http://www.cre.gov.uk/http://www.cre.gov.uk/http://www.cre.gov.uk/http://www.cre.gov.uk/http://www.cre.gov.uk/


34/43

ExplainthefollowingexpressionsfromthetextinEnglish:

exclusion stigma deprivation alienation socialisolation socialnetwork

YourNotes:

Answerthequestions:

1. Whatarethe costsandbenefits ofmigrationanddiversity?

2. Whatismultuculturalismandwhywasthisconceptcriticised?

3. Whatisthediferencebetweenassimilationandinclusion?

4. Whywastheconceptofassimilationcriticisedandfinallyleft?

5. Namethethreecomponentsofinclusionandexplainthem.

6. WhydoEUcountriestrytopreventimmigration?

7. What prejudicesdopeopleinMontenegrohaveagainstpeoplefrom

otherracesandnations?


35/43

UNIT 5 POLITICS

5.1 Ex-PrimeMinisterThatcherdies 08 April 2013

Studythewordsbelow:

baronesshere: thetitlegiventoMargaretThatcherbythe

Queen, asarewardforherwork.

stroke asuddenchangeinbloodsupplytothebrain, oftencausingthelossofabilitytospeakormove

toholdthepost tohavethejoborposition

MP shortforMemberofParliament

retired stoppedworkingbecauseofoldage

HouseofCommons thepartofParliamentintheUKwherepoliticiansare

chosenbythepeopletorepresentdiferentpartsof

thecountry

generalelections occasionswhenpeopleinacountryvotetochoose

theirpoliticalrepresentatives

privatised soldindustriesfromgovernmentintoprivate

ownership

Former British Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher has died. The BBC's

NeilEdgellerreports.

Theformer British Prime MinisterBaronessThatcherhas died at the

ageof87 followingastroke.

HerspokesmanLordBellsaid: "It iswithgreatsadnessthatMarkand

Carol Thatcher announced that their mother Baroness Thatcher died

peacefullyfollowingastrokethismorning."

BaronessThatcher, whowaswastheleaderoftheBritishConservative

Party, servedasprimeministerfrom 1979 to 1990.


36/43

Shewasthefirstwomantoholdthepost.

Baroness Thatcher, who was born Margaret Roberts, became the

ConservativeMPforFinchley innorthLondonin 1959. Sheretiredfrom

theHouseofCommonsin 1992.

Shewongeneralelectionsin 1979, 1983 and 1987.

Baroness Thatcher's government privatised several state-owned

industries. She was also in power when the UK went to war with

ArgentinaovertheFalklandIslandsin 1982.

5.2 Thatcher'slegacy

Behindthesmile, atoughleader.

With steely determination, Margaret Thatcher sent a task force to re-

taketheFalklands, ortheMalvinas, fromArgentinain 1982.

Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev described her as 'a woman ofconviction'.

Her softer side saw her chatting amicably with Chinese leader Deng

Xiaoping and, with Ronald Reagan, strengthening the special

relationshipbetweenBritainandtheUS.

Butherbelligerent attitudetoEuropemay provetobethe IronLady's

mostenduringlegacy.

Vocabulary:

steelydetermination = refusingtostoptryingtodosomethingconviction = strongbelieforopinionamicably = pleasantlyandinafriendlywaybelligerent = alwaysunfriendlyandwantingtoargueenduring =long-lasting


37/43

Exercise:

Use one of the words or phrases below to complete each of these

sentencesfromnewsreports.

Notethatyoumayhavetochangetheformofawordtocompletethesentencecorrectly.

steelydetermination / conviction / amicably / belligerent / enduring

1. Last week, GermanChancellorAngela Merkel urgedChineseand

European authorities to resolve the matter_________ by holding

talks. But she called for more transparency from Beijing about

incentivesgiventothesector.

2. There is undoubtedly __________ interest in the Titanic story -

BelfastandSouthamptonbothopenedmuseumsdedicatedtothe

linerduringthecentenaryyear.

3. Mr Farage has defended UKIP as being diferent from other

parties after Prime Minister David Cameron said some of its

memberswere "pretty oddpeople". HesaidUKIPdidhave "some

eccentrics" but this was healthy and he was an unusual partyleaderinthathewasa__________politician.

4. Correspondents say Iran's clerical leadership is showing a

__________ to keep control amid the controversy, and urging

peopletounifyinthefaceofwesternenemies.

5. The North Korean media are full of images of military

preparedness, he adds, intended to rally people behind the

leadership. Many observers say that North Korea's __________

rhetoricappearsintendedforadomesticaudienceandatshoring

up the position of Kim Jong-un, who came to power after his

father'sdeathinDecember 2011.


38/43

5.3 Secrettaxidriver

Taxi!

Behindthesunglassesanduniformisnoordinarycabbie...

It'sactuallyNorway'sPrimeMinsterJensStoltenberg, workingincognito

inOslo. Hesaidtaxiswerethebestplacetoheartheviewsofordinary

Norwegians. Passengers were astonished when they discovered who

wasdriving. But, he is unlikely tomoonlight again; Stoltenberg hasn't

drivenforeightyears, sohisskillsarealittlerusty.

Vocabulary:

cabbie =informalwordfor 'taxidriver'incognito =avoidingbeingrecognisedbychangingappearanceastonished =shockedandsurprisedtomoonlight =toworkatanextrajobrusty = (ofaskill) needingpractice

Exercise:

Useoneofthewordsorphrasesbelowtocompleteeach of thesesentencesfrom

news reports. Note that you may havetochangethe formof awordto complete

thesentencecorrectly.

cabbie / incognito / astonished / tomoonlight / rusty

1. MrHughessaidhehadbeen_________bythereactiontothefilm,

whichreceived 110,000 hits onYouTube in the first week after it

wasposted.

2. First broadcast in 2004, Veronica Mars told of a high-school

student who moves on to college while _________ as a private

investigator.


39/43

3. As Londoners will know some of the capital's _________ are not

shy about sharingtheir views on everything from politics to the

latestfashions.

Now one driver, Michael Dennis, has started reciting his own

poetry

to

passengers.

4. JeanMoulinwastheformerprefectwho, inJanuary 1942, wassent

by General de Gaulle toorganise the anti-German underground.

For a year- and-a-half, he travelled _________ around occupied

France, usingthepseudonymsRexthenMax.

5. Question: Do you get nervous playing your new singles for the

firsttimeandwhy?

Robbie Williams: Yes because I haven't done anything for three

years. Youjustfeelabit_________.

5.4MaYing-jeouwinsTaiwanelection

TaiwanspresidentMaYing-jeouhasbeenre- electedtoasecondfour-

yearterminoce, avoteseenasrearminghispolicyofestablishing

closereconomictieswithChina.

Inspiteofpollsdepictingacloserace, MrMawon 51.5 percentofthe

finaltallyonSaturday, comfortablybeatingoppositioncandidateTsai

Ing-wen, whohad 45.6 percent. JamesSoong,

athirdcandidate, receivedonly 2.7 per

cent. Morethanfour- fithsofTaiwans 18m

eligiblevotersturned outfortheelection.

Theruling Kuomintangpartyretaineditsmajority intheparliamentary

elections, althoughbyanarrowermarginthanthepreviouselection. It

won 64 outof113 seatsintheLegislativeYuan, versus 40 fortheDPP.

Addressingsupportersinthepouringraininfrontofhiscampaign

headquarters, MrMadescribedhisvictoryas avoteforclean

government, peace, andprosperityforTaiwan.

Youhavetoldme, intheclearestvoicepossible, tocontinueonmy

currentpath, headded.


40/43

MrMasvictorywillprobablybewelcomedbyBeijingandWashington

becausehehaspromisedtomaintainpeaceandstabilityacrossthe

TaiwanStrait. Duringhisfirstterminoce, MrMaengineereda

dramaticturnaroundinrelationsandgreatlyreducedtensionwith

China.

Fordecadessince 1949, Taiwanhadbeenamilitaryflashpointbecause

BeijingclaimssovereigntyoverdemocraticTaiwanandthreatensthe

useofforceshouldtheislanddeclareindependence.

TheUSWhiteHousesaid: Wehopetheimpressiveefortsthatboth

haveundertakeninrecentyearstobuildcross-Straittiescon- tinue.

Suchtiesandstabilityincross-StraitrelationshavealsobenefitedUS-

Taiwanrelations.

MrMasaidhewouldusehissecondtermtofinishcrucialreformshe

hadstarted, including broad, structuralreformsfortheecon- omy,

withagoalofjoiningtheTrans-PacificPartnership, anewtradebloc

spearheadedbytheUS, withinthenextdecade.

Overthepastfouryears, Taiwanhasestablishedtravelandinvestment

linkswithChina, andsigneditsfirst-evertradedealwithBeijingin

2010, butsomehavecomplainedofnotenoughprogressinareassuch

asbankingliberalisationandattractingChineseinvestmenttothe

island.

MrMaalsoextendedanolivebranchtohispoliticalopponents,

sayingthattherewasstillmuchworktobedoneinnarrowingthe

wealthgapandcreatingemploymentopportunitiesforyoung

Taiwanese issuesthatformedthecentralplankofMsTsaiscam-

paign.

Analystssayitwasbusiness approvalofMrMaseconomicpolicies,

coupledwithbroadcriticismofMsTsaisChinapolicies, thatdecided

theelectioninfa- vourofMrMa.

Intherun-uptotheelection, dozensofcompanychiefs, includingTerry

Gou, chairmanofHonHai, theworldsbiggestcontractelectronics

manufacturer, andCherWang, chairwomanofsmartphonemakerHTC,

alleitherpubliclyendorsedMrMaorspokeoutagainstthecross-Strait

policiesofMsTsai.


41/43

AnnetteLu, formerDPPvice-presidentfrom 2000 to 2008, saidtheDPP

hadexpectedacloserracebecausenoneofthepre-electionpollstook

intoaccountthevotesofTaiwaneseworkinginChina. Anestimated

200,000 suchTaiwanese, mostofwhomsupportMrMa, returnedto

Taiwan

to

cast

their

ballot.

Inconcedingdefeat, MsTsaitoldhersupportersthat wecamevery

closetothetopofthemountainthistime, butfelljustonestepshort.

Sheaddedthatshewouldresignaspartychairwomantotakerespon-

sibilityfortheelectoraldefeat.

termsandphrases

termofoce

rulingparty

turnaround

tradedeal

extendanolivebranch

narrowthewealthgap

castballot

5.5 Policies PoliticalpartiesintheUSA

In the United States of America (USA), there have always been two main

parties.

Since

the1860'

s

these

two

main

parties

have

been

the

Republican

Partyand the DemocraticParty. ThecurrentPresi- dentoftheUnitedStates

BarackObamaisaDemocratandtheDemocratsarealsothelargestpartyin

the Senate. The Republican Party has the most seats in the House of

Representatives.


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Democratic Party

1 Many support a progressiveincome tax (rich people payingat higher rates than poor peo-ple).

2 Many are pro-choice (meaningthat they believe women havethe right to have an abortion).

3 Many support stem-cell researchto cure sick- ness.

4 Many support withdrawing U.S.troops out of Iraq.

5 Many support more governmentfunding for education andinfrastructure (road building).

6 Many consider minority groups(such as women and blacks)disadvantaged.

7 Many support gun control (whichmeans that there should be strictrules about who can own gunsand where they can use them)

8 Many believe in global warmingand want the government to dosomething about it.

9 Many believe in health care

reform (some believe inuniversal health care)

10 Many believe that the economyshould be regulated more.

Republican Party

1 Many believe abortion should beillegal.

2 Many are against gun control

3 Many support the death penalty,rather than a life sentence

(which sentences people todeath if they do big crimes).

4 Many support the U.S. having astrong military.

5 Many support the wars inAfghanistan and Iraq.

6 Many are against illegalimmigration.

7 Many want the government tocontrol the economy less.

8 Many want the government to

spend less money.

9 Many want taxes to be lowered.

10 Many oppose health care whichis run by the government.

11 Many support a school vouchersystem (the government givingmoney to parents who send their

kids to privateschool).12 Many believe the federal

government shouldhave less power over the states.


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Which American party would you fit into? Check yes/no and count

your points

yes no

1. A strong military is very important. 1 0

2. Healthcare for everyone is important, even if I have to helppay for it.

0 1

3. High taxes are okay because they help pay for roads,schools, social security, etc.

0 1

4. A woman should be allowed to have an abortion. 0 1

5. Gays and lesbians should be allowed to marry. 0 1

6. People without jobs should receive money from the

government, even if I have to help pay for it.

0 1

7. Environmental protection is very important. 0 1

8. The war in Iraq was the right decision. 1 0

9. Fighting terrorism is more important than fighting cancer. 1 0

10. Marijuana should be legal. 0 1

11. The government should have greater control over

economic issues (ie taxes, business, employment, workersrights).

0 1

12. The government should have greater control over moralissues (ie abortion, religion, sexuality, drugs).

1 0

13. The government gives too much money to poor people. 1 0

14. My country is more important than other countries in theAsian region.

1 0

15. Immigrants should be allowed to live and work in mycountry.

0 1

16. The death penalty is an acceptable form of punishment. 1 0

SCORING: 0 6 Democrat, 7 9 Undecided, 10 16Republican

Yourreaction: ...............................................................................................................................................................................

Documents

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