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II
III
I I. The Nature of Solutions
Ch. 16 - SolutionsCh. 16 - Solutions
A. DefinitionsA. Definitions
Solution - Solution - homogeneous mixture
Solvent Solvent - present in greater amount
Solute Solute - substance being dissolved
B. SolvationB. Solvation
Solvation – Solvation – the process of dissolving
solute particles are separated and pulled into solution
solute particles are surrounded by solvent particles
B. SolvationB. Solvation
StrongElectrolyte
Non-Electrolyte
solute exists asions only
- +
salt
- +
sugar
solute exists asmolecules
only
- +
acetic acid
WeakElectrolyte
solute exists asions and
molecules DISSOCIATION IONIZATION
View animation online.
B. SolvationB. Solvation
NONPOLAR
NONPOLAR
POLAR
POLAR
““Like Dissolves Like”Like Dissolves Like”““Like Dissolves Like”Like Dissolves Like”
C. SolubilityC. Solubility
SATURATED SOLUTION
no more solute dissolves
UNSATURATED SOLUTIONmore solute dissolves
SUPERSATURATED SOLUTION
becomes unstable, crystals form
concentration
C. SolubilityC. Solubility
SolubilitySolubility• maximum grams of solute that will
dissolve in 100 g of solvent at a given temperature
• varies with temp• based on a saturated soln
C. SolubilityC. Solubility
Solubility CurveSolubility Curve• shows the
dependence of solubility on temperature
C. SolubilityC. Solubility
Solids are more soluble at...Solids are more soluble at...• high temperatures, with agitation and
with smaller solid particles. Gases are more soluble at...Gases are more soluble at...
• low temperatures &• high pressures (Henry’s Law).
• EX: nitrogen narcosis, the “bends,” CO2 in soda
B. SolvationB. Solvation
Soap/DetergentSoap/Detergent• polar “head” with long nonpolar “tail”• dissolves nonpolar grease in polar water