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IH EOY notes! 200 years in 23 pages! Good luck!
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The IH exam format is different from your test, which is a good thing if you suck at Geography.
Section A: 25 MCQs
(5 from Current Affairs Info Pack, x from Geography and y from History) [25 marks]
Section B: 4 SBQs (2 questions with two subsections each) [20 marks]
Section C: 2 SEQs (Choose 2 out of 3) [20 marks]
Total: 2 HOURS, 65 marks.
Section A is regurgitation of facts, from the following topics
What is IH? Earth: Early Beginnings (includes all Geography topics, sans Map Reading) All chapters of History textbook except for Chapter 5 and 10 (From 1819 to 1965) Info Pack (5 questions)
Let’s start with the first topic
WHAT IS IH? History is a record of significant events in the past e.g. Inventions and Persons Geography: study of the Earth (physical) and built environment (human) Study IH to obtain critical thinking, questioning mind, an appreciation of current affairs
and problem solving skills
Second topic:
EARTH1. 3rd planet from Sun, 150 million km away
2. Oblate spheroid. Means that equator is 12756km, larger than distance from North Pole to South Pole (12714km)
3. Mass: 6 * 10^24 kg
4. 70% of surface liquid
5. From 11km above to 9 km below
6. 4.6 billion years old
7. Crust: 22km outer layer. Granite and basalt, less dense than core
8. Mantle: 3000km. Silicate rock (flow under pressure and shatter upon impact)
9. Core: 6400K. Magnetic field emits from there. 3500 km.
CONTINENTAL DRIFT & PLATE TECTONICS
1. 225 M years ago: Pangaea
2. 200 M years ago, Pangaea split, oceans occupied the gaps.
3. Convection within the Earth’s mantle pushes the plates and cause plate tectonics. (Convection: HOT ABOVE COLD!)
Proof:
ALFRED WEGENER
Mesosaurus and Glossopteris fossils found in BOTH Africa and South America
Presence of coal which is formed in warm and humid conditions in Antarctic ice cap
Coastlines of South America and Africa can fit together
Mountains of South America and Africa are similar
4. Types of plate boundary:
Divergent/constructive. Separated by magma rising from mantle, which creates new crust. Oceanic ridge (between two oceanic) valley (two continental)
Convergent/destructive: When two or more plates collide.
Oceanic-oceanic: Subduction volcano
Oceanic-Continental: Oceanic trench, subduction volcano
Continental-continental: fold mountains with minimal subduction
Transform: Continental-continental. Magma still drags plates even though they are stuck. Rocks break apart with pressure, causes earthquake.
5. Plates:
Nazca
Pacific
Antarctic
North American
South American
Indian-Australian
African
Eurasian
Climograph Format:
1. Mean annual rainfall2. Rainfall range
3. Months with highest and lowest rainfall
4. Distribution of rainfall
5. Mean annual temperature
6. Temperature range
7. Distribution of temperature
Distribution of tropical rainforest
o Equatoro Between Tropic of Cancer and Tropic of Capricorn
o South East Asia
o Central Africa
o Caribbean
o Tropical regions where temperature is high (20 degrees C to 30 degrees C)
Features of tropical rainforest
o Evergreen leaves (only one season, no need to shed leaves)o Dark green and big leaves to absorb as much sunlight as possible
o Shallow roots (high rainfall, no need to source for groundwater)
o Huge plant variety (2620mm annual rainfall)
o Smooth and waxy drip tips to prevent water accumulation
Distribution of Mangrove in Singapore
o North and Northwestern Coastline (Sungei Buloh)o Northeastern coastline (Pasir Ris: get Caleb Canoeingsincetwentytwelve Tan to
check)
o Offshore Islands like Pulau TEKONG and Pulau Semakau
Features of the Mangrove
o Leaves are thick and leathery to reduce transpirationo Leaves have drip tip to prevent water accumulation
o Prop roots anchor tree firmly in soil
o Salt put in leaves which will be shed
o Pores of roots exposed during low tide to absorb Oxygen
o Leaves have special glands to secrete salt
o Roots exclude salt from water
Population Pyramid
o Broad-base: means that birth rate high, death rate also high, developing country.o No knowledge of contraceptives and dependent on family numbers for labor,
low hygiene and proliferation of disease
o Narrow-base: birth rate low, death rate low.
o More educated, no need to rely on family strength and knowledge of contraceptives. Healthcare is also better.
On to history now
Chapter 1: Before 1819… Singapore (or Temasek) was uninhabited.
Sang Utama, ruler of Pelambang, Sumatra, founded a settlement here (now called Singapura)
Chinese (Wang Dayuan) claimed it was a prosperous trading port
Blue and white porcelain from Ming
Majapahit gold
Singapore stone: illegible, so not a good source.
Sejarah Melayu: records from a Malay historian
Raffles’ observations: small, insignificant, sleepy.
Bukit Larangan: Forbidden Hill
Coup ‘d’état (revolution) by Parameswara in 14th century
Attack from Java or Thailand forced him to Melaka, captured again in 16th century by Portuguese
Just in case, a primary source is from that era while a secondary source chronicles that era. (Letter from Lee Kuan Yew to Lim Chin Siong; versus our textbook)
Chapter 2: Raffles, Farquhar and European involvementWhy did the British choose Singapore?
Singapore had a deep, natural harbor
On the Britain-India-China trade route
Drinking water available
NO DUTCH.
Why did Britain need a new port?
British only had 2 trading ports: Penang (too far north) and Bencoolen (wrong side)
Location was a factor: could defend British ships and help them restock
The Dutch were being greedy in SEA and wanted to protect their monopoly
The Dutch held a monopoly/business @ SEA
Colonised the strategic places like Melaka.
British needed a new trading port to compete with them.
Dutch only allowed one port: Batavia.
Batavia imposed high taxes.
Britain's trade with China was active and they needed a port for entrepot trade
1. Raffles landed. 28.01.1819
2. Met the Temmenggong
3. Story: Tengku Abdul Rahman (younger son) was at his father's deathbed while Tengku Hussein (the true heir and elder son) was in Pahang getting married.
4. Tengku Abdul Rahman was supported by DUTCH. (Means that if Raffles did not depose of him quick, Holland is going to make Singapore another trading port)
5. Raffles recognised Tengku Hussein as Sultan
6. In gratitude, the Sultan allowed Raffles to build a TRADING SETTLEMENT. NOT TO TAKE OVER THE ISLAND (Remember this or you will die!)
7. Sultan: 5000 Spanish dollars, Temmenggong, 3000 spanish dollars (NOT BAD)
8. Raffles returned to England and appointed William Farquhar as FIRST RESIDENT.
9. Farquhar's Problems:
a) Pests
A bounty of 1 shilling for every rat or centipede
b) Violence and disorder
A small police force (quite ineffective)
c) Low population
Made Singapore free port with free immigration and stationed an officer on St John's Island to invite people
d) Need steady supply of food
Invited Malay traders to come and sell food in Singapore
10. Fight between Raffles and Farquhar over who should receive credit. Farquhar went home and John Crawfurd took over.
11. Development of the Town Plan:
a) Chinese in Chinatown. Further separated into dialect groups with each one having a kapitan
b) Malays in Kampong Glam (VIP area for Sultan)
c) Indians in Chulia Kampong
d) Europeans and rich Asians in European Town
e) Commercial square for trading
f) Hidden motive: to prevent racial riots, and to prevent the different races from being too friendly with each other and rebelling against government
g) Credits to LTE Philip Jackson and John Crawfurd
12. Dutch were angry
a) But no war
b) British needed Holland as a buffer state (shield) against France, who they just defeated in the Napoleonic Wars and suspected that they would attack again
c) Holland was too weak to fight after Napoleonic Wars
d) Anglo- Dutch Treaty:
e) Britain keeps everything above Indonesia, Holland keeps Indonesia.
f) 3 strong British trading ports in Malaya: Penang, Melaka and Singapore.
CHAPTER 3: IMMIGRANTS
Why did they come?
PULL
o Free immigration policy
o Peace
o Many job opportunities
o Free port (no trading tax)
PUSH
o Famines
o Poor weather conditions
o Civil wars
o Political unrest
What did they do?
Philanthropy: helping the needy (not like Scrooge)
o Hospitals (Pauper’s Hospital and Thong Chai Medical Institution by Tan Tock Seng)
o Schools (Tan Kah Kee: HCI; Syed Mohamed bin Alsagoff: Alsagoff Arab School; Maria Dyer: St Margaret’s School)
Support Services
o Malay: shipbuilders, huntsmen, gardeners
o Indian: bankers, transportation monopoly
o Chinese: street hawkers, barbers and rickshaw pullers
Europeans: Agency houses to conduct entrepot trade
o Cotton, guns, glass (manufactured goods) from Europe to Asia
o Rice, tea, opium (raw materials) from Asia to Europe
o Main objective: REPACKAGE ALL THE GOODS
o Labor-intensive (a lot of Chinese coolies)
CHAPTER 4: BRITISH CONTRIBUTION
1867: East India Company bankrupt. Singapore becomes a Crown colony under Victoria.
Combination of Melaka, Penang and Singapore into Straits Settlements
British Government was racist at first, exclusive to Europeans
o Did not allow Asians to
Travel first class
More funds to English and Malay schools
Asian professionals not allowed.
Councils:
o Legislative: Makes the laws
o Executive: Helps the Governor with managing Singapore.
However, slowly included Asian non-officials, and reached equal numbers of officials and non-officials in 1924. In Legislative Council ONLY.
First one: Dr Lim Boon Keng
o Tried to ban opium but turned down due to greed of Legislative Council (loss of revenue)
Eunos Abdullah: asked for a Malay piece of land called Kampong Melayu where the locals would farm. DIFFERENT FROM KAMPONG GLAM
British Government had a few issues to settle….
o Health
Death rate: 51 out of 1000
No proper sewage system and water supply
General Hospital; leper camp; mental asylum; outpatient clinics
Quarantine Law: Immigrants had to be examined for infectious diseases before entering.
3 diseases: malaria, beri beri and tuberculosis
1887: PHD (Public Health Department) set up.
Infilling of swamps
Modern sewage system
Reducing overcrowding
Clearing dirty streets
o Education
Government preferred to keep locals uneducated
However, they needed people who could speak English. (And not enough Brits.)
Decided to provide grants to English and Malay schools ONLY, like RI (anything Chinese was viewed as anti-British then.)
Scholarships: Queen’s Scholarship, to study overseas. Producing lawyers, teachers, and doctors. E.g. Dr. Lim Boon Keng
o Piracy
Drove merchants away from Singapore, made them think it was unsafe.
Gunboats and steamships in mid-19th century destroyed most pirates.
o General problems with law and order
Police upragde
Pay increase to prevent corruption and bribes
Proper training
Officers need to be able to speak Malay and Chinese
o Chinese secret societies (S.S.)
Each dialect group had at least one.
Would settle disputes through violence, causing unrest
Abuse immigrants and enhance prostitution
CHINESE PROTECTORATE WILLIAM PICKERING (1877)
Could speak 6 different Chinese dialects
Registered all Chinese companies with the threat of deportation if they refused.
Settled disputes personally to weaken S.S power
Inspected every coolie ship to ensure the welfare of the workers
Po Leung Kuk: haven for Chinese girls about to be sold into prostitution
Overall, improved relations between British and locals
However, some people did not trust Pickering and would stay away from him, thus receiving abuse as usual.
Besides Pickering….
Detective Branch (1862)
Chinese detectives included (1906)
Renamed CID (1931)
Used modern methods like fingerprinting, photography
CHAPTER 6: WWII AND JAPANESE INVASION
British saw Japanese modernization after Meiji Revolution and winning Russo-Japanese naval war. Regulations to weaken Japanese armed forces didn’t work.
Japanese wanted to rule Asia but didn’t have the resources for a long war that would possibly take 10 years. They eyed Southeast Asia because their colonial masters were fighting against Germany and had much more resources than the rest of Asia. (America imposed a ban on trading oil, rubber and scrap iron to Japan)
British: financially drained after WWI.
However….
Main Fleet to Singapore (construction of Naval Base)
15 inch guns installed southwards, toward Indonesia instead of Malaysia
Airfields in Tengah and Sembawang
Underground bunkers in Labrador, Sembawang and Fort Canning
Biggest mistake: TREATED THE JUNGLE OF MALAYA AS A DEFENCE.
Only had Prince of Wales and Repulse as battleships due to resource constraint
Meanwhile, the Japanese….
Had troops that were veterans in conquest of Manchuria as soldiers
Designed their army to be mobile and fast, unable to persist a long battle with the British
Knew the terrain of Malaya well and designed their uniforms for jungle travel
Used bicycles and tanks to cross the jungles, something that the British did not do
Took several hundred Mitsubishi Zero fighter planes.
Set up their intelligence system in the form of Japanese people in Singapore.
Disabled the British Navy by destroying Prince of Wales and Repulse
o Off the coast of Kuantan, 10 December
Disabled the American Navy by bombing Pearl Harbor (7 December)
Commanders: General Tomoyuki Yamashita vs. Lieutenant General Arthur Ernest Percival
In conclusion, the Japanese won the British for several reasons:
The Japanese had 100% of their resources on the conquest of Southeast Asia
The British had to divide their resources fighting against Germany and Japan
The Japanese had the best planes (Mitsubishi Zero), bicycles to move down the jungle with ease and tanks to provide armored protection
The British planes were obsolete, they did not have any tanks, only 2 warships and anti-tank guns were ineffective.
The Japanese troops had a “win-or-die” spirit, many were veterans who had gone through the conquest of Manchuria and were fiercely loyal to Hirohito, the emperor
The British troops were rookies and had no discipline. Thus, they were not trained in jungle warfare and had no concern for Singapore’s safety as it was not their home.
Tomoyuki Yamashita was a man who could make good decisions in a short period of time. He was also a Manchuria veteran.
Percival was indecisive and did not heed the advice of his commanders (e.g. preparing for an attack from Malaysia). Lack of communications also put him at a disadvantage.
What we learnt:
1. Singapore must always be prepared for war, and the SCDF will prepare us for disasters.
2. We must depend on ourselves when it comes to defence.
3. Europe and America aren’t more powerful than Asia anymore
PROCESS OF JAPANESE SCREWING THE BRITISH IN MALAYA AND SINGAPORE
1. Malaya
a. The Japanese landed on Singora and Patani (Southern Thailand) and Kota Bahru, to destroy British airfields (8 December 1941)
b. Battle of Jitra, 11 and 12 December 1941. The British were defeated by highly portable Japanese tanks and infantry
c. Capture of Penang and Ipoh, 17 December 1941
d. Slim River. Japanese defeated British, captured a lot of supplies. 7 January 1941
e. Capture of Johor, 31 January 1942. British blew up Causeway on their way to Singapore.
2. Singapore
a. Yamashita set up HQ at Sultan’s palace, vantage point which British will not destroy
b. Japanese bombed east side of Singapore before attacking from northwest.
c. They repaired Causeway and used simple rubber boats and rafts to cross.
d. Percival kept withdrawing troops
e. Battle of Bukit Timah Hill; 11 February 1942. Conquered Macritchie Reservoir
f. Battle of Pasir Panjang, 13 February 1942.
i. Adnan Saidi: noticed the “Indian” troops were marching in fours instead of threes. Attacked, but lost and executed.
g. Massacre @ Alexandra Hospital. Japanese killed ALL personnel, even the British corporal on the operating table :P
h. British surrender, 15 February 1942 @ Old Ford Factory
TOTAL: 70 days (7 days spent to conquer Singapore)
What did the Japanese do?
Renamed Singapore as Syonan-to, LIGHT OF THE SOUTH
Kempeitai formed, Japanese military police. Large informers network. Had the right to beat up basically anyone they didn’t like.
Kempeitai were feared by the locals because of their harsh treatment of the Chinese (second next point) and the Europeans (next point)
Interned all Caucasians, Allied POWs made to do manual labor like Death Railway
Chinese men between 18 and 50 went through Sook Ching. This process supposedly rooted out all anti-Japanese Chinese in Singapore. Those deemed “anti-Japanese” would be sent to Changi Beach for execution.
The Chinese: particular scrutiny
o During Japanese invasion of China in 1937….
o Mainland Chinese put up a strong resistance
o Straits Chinese contributed financially
o Chinese also boycotted Japanese services.
o So Japanese *RAGE MODE*
Malays were left alone
Eurasians also beaten up, because they looked like Europeans.
Indians were persuaded to fight for their independence from British alongside Japan, in Indian National Army.
Rationed supplies (hard to get luxuries sold on illegal black market)
o Black market: sold at sky high prices.
Everyone given ration cards
Educated the people in Japanese and pro-Japanese films were shown. (e.g. conquest justified as liberation of Southeast Asia)
Printed banana notes without individual serial numbers
So many notes that the currency lost value, and prices skyrocketed.
Formed the Overseas Chinese Association, forcing $50 million from the Chinese.
To counter these, the locals did the following actions:
1. Grew their own food as rations were insufficient
2. Formed anti-Japanese forces
a. Force 136 led by Lim Bo Seng
b. Malayan Peoples’ Anti-Japanese Army
i. Trained in India
ii. Shipped to Malaya
iii. Guerilla warfare against Japanese
iv. Terrible living conditions: no food or medics in the jungles
So, we managed to survive on the brink of destruction for 3.5 years (3 years and 8 months.)
Note that this is an all-time favorite for SBQ which is why there is lesser information on local life during Japanese Occupation.
CHAPTER 7: RETURN OF THE BRITISHThe British government could not instantly return to Singapore
So the British Military Administration was set up temporarily from 1945 to 1946 to settle some of Singapore’s problems.
However, they were unable to solve the following:
Shortage of food
Disruption of Water, Electricity and Gas Supplies
Change of Currency
Unemployment
Shortage of Housing
Poor Health Conditions
Disruption of Education
So, the people were unhappy, and didn’t trust the British anymore.
They had two options:
Communism: The brand-new idea from Russia and China, the system of distributing your stuff and achievements with others. Practised by Chinese people in Singapore like students and trade union leaders, like Lim Chin Siong.
Nationalism: any method can be used as long as we stick together as a country and show patriotism. Practised by English-educated people like David Marshall and Lee Kuan Yew.
There were a lot of strikes (non-violent) and riots (violent) in the 1950s.
The people wanted:
Independence (to an extent)
More rations/Cheaper food
Higher pay
However, the British didn’t want to relinquish Singapore because:
Singapore was still useful as a military base and port.
Communists would take over Singapore without strong resistance from another country.
The British could, however:
Hold an election for limited self-government.
If not, a revolution would occur.
The first election: 1948
Failure:
o Voting not compulsory
o Only locally-born could vote
As a result, only 13800 out of 940000 turned up
o Only Singapore Progressive Party participated, along with other independents (no PAP, no LF)
Results: SPP won 3 seats and the rest were won by independents
SPP worked with British. Chinese hated them.
o No hurry to press British for changes/independence
o Seen as pro-British and made of English-educated members.
MEANWHILE…. RIOTS AND STRIKES.
o Maria Hertogh (11 December 1950)
A Dutch girl whose parents were captured by Japanese troops in Indonesia.
Adopted by a Malay woman named Che Aminah, in Singapore.
1950: Dutch parents claimed Maria back in a court of law.
2 months later, Malay parents got her back.
Married a Malay wedding (not recognized by British)
The British returned Maria to her Dutch parents and did not recognize her marriage.
Malays thought their law were not respected so *RAGE MODE*
Attacked any Eurasian and European they could get their hands on
o Anti-NS riots (May 1954)
New rule: every 20-year-old man has to serve NS
These 20-year-old men included students
Did not want education to be disrupted again
Did not want to serve a foreign country
Perceptions were spread by Communists
Organized by people from Chung Cheng High and Chinese High.
Example of how dangerous the Communists can be.
CHAPTER 8: SELF-GOVERNMENT
The British could see that the locals hated their presence.
So, they organized an election.
Now, their goals are to let the locals govern:
Trade
Industry
Housing
Health
Education
And the Legislative Council (the council making the laws) comprises:
25 elected
7 nominated
The Rendel Constitution (thought of in 1953, decided on in 1955) allowed all this to take place, with a democratically elected government, headed by a Chief Minister.
In short, it gave limited self-government.
So, the year is now 1955. 79 candidates fight for 25 seats.
House to house visits
Newspapers and pamphlets
Speeches and rallies
(very effective ways to promote a campaign)
2 primary parties: Labour Front (David Marshall) and PAP (Lee Kuan Yew, for English; Lim Chin Siong, for Chinese)
Both wanted an end to colonial rule and targeted Chinese speaking people.
Now, 160000 people turned up.
And Labour Front won. (The people were more convinced by him because David Marshall was more charismatic and was anti-British.)
David Marshall was now Chief Minister, with 6 local representatives.
However, he was still looked down on by the Governor, as the British did not endorse him and thus merely treated him as a figurehead.
The British noticed that Marshall was unwilling to take action against the communists.
So, Labour Front merged with the second largest party, the Alliance Party.
HOCK LEE BUS RIOTS (12 May 1955)
2 trade unions protesting for rights and higher salary
Hock Lee Bus Company dismissed them.
229 workers tried to stop the buses from leaving
In the end, had to involve the police
o Marshall tried to solve the problem using words…. But it failed
o Attracted 10000 Chinese students
4 dead, 31 injured
RISE OF COMMUNISM AND TRADE UNIONS INFLUENCING STUDENTS!?
STUDENTS’ RIOTS (1956)
Government closed down Chinese High because of Communist relations
Students camped out at campus
Tear gas, curfews, roadblocks.
Had to arrest all union leaders (e.g. Lim Chin Siong)
At the same time, Marshall went to London for the Merdeka (Freedom) Talks. His objectives were to get authority over defence and external affairs.
However, the British felt that Marshall could not handle the Communist threat. Thus, the Merdeka Talks failed and he resigned.
Now, we have Lim Yew Hock as the Chief Minister.
Lim Yew Hock knows that cooperating with the British will make suppressing the Communists more easy. The British agreed and even gave Singapore permission for a democratic election in May 1959.
Elections…. Again.
Anyway, basically now there are no more British ministers and the head of state is now the President, Yang di-Pertuan Negara.
The number of ministers has also been expanded to 51!
And last but not least, all affairs are ours to handle except for defence, which will be settled by the British.
For the 1959 elections, now more people are eligible to vote, basically if you have been in Singapore for more than 2 years, and swear allegiance to Singapore you are now a citizen. (525,000 voters)
13 political parties and 194 candidates.
PAP: now appears clean, pure and white with the
Disappearance of Commies in the team
A CLEARLY-DEFINED MOTIVE
Infighting among other political parties
As a result, PAP won 43/51 seats.
Singapore got its own national anthem, state crest and state flag.
However, it still belongs to the British the Queen appointed the Yang di-Pertuan Negara???
CHAPTER 9: MERGER AND INDEPENDENCESo, obviously we need a way to be free from the British.
Lee saw a way that would benefit all.
MERGER WITH MALAYSIA.
Party Involved Reasons
Singapore PAP survival/Independence from British
Appears to be pure, honest
Needs to fulfill independence promise
However, Communists are still a huge threat
Malaysia hates communists
Merger with Malaysia: protection and freedom from British
British are now confident that Singapore will not fall under Communism.
Unemployment
No natural resources
No entrepot trade
DAMN TARIFFS (taxes on goods)
Common Market with Malaysia: get rid of tariffs and create more jobs.
Singapore could also receive a portion of Malaysia’s resources
Malaysia Security.
Chinese = Communist
PAP: not strong enough, infighting among Lim Chin Siong and LKY
Malaysia: military is capable to suppress Communists
Britain Colonial policy
Cannot control Singapore for much longer.
Yet, unconfident because Singapore has too many Chinese/Communists
Merger with Malaysia will suppress the communists.
Also suits colonial policy of independent colonies’ merger to improve health, trade, defence, etc.
Tunku Abdul Rahman visited Singapore in 27 May 1961.
He proposed that Singapore, along with Sabah and Sarawak and Malaysia, form the Federation of Malaysia.
He wanted Sabah and Sarawak because there were many Malay people living in the area which would outnumber the Chinese living in Singapore
British: APPROVE
PAP: APPROVE
Communists: DISAPPROVE (Malaysia will hunt them down)
In the end, Lim Chin Siong and 13 ministers tried to stage a revolution but failed and got booted out of the PAP. They are now known in Malaysia as the Barisan Socialis (Socialist Front). {Formed in July 1961, disbanded by Operation Cold store in 1963}
Tried to persuade people to reject merger.
Public poll was held….
71% supported merger.
Sabah and Sarawak: APPROVE (Cobbold Commission, 1962, showed 66% approval)
However, some others did not approve…..
Brunei
o Sultan of Brunei cannot agree with Tunku Abdul Rahman’s terms. Quit the approval.
Indonesia.
o They made a lot of trouble about it.
o Believed that Sabah and Sarawak belonged to them.
o Influenced by Communists
o Launched Konfrontasi, armed confrontation that killed 3 and injured 33 in March 1965 @ Macdonald House (THE BANK, NOT THE FAST FOOD CHAIN)
o 29 bombs set off by then
o Indonesia cut off trade with Malaysia
Philippines
o Believed that Sabah belonged to them
o Cut off diplomatic ties with Malaysia
Indonesia turned to violence.
Of course, there were a few terms of agreement.
Singapore could hold elections for state government
Singapore could have its own state government
Singapore would have control over education
KL’s job to maintain
o Defence
o Foreign relations
Obviously all these regulations sucked for the Communists and they did not emerge again.
Things started to get a little sour...
Common Market
o Singapore wanted it to be established immediately
o Malaysia wanted it to be established in stages
o Malaysia won, it was established in stages.
Sabah and Sarawak
o Malaya: $50 million dollar grant (cannot be returned)
o Singapore: $150 million dollar LOAN (must be returned)
o Singapore won, we gave a loan.
Revenue (cash) collection
o Malaysia wanted to collect all of Singapore’s cash and give just enough to run the state.
o Singapore wanted to keep its money and send a percentage to Malaysia as part of taxes.
o Singapore won again: we got to keep our money.
But enough of that…. For now.
Malaysia: 31 August 1963
14 states (including Sabah and Sarawak)
Capital: Kuala Lumpur
After that…. Things got sour.
Note: For SEQ, if you are asked this question please state at least 3 reasons and one from each category.
CATEGORY A: ECONOMICAL CATEGORY B: POLITICAL
No Common Market
Malaya viewed Singapore as a rival
Common Market would increase Singapore’s power
Difference in political views
Malaya has racial political parties (United Malay National Organization or for Malay, Malaysian Indian Congress for Indian and Malaysian Chinese Association for Chinese) [The 3 combined made the Alliance Party]
Note: if stating constituents of Alliance Party state the initials and not the full name.
Malay Malaysians also enjoy benefits.
Singaporeans are treated equally and have parties with all major races. (Emphasis on EQUAL.)
Tax Increase
From 40% to 60%
Singapore was still being boycotted by
Political rivalry
Singapore Alliance contested in state election and lost terribly to PAP.
Indonesia.
Lost a lot of revenue
In 1964, PAP went for the Federal Elections and won 1 seat.
The UMNO got pissed at PAP.
They published stuff in Utusan Melayu talking about how PAP mistreated the Malays.
Racial riots. (Next point)
Closure of the Bank of China
Transferring money to China
Probably it funds the Communists.
But PAP doesn’t want to affect Chinese businessmen, or Singapore’s economy would screw up due to closure of the bank.
PAP won… but still, Tunku not happy.
Racial riots
First one: 21 July 1964
25000 Malays celebrating birthday of Prophet Mohamed.
Clash with Chinese police.
21 July to 2 August.
23 dead, 454 injured.
LKY and Tun Razak (DPM Malaysia) toured around countryside reassuring locals.
Goodwill committee
Second racial riot
Murder of a Malay trishaw driver
Curfew till 11 September
Deaths: 13 Injuries: 106
Result: PAP and Alliance call a truce and agree not to challenge each other for the next 2 years.
THEY LIED!!!1111!!!!!!1!!1
What’s Malaysian Malaysia?
October 1964: Alliance broke the truce and demanded an election in ’67.
In response, LKY called for an MSC (Malaysian Solidarity Convention) which involved 4 opposition parties from Malaysia.
Still held on to old belief of equality.
Pissed off UMNO. This was the final straw.
June 1965.
Tunku realised there are too many differences between Singapore and Malaysia.
He feared another riot and wanted Singapore to leave Malaysia.
7 August: document signed
9 August: We officially left Malaysia, complete with:
President
Pledge
Parliament
16 September: Joined UN
8 August 1967: Joined ASEAN
I’m really very sorry, but we still need to go on because of….
INFOPACK!
BTW, there will only be one question from each topic, but to be safe…..
Toh Chin Chye
Born to a bicycle shop owner in Perak.
Education:
o Anglo Chinese School in Ipoh
o Raffles JC
o London (psychology)
Met Goh Keng Swee and LKY @ London
Started political discussions in LKY’s house
Lecturer @ College of Medicine
November 1954: Formation of PAP with Toh as Chairman
1959: PAP wins election
Toh Chin Chye voted for LKY as PM (not Ong Eng Guan)
DPM till 1968
Wanted new flag for Singapore
Settled disputes between LKY and communist
Contested in Rochor against Barisan Socialis Chairman in 1963
Set up MSC
LKY was a target for Malaysia police, Toh Chin Chye was the backup PM.
Wanted PAP to contest in Federal Elections, 1964.
1959-88 : MP for Rochor
1959-68 : Deputy Prime Minister
1974 student riots: cracked down and arrested the leaders.
1968-75 : Minister for Science and Technology
1975-81 : Minister for Health
Believed that his actions were questionable back in the 1950s, and that Singapore was too rigid.
PAP cracked down on Communism: resulting in Singaporeans who don’t want to be involved with politics.
Budget 2012
Elderly women left out of budget considerations (they are homemakers instead of workers)
Will not be affected by CPF and incentives to hire older workers.
Budget: Ensures that the government spending is regulated and reasonable. No need to rely on external debt.
Division:
o Revenue (Earn)
14% government
17% GST
37% Corporate Service Tax(companies) and Personal Income Tax
o Expenditure (Spend)
Security: 32.5%
Social Dev: 40.6%
Econ. Dev: 20.7%
Approved by Cabinet and debated over by Parliament.
Once the President approves…. It is in effect from 1 April to 31 March next year
Reforms in Myanmar
Aung San Suu Kyi’s National League for Democracy: 43/45 seats, 1 April
Now, with the military junta weakened, foreign parties can conduct trade.
Art forms are also more appreciated now with Nay Zaw (rapper) and art piece sales increasing by 300%
However, security is still very high on the 800 + tourist islands, which make them unpopular.
Aung San Suu Kyi went to Westminster Hall, Britain, to discuss the breakdown of the military junta.
European Financial Crisis
Germany: where the money is. Trying to bail out other countries.
Italy: Half-dead after spending natural resources
Greece, Spain, Portugal, Ireland: Almost dead after getting into a huge debt (which will affect the economies of other countries)
The problem with Greece is that with its huge debt, it might revert from euro to drachma, which will CANCEL the debt.
The citizens will dump all their money in foreign banks, which will cause Greek banks to REALLY be in debt.
And if this spreads to Italy, we are screwed.
Angela Merkel, German Chancellor, does not want to give too much cash to Greece as it might be over reliant on other countries.
Goodies given out so far:
o Greece:
110 billion euro, May 2010
157 billion euro, July 2011
72 billion euro, September 2011 (sold Greek property)
130 billion euro, February 21 2012
230 billion euro, March 9 2012
o Portugal
78 billion euro, May 2011
Nicolas Sarkozy voted out as French president for failing to solve this. Francois Hollande takes his place.
Silvio Berlusconi resigns as Italian president.
August, 2011: Angela Merkel and Nicolas Sarkozy meeting to decide the fate of the 17 countries that use euro.
October 19-21, 2011: Protest in Greece which lead to stricter regulations.
RIO 2012 (not the movie)
[LAST INFOPACK TOPIC!!!!!]
Basically, UN summit to discuss sustainable development i.e. save the environment
o Cut down usage of fossil fuels (NOT ACHIEVED)
o Save marine life
o Food, water and energy for the poor (NOT ACHIEVED)
o NOT ENOUGH CASH.
US: Election year
Europe: Screwed up crisis
o Conclusion: As screwed up as Copenhagen 2011, nothing achieved.
Singapore is trying to clear up what the summit failed to accomplish.
o High rise, compact
o City in a Garden
o Small land area: not much space for rubbish to go to.
o New techniques for recycling and water purification
So here we are at the end of Section A! Congratulations!
Now on to Section B!
It isn’t that tough, really.
The grading criteria require:
2 strong inferences (5 marks)
1 strong inference (4 marks)
So, if you can remember the formula/format:
COMMON CRITERIA + INFERENCE 1 + SUPPORT 1 + INFERENCE 2 + SUPPORT 2
Look at the sources. How are they similar or different?
This is your common criteria and will be your thesis for the question.
Then, look for a common/different inference. Support it with proof. Repeat twice.
Alright, if you did not get what that meant, here’s a koala.
Just joking, a worked analysis.
This is a 5 mark one:SOURCE A:
Often people did not know why they were arrested or with what offence they were charged. Different branches of the Kempeitai appeared to vie with one another in hunting out suspects and release from one Kempeitai center did not guarantee freedom from arrest by another. Owning radio, criticizing the Japanese, even grumbling about high prices, were political offences. One word from an informer could mean arrest, and some people were denounced to the Kempeitai out of sheer personal spite. No one dares speak up on behalf of the accused. Those arrested could be imprisoned without trial in terrible conditions, starved and often tortured, unless their families managed to purchase their release with bribes.
SOURCE B:
The Kempeitai established a network of informers around the island to help them identify those who were anti-Japanese. These informers were well-paid by the Kempeitai and had no fear of being arrested. The Chinese were always the first to be squeezed for money or arrested on suspicion of petty crimes. Many innocent young Chinese women were seized for Japanese brothels and the young men were sent away as forced laborers. Countless thousands suffered torture and death at the hands of the Kempeitai. Nevertheless, the Chinese contributed to Japanese war funds, gave presents, organized dinners and loyalty processions but they were merely aimed to buy peace. Underneath there was bitter hostility.
Question: How are the sources similar in depicting the Kempeitai?
They are similar in depicting the Kempeitai’s cruelty and methods. (Common Criteria: If there is absolutely no choice, just describe your inferences. However it will be better to summarise them into one point if possible.)
Firstly, they are similar in telling me how the Kempeitai used informers to find suspects. (Inference: what can you find about the source, that is either similar or different with the other one?) From Source A: “One word from an informer could mean arrest, and some people were denounced to the Kempeitai out of sheer personal spite.” From Source B: “The Kempeitai established a network of informers around the island to help them identify those who were anti-Japanese. These informers were well-paid by the Kempeitai and had no fear of being arrested.”(Evidence) This implies that the Kempeitai wouldn’t bother to find out the true identity of their suspects and had to rely on informers. (Explanation: reinforce, explain and paraphrase the inference)
Secondly, they are similar in depicting the fates of these victims. From Source A: “Those arrested could be imprisoned without trial in terrible conditions, starved and often tortured, unless their families managed to purchase their release with bribes.” From Source B: “Many innocent young Chinese women were seized for Japanese brothels and the young men were sent away as forced laborers. Countless thousands suffered torture and death at the hands of the Kempeitai.” These two sources agree on the fact that the Kempeitai were cruel toward their prisoners.
Ok, actually SBQ is one of the most subjective types, EVER. Even my IH teacher doesn’t know how to describe it So, this is all I can say for now, if you face any problems drop me a Facebook PM, and I’ll try my best
A side note that only Chapters 4, 6, 7, 8 and 9 will be tested for SBQ.
And now we have come to the MOST KILLER OF ALL:
Structured Essay Questions.
Point + Evidence + Explanation + Link
Once again, SEQ will test only Chapters 4, 6, 7, 8 and 9.
The criteria is that 8 marks is for essays with 3 strong inferences, meaning 3 points with evidence and explanation.
For Separation Essays, you can either write 2 Economic and 1 Political reason, or 2 Political and 1 Economic reason.
The highlighted is an explanation: “The Common Market allowed a single bigger market in Malaya. This could only be caused through merger where Singapore became a state of the Federation of Malaysia. Singapore wanted this Common Market to get rid of trade tariffs and create more jobs.”
The facts can be found earlier in this stack of notes. The likely questions are:
What did British contribute to the law and order/health/education of Singapore? (Chapter 4)
How did the Japanese manage to decisively defeat the British? (Chapter 6)
Describe the process leading to self-government (Chapter 7 and 8)
What were the reasons for merger/separation? (Chapter 9)
The facts and all you need to know are in Part A, except that you might want to edit it for syntax and grammar.
Anyway, thanks for reading, and good luck with your IH EOY! If there is any question you cannot solve, you can either:
Reach me here:
o http://www.facebook.com/1o3and2o3homeworkpage
Or alternatively, ask your IH teacher. Read through your file and take note of any comments that your teacher made, they are very valuable.
So, wishing you a good day and good luck for IH EOYs!
~JY Yong
