Igor Bandos et al- Superbrane Actions and Geometrical Approach

8/3/2019 Igor Bandos et al- Superbrane Actions and Geometrical Approach

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http://www.ictp.trieste.it/~pub_off I C / 9 7 / 4 4D F P D 9 7 / T H / 1 9hep-th/9705064

United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural OrganizationandInternational Atomic Energy Agency

INTERNATIONAL CENTRE FOR THEORETICAL PHYSICS

S U PE R B R A N E A C T I O N S A N D G E O M E T R I C A L A PPR O A C H

Igor Bandos"*"International Centre for Theoretical Physics, Trieste, Italy,

Paolo Pasti*Universita degli Studi di Padova, Dipartimento di Fisica "Galileo Galilei"andINFN, Sezione Di Padova, via F. Marzolo, 8, 35131 Padova, Italy,

Dmitri SorokinNational Science Center, Kharkov Institute of Physics and Technology,

Kharkov, 310108, Ukraineand

Mario Tonin^Universita degli Studi di Padova, Dipartimento di Fisica "Galileo Galilei"

andINFN, Sezione Di Padova, via F. Marzolo, 8, 35131 Padova, Italy.

MIRAMAR E - TRIE STEMay 1997

*Based on talks given by the autho rs at the Volkov Mem orial Seminar "Supersy mm etryand Quantum field Theory" (Kharkov, January 5-7, 1997).tOn leave of absence from: NSC , Kharkov I ns titute of Physics and Technology,Kharkov, Ukraine. E-mail: [email protected]* E-m ail: paolo.pasti@ pd.infn.itE-mail: [email protected]^E-mail: [email protected]


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A BS T RA CTWe review a generic structure of conventional (Nambu-Goto and Dirac-Born-Infeld-like) worldvolume actions for the superbranes and show how it is connected through ageneralized action construction with a doubly supersymmetric geometrical approach to

the description of super-p-brane dynamics as embedding world supersurfaces into targetsuperspaces.


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During last years Dmitrij Vasilievich Volkov actively studied geometrical and symme-try grounds underlying the theory of supersymmetric extended objects and we are happyt o have been his collaborators in this work. One of the incentives for this research was tounderstand the nature of an important fermionic - symmetry of the target- superspace(or Green- Schwarz) formulation of the superparticles and superstrings with the aim toresolve the problem of its infinite reducibility, to relate the G reen- Schwarz and Ramond-Neveu- Schwarz formulation of superstrings already at the classical level and to attack theproblem of covariant quantizat ion of superstrings. The - symmetry was conjectured to bea manifestation of local extended supersymmetry (irreducible by definition) on the worldsupersurface swept by a super - p- bran e in a target superspace. This was firstly provedfor N = 1 superparticles in three and four dimensions [?] and then for N = 1, D = 6,10superparticles [?], N = 1 [?], N = 2 [?] superstrings, N = 1 supermembranes [?] andfinally for all presently known super - p- branes [?,?,?] in all space- time dimensions wherethey exist. In [?] a twistor transform was applied to relate the Green- Schwarz and theRamond- Neveu- Schwarz formulation.

The approach describing the super- p- branes in this way is called the doubly super-symmetric geometrical approach, since it essentially exploits the theory of embeddingworld supersurfaces in to target superspaces. Apart from having clarified the geometricalnature of - symmetry and having made a substant ial impact on the development of newmethods of superstring covariant quantization (see [?, ?] and references therein), the dou-bly supersymmetric approach has proved its power in studying new important class ofsuper- p- branes (such as Dirichlet branes [?] and the M- theory five- brane [?]) for whichsupersymmetric equations of motion were obtained in the geometrical approach [?] earliert h a n complete supersymmetric actions for them were constructed by standard methods[?, ?]. Thus, a problem arises to relate the super- p- brane equations obtained from theaction with the field equations of the doubly supersymmetric geometrical approach, andt o convince oneself that they really describe one and the same object. To accomplish thisgoal one should reformulate the action principle for the super- p- branes such that it wouldyield the embedding conditions of the geometrical approach in the most direct way. Forordinary super- p- branes such an action has been proposed in [?]. The construction isbased on the generalized action principle of the group- manifold (or rheonomic) approacht o superfield theories [?]. D. V. Volkov considered this approach as the most appropriatefor implementing geometry of the supersymmetric extended objects in to the descriptionof their dynamics.

I n this contribution we would like to review basic elements of the generalized actionconstruction and to show that it is also applicable to the Dirichlet branes [?] and, atleast partially, to the M- theory five-brane (M- 5- brane), thus allowing one to establishthe relation between the formulations of [?, ?] and [?, ?].

On the way of reconstructing the super- p- brane actions we shall answer another ques-tion connected with their - symmetry transformations, namely, a puzzling fact that the - transformation of a "kinetic" part of the conventional super- p- bran e actions is theintegral of a (p + 1)-form which compensates the - variations of a Wess- Zumino term ofthe actions. This puzzle is resolved in a formulation where the entire action of a super- p-brane is the integral of a differential (p + 1)- form in the worldvolume of the brane [?, ?].To construct such an action one uses auxiliary harmonic [?] or twistor- like variables whichenable to get an irreducible realization of the - transformations (see [?, ?, ?] and refer-ences therein for superparticles, superstrings and type I super- p- branes). We shall also

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see that in the case of the D- branes and the M- 5- brane this version of the action servesas a basis for the transition to a dual description of these objects.

Consider the general structure of the action for a super- p- brane propagating in asupergravity background of an appropriate space- time dimension (which is specified bya brane scan [?]). We work with actions of a N a m b u - G o t o (or Dirac-Born- Infeld) typet h a t do not involve auxiliary fields of intrinsic worldvolume geometry as in the Brink-DiVecchia-Howe-Tucker form [?] of brane actions (see [?, ?] for the B D H T approach toD- branes).

All known super- p- brane actions, except that of the M- 5-brane which contains athird term (see below), generically consist of two terms:

S = h + I W Z = (F+1xe- *J- detGmn+ / Wp+2. (1)Mp+1 M p+2The symmetric part gmn of th e matrix Gmn = gmn+Fmn in the first term of (??) describes asuper- p- brane worldvolume metric induced by embedding into a target superspace whichis parametrized by bosonic coordinates Xm(x) (m = 0,1, ...,D 1) and fermionic coor-dinates QH(x) {y, = 1,..., 2'f 1) collectively defined as ZM = (Xm, QH). The worldvolumeitself is parametrized by small xm (m = 0, ...,p) with not underlined indices. (Z) is abackground dilaton field. Note that there is no such a field in D = 11 supergravity.

The antisymmetric part Fmn of Gmn, which is absent from ordinary superbranes andnonzero for the D- branes and the M- 5-brane, contains the field strength of a gauge fieldpropagating in the brane worldvolume plus the worldvolume pullback of a Grassmann-antisymmetric field of target- space supergravity.

In the case of the D- branes in D = 10 the worldvolume field is a vector field Am(x)[?, ?], the background field is a two- rank superfield BMN(X, ), and Fmn has the forme- ^(dmAn - dnAm + dmZ^dnZ^BuN). (2)In the case of the M- 5- brane the worldvolume gauge field is a self- dual (or chiral)

tensor field Am n(x) , and the background field is a three- rank superfield CLMN(X, ) ofD = 11 supergravity [?, ?]. The M- 5- brane action also contains an auxiliary worldvolumescalar field a(x) [?] whose presence ensures manifest d = 6 worldvolume covariance of themodel [?, ?]. In this case the antisymmetric matrix takes the form

H *m nld la(x) , Hmnl = 6d[lAmn] + ^Z^Z^Z^CMNL,, (3)dpaopawhere * denotes Hodge operation, e.g. H^ = 3

The second term in (??) is a Wess-Zumino (WZ) term. Generically it is more naturalto define it as an integral of a closed differential (p + 2)- form over a (p + 2)-dimensionalmanifold whose boundary is the super- p- brane worldvolume. The structure of the WZterm depends on the p- brane considered and (in general) includes worldvolume pullbacksof antisymmetric gauge fields of target- space supergravity and their duals (see [?, ?] fordetails).

The third term which one must add to the action (??) to describe the M- 5-branedynamics is quadratic in Hmnl [?]:

3= I d6x % T^Hmnldia{x). (4)Jopaopa


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In this case the action (??) plus (??) is invar iant un der th e loca l symm etr ies [?, ?]S Am n= ^ ^ ( H m npd pa- Vm n) , a (x ) = \w)

where is a traceless m atr ix com posed of the worldvolume pullbacks of t a rge t - spa c eDi rac matr ices and the tensor Fmn su c h tha t P 2 = 1. T he form of is specific for ap- bran e considered and re flec ts th e s t ruc t ure of t h e WZ t e rm [?, ?].E q . (??) re a ds tha t not all c o m p o n e n t s (in fact only half) of are i nde pe nde n t ,which causes the (infinite) reducibility of t h e - t r a n sfo r m a t i o n s. If one tries to get ani rreducible set of - p ar am e t er s in th is s tand ard formu la tion , one should break m anifestLorentz invariance of th e m odels. T he geom etrical app roach considered below providesus with a covariant way of de sc r ib ing inde pe nde n t - t r a ns fo rm a t ions .

F or all s u p e r - p - b r a n e s t h e - va r ia t io n ( ? ? ) of t he We ss- Zu m ino t e rm is (u p to a t o t a lderivative) th e integral of a (p + 1 )- fo rm

(11)


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F or the complete action to be - invariant the WZ variation must be compensated bythevariation of the NG or DBI- like term (and the term (??) ). Thus, though these parts of theaction are not the integrals ofdifferential forms, their - variations are. To explain thispuzzling fact it isnatural to look for a formulation where the entire action is the integralof a (p + 1)- form. When we deal with ordinary super- p- branes, forwhich Fmn = 0, thiscan easily be done, since (apart from the presence of the dilaton field) the NG term in(??) is the integral volume of the world surface and can bewritten as the worldvolumedifferential form integral

r 1T , = 1 E a A Ea1 A A Eape (12)JM (p + 1 !

where Ea =dxmEma(x) is a worldvolume vielbein form. Since we consider induced geom-etry of the worldvolume, Ea is constructed as a linear combination of the target- spacesupervielbein vector components (??)

Ea =dxmdmZ^E bRuba(x). (13)uba(x) are components (vector Lorentz harmonics along the worldvolume) of an SO(1, D 1)-valued matrix

QJ / Q % \ f\ i- 1 T~\ -1 / -1 A \ti i [II 7 / 1 (1 11 T) 1 T) \ I ) t i l )

c o jr 6 c b jr ^ J * (zb zii \ /i r\II ~1 1 ~~ = n 1 1 ~~1 1 = n~~ = HlCini n n ) I , i )T h e orthogonality conditions (??) are invariant under the direct product of target- spacelocal Lorentz rotat ions SO(1, D 1) x SO(1, D l) acting on u from the left and right,while the splitting (??) breaks one SO( 1, D 1) (tilded indices) down to itsSO(1,p) x5*0(D p 1) subgroup, which form anatural gauge symmetry of the p- brane embeddedinto D- dimensional space- time.

Surface theory tells usthat (??) can always bechosen such that on the world surfaceEi dZ Fr- 7/ i( ^ r ) \ r 0 (A f,)I j yJjZJ I J n/fUl-. I JU I A/ i 1 W I -L vJ I

1V1 O \ / \ l- VJ-p-\-1. i \ /

i.e. orthogonal to the surface.Dynamically one derives Eq. (??) from the action (??) byvarying it with respect to

th e auxiliary variables uba and taking into account the orthogonality condition (??).I n view of (??), (??) and (??) we see that the expression (??) for the induced metricreduces togmn = EmaEan. H ence , wecan replace the determinant ofEma written in (??)with \J det gmn and return back to the NG form of the super- p- brane action. Thisdemonstrates the equivalence of the two formulations.

N o t e that only vector components Ea of the target- space supervielbein (??) enter theaction (??) through Eqs. (??). But in target superspace a supervielbein also has compo-nents along spinor directions (??) (i.e. E ). When the supervielbein vector componen tsundergo a local SO(1, D 1) transformation with the mat rix (??) , the supervielbein spinorcomponents are rotated by a corresponding matrix v^(x) of a spinor representation ofth e group SO(1, D l) , the matrices ub~ and v^ being related to each other through thewell- known formula (see for instance [?, ?])


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The matrix v? satisfies an orthogonality condition analogous to (??). Thus, it is naturalto consider the spinor harmonic variables v!f as independent and ub~ composed of theformer. The SO(1,p) xSO(D p 1) invariant splitting of v (analogous to (??)) is

vi=(v\v ), (18)where a, a are the indices of (the same or different) spinor representations of SO (1,p) andq, q correspond to representations of SO(D p 1). The choice of these representationsdepends on the dimension of the super-p-brane and the target superspace consideredand is such that the dimension of the SO(1,p) representations times the dimension of theSO(D p 1) representations is equal to the spinor representation of SO(1, D 1).To generalize Eq. (??) to the case of the D-branes one should take into account thepresence of the antisymmetric tensor Fmn in (??) as follows:

M ( p + 1 )A ... A Eê aoai.. .ape-P-^^-det(r]ab + Fab) (19)

I J M p+2where we also included the WZ term, and the worldvolume scalar Fab is an auxiliaryantisymmetric tensor field with tangent space (Lorentz group) indices and Qv-\ is aLagrange multiplier differential form which produces the algebraic equation

F2(D) =1/2Eb A EaFab = e-i(dA - B2). (20)Eq. (??) relates T^ to the 2-form T2 of the original action (??).In the case of the M-5-brane its action (??) plus (??) is written as an integral ofdifferential forms as follows

h+h= I dE aoAEÂ...AEaâoai.. .ap(^/-det(r]oj) + ^0j))- ' -T abH abcvc) (21)

+Q 3 A [dA2 - C3 - 1Ec A Eb A EaH abc]+ Q 5 A (da(x) - Eava) + / W7.

In (??) Fab

= Ii

aH*ab c

vc, and H abc(x ) and va(x ) are auxiliary worldvolume scalarV vavfields which are expressed in terms of original fields Amn and a(x) (??) upon solving theequations of motion for the Lagrange multiplier forms Q 3 and Q 5.The variation of the actions (??) and (??) with respect to the auxiliary fields F a b ,H abc(x) and va(x ) produces algebraic expressions for the Lagrange multipliers Q(n), whichthus do not describe independent degrees of freedom of the models. Note also that , atleast for the Dirichlet branes with p < 4, one can invert the equations for Q p-\ in termsof Fab, express the latter in terms of the former and substitute them in the action. Thisgives a dual worldvolume description of the D-branes [?, ?, ?]. Thus the actions (??) and(??) have the form which provides one with a way toperform a dual transform of thesuperbrane models.


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T h e worldvolume fields ZM(x) and A(x) (or Fmn and Hmnl) of the super- p- branesare transformed under the - transformations as above (see Eqs. (??) ).T h e - variation of the auxiliary fields and the Lagrange multipliers can easily be ob-

tained from their expressions in terms of other fields whose - transformations are known.To compute the - transformation ofthe actions (??) and (??) we should also know

th e - variations of the Lorentz- harmonic fields uba, which are genuine worldvolume fields.However, these variations are multiplied by algebraic field equations such as (??) and (??)and , therefore, they can be appropriately chosen to compensate possible terms propor-tional to the algebraic equations that arise from the variation ofother terms. It means,in particular, that when computing S we can freely use these algebraic equations and,at the same time, drop the - variations of these genuine worldvolume quantities ifwe aren ot interested in their specific form.

Thus byconstruction the actions (??) and (??) are integrals of (p + 1)- forms Lp+1an d one can show that their - variation has the following general structure [?]:5S = J i

KdC

p+1= Ji

K( iE^ryWEi - ) _

2 ( - )

0> + 1) A ^ ) , (22)

where the second term isabsent from the case of the M- 5- brane,

H - = \E?- (1 - T)l, A0(X, 6) = E ^ dK, (23)7X0 and y t are, respectively, differential p- form and p+ 1-form constructed of world-volume- projected target- space gamma- matr ices and the tensor Fmn (see [?, ?, ?] fordetails).

T h e fact that ikdL = 0 and (??) is - invariant follows from Eqs. (??) and (??) whichimply iKE(~te = 0 = ikEa.N o t e that, since the spinor parameter corresponds to a particular class of generalvariations of (x), the knowledge of the - variation ( ??) of the super- p- brane actionenables one to directly get equations of motion of (x) asdifferential form equations

ij ES.- (1(1 - t)j )i A = 0 (24)Let us now demonstrate how the presence ofthe Lorentz- harmonic fields allows one

to extract in a covariant way the independent parameters ofthe - transformations (see[?, ?] forordinary super - p- branes). For this we use the SO(1,p) x SO(1,D p 1)decomposition of the spinor harmonics (??). To be concrete, consider the example of aDirichlet 3- brane (p= 3) in a background of type I IB D = 10 supergravity [?]. In thiscase the decomposition (??) of a 16 x 16 matrix v^ takes the form

V=(v,v>), (25)where = 1,2 , a = 1,2 are Weyl spinor indices of SO(1, 3), q = 1,..., 4 are SO(6) spinorindices and bar denotes complex conjugation.

Using the exact form of the matr ix and the condition (??) one can show [?] that thefollowing 16 complex conjugate components of the complex - parameter are independent:

q. (26)


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By the use of independent parameters (such as (??)) the - transformations (??) can berewritten in an irreducible form. This realization of - symmetry is target- space covariantsince the parameters (??) are target- space scalars and carry the indices of the SO(1,p) xSO(D p 1) group, the first factor of which is identified with the Lorentz rotations int h e tangent space of the superbrane worldvolume and the second factor corresponds to anin t e r n a l local symmetry of the super- p- brane. Because of the fermionic nature of theseworldvolume - param eters it is tempting to treat them as the parameters of (D p 1) -extended local supersymmetry in the worldvolume of the super - p- brane, and this wasjust a basic idea of [?], which has been fruitfully developed [?]- [?] in the framework oft h e doubly supersymmetric approach.

To make the local worldvolume supersymmetry manifest one should extend the world-volume to a world supersurface parametrized by xm and (D p 1) SO(1,p)- spinorvariables q all fields of the super- p- brane models becoming worldvolume superfields.

Now, the differential form structure (??) of super- p- bran e actions admits an exten-sion to worldvolume superspace by the use of generalized action principles of the group-manifold (or rheonomic) approach [?] to supersymmetric field theories. This has beencarried out for the ordinary super- p- branes [?] and the Dirichlet branes [?]. As to theM- 5- brane, the presence of the term Q5 A (da(x) Eava) in (??) causes problems to besolved yet to lift the M- 5- bran e action to worldvolume superspace, since (without somemodification) this term would lead to rather strong (triviallizing) restrictions on world-volume supergeometry. Thus for the time being further consideration is not applicablein full measure to the M- 5- brane action (??), though final superfield equations for thesuperbranes which one gets as geometrical conditions of supersurface embedding are validfor the M- 5- brane as well. The relation of the M- 5- brane action (??) and ( ??) [?] andc o m p o n e n t field equations of the M- 5- brane obtained from the doubly supersymmetricgeometrical approach [?, ?] was established in [?].

The rheonomic approach exhibits in a vivid fashion geometrical properties of super-symmetric theories, and when the construction of conventional superfield actions for themfails the generalized action principle allows one to get the superfield description of thesemodels. As we shall sketch below, in the case of super- p- branes the generalized ac-t ion serves for gettin g geometrical conditions of embedding world supersurfaces into tar-get superspaces, which completely determine the on- shell dynamics of the superbranes[?, ?, ?, ?]. However an open problem is how to extend the generalized action approacht o the quantum level.

M a i n poin ts of this doubly supersymmetric construction are the following.The generalized action for superbranes has the same form as (??) but with all fields

and differential forms replaced with superforms in the worldvolume superspace = (xm, q). The integral is taken over an arbitrary ( p+ 1)- dimensional bosonic surface Mp+1 =(x m , q(x ) ) in the worldvolume superspace . Thus, the surface Mp+1 itself becomesa dynamical variable, i.e. one should vary (??) also with respect to (x), however itt u r n s out t h a t this variation does not produce new equations of motion in addition tot h e variation with respect to other fields, the equations of motion of the latter having thesame form as t h a t obtained from the component action we started with. But now thefact t h a t the surface Mp+1 is arbitrary and t h a t the full set of such surfaces spans thewhole worldvolume superspace makes it possible to consider these equations of motion asequations for the superforms and superfields defined in the whole worldvolume superspace . The basic superfield equations thus obtain ed are Eqs. (??) and (??) (note t h a t

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now the external differential also includes the - derivative). Eqs. (??) and (??) tell ust h a t induced worldvolume supervielbeins (ea(x, ), e q(x, )) can be chosen as a linearcombinat ion of Ebuba = Ea and E v q = E q [? ,? ,?] :

E qa = 0, (27), ) , (28)

as well as t h a tg ( h Y = 0, (29)

T h e choice of the matrix mba(x, ) is a matter of convenience and can be used to get them ai n spinor- spinor component of the worldvolume torsion constraints in the standardform Tq>pr = i qr a. I n this case mba is constructed out of worldvolume gauge fields

[ > > j -E q . (??) together with eq. (??) implies the basic geometrodynamical condition qa = 0 (30)

which in the doubly supersymmetric approach to super- p- branes determines the embed-ding of the worldvolume superspace into the target superspace. In many interesting casessuch as D = 10 type II superstrings [?, ?] and D- branes [?, ?], and D = 11 branes [?, ?]t h e integrability conditions for (??) , (??) and (??) reproduce all the equations of motionof these extended objects and also lead to torsion constraints on worldvolume supergravity[?, ?].

N o te t h a t for the D- branes and the M- 5- brane the embedding conditions analogous to( ? ? ) , (??), (??) and (??) were initially not derived from an action, which was not knowna t t h a t time, but postulated [?] on the base of the previous knowledge of analogouscondi t ions for ordinary super- p- branes [?, ?].

To conclude, we have demonstrated how the super- p- bran e action can be recon-structed as the worldvolume integral of a differential (p + 1)- form. The use of theL o r e n t z - h a r m o n i c variables in this formulation makes the - symmetry transformations tobe performed with an irreducible set of fermionic parameters being worldvolume spinors.This indicates t h a t the - symmetry originates from extended local supersymmetry in theworldvolume. We have shown how this worldvolume supersymmetry becomes manifestin a worldvolume superfield generalization of the super- p- brane action. The superfieldequations derived from the latter are the geometrical conditions of embedding worldvol-u m e supersurfaces swept by the superbranes in target superspaces. Thus, the approachreviewed in this article serves as a bridge between different formulations developed fordescribing superbrane dynamics.

Acknowledgements. We would like to thank our collaborators Kurt Lechner andAlexei Nurmagambetov with whom we obtained many results reported herein. Thework of P.P. and M.T. was supported by the European Commission TMR programmeERBFMRX- CT96- 0045 to which P.P. and M.T. are associated. I.B. thanks Prof. M.Virasoro for hospitality at the I C T P . I.B., and D.S. acknowledge partial support fromgrants of the Ministry of Science and Technology of Ukraine and the INTAS G r a n t s N93- 127- ext, N 93-493- ext and N 93- 0633- ext. This work was done within the frameworkof the Associateship Scheme of the International Centre for Theoretical Physics, Trieste,Italy.

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Igor Bandos et al- Superbrane Actions and Geometrical Approach