IFF Issue 21

I N T E R N A T I O N A L

FIRE FIGHTERI N T E R N A T I O N A L

FIRE FIGHTER

An MDM PUBLICATIONIssue 21 – February 2009


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Reporting Worldwide to Municipal, Industrial and Fire Training ProfessionalsReporting Worldwide to Municipal, Industrial and Fire Training Professionals

Indianapolis20th–25th April 2009

Official International Media Partner

IFF21 OFC February 09 18/12/09 10:33 am Page 1

INTERNATIONAL FIRE FIGHTER 1

Front Cover Picture: courtesy DraegerSafety Ltd

PublishersDavid Staddon & Mark Seton

Sales and Editorial ManagerMark Bathard

Contributing EditorsPhil Saxton, Angie Lamielle, JeffreyW Petersen, Paul Spooner, PeterKristenson, Alexander Gstettner,John Allen, Greg Richardson, PaulFurler, Andrew Dumsday

IFF is published quarterly by:MDM Publishing Ltd The Abbey Manor Business Centre,The Abbey, Preston Road, Yeovil, Somerset BA20 2ENTel: +44 (0) 1935 426 428Fax: +44 (0) 1935 426 926 Email: [email protected]: www.mdmpublishing.com

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DISCLAIMER:The views and opinions expressed inINTERNATIONAL FIRE FIGHTER are notnecessarily those of MDM Publishing Ltd.The magazine and publishers are in noway responsible or legally liable for anyerrors or anomalies made within theeditorial by our authors. All articles areprotected by copyright and writtenpermission must be sought from thepublishers for reprinting or any form ofduplication of any of the magazinescontent. Any queries should be addressedin writing to the publishers.

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Printed in Singapore



FIRE FIGHTER





February 2009 Issue 21

57-63

5-10 News andproduct profiles

MUNICIPAL SECTION

13-17 ConfinedSpace Rescue

19-20 How well doyou know yourthermal imagingcamera?

23-24 The threat isstill real

27-28 Theimportance of largearea scene lighting

INDUSTRIAL SECTION

31-33 A sense ofproportion

35-38 The bestprotection againstheat and flame

41-44 20 yearsafter Piper Alpha, Fireis still the nightmarescenario

47-50 Matchingvehicle design to thefire fighting challenge

TRAINING SECTION

53-54 Gatwickairport fire serviceprofile

57-63 Firebehaviour andcompartment fire-fighting training inManizales, Colombia

64 Advertisers’Index

41-44

31-33

27-28

19-20

13-17

53-54

47-50

Contents

P. 01 Contents 18/12/09 10:35 am Page 1

MDM dps IFF15 24/7/07 10:13 AM Page 2

MDM dps IFF15 24/7/07 10:13 AM Page 3

April 20-25, 2009Indiana Convention Center& Lucas Oil StadiumIndianapolis, INwww.fdic.com

WHERE LEADERS COME TO TRAIN

REAL EDUCATION.

REAL EXPERIENCE.

REAL CONNECTIONS.

Flagship Media Sponsor: International Media Sponsor: Owned & Produced by:

SCOTT HEALTH & SAFETY announce the launch ofthe new innovative lightweight AdvancedCarrying System (ACSf & ACSfx), which has beendesigned specifically to meet the changing needsof the professional fire services. Approved toprEN137: 2002 Class11, incorporating thestringent Flame Engulfment Test, the ACSf &ACSfx are refined to unequalled levels ofperformance and user comfort.

Scott Health & Safety’s new ACSf & ACSfx issignificantly lighter than any other carryingsystem in its class and is the first system in theworld to incorporate ThermoFlexTM technology tocreate a unique sculptured soft back plate thatprovides the ultimate in comfort, ease ofmovement and contributes to reducing wearerfatigue. The ergonomically sculptured, soft backplate is designed and moulded to fit the spineand back muscles and was developed followingintensive research with osteopaths, fabric andindustrial technologists.

The harness incorporates high visibilityreflected threading and has fully adjustablepadded shoulder straps, a waistband featuringlarge buckles for easy operation with glovedhands in fast donning and doffing, plus D Ringsthat allow fast and easy connection of otherequipment to the webbing or straps. A rapidconnect cylinder band allows for adjustment orchange out of cylinder in seconds, which isobviously beneficial in any fireground operations.

The ACSfx combines all the features of theACSf, but also has an adjustable waist belt andextending back plate that can be adapted to suitthe height of the wearer.

Lower Through Life CostsThe ACS harness and cylinder band ismanufactured from extremely durable 100%Kevlar flame retardant webbing with corrosionresistant nickel-plated components that are userserviceable, low cost and simple to maintain. Allelements of the set are designed to allow forpossible future upgrade with minimal cost.

Easy to keep clean, both the back plate andharness can be washed at the same time asturnout gear, and the new hardwearing fabricmaterial used in manufacturing is approved tomaintain its flame retardant qualities for 50washes at 90°C. A washing bag can be includedto protect the harness and washing machine.

High performance pneumaticsAt the heart of the ACS set is a simple, highperformance and reliable two-stage pneumaticsystem. A first breath activated positive pressuredemand valve provides low breathing resistanceand excellent dynamic performance – particularly athigh flow rates. A first stage pressure reducing valvefeatures only two moving parts and accepts cylinderpressures up to 300 bar without adjustment.

No tools are necessary to remove thepneumatics as this can be achieved by simplyrotating the pneumatics 90 degrees to disengagefrom the mounting.

The system includes a robustly designed

shoulder mounted pressure indicator with photoluminescent face markings for low-light legibilityand a warning whistle with an operating pressureof 55 bar.

The design and manufacture of the back plate

enables bespoke tailored sets to bemade in a variety of colours andcorporate branding to meetindividual requirements. All sets areapproved to international standardsand there is wide choice ofcylinders and facemasks includingVision 3 and Promask PP ranges.

With over one millionfirefighters worldwide trusting inthe rugged dependability andcutting edge technology of ScottBreathing Apparatus, the newAdvanced Carrying System(ACSf & ACSfx) is set tobecome the industry standard

carrier for SCBA in the fire fighting industry.

Full details are available from Scott Health& Safety or comprehensive information canbe found at www.scottsafety.com


NEWS

Extensive wear trials across Europeconfirmed what firefighters inU.S.A. and Canada have beenexperiencing for the last five years… a new, never before seen rise inpersonal protection, comfort anddurability in firefighting bunkergear. PBI PERFORMANCEPRODUCTS is proud to declare thatPBI MATRIX® is now produced,marketed and commercial availableexclusively from licensed partnersthroughout Europe.

PBI Matrix – The Power Grid – isa patented blend of PBI Goldreinforced with a durable matrix ofhigh strength aramid filaments.This innovation takes PBI Gold’sproven protective characteristics toanother level by combiningunmatched flame and thermalprotection with unsurpassedstrength and durability. This revolutionary outershell is lightweight, fast drying, and offerssuperior comfort and reliability. Tough andrugged, PBI Matrix answers the call and remainsservice worthy by providing increased resistanceto rips, tears and abrasions. Available intraditional gold, PBI Matrix raises the goldstandard when it comes to personal protection.

PBI Performance Products is also proud torecognize Copenhagen, Denmark as the first MetroEuropean brigade to make the switch over to this

new revolutionary outer shell fabric.The Danish capital received their firstset of PBI Matrix bunker gear back inAugust. In addition, many otherbrigades throughout Europe haveannounced that they too will or alreadyhave begun to upgrade their firefighterspersonal protection to PBI Matrix.Those cities will also be recognized asthey begin to receive their bunker gearover the next few months.

As the world’s only producer ofhigh performance PBI fiber, the staffat PBI is dedicated to analyzing andmeeting the needs of each market weserve,” says Helmut Zepf. “We striveto work with our partners and theirclients to continue to developinnovative ideas and solutions, tomeet each markets unique needs forpersonal protection.”

PBI Matrix and PBI Gold fabricscontinue to set the highest standards for personalprotection by combining unmatched thermalprotection with superior comfort and durability.

For more information about where you cansource bunger gear and other commerciallyavailable PBI fabrics, contact Helmut Zepf,Director of Marketing & Sales PBI Europeat 49 (0) 941 70 54 370. Email:[email protected] or visit thecompany website at www.pbiproducts.com

New lightweight Advanced CarryingSystem (ACSf & ACSfx) for Scott SCBA

PBI Matrix® Arrives in Europe – Copenhagen Makes the Switch to the NextGeneration in Firefighter Protection

Providing the professional firefighter with greater comfortand total flexibility

News P. 5, 7, 8 18/12/09 10:35 am Page 5

The V-ecosilent 22-54

Weber Hydraulik’s represen-tative on the booth, ReinerAntritter explained about

the leading features of the newpower unit. First and foremost heexplained about the compactness ofthe unit. The V-Ecosilent measuresjust 205mm by 445mm and weighsin at a mere 24.9 kg including oilwhich means that this unit is veryeasy to carry around. There is alsono need for external fuel tanks asthe V-Ecosilent incorporates a builtin fuel tank.

As the name of the unit wouldsuggest, the operation of the V-Ecosilent is indeed very quietthanks mainly to its cutting edgedesign. It has an automatic speedcontroller for low noise and eco-nomic operation. The V-Ecosilenthas a 4 stroke petrol engine whichproduces a power output of 3hp at4500rpm.

The real attraction of the V-Ecosilent however is its capability to run two rescue tools simul-taneously. Due to the operating pressures that thisunit runs at, it is now possible to operate twotools without a big reduction in pressure. Theadvantages of this are too numerous to mentionbut immediately I thought of a road traffic acci-dent scenario where you have one member of therescue team using spreaders and then requestingcutters to be used. The cutters can of course beplugged into the second outlet of the V-Ecosilentand the rescue teams have wasted no time inreturning to their vehicles to retrieve a secondpower unit.

The output and operating figures of the V-Ecosilent also make for interesting reading. Usingjust one tool, the operating oil pressure equates to5.4 litres per minute and with two, the pressure is2.7 litres per minute. This is a first as other unitswith simultaneous operations, pressures reduce bymore than 50%, not with the V-Ecosilent.

Weber Hydraulik have over 65 years experiencein hydraulic applications and have been supplyingthe world’s fire and rescue departments withquality rescue equipment. Founded in 1939 byEmil Weber the company has remained whollyowned by the Weber family. The company employ1100 staff and its current turnover is in excess of€210 million. IFF

6 INTERNATIONAL FIRE FIGHTER

PROFILE

Weber HydraulikGmbh launchesstate of the arthydraulic powerunit at IntersecWeber Hydraulik Gmbh, a leading European manufacturer of rescue tools for theworld’s fire brigades, proudly launched their new Hydraulic Power Unit the V-Ecosilent 22-54 at the Intersec trade fair and conference held recently in DubaiU.A.E. Mark Bathard, the editor of International Fire Fighter, stopped by WeberHydraulik’s booth to take a closer look at this modern marvel of engineeringtechnology.

For more information pleasecontact:Weber Hydraulik GmbhIndustriegebiet 3+4A-4460 LosensteinAustriaTel: +43 72 55 62 37 464Fax: +43 72 55 62 37 461Email: [email protected]: www.weber-hydraulik.com

Picture courtesy Weber Hydraulik

P. 06 Weber Profile 18/12/09 10:36 am Page 6


New Disposable High VisibilityMasks from Sperian

SPERIAN PROTECTION, European leader in thepersonal protective equipment market, has launchedan innovative new range of high visibility disposablemasks. The new products not only guarantee totalrespiratory protection but also offer increased safetyfor users, particularly those working in poor visibilityconditions, thanks to their fluorescent properties whichmeet the colour and refelection requirements of BritishStandard EN471 for high visibility warning clothing.

The new masks are available in two ranges, the Sperian High Visibility 5000 Series and theSperian High Visibility SuperOne, and were developed following a request from a large miningcompany in South Africa that was looking for a solution to improve the visibility of itsemployees working in the mines. Sperian’s Research and Development departmentsubsequently designed a fluorescent material which provided high performance visibilityduring both day and night.

The top-of-the-range High Visibility 5000 Series has, in addition to its reflective qualities,several advantages for the user: a pre-formed nose bridge for individual adjustments, threesizes of mask, a soft “Willtech” seal with absorbent properties and an exclusively designedexhalation valve for greater breathing comfort. Two range models (5221 and 5321) are fittedwith adjustable straps so that the mask can be better adjusted to the face and a complete faceseal which ensures optimal leak tightness and comfort. The High Visibility 5000 Series alsopasses the dolomite dust clogging resistance test and provides the user with excellentrespiratory comfort while reducing the sensation of tiredness over time.

For users looking for a cost-effective solution, the SuperOne range of masks fits all faces,thanks to their ergonomic design without a nose bridge, and also provide optimal leaktightness as well as an excellent field of vision.

To avoid any allergy risks the new respiratory masks do not contain PVC, latex, or silicone.The masks have also been tested for visibility by the French Institute for Textiles and

Clothing (IFTH). The IFTH carried out comparative tests with a panel of 20 individuals situatedfirstly 15 metres and then 25 metres away from two people, one wearing a high visibility*mask and the other wearing a standard white mask. Three environments were tested underlow and strong light conditions. The results showed that 95% of those questioned believedthat the high visibility masks were more visible than the white masks. Sperian equipment offers: Protection you can trust.

For more information: Tel: +44 (0)1256 693200 Email: [email protected]

NEWS

Combining both respiratory and eyeprotection, the DRAEGER X-plore 5500 FullFace Mask is ideal for use in hundreds ofapplications throughout industry. Featuring abayonet fitting for fast, simple replacement ofparticulate as well as gas and vapour filters, italso benefits from a triple seal around theface and an excellent field of vision.

Believed to be unique, the two-pointbayonet connector attaches both filters tothe mask using the same half-turn technique. The swept back, low-profile position ofthe filters also ensures that the user’s field of vision is free from obstruction, evenwhen several filters are used in combination.

Designed to provide even weight distribution with unrestricted movement, the 5-point head harness enables the mask to be fitted and removed quickly, withouttangling hair. For maximum respiratory protection, the double-layer face sealincorporates a triple sealing action to ensure a leak-free, secure seal. Offering a wide,clear field of vision without distortion, the large visor also provides a high level ofchemical, thermal and mechanical resistance.

Meeting the requirements of EN136, the X-plore 5500 is universally sized to suit allface sizes and, as a result, can also simplify storage as well as spare partsrequirements. Optional accessories include a spectacle kit complete with frame andholder, mask and carrying boxes, a lens cover, anti-fogging gel and cleaning cloths.X-plore is a registered trademark.

Further information is available from Paul Harvey, Draeger Limited, Ullswater CloseBlyth Riverside Business Park, Blyth Northumberland NE24 4RG Tel: 01670 352891 Fax: 01670 356266

X-plore High Level Respiratoryand Eye Protection

News P. 5, 7, 8 18/12/09 10:35 am Page 7


NEWS

The world’s leading manufacturer of plasticinjection molded protective cases, PELICAN™PRODUCTS, INC., today announced theacquisition of long-time competitor, HardiggIndustries, the world’s largest manufacturer ofroto molded protective cases, based in SouthDeerfield, Massachusetts. The transaction,valued at approximately $200 million, isbelieved to be the largest acquisition in thehistory of the protective case industry. Pelican

Products was supported in the acquisition bythe New York and San Francisco based privateequity group Behrman Capital.

“Despite the current economic downturn,Pelican Products has continued to grow itsposition as a global leader in the design andmanufacturing of advanced lighting systemsand virtually indestructible injection moldedcases,” said Lyndon Faulkner, president andCEO, Pelican Products, Inc. “The acquisition of

Hardigg is testament to Pelican’s commitment indriving growth of the company and its pledge toleading innovation in the industry. I amextremely excited to conclude this acquisitionand to put two global organisations togethercombining their respective strengths.”

Collectively the new entity will employ morethan 1,500 employees. Pelican Products willoperate in 12 countries, have 22 offices globallyand maintain six manufacturing locationsthroughout Europe and North America. It is wellcapitalised for future growth and will drive to ahalf billion dollars of revenue over the next fewyears.

The Hardigg brand name will continue toidentify the company’s high-end roto moldedshipping cases, leveraging the brand recognitionof Hardigg.

Hardigg Industries is the world’s largestmanufacturer of roto molded shipping casesused by the military, consumers, public safetyofficers, the industrial sector, and otherprofessionals. As the first company tomanufacture an airtight, watertight and virtuallyindestructible protective container, Hardigg hasbeen a leader in the design and manufacturingof roto molded protective transport cases sinceits founding in 1954 by James S. Hardigg.Hardigg also produces the Storm Case® line ofinjection molded protective cases.

“The reputation of the Hardigg brand andquality of its products, people and processesmake it an ideal partner,” added Faulkner. “Bybringing together the world’s largest roto moldedcase manufacturer with the world’s largestinjection molded case manufacturer, the greatestbeneficiary is the customer. As a result of our newpartnership, Pelican will offer customers anunrivaled product range, all from a single source.”

General Peter Pace USMC (Ret.), chairman ofPelican, commented, “The manufacturingstrengths of Pelican and Hardigg create a strongcombined selling model and market synergy.The acquisition enables us to enhance offeringsto our core customers, including the military,while continuing to expand our footprint withother important customer segments.”

Jamie Hardigg, chairman of Hardigg Industries,commented, “By joining the Pelican family wecan offer more opportunities to employees,expand our product line and enhance our globalreputation. We’re excited that the combination ofour companies creates a global industry leaderwell poised for continued growth.”

Jamie Hardigg plans to cease his day-to-daymanagement responsibilities, but will serve as amember of the Board of Directors for PelicanProducts. John Padian will continue to manage thePelican organisation as COO of Pelican Productsand Bill Hamer will continue as COO of HardiggIndustries. Both will report to Lyndon Faulkner,president and CEO of the Pelican Corporation.

For more information please contact:Email: [email protected]: www.peli.com

Pelican™ Products, Inc.Acquires Hardigg® Industries

Over the past few years the A-, B- and C-pillars in modern cars have becomesubstantially wider, deeper and thusstronger. These developments obviouslycome to increase occupant safety. At thesame time however they prove difficultbarriers for rescuers after a collision duringvictim extrication efforts. To surround andcut these expanding and increasinglycomplex vehicle constructions HOLMATROhas developed a brand new cutter: the CU4055 C NCT™ II. This strongest Holmatrocutter so far combines a wide bladeopening (202 mm) and deeper reach with asignificant cutting force of 1018 kN/103.8 t.

New Car TechnologyThe CU 4055 C NCT™ II belongs toHolmatro’s second generation of New CarTechnology cutters. Its characteristic U-shaped blades are specifically designed tocut the advanced constructions and hardmaterials found in modern vehicles.Moreover, they do this with far more

efficiency and at a much lower workingpressure than possible with regular‘General Purpose’ type blades. Holmatro’sNCT™ blades pull the material into thecutting recess, where the cutting force is atits maximum. This results in a morecontrolled and smoother cut.

4000-seriesBeing part of Holmatro’s 4000-series thisnew cutter is equipped with manyinnovative features such as i-Bolt Technology(flat central bolt construction for betteraccess, and superior cutting performance),single hose CORE™ Technology and LEDlighting in the carrying handle.

For more information:Website: www.holmatro.com/rescue

New Holmatro cutter CU 4055 C NCT™ IIStronger with wider blade opening anddeeper reach

Acquisition is the Largest in the Historyof the Protective Case IndustryDeal Bolsters Pelican’s Product Line and ExpandsService Offerings

News P. 5, 7, 8 18/12/09 10:35 am Page 8


PROFILE

This will be the first major expansion since theoriginal facility was started in 1983 andrepresents a 50% capacity increase that

includes new state-of-the-art fiber spinningtechnology and newly developed processes foradapting Celazole®PBI polymers to applications inseparations, coatings and films. This investment isexpected to create 19 new jobs, with at least 10new jobs in the first year. The engineering designphase will take approximately 15 months withground-breaking expected in 2010.

“The constantly growing number of applicationswhere polybenzimidazole fibers and polymers haveproven their value necessitates we invest in thefuture with expanded capacity and new processtechnology that will precede and surpass theexpectations of the market.” explains GrantReeves, President of PBI Performance Products.“We will be proactive in this endeavor by continu-ing to maintain excess capacity for large programs,with direct support for research and development,global marketing to publicize PBI’s unmatchedphysical properties and collaboration with theworld’s most respected designers and engineers. Inits various forms and in sufficient quantities to sup-port any program, PBI Performance Products willalways be ready to supply PBI fibers and polymers . . . today, tomorrow and in the future.”

PBI Performance Products is the world’s only pro-ducer of polybenzimidazole (PBI) fiber and polymer.PBI fiber is the most inherently flame-resistant andthermally stable fiber in the world, and PBI polymeris the highest performance engineering thermo-plastic. PBI fiber will not burn in air, does not melt ordrip, and will retain its strength and flexibility afterexposure to flame. PBI fibers form the backbone ofvarious fabric blends, providing flame-resistance andthermal protection with the highest level of comfort,durability, and protection. PBI Performance Productsworks with end-users worldwide to develop andsupport the use of PBI in a wide spectrum ofmarkets, including: protective clothing for fire

service, military and industrial workers; semicon-ductor and electronics; and aerospace, automotive,and various other high temperature applications.

“We were pleased with the local and statesupport that provided the incentives to keep thisstrategic investment in Rock Hill”, commentedScott Groshans, VP of Operations. “We are proudof our accomplishments over the past 25 yearsthat inspire us to take our plant to a new level ofperformance.”

“PBI Performance Products is a world leader inthe advanced materials and fabrics industry, withproduct applications ranging from protective apparelto automotive brakes. The company’s decision toexpand its facility in Rock Hill is a strong testamentthat our state’s business-friendly climate and qualityworkforce are working to grow existing businessesand attract new investment to South Carolina.Thanks to the team effort of state and local officials,York County will benefit from this investment,” saidJoe Taylor, Secretary of Commerce.

PBI Performance Products is headquartered inCharlotte, North Carolina and operates a dedicatedmanufacturing facility located in Rock Hill, SouthCarolina and global sales offices in England,Germany, Spain and Hong Kong. Reeves furtherexplained that, “Through people, products andperseverance, PBI’s goal is to provide insight intothe most demanding applications. Our engineer-ing, sales and technical support together with afamily of polymers and fibers offer the very bestsolutions to a variety of high tech applications.”

PBI Performance Products, Inc. is a whollyowned business of The InterTech Group, Inc.®,located in North Charleston, SC. The InterTechGroup operates a diverse, global group ofcompanies specializing in custom engineeredsolutions. InterTech products can be found in awide variety of industries and applications, includ-ing aerospace, power generation, medical,hygiene, sporting goods, home furnishings andconstruction materials, among many others. IFF

PBI performanceproducts announcesmajor capacityexpansion,advanced polymerapplicationsPBI Performance Products, Inc. announced at its recent 25th Anniversary OpenHouse that over the next 5 years it will invest 15 million dollars at its Rock Hill, SCfacility to support the growing demand for its top-rated fire resistant fibers andwill develop advanced polymer applications using its Celazole®PBI polymer.

Further information pleasecontact: PBI Performance ProductsInc.Grant Reeves, President(843) 202-4349www.PBIproducts.com

P. 09 PBI Profile 18/12/09 10:36 am Page 9

With an increasing number of fire andrescue authorities (FRAs) recognising theoperational benefits of having specialised

protective clothing for different hazards, USAR PPEis designed to protect front line firefighters insearch missions following, for example, structuralcollapse of a building. Working in difficult anddangerous situations requires a high level ofmanoeuvrability with maximum physical pro-tection. This is where Bristol’s design experiencehas allowed it to offer an ideal combination offeatures which has led to the procurement of 660sets of jackets and trousers incorporating an outer-shell of Kermel® high visibility orange fabric. Thecontract for the supply of the PPE and its managedcare was concluded in the late spring and thegarments delivered for use by LFB’s 330 strongUSAR team in early June. Every firefighter will have2 sets each with a reserve stock of spares.

The contract, in the form of a framework agree-ment, also calls for the provision of a managedcare package under which Bristol will regularlycollect used garments for inspection, washing andrepair as well as decontamination, if required.Using a computerised recording and trackingsystem each item of PPE is identified to its individ-ual wearer to ensure that items are alwaysreturned to the correct location and individualfirefighter for whom the garments were carefullysized prior to manufacture and issue. Using a barcode and optical scanning system to track eachgarment’s service history builds a complete recordproviding valuable inventory management infor-mation for the FRA. Special scanners were issuedto LFB prior to the USAR kit being issued to allowevery garment to be recorded with its technicaldetails alongside those of its allocated wearer. Thiswill help speed up the computerised logging of allthe PPE when it is first returned for routineservicing at Bristol Care™.

Bristol’s logistics flexibility affords the option ofcentralised collection and delivery or uplifts fromindividual fire stations. Initially all 660 sets weredelivered to central stores in Croydon but, with 11locations around Greater London, alternativescenarios will be tested before the long term bestavailable solution is chosen.

London Fire Brigade’s Richard Binder, Group

Manager, Urban Search and Rescue ManagementTeam, said: “The introduction of specialist USARequipment and training has proven to be animmensely valuable addition to the Brigade’s capa-bilities. Our USAR crews enter into difficult anddangerous rescues which often last several hours,and it is important that our crews have the rightPPE that can stand up to the rigorous anddemanding nature of urban search and rescue.

“Following comprehensive trials and testing bythe Brigade, the high visibility orange suits, alongwith a range of other protective items, wereidentified as providing the highest level of comfortand protection for the specialised work carried outby the crews.”

Bristol’s UK Sales Manager, Philip Tasker, added,“This is a major milestone for us and represents animportant development in the UK’s fire service’smove towards adopting a more specialistapproach to PPE. In an environment in which thedemands placed on the fire service are becomingincreasingly complex, the need to provide personalprotection for firefighters appropriate to thehazards faced in different operational situationsdemands a more tailored approach – one which isbeing seen reflected in the growing adoption ofspecialist technical rescue PPE by both the policeand ambulance services. We are pleased to havebeen awarded the opportunity to supply LondonFire Brigade’s USAR PPE requirements as well as tolook after the garments throughout their servicelives through the provision of a managed careservice”. IFF


PROFILE

London Fire Brigadespecifies BristolUniforms’ UrbanSearch & Rescue PPEIn a move designed to boost London Fire Brigade’s (LFB) specialist responsecapabilities, the Capital’s fire and rescue service has procured 660 sets of urbansearch and rescue (USAR) personal protective clothing (PPE) from BristolUniforms, one of the world’s leading designers and manufacturers of protectiveclothing for the emergency services.

For more information aboutBristol Uniforms pleasecontact either:Roger StartinBristol Uniforms Ltd on 0117 956 3101 or [email protected] or Richard StoreyRSL Associates on 01749 870652 or [email protected]

P. 10 Bristol Profile 18/12/09 10:37 am Page 10

MUNICIPAL

Pic courtesy of Reuters

Dividers p. 11, 29, 51 18/12/09 10:37 am Page 11

www.draeger.com

Safety requires real-time information and monitoring. The Dräger Bodyguard® 7000 electronic unit is a key element of the Dräger PSS® 7000 personal safety system. It combines innovative ergonomicdesign with advanced monitoring and warning features.

Dräger Bodyguard® 7000: safety in the palm of your hand.

Interested? Take a look at the innovative system solutions of Dräger under www.draeger.com

Working together for your safety.

Ad_template_00_PSS_7000_DINA4_.qxd:Ad_PSS_7000_DINA4 08.05.2008 13:24 Uhr Seite 7


MUNICIPAL

Often containing a lethal concoction ofsubstances, a confined space can bedefined as any chamber, tank, vat, pit, pipe,

flue, tunnel, excavation, digester, pumping well orstation. Similarly, it can be a sewer, shaft, under-ground utility duct, boiler, hopper, silo, borehole,steam condenser, culvert, manhole, septic tank,cellar or bunker.

In fact, any area can become a confined spaceunder certain conditions. For instance, an openditch or open-topped vault becomes a confinedspace if air circulation inside is poor and a gas thatis heavier than air accumulates at the bottom.Equally, a structure or irregular shape becomesconfined if pockets of gas or vapour accumulatewhere air circulation is restricted.

Understanding the hazardsWherever they might be, confined spaces share awide variety of potential hazards. Access is usuallylimited, they are often poorly ventilated and notonly can they contain gases and other harmfulsubstances, but escape of rescue from them canbe extremely difficult.

The seriousness of the hazard is dependentupon a number of factors such as the locationitself and the nature of any work carried out atthat location. The dangers can be dramaticallyincreased, however, if a combination of hazardsexists.

Toxic gases or vapours, for instance, can poisonor suffocate, whilst any work in progress, such ascleaning, welding and painting can producedangerous fumes. It is also possible that toxicgases and vapours created during previous workmight still be present upon re-entry, even at amuch later date.

A build up of flammable gases or vapours canalso burn or explode. Sometimes formed by scaleor residue inside the confined space, or bycleaning methods or decomposition of organicmaterials, etc., these substances can ignite orexplode upon exposure to an open flame or spark.In addition, some applications, such as oxy-propane cutting, may create an excess of oxygenwhich would increase the danger of spontaneouscombustion.

An atmosphere containing less than 21 per cent

By Phil Saxton

Sales Manager, Draeger Safety UKLimited

Confined spacerescueAsphyxiation, entrapment, physical injury, engulfment and poisoning – these arejust some of the hazards that are faced by firefighters confronted with aconfined space rescue operation.

P. 13-17 Confined Space 18/12/09 10:38 am Page 13

oxygen is known as being oxygen deficient andcan be life-threatening. Caused by oxidation,rusting, fire, growth of bacteria, or displacementof the oxygen by another gas, oxygen deficiencywill initially cause drowsiness. It can also lead toeuphoria, a “happy” state which usually preventsthe “victim” from realising the dangers before it istoo late.

Discarded syringes and bacterial infections canbe a major problem in sewers and waterways.Leptospirosis, for instance, is a reportable diseasethat is usually contracted following exposure to raturine and disease-carrying rodents. Infection resultsfrom the microbe entering the body through opencuts and scratches or through the lining of the

eye, mouth or throat and can be prevented bywearing appropriate protective clothing.

Engulfment is another major concern. Anyonesinking into or becoming covered by coal,sawdust, flour, grain or sugar can suffocate in amatter of minutes.

Safety through knowledgeThe most frequent causes of serious accidents arethat people do not always recognise a confinedspace hazard when they see one. Firefighters willoften be involved in a rescue operation wherepeople have relied on their senses and have notrealised that it is impossible to see, hear, touch,taste or smell most dangerous atmospheres.


MUNICIPAL

Hazard Effect Density Smell Sight

Carbon dioxide Asphyxiating Heavier than air None Invisible

Methane Flammable Lighter than air None Invisible

Hydrogen Sulphide Flammable/toxic Heavier Rotten eggs Invisible

Chlorine Toxic Heavier Yes If ≥10ppm

Carbon Monoxide Toxic Slightly lighter None Invisible

Ammonia Flammable/toxic Lighter Yes Invisible

Propane Flammable/asphyxiating Heavier Yes Invisible

Butane Flammable/asphyxiating Heavier Yes Invisible

Acetylene Flammable/asphyxiating Lighter Yes Invisible

Hazards and their recognition properties


Whilst some gases and materials have distinc-tive smells, others have no odour whatsoever. Onthe other hand, hydrogen sulphide can, in certainconcentrations, paralyse the olfactory nerves and,as a result, shut down an immediate line ofdefence; the sense of smell.

There are two basic rules when approaching aconfined space: always check the atmosphereprior to entry and do not enter unless an observeris present. For absolute safety, everyone shouldalways assume that hazards are present until theyknow otherwise.

Not only is it essential that the atmosphere istested before entering the confined area, butmonitoring should continue throughout the rescueoperation. The confined space should be isolatedand all points of access secured.

Armed with portable gas detection instrument,appropriate protective clothing and respiratoryprotection, everyone entering a confined spaceshould be supported by an observer who remainsoutside at all times. Likewise, the supporter shouldbe equipped with harness, lifeline and protectiveequipment, ready to react in case of emergency.

TrainingSafe, effective training can help to overcome manyof the fears and concerns associated with confinedspace applications. Purpose built training centrescan create all kinds of simulated training scenariosusing manholes, crawl galleries, water, smoke anddimly lit conditions.

Offering a series of confined space trainingcourses at its purpose-built European trainingcentre in Blyth, Draeger covers everything fromidentifying a confined space and its hazardsthrough to examination, assessment and treat-ment of casualties, and how to carry out a rescue.It also provides training on the selection, use andcare of respiratory protective equipment, as well asthe selection and use of gas detection equipment.


CONFINED SPACE RESCUE


Effecting a rescueThe recognition of an injury is obviously vital, as isthe ability to recognise the different causes andlevels of unconsciousness and other medicalconditions including asphyxia. In addition torecovery positions, and correct examination andimmobilisation procedures, the theory and practi-calities of injuries to bones and supporting tissuesshould be understood as well as the control ofinternal and external bleeding and head and facialinjuries.

An effective rescue is often dependent on therescuers understanding of the following issues:● The importance of not taking risks with either

one’s own life or the life of the casualty.● Establishing the safety of the rescuer (air

monitoring, PPE, etc)● The treatment of injuries to muscles and joints● The treatment of fractures● Head and spinal injuries: immobilisation and

support● The need for continuous monitoring of the

patient during the rescue● The nature of oxygen● CPR techniques● The use of the Glasgow Coma Scale● Rescue equipment (selection use and care)● Carrying out a rescue – different rescue

methods and practical exercises● Airway management

By using full weight and CPR dummies as well

as stretchers, spinal boards, splintsand other rescue equipment, thetraining centre can bring a realsense of urgency to a simulated yetstill very realistic emergency.

However, unless rescuers havecarried out a thorough riskassessment, they run the risk ofbecoming victims too.

Training on the identification ofknown and unknown gas atmos-pheres, and the use, maintenanceand care of different types of gasdetection equipment is essential.Single gas detectors, as the nameimplies, can be used to detect aknown gas, whilst multiple gasdetectors will look for several gasesat once. The choice will obviouslydepend on how many factors areknown at the time and point ofentry.

Protecting the rescuerThe very nature of confined spacerescue can mean problems withoxygen and potentially explosiveatmospheres. As small as a mobilephone, for instance, the Draeger X-am 2000 is one of a new genera-tion of gas detectors which havebeen specially designed for personalmonitoring use where explosivegases and a lack or surplus of oxy-gen may exist. Offering reliablemeasurement of combustible gasesand vapours as well as oxygen,carbon monoxide and hydrogensulphide, this 1 to 4 gas detector isthe perfect partner in any gas

sensitive area. For improved safety when facingunknown hazards, the catalytic Ex sensor, calibratedto methane, responds quickly to explosive gases.Offering a high level of sensitivity to combustibleorganic vapours it also ensures dependablewarnings in the event of explosive hazards.

Once the atmosphere has been assessed, therescuer can also then select the most appropriateform of personal protective equipment such asgloves, boots, helmets and, of course, respiratoryprotection. A wide variety of respiratory protectiveequipment exists from short duration breathingapparatus (BA) sets through to full BA. As well asthe nature and concentration of the hazard, makingthe right selection will depend on a number ofother factors such as any access or movementrestrictions, the likely duration of the rescue andwhether the atmosphere is, or could become,immediately dangerous to life and health (IDLH).

For instance, legislation makes it clear thatescape sets are not breathing apparatus substi-tutes and cannot be worn for entry purposes –they should only be donned in order to make anescape. Not to be confused with escape sets, shortduration BA such as the Draeger Personal AirlinesSystem (PAS) Colt can be worn to enter an inci-dent where it is known that a hazard exists. Thesecompact lifesavers can be worn on the hip andincorporate an innovative “drop down” featurewhich enables the cylinder to be unclipped fromthe waistbelt. Providing additional manoeuvring


MUNICIPAL


capabilities where space istight, it also benefits from asmaller, lightweight cylinderand a sophisticated harness.

If there is any doubt abouthow long the rescuer mayneed to remain within theconfined space, then full BA,complete with electronicmonitoring and communica-tions systems, needs to beconsidered. Sets such as thenew Draeger PSS 7000feature lightweight carboncomposite backplates andcylinders, and have beenspecifically designed to max-imise comfort and minimiseboth stress and fatigue.

Forming part of a revolu-tionary, complete systemsolution it boasts advancedtechnology as well as a mod-ular design. Enabling the set to be easily andquickly configured to suit different operationalrequirements, it also provides seamless integrationwith facemasks, head protection and communica-tions equipment and telemetry systems. Extendedduration sets that can provide up to four hours ofbreathing air are also available when performingrescue operations in tunnels or undergroundareas.

A successful rescue operation is reliant on the

use of the right equipment, the adoption of theright techniques and the ability of the rescuer towork as quickly and as safely as possible. Trainingwill help to ensure that the right equipment andtechniques are used, but that is only part of theequation. The use of the best respiratory protec-tion and gas detection equipment will allow rescueteams to concentrate on their surroundings andthe difficult task at hand, safe in the knowledgethat they are protected from harm. IFF


CONFINED SPACE RESCUEMUNICIPAL

Further information isavailable from: Paul HarveyDraeger LimitedUllswater CloseBlyth Riverside Business Park BlythNorthumberland NE24 4RGTel: 01670 352891Fax: 01670 356266


Who’s the toughest member of your crew?

[email protected]

+44(0)1245 453443

Visit us

at FDIC

Indianapolis

Stand 714

E2V IFF21 p18 16/12/09 1:24 pm Page 1


MUNICIPAL

The history is well documented, but what aremodern thermal imaging cameras currentlycapable of, and what developments lay ahead?

Budgets for fire and rescue equipment can be limited,so deciding where funds are allocated is a keydecision. Do you know what thermal imaging cando for you? Are TICs viewed a luxury items or aretheir life saving credentials, and their role within fireprevention recognised at your station?

Handheld thermal imaging technology has comea long way since its development nearly thirty yearsago. Picture quality has vastly improved and to arenow far more reliable than before, a good qualitycamera should be expected to last a minimum offive years, this in turn has reduced the cost of own-ership. Many manufacturers now offer an assort-ment of models suited to different budgetrequirements, they also offer a variety of warrantypackages, which can include a 2-year standardwarranty for peace of mind. Technology todayoffers the end-user a host of features designed tomake their life in a fire safer and easier – as well aseffectively assisting them in doing the job at hand!

Today cameras offer two types of temperaturedetection to aid fire fighters in determining the heatof their surroundings – ambient temperaturemeasurement which gives fire fighters rapididentification of the areas temperature within thefire environment, area. Notification of these temper-atures can indicate dangerous situations and the fire

fighter can make a decision whether to evacuatethe premises or continue the search. Spot tempera-ture measurement enables fire fighters to pinpointthe exact heat of objects or obstacles. This savestime and extinguishant by allowing fire fighters tofocus on the hottest part. This option enables fastand effective location of the seat of a fire ordetecting hot spots in cavity walls or behind doors –indicating potential danger in another room. Inaddition, this feature can be useful for determiningthe temperature within enclosed capsules or spaces,even measuring the temperature of gas cylinders.Temperature sensitivity modes are now used toexpand the dynamic temperature range of thethermal imaging cameras, some cameras nowhaving 3 modes to further increases the viewabletemperature range up to 1000°C. The image on a camera LCD screen can move seamlessly from acooler scene to a very high temperature scenewithout the loss of detail “whiteout”.

Improved picture quality today not only allowsfire fighters to view images in far more detail thanwas possible with older cameras but latest offeringsallow full colour options. Various screen coloursettings enable fire fighters to switch betweenmonochrome all to the way to full colour. Thismakes detecting changes in heat and finding thehottest part of an image on the screen easier, fasterand more reliable thus saving vital seconds in sceneassessment.

By Paul Spooner

Product Manager,Argus Thermal Imagingfrom e2v

How well do youknow your thermalimaging camera?Thermal imaging cameras (TICs) have been used in fire fighting environments fornearly thirty years; the technology is well known and extensively used within theindustry.

P. 19-20 Thermal Imaging 18/12/09 10:39 am Page 19

A person needing rescue in water gives off morethermal radiation than his or her surroundingstherefore presents a distinctive shape on a thermalcameras LCD screen. Certain colour pallets give abetter image than others do. It is better to decidewhich colour pallets provides the clearest imagebefore fire fighter use the camera, it is not recom-mended to change pallets during use, to do so willsteal valuable time from the search.

Coupled with improved image quality comesimage capture. This feature allows fire fighters usingthe thermal imaging camera, to take pictures at thescene of a fire. This is a significant aid in mappingthe layout of the scene, taking images while assess-ing the scene will provide a valuable insight to otherfire fighters before they enter a building, helpingthem avoid obstacles, locate doorways, and stairshidden by the thick smoke.

Forensic investigation is another use for modernthermal cameras, they can capture evidence in thefire ground before it is destroyed by the blaze andcan help deliver vital clues as to the source of firesand provide data for analysis and investigation.Pictures taken can be downloaded from the camerato a PC or Laptop and subsequently inserted into anincident report. This feature can also assists in train-ing fire fighters.

Thermal cameras can be very helpful at a scene ofa day or night time road traffic accident, they assistfire fighters to locate victims who have been ejectedfrom the vehicle, or who have become disorientedand walked way from the scene. If used early at ascene, thermal imaging can also be used to deter-mine the number of passengers in the car or truck, aquick sweep for the interior of the vehicle can detectheat sources on the seating left by the occupier, thisapplication helps fire fighters to determine if all occu-pants have been accounted for. Additionally, skidmark, vehicle parts or disturbance of roadside can beidentified, locating vehicles that have left the road.

Remote wireless video (telemetry) on thermalcameras allows remote viewing of the fire scene.Station commanders can monitor what is happeningaway from the scene and, if necessary, send in back-up to help deal with an incident. This option is alsouseful for training purposes. In addition, telemetryallows fire fighters to record footage of what ishappening in the blaze/training exercise for lateranalysis and effective de-briefing of personnel.

Finally, remote control set-up and user personali-sation allows fire fighters the flexibility to enter theirpersonal settings in terms of screen colour, white orblack hot, contrast, brightness etc on the camerabefore entering into the fire ground. A station orbrigade logo can also be uploaded onto a splashscreen on cameras to improve asset tracking. Allsettings are defined before the fire fighter entersthe blaze.

Thermal cameras today are so versatile that usingthem simply for fire and casualty detection is onlyhalf the story. There are a many different applica-tions aiding not just civilian fire personnel but alsomarine and airport fire brigades, not only in searchand rescue but in fire detection as well.

Take the marine market for instance. Incidents canstart in various places around vessels but often inengine rooms or electrical systems. Overheatedmotors can develop into blazing infernos. Using athermal imaging camera as an engineering toolallows gearboxes, motors and bearings to be regularlymonitored facilitating the rapid identification andelimination of hotspots. Pipe work and distributionpanels can be similarly investigated for faults. Condi-tion monitoring and faultfinding using thermal cam-eras in this way increases safety standards on shipsand helps prevent fires starting. Coupled with this,the image capture facility on modern thermal cam-eras enables routine controlled inspection of vesselengine rooms and the ability to download the imagesto a PC or Laptop helps to develop a portfolio ofthorough records for external auditing and monitoringequipment performance. This leads to cost reductionin the area of engine and equipment managementand safety, in compliance with marine regulations.Once a thermal imaging camera is on board a vessel,if a fire does start, using the camera for casualtylocation is also of paramount importance as passen-gers can become disoriented by smoke loggedcorridors and become unable to find their way to anarea of safety. Thus, what was once considered anunnecessary investment has been transformed into a multi-functional tool that can become essential tothe safe operation of the vessel.

Similarly, thermal imaging cameras are widelyused in airports for aviation fire fighting, mountedon the outside of a fire appliance, the cameraallows the driver to take his vehicle through thicksmoke which means that the team can lay downfoam faster and more accurately. With aircraft inci-dents involving hot brakes, aircraft wheel brakeassemblies can be rapidly inspected to give anaccurate indication of their temperature. In airportterminals, surveys of escalator motors, distributionpanels and air conditioning ducting can be rapidlyundertaken, as part of fire prevention schemes.

Finally, thermal imaging cameras have becomewidely used for tunnel fire fighting. In France andItaly, fire trucks utilising two driver cabins toeliminate having to turn trucks in tight tunnel envi-ronments have used thermal imaging camerasmounted at either end of the truck to help themnavigate through the thickest smoke in an emer-gency situation.

Currently, due to increased competition in themarket and technological advances in cameras, usersare substantially better catered for than they everwere in the past. The most important aspects inmaking the right choice of camera, surrounds notonly the initial cost of ownership, ergonomics andfunctionality specific to applications but the on-costsassociated with day to day maintenance, consumables(such as batteries), reliability (in terms of the technologyused) along with the warranty offered.

It has become obvious that the applications forthermal imaging cameras are extending and thatthe functionality offered on latest generationcameras facilitates this. Features and options offeredon today’s cameras, in addition to increasedreliability and technological advances, make thermalimaging not only a wise choice but also a soundinvestment. IFF


HOW WELL DO YOU KNOW YOUR THERMAL IMAGING CAMERA?MUNICIPAL

P. 19-20 Thermal Imaging 18/12/09 10:39 am Page 20

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Suicide Bombings are one of the most effectiveways to successfully penetrate a target andcreate injuries and havoc. Everyone has seen

the scenes of chaos and destruction caused bybombings on buses and in cafés. What type ofimpact would a similar event cause in the UnitedStates – in a movie theater, or mall?

A suicide bomber or “homicide bomber,” ascoined by President George W. Bush, is an individ-ual that carries an IED (Improvised Explosive Device)on their person to detonate in a location with theintention of taking the lives of bystanders, as wellas their own. Since 2000, there have been over1300 Israelis killed in bombings and shootings, andthe majority of these fatalities are caused bySuicide/Homicide Bombers. What is the possibilityof this occurring in the United States?

On Oct. 15, 2003, a bomb was detonatedagainst a U.S. Embassy convoy in the Gaza Strip,in which three American security guards weremurdered, and one was wounded. On Nov. 8, acar bomb disguised as a police vehicle killed 17and injured over 100 in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Thatattack was initiated with an actual armed assaultto gain entry into the compound. There have been

dozens of Americans killed by roadside and suicidebombs in Iraq in the past 12 months. There havebeen several suicide bombers interdicted inAfghanistan and Iraq, as they were in the finalstages of an attack. Recent intelligence has statedthat Al Queida has been actively recruiting poten-tial suicide bombers. It is a very simple andinexpensive process to make a suicide belt orbomb. Is this the new threat we are facing in theUnited States?

FBI Director Robert Mueller stated, “Suicidebombers are inevitable in the United States;” andformer CIA Counter Terrorism Chief Vince Cannis-traro said, “There is no 100 percent defenseagainst suicide bombers.” At this time, the FBIpossesses no information indicating specific plansto conduct suicide bombings against the UnitedStates. However, due to the recent increase ofhomicide bombings in the Middle East, there hasbeen a concern that terrorist organizations or loneIslamic extremists may target American interests athome or abroad. For instance, in 1997, lawenforcement officials arrested two individuals forplotting a suicide bombing attack aimed atOrthodox Jews on a Brooklyn, NY subway station.

There is a tremendous amount of informationon profiling, pre-incident indicators, interdiction,response, and other important issues that cannotbe covered in this article due to time and sizeconstraints. This article will focus primarily on the“Fire/EMS Suicide Bombing Response.”

Middle Eastern experiences have shown:● Men, women and older children have been

suicide bombers.● Targets have included buses, clubs, restaurants,

police checkpoints and other public locations,where there are large groups of people – “Softtargets.”

● Devices in the Middle East have included belts,vests, jackets, backpacks, suitcases and even aguitar case. The device usually consists of ten to30 pounds of explosive that can be easilyhidden in clothing or other packaging systems.

● A few bombers have been killed or interdictedby police/military forces; some have been iden-tified by citizens, but most use the element ofsurprise, where the detonation is the first andonly indication of an attack.

● Bombers will add nails, bolts, ball bearings andother devices to the explosives.

● Hazardous chemicals, pesticides and anti-coagulants have also been added to theexplosive devices.

● Bombers have also been infected with diseasessuch as HIV and Hepatitis; thus, exposing thevictims.

● Ambulances have been used to transportbombers and devices during events.DO NOT ASSUME THIS WOULD BE THE

METHOD OF ATTACK IN THE UNITED STATES.

Pre-detonation responsePre-detonation response will take place beforethere is an explosion. If there is a report of apossible suicide bomber, very little time will beavailable for police intervention if the suspect isindeed, a homicide bomber – especially when theyare possibly moving towards their target.● Call-takers/dispatchers must get as much infor-

mation as possible. Every effort should be madeto keep the callers on the line during theresponse. Extreme specificity should beobtained as to the direct knowledge of thecaller and as to why the person is suspected ofbeing a possible bomber.

By Jeffery W Petersen

The Threat isStill RealIs there a chance of Suicide Bombings in the United States? Is your Departmentready to respond to such a catastrophic event?

At this time, the FBI possesses no information

indicating specific plans to conduct suicide

bombings against the United States.

P. 23-24 Suicide Bombers 18/12/09 10:39 am Page 23

● All responders (Fire, EMS, Law Enforcement)should approach the location without lightsand sirens. This affords the best chance of notalerting the suspect, and allows officers tochoose the best approach to the suspect.

● Vehicles should be parked out of suspect’s line-of-sight.

● Law Enforcement officers will need to approachthe subject on-foot, thus allowing the maxi-mum opportunity to maintain a safe distancebetween themselves and the suspect.

● Unified Command Post and Fire/EMS stagingareas should be established well outside of thehazard zone.

● Establish a Task Force or Strike Force to respondout of staging area, if time and circumstancesallow.

● Trained tactical medics can be assigned tosupport law enforcement operations.

● Standard guidelines against the use of cellphones and radios are not applicable. There willbe an overriding need for a rapid, coordinatedresponse.

● Responders should be prepared to establishflexible evacuation and containment areas.Rapid communications will be vital.

● If there is an explosion, there must be acontrolled response into the hazard area.

● If the suspect is neutralized and there is noexplosion, do not render aid to the suspect. Suspect may only be injured and could still det-

onate the device. Bomb squad or robot must dofirst approach of a bomber or suspected bomber.

Please follow local guidelines and procedures.This article is for informational purposes only.

Post-detonation responsePost-detonation response will take place after anexplosion has occurred. A suicide bomber eventhas the overwhelming potential for a largenumber of victims and fatalities. ● First responders must proceed with extreme

caution for their own safety, as well as thesafety of the public.

● Call-takers/dispatchers must get as muchinformation as possible.

● Standard guidelines against the use of cellphones and radios are not applicable. There willbe an overriding need for a rapid, coordinatedresponse.

● Rapidly establish Unified Command Post andstaging areas outside of hazard area; startbuilding Incident Management System.

● Fire and EMS supervisors must conduct a rapidscene size-up or “windshield survey.”

● Establish a Task Force or Strike Force torespond, if time and circumstances allow for amore controlled response.

● Quickly extract victims away from the area andrender aid in a secure location. START (SimpleTriage and Rapid Transport) would be anexcellent system to use. Triage must beconducted outside the hazard area.

● Trained, tactical medics would be a veryvaluable asset to operate in the hazard areawhile conducting triage and extractions.

● Will need to use local Mass Casualty/MassFatality procedures.

● Will have numerous types of injuries – fromtraumatic injuries, blast pressure or internalinjuries to burns and shrapnel.

● Biohazard issues will need to be addressed veryrapidly, as theses scenes can have multipletraumatic injuries in one small location. Deconmay be an option.

● Do NOT approach the suspect or suspect’sremains, regardless of their condition. There maybe undetonated or partially detonated explosivesor secondary devices present. Bomb squad orrobot must do first approach of a bomber orsuspected bomber no matter how long the wait.

● Be aware of the possibility of secondary devicesand snipers/active shooters in the area. Thistype of event has occurred in the Middle Eastand has targeted responders.

● If there is a vehicle or structural fire involved,conduct a rapid knockdown while consideringevidence.

● Establish as large a crime scene perimeter aspossible.

● Leave emergency vehicles in place that are/wereinside the blast/crime scene, until the bombsquad can determine they are safe to move andmoving them will not destroy key evidence.

● Plan on intensive media response.● Make immediate notifications of local, state

and federal resources.● Plan on an extensive, multi-day crime scene

investigation. (In Israel, scenes are clearedwithin four to six hours.)

● Scene will be a very fluid, dynamic situation.Responders have been killed at these types ofevents.

Please follow local guidelines and procedures.This article is for informational purposes only.

Recognizing the growing threat ofhomicide/suicide bombers in the United States, theDepartment of Homeland Security (DHS) is work-ing on a new, week-long “Countering andResponding to the Suicide Bomber Threat” course.This is being developed in New Mexico.

New Mexico Tech (NMT), located in Socorro,NM, is a member of the National DomesticPreparedness Consortium. Currently, it offers an“Incident Response to Terrorist Bombings” (IRTB)course, which is funded through the Departmentof Homeland Security. NMT is in the process ofdeveloping the “Countering and Responding tothe Suicide Terrorism” course. The primarypurpose of this new course is to provide partici-pants with the knowledge and skills necessary toprevent, interdict, mitigate and/or respond to asuicide-bombing incident. This course will provideparticipants with the ability to conduct pre-attackanalysis and planning; collect information andcollate the information into actionable intelligence;implement countermeasures to prevent/mitigatethe effects of a suicide bombing; conduct inter-diction operations prior to a suicide bombingincident; implement a graded approach responsein the event a suicide bombing is imminent; andrespond in a safe and effective matter after asuicide bombing has occurred. IFF


THE THREAT IS STILL REALMUNICIPAL

A suicide bomber event has

the overwhelming potential

for a large number of victims

and fatalities.

P. 23-24 Suicide Bombers 18/12/09 10:39 am Page 24

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Telescoping light towers are necessary forilluminating the scene during night rescue,command and control and disaster operations.

Emergency services personnel have two optionsavailable to them to increase visibility at the scene:vehicle-mounted light towers and portable lighttowers.

Vehicle-mounted light towersTelescoping light towers are the optimal way tomeet the needs of night time operations, allowingcrews to benefit from full scene coverage. Vehicle-mounted light towers are either pneumatic ormanually operated. Manual operation requires theoperator to “push-up” the tower and manuallyadjust the direction of the light. Pneumatic telescop-ing light towers come standard with hand-heldremote controls. This allows for quick, preciseoperation, giving the operator more time to attendto other important functions at the emergencyscene.

Mounted to a fire rescue truck, mobile commandcenter or other emergency services vehicle, a criticalitem to be determined before purchase is how andwhere the light tower will be mounted. A lighttower can be mounted inside the vehicle, outsidethe vehicle or on the vehicle roof. Where the toweris mounted largely depends on the size of the vehicleand what other accessories are on the vehicle.

Another important consideration when purchas-ing a pneumatic telescoping light tower is the size

of generator that the vehicle is equipped with. Themain concern when purchasing a generator is toensure the vehicle has enough power to run thelights efficiently.

With varying terrain and operational needs, it isalso important to specify the height of the telescop-ing system. Systems can be installed that areupwards of 12 meters.

Internal mountingAn inside mounting is perfect for a mobile com-mand center or large rescue vehicle. The internalmounting nests the retracted mast inside the vehiclewith the light package nested on the roof. Theinternal mounting provides maximum stability for avertical light tower with full extension up to12meters. Standard kits are available with the lighttower itself to assist in mounting internally. If extraspace is a problem in the vehicle, there are optionsavailable for external mounting as well as roof-mounted configurations.

External mounting The external mounting works well when maximumextension is necessary but there is not space on theinside the emergency vehicle or on the vehicle’sroof. External mountings can be on the rear or sideof the apparatus or command center. Many emer-gency vehicle manufacturers build custom coversthat enclose the externally mounted light tower forprotection and appearance.

By Angie Lamielle

MarketingCommunicationsSpecialist,Will-Burt Company

The Importanceof Large AreaScene LightingSafety is always a top priority for emergency services personnel. When crews arecalled to a scene during night time hours, safety becomes a more difficult issueto overcome due to a lack of visibility. To do a job safely at night, the best scenelighting possible is critical.

Nightscan Light TowerProduct Line. Pic courtesy ofTowermast, a Will-Burt Company

P. 27-28 Lighting 18/12/09 10:39 am Page 27

Roof mountingRoof-mounted light towers save compartmentspace inside the emergency vehicle. A roof-mount-ed light tower is mounted on the roof of the cab orwithin compartment on the truck body. This allowsthe light tower to stay at or below the roofline ofthe vehicle when retracted. The consideration whenspecifying a roof-mounted tower is to ensure there is enough roof space on the apparatus. The roofcompartment should be specified large enough toaccommodate the light tower required.

Important options for a vehicle-mounted light tower

LightsCritical when specifying a light tower, is how muchlight is necessary. There are many companies thatoffer lighting packages specifically designed for usein the emergency services field. With many optionsfor lighting packages including quartz halogen, metalhalide and H.I.D., a custom system can be configuredfor the illumination necessary to function properly atnight. Light towers can have up to 9000 watts of AClighting or up to 600 watts of DC lighting.

GeneratorsAll light towers need a source of power. Thiselectrical source can come from different places. Iftower’s lights are DC (Direct Current) they getpower from the vehicles electrical system orprimarily the alternator.

Larger wattage lights need AC (Alternating Cur-rent) source that that is provided by a generator, butgenerators need power as well. The most commongenerator power comes from the vehicles engine inthe way of the Power Take Off (PTO). Some use adirect shaft PTO that spins the generator directlyfrom the drive train. Others use the PTO to drive ahydraulic pump that, in turn, drives the generator.

Lastly, your can have a generator that is poweredby a standalone engine. This allows the vehicles tobe turned off and the generator to run independentof the vehicle.

Remote controlsA hand-held remote control attached by a coiledcord is typically standard with the purchase of thelight tower. Because pneumatic light towers areoperated by a remote control, this allows the opera-tor to attend to other important functions at theemergency scene. It can be very time consuming tomanually raise the light tower and adjust the lights.A remote control allows the operator to quicklycontrol all functions of the light tower with the

simple press of a button to properly position thelights to provide optimal illumination.

Some manufacturers also offer wireless optionsto increase flexibility at the emergency sceneallowing the operating to be much farther awayfrom the vehicle than with the wired remote control.

Panel mount controls are also an option. A panelmount control offers the flexibility of operating anylight tower from anywhere on the apparatus or inci-dent command vehicle, including the pump panel ofa fire truck. The panel mount control can be addedas an option along with the hand held remotecontrol or in place of the hand held remote.

Remote control positionerA light fixture positioner integrates solid-statecircuitry to provide full rotation and tilt capability forthe attached light fixtures on the tower. This allowsthe operator to precisely point the lights in anydirection to illuminate a rescue scene, fire, groundor other work area.

Dual-tilting featureDual-tilting is a very important accessory to add tothe light tower. Dual-tilting allows the bank of lightson each side of the light tower to shine indepen-dent of one another. This ensures the maximumscene illumination possible during an emergencyoperation allowing the operator to shine the lightsin two different directions at once.

Obstacle detectionSome manufacturers offer obstacle and electricalpower line detection equipment as an add-on forthe light tower. These obstacle detection systemsare mounted directly on top of the light tower and prevent the tower from colliding with anyoverhead obstruction. These systems offer powerline detection, object proximity detection, tilt sensordetection, and above the light tower illumination.

Portable light towersPortable light towers offer mobility and flexibility atthe emergency scene. Portable light towers are lightweight and can be quickly deployed. Since mostmanufacturers offer carrying bags with the equip-ment, emergency crews can carry the light towerand deploy it virtually anywhere.

Another benefit of the portable light tower is thatit can remain at the scene as long as needed with-out fire department support. If apolice squad is needed to staylonger for clean up or investiga-tion, a portable lighting systemdoes not require vehicle support.

Camera accessoriesToday, emergency scene manage-ment and safety are greatlyenhanced with the addition of cam-eras for monitoring, recording andsurveillance. Some manufacturersare now offering camera mountingsto their telescoping mast productlines or as an accessory to add onto a light tower.

Cameras can provide a uniqueperspective of the emergencyscene and with zoom capabili-ties, personnel on the groundcan survey the scene quicklyand efficiently. Cameras alsoprovide real-time monitoringand provide accurate recordsand documentation. IFF


Nightscan Roof-Mounted Light Tower.Pic courtesy ofTowermast, a Will-BurtCompany

THE IMPORTANCE OF LARGE AREA SCENE LIGHTINGMUNICIPAL

Mobilemast Portable Mast with Lights. Pic courtesy of Towermast, a Will-Burt Company

P. 27-28 Lighting 18/12/09 10:39 am Page 28

INDUSTRIAL

Pic courtesy of Reuters


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INDUSTRIAL

To be effective, a foam firefighting systemrequires that a number of pieces of carefullymatched hardware work together in unison

to deliver a combination of water and foam in thedesired proportions. If any one of these fail toperform, the firefighting effectiveness of thesystem will, at best, be impaired, at worst, betotally eliminated.

The failure of a firefighting system would bedisastrous in any circumstances, but as most foamsystems are used to protect high-hazard, high fuelload and potentially explosive facilities, the conse-quences could be commercially, environmentallyand from a life-safety standpoint, nothing short ofcatastrophic. Such scenarios exist in a number of industries, most notably in the petrochemical,aviation, marine, the utilities and the mass transitsectors.

Put in its very simplest form, firefighting foam ismade up of three ingredients: water; the foamconcentrate; and air. The proportioning of thefoam occurs when foam concentrate is mixed witha flowing stream of water to form a foam solu-tion. This is mixed with air – the term normallyused is aspirated – to produce foam that is a stable

mass of tiny, air-filled bubbles with a lower densitythan oil, petrol or water, allowing it to easily flowover the surface of the fire’s fuel.

Balanced pressure proportioningAlthough there are several methods of proportion-ing, fixed foam systems typically use what isknown as balanced pressure proportioning forinducing the foam concentrate into the feed waterline, so called because the foam concentratepressure is balanced with the water pressure at theproportioner inlets. This allows the proper amountof foam concentrate to be metered into the waterstream over a wide range of flow rates and pres-sures. Because balanced pressure proportioningequipment is capable of continuously generatinglarge volumes of foam, these systems are com-monly used to protect tank farms, jetties, chemicalprocessing plants, offshore platforms, aircrafthangars, and loading racks.

There are two types of balanced pressure pro-portioning equipment. One type is used in foampump systems, while the other is used in conjunc-tion with bladder tanks. Both ensure accuratefoam delivery to fire monitors and deluge systems.

By Peter Kristenson

Senior Manager,Product ManagementTeam, for SKUM foamhardware at Tyco FireSuppression & BuildingProducts

A Sense ofProportionIn a foam firefighting installation, the delivery hardware is every bit as importantas the foam concentrate. If it lets you down at the critical moment, the care andattention you have lavished on concentrate selection will have been wasted, andyou may well be staring disaster in the face.

P. 31-33 Foam Pro. 18/12/09 10:40 am Page 31

Balanced pressure pump proportioning systems– sometimes known as pump systems – are usedwith atmospheric storage tanks that are mostoften made of polyethylene or glass-fibre. Whilethe foam concentrate is pumped from the storagetank to the proportioner, an automatic pressurebalancing valve regulates the foam concentratepressure to match the water pressure. Bladder

tank systems use a pressure-rated tank that con-tains a reinforced elastomeric bladder to store thefoam concentrate. Water pressure is used tosqueeze the bladder to deliver foam concentrateto the proportioner, at the same pressure. Animportant consideration in making the selection ofsystem is that the bladder tank system requires noexternal power source and very little maintenance.

The latest generation of SKUM™ low-pressure-drop balanced pressure proportioners for foampump systems come in both standard and wide-flow designs that typify the performance ofproportioners currently available on the market.The wide-flow proportioner has an orifice, thearea of which changes in relation to the flow,ensuring the correct proportioning within a widerange of flows. The new line-up includes anumber of options, with capacities that span fromas low as 100 litres a minute (26 US gallons aminute) to a maximum of 37,850 litres a minute(10,000 US gallons a minute), with a maximumoperating pressure of 16 bar (232 psi).

They offer accurate proportioning of the foamconcentrate irrespective of any variations in theflow or pressure and incorporate the facility tosite-adjust the proportioning over the full perfor-mance range, up to three percent. Standardbalanced pressure proportioners are available withwater inlet sizes of between 50mm (two inches)diameter and 250mm (ten inches), and 100mm(four inches) and 200mm (eight inches) diameterfor wide-flow range proportioners.

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P. 31-33 Foam Pro. 18/12/09 10:40 am Page 32

rigours of often harsh or corrosive workingenvironments is, obviously, a major concern. Againusing SKUM proportioners as a top-end example,they are manufactured from high-grade corrosion-resistant bronze and stainless steel for reliablemaintenance-free operation.

Bladder tank proportionersBladder tank proportioners from SKUM come in asimilar number of design and performance optionsand are the ideal solution, particularly whenupgrading an existing water sprinkler system to afoam/water system. SKUM pressure tanks arecarbon steel and contain a butyl rubber bladderthat contains the foam concentration. They arecurrently available either as a horizontal tank with capacities spanning from 400 litres (106 USgallons) to 25,000 litres (6,600 US gallons), or as avertical tank with a lower maximum capacity of12,000 litres (3,250 US gallons). However, plansare in hand to introduce larger tanks in thecoming months.

Currently, bladder tank proportioners, which arealso available in standard and wide-flow designs,offer similar capacities to the balanced pressureproportioners for foam pump systems, but with aslightly lower top limit of 34,100 litres a minute(9,009 US gallons a minute). Water inlet sizes forthe standard models again span from 50mm (twoinches) diameter to 250mm (ten inches), while thewide-flow range proportioners for bladder tanksare available in 100mm (four inches), 150mm (sixinches) and 200mm (eight inches) diameter.

The proportioner is designed to fit betweenflanges. A distance equal to at least five times thewater connection pipe’s diameter is requiredbefore entering the proportioner, and the mini-mum distance for water pressure into the tankupstream of the proportioner is four times thepipe’s diameter, with a maximum of ten metres(33 feet).

Around-the-pump and in-line inductorsAlthough commonly referred to as inductors, botharound-the-pump and in-line inductors are propor-tioning units.

As well as being regularly used in marine appli-cations, around-the-pump inductors are alsoutilised on specialised foam trucks and fixed

systems where a dedicated water pump isavailable. It is a foam concentrate proportioningunit that is designed for connection in a by-passbetween the pressure and suction sides of the firewater pump that diverts a small proportion of the feed water flow, with a negligible effect onthe fire water line pressure.

The stationary in-line inductor injects foam into awater stream. It can accommodate high backpressures, which increases the allowable distancebetween the foam injection point and the foamdelivery device. Each inline inductor is factorycalibrated for a given fixed flow/pressure setting,with foam induction of up to six percent. A numberof variants are available in the SKUM range withconnection sizes for 25mm (one inch) to 150mm(six inches) and water capacities spanning from100 litres a minute (26 US gallons a minute) at 5bar (74 psi) inlet capacity to 12,500 litres a minute(3302 US gallons a minute) at 16 bar (232 psi). IFF


A SENSE OF PROPORTIONINDUSTRIAL

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Peter Kristenson is SeniorManager ProductManagement Team for SKUMfoam hardware at Tyco FireSuppression & BuildingProducts. More information isavailable by telephone on+44 (0) 161 875 0402, by faxon +44 (0) 161 875 0493, orvia email at [email protected]. The SKUMwebsite can be found atwww.skum.com

P. 31-33 Foam Pro. 18/12/09 10:40 am Page 33

Lenzing (IFF17) full 31/1/08 12:42 PM Page 1


INDUSTRIAL

Certainly, the best protection against directfire is achieved with flame resistant materials.However there are other sources of heat to

consider when designing protective garments,namely, convective, conductive and radiant heat.In some cases people may be exposed to all threekinds of heat at the same time, at least temporarily.Take, for example, a molten metal factory wherethere is a high amount of conductive and radiantheat as well as a smaller amount of convectiveheat, not to mention the source of danger, liquidmetal splashes and spots. The requirements forthese workers goes far beyond simple protectionfrom flames.

PCC should not only be protective – itshould be functional as wellAll physical activities require strength and move-ment. This movement, especially for a fire fighter

or worker in the line of duty, produces heat andheat, coming from the body, naturally producesmoisture and perspiration. To keep the body at anoptimal temperature, allowing for optimalperformance, PPC must lift moisture away fromthe skin allowing the body to maintain anoptimum temperature.

The Process:PPC lifts and absorbs wetness, wicking moistureaway from the skin and allowing the evaporationof perspiration.

Research has proven, that using functional PPCincreases the efficiency and effectiveness of thewearer. Having a dry and comfortable feeling on

ones skin enhances ones performance in any typeof situation. Clothing which does not take thesefactors into consideration can lead to the fatigueor the mental distraction of the wearer increasingthe probability of occupational injuries – not forgetto mention the possibility of heat stoke resultingfrom heat stress. Not taking these factors into con-sideration can create a hazardous situation forboth the individual and their team.

Using and understanding the fibres andtheir propertiesAny PPC coming into contact with fire or heatmust be flame resistant but it must also be com-fortable and able to absorb moisture. Achievingthe required effects requires the uptake and lift ofmoisture. Therefore, functional clothing alwaysconsists of two fibre components, one whichabsorbs and hold wetness away from the skin and

one which remains dry creating a feeling ofcomfort for the wearer.

There are many Fibres existing on the market,which are being used for this application. Thesefibres have been proven to be excellent in respectto their flame resistance performance but theirlack of moisture removing capability limits theirfunctionality.

One alternative is a flame resistant cotton, i.e.cotton treated with a special flame resistantfinishing. This of course reduces the flexibility andcomfort of the garment and research shows thatwith wrong cleaning procedures and chemicals thegarment is no longer as flame retardant as whenthey are new.

By AlexanderGstettner

Garments madeof Lenzing FR®

blends – the best protection against heatand flame!Protection against thermal hazards (flash fire, electrical arc discharge, moltenmetal splash) has evolved from no protection, to uncomfortable and evendangerous products (asbestos fiber, glass fiber, synthetic flame resistant fibers) to today’s highly advanced fabric composites.

To keep the body at an optimal temperature, allowing

for optimal performance, PPC must lift moisture away

from the skin allowing the body to maintain an

optimum temperature.

P. 35-38 Fabrics 18/12/09 10:40 am Page 35

Science and nature joining forcesAs with the majority of technological advances,the solution to the comfort issue was provided bya combination that exists in nature itself and somescientific ingenuity. Modal fiber is derived frompure wood cellulose extracted from beechwood.By applying state of the art science, this cellulose isthen transformed into Modal fiber. An environ-mentally safe fiber, which is biodegradable anddoes not harm the environment in any way.

The fiber is made inherently flame resistantthrough the incorporation of an environmentallyfriendly, totally non toxic organic compound.

“Workers are only protected if they actuallywear the protective apparel they are providedwith.”

It goes without saying that workers are onlyprotected if they actually wear the protectiveapparel they are provided with. In this respect, ithelps if the garment is comfortable! Furthermore,the worker’s mobility and effectiveness has toremain as unimpeded as possible. It is in the realmof comfort and mobility that great strides havebeen made.

Prominent textile mills globally have recentlypicked up on this idea that a fabric does not haveto be “uncomfortable” in order to provide fullprotection. These innovative mills have developedand commercialized new protective fabrics inseveral new styles and colors with great success.Through the use of these newly developed fabrics,the major garment manufacturers and rentallaundries have, in turn, been able to meet the endusers needs; apparel that is comfortable withoutcompromising the demanding requirements forprotection.

Thermal protection – a double edgedswordThe issue of thermal protection has traditionallybeen a double edged sword; if a protectivegarment insulated the wearer from outside heatand flame, it also insulated in the reverse direction.It could trap body heat and moisture inside thegarment, leading to fatigue, discomfort, moisturebuildup and loss of the body’s ability to maintainproper body temperature (heat stress). Thisresulted in the so called “plastic wrap effect”.

A new generation of thermal fabricsfor specific endusersUsing the inherently flame resistant Lenzing FR® fiber, a whole new generation of thermalfabrics has now been developed. These fabricseffectively combine the historically mutually

exclusive properties of permanent flame resistanceand wearer comfort.

In addition to providing “comfortable thermalprotection” the new generation fabrics also havesome ancillary properties which are of interest tospecific end users.

For utility workers, innovative fabrics havebeen commercialized which are blends of LenzingFR® and Aramids. These fabrics are comfortableyet offer excellent protection against flame andhigh voltage electrical arcs. Utility workersappreciate the natural comfort as well as superiorUV stability of the new generation garments.

For hot metal splash protection, (for example,in aluminum smelters and foundries), fabricscomposed of Lenzing FR® and wool are not onlycomfortable, but have superior metal shed andcryolite resistance properties compared to previousgeneration fabrics. Because of the hot environ-ment where these garments are worn, theexcellent wicking properties contributed byLenzing FR® add to wearer comfort. As with flashhoods, perspiration is wicked away from the skinand to the surface of the fabric. The subsequent

evaporation helps to cool the wearer because ofthe latent heat of vaporization phenomenon.

Fabrics made with wool and Lenzing FR® fulfilNorm EN 531 with the following results:● EN 532 – Limited flame spread Pass● EN 366 – Radiant heat Level 2● EN 367 – Convective heat Level 1● EN 373 – Molten metal splash

(aluminium) Level D-3– Molten metal splash (iron) Level E-3Several companies throughout the world in

the aluminium, steel and iron sector have clothedtheir workers in garments made of LenzingFR®/Wool blends and the results have been highlysatisfactory.

For welding industry applications, newgeneration fabrics composed of Lenzing FR® andpara aramids have been developed. They areproving to be the lightweight, comfortable solu-tion for protecting the welder. There is also anadded benefit; the wear life of these garments isup to 10 times that of traditional treated cottonproducts, providing excellent cost effectiveness,despite the higher initial cost.

For petrochemical and general industrialapplications where protection against flash fire isrequired, Lenzing FR®/aramid blends are replacingheavier, less effective, chemically treated cottonshirts, trousers and coveralls. These new blendshave resistance to a wide variety of solvents, acids,alkalis and other industrial substances. Yet, these


GARMENTS MADE OF LENZING FR® BLENDSINDUSTRIAL

Modal fiber is derived from pure wood cellulose

extracted from beechwood. By applying state of the

art science, this cellulose is then transformed into

Modal fiber. An environmentally safe fiber, which

is biodegradable and does not harm the

environment in any way.

P. 35-38 Fabrics 18/12/09 10:40 am Page 36

new generation fabrics are comfortable, inherentlyflame resistant and cost effective.

Fabrics made with a blend of wool and LenzingFR® offer natural protection. Highlights include:● Permanent flame resistance regardless of the

amount of laundering● Good protection against convective heat● Good protection against radiant heat● Excellent resistance against molten metal splash● Excellent wear comfort● Easily dyed – produces brilliant colours● Good colour fastness to light and laundering● Breathable and non irritating to the skin● Inherently anti-static● Easy care● Right cost

Features of aramid/Lenzing FR® blends include:● Lightweight, comfortable fabrics with higher

moisture regain than 100% aramid.● Soft, smooth and comfortable against the skin● Long lasting durability versus FR treated cotton

and cotton blends● Natural ‘chambray’ appearance● Better light fastness than piece dyed aramids● Excellent pilling resistance● Easy care; no touch up ironing required

The balance between protection andcomfortSo, for numerous applications, Lenzing FR® flameresistant fibers would seem to be “the perfectsolution”.

But we all realize that in an imperfect world,there are seldom perfect solutions. . .

By way of analogy, in the consumer market,polyester was introduced years ago as a solutionto enhance the care properties of pure cottongarments. But, simply replacing the cotton withpolyester would solve one problem and simultane-ously create another. Pure polyester was not verycomfortable. Eventually, the consumer determinedthat a blend of cotton and polyester gave the bestof both worlds. Cotton for comfort, polyester foreasy care. Ultimately, the optimum blend ratio wasdetermined by the balance that the consumerwanted between comfort and easy care.

Similarly with thermal protection fabrics; thereare balances to be determined. Let us consider theproperties of two widely used fibers with inherentlyflame resistant properties.

At one end of the spectrum are the syntheticfibers, such as aramids, which are inherently flameresistant and extremely durable.

At the other end of the spectrum is LenzingFR®, which is inherently flame resistant and

extremely comfortable.Here, as in the cotton/polyester example above,

a balance has to be achieved between two com-peting properties – durability and comfort. Or, tobe more precise; advantage can be taken of thesynergy between flame Lenzing FR® and aramidfibers. The balance is determined by the end useapplication of the fabric/garment.

For example, for firefighter’s bunker gear,physical strength and durability is of the essence,so 100% aramid construction makes sense.

Alternatively, for children’s nightwear, comfort isof the essence, so 100% inherently flame resistantLenzing FR® makes sense.

For most industrial applications, however, thebest balance between protection and comfort liessomewhere in between. Research in this areashows that Lenzing FR®/aramid blend levels of50/50 are a good starting point. But these levelscan range from 20/80 to 80/20 depending on thebalance of properties to be achieved.

Lenzing AG, in cooperation with other fibreproducers, developed yarns and, subsequently,fabrics based on varying blends. The resultsobtained from several tests clearly showed that thisnew generation of fabrics was a great improvementin many ways. Compared to 100% aramid fabrics,

these new blends offered equal or better protectionagainst heat and flame and at the same timebrought about a whole new level of comfort.

The three C’sThe protective apparel industry speaks of the threeC’s that it needs to address on an ongoing basis;Compliance, Cost and Comfort.

Compliance is a given; today there is an arrayof fabrics available which are compliant withcurrent government, military and industry require-ments and standards.

Cost of compliant fabrics is determined by thecompetitive nature of the protective apparelindustry. Effectively this has resulted in increasinglybetter protection at lower prices.

Comfort is an ongoing and increasingly moreimportant issue. Comfort can now be incorporat-ed as a permanent feature in thermal protectiveapparel. And in most cases with simultaneous costsavings to the end user.

Prominent fabric manufacturers, in close co-operation with garment makers are ready to offerfabrics made of Lenzing FR®, blended witharamids, high performance fibres or simply wooland garments on a worldwide basis in order toensure healthiness, protection and comfort on theworkplace. IFF


GARMENTS MADE OF LENZING FR® BLENDSINDUSTRIAL

For most industrial applications, however, the best

balance between protection and comfort lies somewhere

in between. Research in this area shows that Lenzing

FR®/aramid blend levels of 50/50 are a good starting point.

But these levels can range from 20/80 to 80/20 depending

on the balance of properties to be achieved.

P. 35-38 Fabrics 18/12/09 10:40 am Page 38

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INDUSTRIAL

The impact of the Piper Alpha disaster stillreverberates around the world, and safetybriefings for people working offshore often

still incorporate video footage of the horrificscenes that are indelibly etched on people’s minds.This surely reminds us that few locations presentgreater fire suppression challenges than offshoreplatforms. Well beyond the immediate reach ofoutside help, at the mercy of virtually limitlesssupplies of highly combustible liquid and gas, andwith no easy escape for the platform workers,these environments demand firefighting systems

that are unerringly robust, and set the highestachievable standards of fast and efficient firesuppression.

While the incidence for fires on oil rigs –certainly on the scale of the Piper Alpha disaster – is, thankfully, relatively low the potential for lossin life and the destruction of high-revenue-earningassets is ever present, perhaps more so than in anyother industry. Today, oil platform workers areprobably among the best trained of any industrywhen it comes to fire safety, and oil companies are to be commended for the way in which

By John Allen

EMEA MarketingDirector, Tyco FireSuppression & BuildingProducts

20 Years AfterPiper Alpha,Fire Is Still TheNightmareScenarioIn 1988, an explosion and subsequent fire destroyed the Piper Alpha oilproduction platform in the North Sea killing 167 men. 20 years on, it remainsthe world’s worst-ever offshore oil disaster in terms of both lives lost and impacton the oil industry – the total insured loss was a staggering US$ 3.4 billion.

P. 41-44 Offshore 18/12/09 10:41 am Page 41

commercial competition is put aside where firesafety issues are concerned. This is evidenced bythe collaborative work of such organisations asJOIFF (Joint Oil and Industry Fire Forum). Newoffshore platforms are now constructed withmeticulous care and attention being paid to thefire safety implications. However, offshore fires dooccur, and when they do, firefighting systems aretested to the limit.

Fire suppression systems on oil platforms haveto withstand the rigours of a hostile and highlycorrosive environment, they must be easy to main-tain, and respond quickly to rapidly developingfires that typically have high heat-release rates.

They must also have a high degree of reliability, asany second line of firefighting defence is not likelyto make a meaningful impact before the blaze hasdeveloped far into the life and asset threateningphase. Putting it as starkly and simply as possible,there is no scope for containing a fire on an off-shore platform until trained firefighters appearover the horizon.

An oil rig fire potentially involves uncontrolledhydrocarbon release; firefighting efforts are entirelyin the hands of the rig’s workforce, and evacuationepitomises the expression “caught between thedevil and the deep blue sea”, particularly if theincident has – as often happens –resulted in oilspillage into the surrounding water.

From the firefighting perspective, installationscan be divided into two areas. These are whatmight best be described as the “topside” or pro-duction areas – the off-loading, drilling andplatform wellhead areas, plus the platform heli-copter pad – and the associated control facilities.With the ready availability of limitless supplies ofseawater, deluge systems were frequently used toprotect certain areas of the production facilities.However, fixed foam firefighting technology is fastbecoming more commonplace as a quicker andmore effective means of suppressing a hydro-carbon fire in the often unpredictable wind andweather conditions experienced in deep waters.Control and communications facilities on oilplatforms are now invariably safeguarded usinggaseous suppression systems.

Offshore foam deliveryAFFF (Aqueous Film Forming Foams) foams havebeen used on oil rigs and production platforms formany years, as they meet the industry’s qualitystandards; they can be used with a wide range of

equipment, and have an acceptable shelf life.However, the effectiveness of a foam firefightingsystem, whether onshore or offshore, is alsodependent upon the efficiency of the foamdelivery system.

There are a number of foam delivery systemsthat are specifically designed for fighting oilplatform fires, an example of which is the SKUM™Helideck firefighting system, which can beadapted to suit the dimensions and layout of thehelicopter landing deck.

The major components of a typical installationare a displacement pressure proportioner with afoam concentrate tank – more commonly referredto as a bladder tank – and two foam monitors,one placed on either side of the helideck. Whilethe bladder tank offers the advantage of combin-ing a storage facility for the foam concentratewith a proportioning device, its reliability isboosted by its being completely independent ofany external power sources; it also has very fewmoving parts.

Water under pressure is all that is required tooperate the system, and the measuring orifice canbe placed at any convenient location between thebladder tank and the monitors. In many cases thisis a 600-litre bladder tank/automatic proportionerand two SKUM foam monitors, each with acapacity of 2,500 litres a minute.

Fixed gaseous suppressionUntil the 1990s, the majority of platform controlrooms and communications centres on offshoreplatforms were protected by Halon 1301 systems.However, with the demise of Halon 1301 follow-ing the signing of the Montreal Protocol, anincreasing number are adopting the SAPPHIRE™fire suppression system that was launched towardsthe end of 2004 and has several major advantages

over other Halon alternatives currently on themarket that have unacceptably high global warm-ing potential.

SAPPHIRE utilises the 3M™ Novec™ 1230 fluid.It is sustainable, long-term technology that hasamassed a host of international approvals and notonly satisfies today’s legislative requirements; italso meets all of those in the foreseeable future.

It can be used with absolute confidence tosuppress fires involving vital electronic equipment.SAPPHIRE has a negligible impact on the environ-ment and an insignificant global warmingpotential, substantially lower than any of thehalocarbon agents that are acceptable for use inoccupied spaces.


20 YEARS AFTER PIPER ALPHA, FIRE IS STILL THE NIGHTMARE SCENARIOINDUSTRIAL

Today, oil platform workers are

probably among the best

trained of any industry when it

comes to fire safety, and oil

companies are to be

commended for the way in

which commercial competition

is put aside where fire safety

issues are concerned.

SAPPHIRE has a negligible

impact on the environment

and an insignificant global

warming potential,

substantially lower than any

of the halocarbon agents that

are acceptable for use in

occupied spaces.



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The suppressant is stored as a low vapour pres-sure fluid that, when discharged, converts into acolourless and odourless gas. Typical total floodingapplications use a concentration of the fluid that iswell below the agent’s saturation or condensationlevel, and the fluid has the lowest design con-centration of any viable Halon 1301 chemicalalternative. While certain halocarbons and inertgases are used at design concentrations that arebelow the NOAEL or No Observed Adverse EffectLevel, with safety margins from seven percent, theSapphire system provides platform operators witha huge safety margin.

Inert protectionWhile safety and asset protection are clearly theoffshore industry’s primary drivers, their marketingcampaigns clearly show that many are committedto achieving a more environmentally-responsiblestature and are investing heavily in environmentalinitiatives.

This has filtered down to a concern regardingthe environmental performance of the productsand systems used on offshore platforms, and hasled to a growing interest in the use of inert gas firesuppression systems that are non-toxic, non-corrosive and odour-free, zero ozone depletingand with zero global warming potential. The resultis an increase in the use of inert gas systems toprotect enclosed offshore facilities.

The latest generation of these inert gas systemsis the INERGEN® PLUS system that, along with

meeting all of the environmental-ists’ demands, provides platformoperators with significant andmeasurable installed cost savingswhen compared with typical“standard discharge” high-pressure inert gas systems. Itincorporates patented constant-flow valve technology that signi-ficantly enhances the system’sperformance by eliminating theneed for high-pressure pipework,reducing the requirement for roomventing, lowering installation costsand reducing room turbulence onagent discharge.

It is a total-flooding system thatuses a mixture of naturally occurringgases and so is a truly sustainable“clean” fire suppression tech-nology. It is also fast acting,electrically non-conductive and hasno breakdown products or residueto damage to sensitive equipment.

Ever present threatAdvances in fire safety technology,coupled with an understanding ofthe importance or risk assessmentsand the implementation of soundlythought out fire safety strategieshas been noticeable over the pasttwo decades. So much so, thattried-and-tested solutions are nowavailable that safeguard both thecorporation’s assets and the lives ofthose who work in what by anydefinition is an arduous and poten-tially dangerous environment.

However, an offshore platform fire can takemany forms: fuel-controlled pool fires are charac-terised by a rapid rise in temperature, up to1300°C; continuous-release jet or spray fires have high heat fluxes that can quickly lead tostructural failure; flash fires and fireballs producethermal radiation and can quickly escalate andgenerate secondary fires. So, offshore fire safetyshould never be seen as just a matter of having

available the best firefighting agents and deliverysystems – frequent and repeated training isabsolutely imperative; so too is the regular profes-sional maintenance of every piece of fire safetyequipment.

That being said, no amount of personnelpreparedness will make up for the installation offirefighting installations that are simply not up tothe task. These must be systems that can be reliedupon to swiftly extinguish fires and reduce thelikelihood of escalation; and where appropriate,reduce the fire’s heat and limit heat radiation andsmoke movement. IFF


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INDUSTRIAL

Whether the firefighting vehicle is destinedfor a municipal brigade, a civil or militaryairport authority or, in the case of

Sembcorp, a high-hazard industrial emergencyresponse organisation, it represents a major capitalinvestment. The vehicle has to be designed andbuilt to combat a set of very specific fire safetychallenges; it must be capable of tackling bothcurrent and anticipated future fire scenarios; and ithas to perform alongside other equipment as partof a fully integrated and reliable fire and rescuesolution.

Perhaps the best way to illustrate how this canbe achieved is to describe the process implementedby Sembcorp Protection Group for the latest addi-tion to its firefighting and rescue fleet at theWilton International site on Teesside in the UK.The specification for a new first-turnout firefight-ing vehicle to further boost its emergencyresponse capability was established just prior tothe acquisition of a new water support vehicle inmid-2007. This is a high-capacity, fast-support unitthat is fitted with the latest technology to enablethe transference of water whenever and to

By Greg Richardson

Fire Engineering &Technical Manager,Sembcorp ProtectionGroup on Teesside

MatchingVehicle DesignTo TheFirefightingChallengeThere is no such thing as “one size fits all” when it comes to purchasing a newfirefighting or rescue vehicle, so getting the specification right is a complex taskthat demands a careful assessment of precisely what is required and expertattention to detail.

P. 47-50 Vehicles 18/12/09 10:41 am Page 47

wherever it is needed in the right quantity and atthe right pressure. The unit incorporates 2,000metres of 125mm diameter hose that is stored flatand can be deployed from the unit in a matter ofminutes, enabling water to be moved quickly overlong distances with minimal friction loss. The unitalso has capacity for a further 2,000 metres ofhose to increase the reach to 4,000 metres.

This support unit joined a high-risk environmentemergency response fleet that includes two E-OneAmerican appliances – one delivers 22,701 litres aminute of foam or water, and the other 11,355litres a minute. There are also four triple-agentappliances, each with a maximum pumpingcapacity of 4,500 litres a minute, and oneappliance with a capacity of 10,000 litres a minutethat holds up to 4,500 litres of Angus Tridol AFFFfoam and up to 750kg of dry powder. This issupported by 120,000 litres of Angus Tridol foamconcentrate – the largest industrial stock of foam concentrate in the UK.

Hazard evaluationThe first task was to establish as precisely aspossible the threats and challenges with which thenew appliance was likely to have to contend. In

this instance, the new vehicle was destined to playa leading role in safeguarding £14 billion of high-hazard chemical processing and storageassets on a number of sites on Teesside in thenortheast of England. This immediately suggesteda short-form specification that included high-performance systems and equipment, varioustypes of foam proportioning, water/foam monitors,and complementary extinguishing systems such asdry powder chemical agents.

Sembcorp’s assessment also took into accountthe operational experience gained from attendingincidents, and the facilities already available withinthe existing arsenal of firefighting and supportappliances. To ensure that the new vehicle wouldmeet future emergency needs, discussions alsotook place with Sembcorp’s customers to ascertainany significant changes that might have an impacton the current fire strategies that would need tobe taken into account. Similarly, discussions werealso held with existing and potential equipmentsuppliers to review the latest technology andimminent developments.

This resulted in the creation of a four-point,broad-brush “shopping list” for the new appliance.It had to be a first-turnout appliance that could


INDUSTRIAL


deliver large volumes of water or foam for largerfires, and have Hydro-Chem technology for largepressure and flowing fuel fires. To be compatiblewith other recently purchased Sembcorp appli-ances, and for ease of spares and repair, it had tobe on a Volvo chassis, and had to offer both pumpoperation and equipment retrieval that was swiftand user friendly. This identified the four key areasthat the specification needed to address: thechassis; bodywork superstructure; firefightingsystems; and equipment and accessories.

The specification for the new front-line vehiclewas based around the new 440bhp Volvo FM 440chassis and incorporates a 10,000 litres a minutewater pump that is supplied by four 64mm inletsand two 128mm vacuum or pressure inlets. Waterand foam is delivered via a dosifor foam injectionsystem through four 64mm water/foam units, two64mm and two 128mm water-only units and a3,800 litres a minute to 11,400 litres a minuteWilliams Fire & Hazard Control Ranger3 roofmonitor with Hydro-Chem technology for extin-guishing three-dimensional fires involving liquidsand gases under pressure. The vehicle’s internaltank capacities are 600 litres of water, 3,000 litresof Angus Tridol AFFF one percent and threepercent concentrate, 250 litres of Angus TF 3fluorine-free training foam, and 500kg of Purple Kdry chemical powder, which is discharged via twoWilliams Hydro-Chem branches that are locatedon either side of the appliance.

Equipment selectionIn contrast with appliances in the existing SembcorpProtection Group fleet being either first-turnoutappliances or large “pumpers” on Americanchassis, the new unit is a versatile hybrid of both.This allows its role to be changed to reflect thefirefighting demands of a developing fire. Insteadof having to withdraw one appliance and replaceit with another, it is necessary only to add to thewater supply and increase its delivery optionsusing the roof-mounted Ranger3 monitor orexternal monitors via 128mm outlets.

However, dependence on such versatility doesmean that the chosen firefighting systems, equip-ment and accessories have to be of the highestuncompromising standard.

All of the equipment and firefighting agents –including the pump, tanks, the monitor, outlets,foam concentrates and chemical powder – wereselected because of their proven performance inthe global petrochemicals firefighting arena. Mostof the equipment specified is also currently usedon other Sembcorp appliances so is familiar to theoperational crews. Nevertheless, demonstrationsof all of the key pieces of equipment were held toensure that each item delivered the requiredperformance.

For example, the Hydro-Chem system waschosen because it uses the foam solution to propelthe dry chemical powder agent approximatelythree-to-four times farther than is achievable withconventional dry chemical equipment. This givesthe firefighter a safer and more efficient means ofdelivering the dry chemical onto the large pressureand flowing fuel fires that, potentially, Sembcorpfirefighters have to face. The technology alsoallows ground or spill fires to be extinguishedusing foam only, which harnesses the three-dimensional fire, greatly reducing flame intensity.


MATCHING VEHICLE DESIGN


After this heat reduction, dry chemical is theninjected into the foam stream, resulting in a moreefficient extinguishing of the fire.

Tendering processFirefighting and rescue vehicle building is a trulyinternational business; few manufacturers aredependent upon their home market. In this instancefive companies were approached – two British,one American, one German and one French – allof which met Sembcorp’s baseline design andmanufacturing capabilities requirements.

Two companies were shortlisted; both wereinspected and the people who would be responsible

for the completion of the project were met andassessed. The contract was ultimately awarded tothe French manufacturer, SIDES, which is based in St Nazaire, and has the capacity to build 600 vehicles a year for aviation, industrial andmunicipal brigades throughout the world, many of which are bespoke units.

While the vehicle design utilises a conventionalcommercial Volvo chassis, the superstructure of thevehicle was custom-built and all of the componentswere all to Sembcorp’s specific requirements. Thisinevitably caused occasional delays. However,SIDES experience in building one-off firefightingtrucks, the way in which the factory is set up for

built-to-order production and theprofessional way in which the com-pany does business kept these to aminimum. Issues did occasionallyarise over interpretation of Sembcorp’sspecification, so a degree of flexibilityregarding delivery times and a con-tingency for minor changes aresensible precautions. Again though,these were minimised by buildinginto the programme formal site visitmeetings at the pre-build, intermedi-ate build and commissioning stages.

In the event, the project took twoyears to complete from specificationto delivery. The chassis was orderedin April 2007, was delivered to SIDESin February 2008, and the newcommissioned vehicle was finallyplaced “on run” in Teesside inJanuary 2009. IFF


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Greg Richardson is Fire Engineering &Technical Manager at SembcorpProtection Group on Teesside.


TRAINING

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TRAINING

Gatwick Airport Fire Service is proud that itmeets and exceeds all required CAA stan-dards for rescue and fire fighting at aero-

dromes. As well as the protection of life, aircraftand terminal buildings, additional challenges alsoinclude a busy cargo facility, a main line trainstation and roads and motorway infrastructure, all requiring versatile skills and equipment.

Gatwick Airport operates the busiest singlerunway operation in the world. There is one firestation that provides a response to all airportareas. This enables us to meet our responsecommitment, which is a response time of no more than two minutes thirty seconds to eitherend of the runway.

Our 78 strong operational team is divided intofour watches which consists of Red Watch, WhiteWatch, Blue Watch and Green Watch and providescontinuous support around the clock 365 days a

year. In addition, there are two senior officers andone administrator.

The Management team which is headed up bythe airport fire manager (AFM) Jason Ivey arefocused on providing a fire fighting service inaccordance with regulatory and BAA requirementsand agreed standards to enable the business tomaintain its license to operate, ensuring businesscontinuity in line with the airside team.

Jason is also responsible for motivating anddeveloping a high performing team to achieveagreed objectives, consistently improving thequality and service delivery. Other duties includethe provision and maintenance and control ofbudgets to meet cooperate, local and statutoryrequirements.

The Deputy Airport Fire Manager (DAFM) is PhilRowsell. His accountabilities are varied and includethe support of the AFM in providing a fire fighting

By AndrewDumsday

Leading Fire fighter,Gatwick Airport

Gatwick AirportFire ServiceProfileGatwick Airport is a category 9 airport and therefore requires an appropriate fireand rescue service in order to protect life and property against some uniquerisks. Thirty million passengers annually pass through Gatwick’s two terminals.The number of flights and the size of the aircraft to facilitate our customersnecessitates a well equipped and highly trained fire service.

Pic courtesy of Ron Puttock

P. 53-54 Gatwick 18/12/09 10:42 am Page 53

service in accordance with regulatory requirementsand to company agreed standards. Phil is also onhand to assist and support the performance ofindividual team members as well as to continuouslymonitor and develop a safety management systemapproach to ensure that colleagues and customersare not put at risk.

Gatwick Airport’s Fire Station is located on theNorth side of the airfield adjacent to taxiway Julietand stand 169. The station houses:● One command and control unit.● Five Mac 11 major foam tenders● One Mac 8 medium foam tender.● One Scania hose layer.

The operational crew based at Gatwick AirportFire Station comprise of one Station Manager, oneWatch Manager, 14 Fire Fighters (including aWatch room attendant). The senior officers andadministration staff are also located within the firestation.

TrainingIn order to provide realistic and challenging firetraining at Gatwick Airport the airport fire serviceutilise a fire training simulator with 11 internal and18 external fire scenarios. The training simulator isa full size replica of a Boeing 747 aircraft with a McDonnell Douglas MD11 tail engine. Thestarboard wing is a 777 plus engine and under-carriage. The port wing is a 747 plus engine andundercarriage.

The various scenarios are as follows:

747 Portside● Inner undercarriage internal and external brake

fires.● Outer undercarriage internal brake fire, inner

wheel fire, fire spread up oleo leg to link underwing.

● Engine has three scenarios: tailpipe, exhaustand intake.

● Fuselage fire under wing fire and fuel spill fire(7m x 7m).

● MD11 aircraft tail engine fire and auxillarypower unit (APU) fire.

Starboard side 777● Two undercarriage fires, internal brake fire and

two wheel fires.● Engine has four scenarios: tailpipe, exhaust,

intake and access panel.

● Fuel spill fire (7m x 7m) plus running fuel firefrom 777 engine.

Upper deck● Flight deck engine fire panel.● Overhead instrument panel.● Bed Fire● Galley Fire● Rollover ceiling fire

Mid deck● Overhead storage locker● Galley Fire● Toilet Fire● Seat Fires 1-4● Burning crib for breathing apparatus chamber

also for domestic fire role set out in office style.

Lower deck● Unit load device

Gatwick Fire Behaviour Multi TrainingFacilityApart from the aircraft simulator Gatwick also hasa Fire Behaviour Multi Training Facility. This is aningenious training aid which was designed byGatwick fire fighters along with the help of Devon,Somerset Fire & Rescue Service and the manufac-turer, Transitional Fire.

It has a demonstrator, attack and window unitswhich allow fire fighters to train in dealing withflashovers, backdraughts and witnessing thedevelopment of fire in safe and realistic conditions.The Multi trainer is also multi level with multiaccess points. This allows fire fighters to train inbreathing apparatus procedures, pitching ladders,practising incidents in high rise structures with itsdry riser water main along with a basement firescenario. Crews can also practice using positivepressure ventilation fans and practice techniques indealing with industrial and domestic fire scenarios.

Along with breathing apparatus instructors,Gatwick has 8 fire behaviour instructors trained beDevon, Somerset Fire & Rescue Service. Practicalfire behaviour training is backed up by theory andclassroom training aids.

Gatwick Airport Fire Service currently provides atwo day aviation course for local authority fire ser-vices which has accreditation from the Institute ofFire Engineers to allow them to meet with theirpersonnel development needs.

If you would like to find out more about thesecourses please contact the DAFM on +44 (0)1293693007. IFF



GATWICK AIRPORT FIRE SERVICE PROFILETRAINING


P. 53-54 Gatwick 18/12/09 10:42 am Page 54


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TRAINING

My last report for International Fire (issue 15– August 2005) I concluded with thepossible provision of a Fire behaviour

(Demonstration) container in the City of Manizalesin the region of Caldas, and with the interventionand help of DSFRS to provide Instructors in theCity to deliver the training, in the first instance tothe Fire-fighters of Caldas and ultimately to cas-cade the training to the Fire-fighters of Colombia.

I reported that two Colombian Fire ServiceInstructors had taken part in a month of intensivetraining with DSFRS during May 2007 predomi-nantly at our BA and fire-behaviour training centreat Exeter Airport.

Following their training in 2007, Hector andDiego returned to Colombia completely ‘sold’ onthe concept of the training that they had receivedhere and with the support of Mrs Pilar Perez (the

By Paul Furler

Fire behaviourand compartmentfire-fightingtraining inManizales,ColombiaFollowing a training visit to Colombia by Fire Officers Peter Sandel and PaulFurler from Devon Fire & Rescue Service in September 2006 and the subsequentfact-finding visit and practical mission by Hector Raul Gonzales and DiegoMoreno of the Colombian Fire Service to Devon’s Breathing apparatus and Firebehaviour Centre in 2007, three officers from Devon have recently spent afurther period of time in Colombia extending their training to the next level.

Pic courtesy of Paul Furler

P. 57-63 Devon FB 18/12/09 1:45 pm Page 57

Regional Emergency response co-ordinator), setabout putting in place the necessary resources toprovide a training facility in Manizales.

Between 2007 and 2008 there was consider-able discussion and debate as to the best use ofthe limited funds available for such a project.

During their time with us in Devon Hector andDiego were able to view a number of partcompleted containers at the ‘Transitional Fire’Factory at Ottery St Mary, one of these was a com-bination ‘Demo/Attack’ container that comprisedof an extra long demonstration container with a

swinging partition door so that it could beconverted for either purpose.

Although not ideal it did provide a cheaperalternative to achieve the ability to providedemonstration and attack training but with thecost of one rather than two containers, it alsotranspired that initially there would be only thespace available at the chosen site for one con-tainer to be accommodated so it made sense tomaximise the potential for the container.

Mr Graham Leney (managing director) has beenvery supportive of the project and very kindly




FIRE BEHAVIOUR AND COMPARTMENT FIRE-FIGHTING TRAINING IN MANIZALES, COLOMBIATRAINING

P. 57-63 Devon FB 18/12/09 1:45 pm Page 58

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provided plans for the fabrication required toproduce the Fire behaviour container from a basicshipping container so that our colleagues couldreturn to their Country with that information.

During the latter part of 2007 the containerwas purchased with a view to carrying out theconstruction and training in January 2008 but dueto Political changes in Caldas this had to be post-poned until September 2008.

Funding for the three officers, Peter Sandel,Paul Furler and Nigel Snowshall to travel toColombia and the purchase of the container wasfinally put in place with funds raised by theMayors Office of Manizales and local VolunteerFire Stations of the region of Caldas during August2008.

The allotted training site is next to Manizales2nd Station which is immediately adjacent to themain technical college for the region of Caldasand students from the welding school there hadbeen pre-fabricating items required for the con-struction process for manymonths before our arrivalalthough the dimensions ofcertain items did not trans-late from UK English toColombian Spanish terriblywell and so had to be com-pleted during our plannedconstruction period.

As well as being a Firebehaviour Instructor NigelSnowshall has an Engineeringbackground and was instru-mental in the construction ofour initial containers inDevon; consequently he wasthe natural choice to lead theconstruction phase of ourtime in Colombia.

Through our interpretershe was able to co-ordinatethe process with the help of

the College Instructors, their students, and theManizales training staff.

The construction was scheduled to be completeafter the first 10 days but due to a number ofdelays took the full first two weeks. The effect ofthis was that the two ‘Instructor training’ courseshad to be re-scheduled for the third week of ourvisit and that the two three day courses wouldhave to run back to back.

The main objective of the visit was to enablethe region of Caldas to carry out Fire behaviourand compartment fire-fighting training safelyunder the Instruction of Hector and Diego.

We were very conscious that they would need agood team of well-trained assistants to achievethe training of the several hundred fire-fighters inthe region and that it would be very unwise toattempt such an arduous training schedule with-out sufficient resources and staff in place.

The first 3-day course was therefore designedto train the support staff, to highlight potential





P. 57-63 Devon FB 18/12/09 1:45 pm Page 60


P. 57-63 Devon FB 18/12/09 1:45 pm Page 61

assistant Instructors and to refresh Hector andDiego’s practical skill by running Demonstration,Attack 1 and 2 sessions under our supervision, fortheir students.

The importance of this procedure became veryquickly apparent during the first day as one earlysession had to be abandoned after the pump wasleft unattended, subsequently failed and with noback up available the students were withdrawnfrom the exercise.

The lesson was learnt however and from thatmoment on a spare Fire pump, dedicated equip-ment and a support team was always available.The abandoned exercise meant that a newcontainer had to be prepared and loaded,cylinders charged and resulted in a very latecompletion of activities for the day.

The format of the two courses involved two

demo sessions on the firstday, after which the coursewas divided into two groups.On the second and third daysan attack session was run inthe morning and afternoonwith Hector and Diegochanging roles on eachoccasion.

Our host Mrs Perez hasalways been insistent thather intention is to spread thetechnique to the rest ofColombia, and she informedus that she felt the best wayto achieve this in the shortterm is to have two trainingfacilities, one in Manizalesand the other in Bogotá, thetwo cities being diametricallyopposite each other wouldprovide reasonable access for

regions in the North and South of the Country.Consequently she had arranged for the two

Officers in charge of training for Bogotá and 4 oftheir general training Instructors to take part in theinitial 3-day course.

The first course produced some very committedstudents and likely candidates as assistantInstructors, the majority of which returned to actas support staff for the second 3-day course.

Until Bogotá has its own facility the intention isthat the trained staff will travel to Manizales toassist Hector and Diego on a regular basis tomaintain their skills.

As a result of their involvement we wererequested to take part in a meeting at the BogotáFire Service HQ during spare time between flightson our way back to the UK with Senior Officers ofthe City.




TRAINING

P. 57-63 Devon FB 18/12/09 1:45 pm Page 62

It is clear that they would like our assistance tocarry out a similar process in Bogotá as soon asthis can be facilitated and it would seem that theyhave the funds to achieve this.

We have advised that it would be in their bestinterests to go through a similar process to that of Hector and Diego, and for their potentialInstructor staff to attend a full Fire BehaviourInstructor course before they construct a container and attempt to run courses for their 800 fire-fighters.

There is a possibility that Training Officers fromBogotá will travel to Devon during 2009 to receivesimilar training that of Hector and Diego, officersfrom Devon would then return to Bogotá inJanuary 2010 to help them construct a Demon-stration and an Attack container and assist withthe commissioning and initial training on the samebasis as in Manizales.

Before our departure from Manizales we wereinvited to a reception with the Mayor and ChiefFire Officer of Caldas and various dignitaries.

Unbeknown to us we were to be honoured forour involvement with the Fire Service there overthe past ten years by a ceremony in which wewere given the freedom and the keys of the Cityof Manizales.

This honour was duly passed onto the retiringChief Fire Officer of Devon Fire & Rescue ServiceMr Paul Young OBE MPIL FI E who was instru-mental in starting the project in Colombia over 12 years ago, at a ceremony at the Serviceheadquarters at Exeter, Devon.

It is easy to forget that only two years agowhen Peter Sandel and I delivered training withthe MOD Siebe Gorman BA sets and UK safetyprocedures for the use of BA that BA sets wererarely used operationally in the region andremained in their boxes on top of the appliance atincidents at that time.

Now, as a matter of course, Fire fighters arewearing BA and are now confident enough to usethe branch techniques that we have introduced

and are receiving practical compartment fire-fight-ing training.

It was extremely satisfying to observe this andthat Fire Kit donated by Brigades in the UK tenyears ago and the Siebe Gorman BA sets donated5 years ago are both in good condition and beingput to good use for the benefit of the community.

Fire InvestigationOn the visit to Colombia on this occasion it wasalso planned to give two days of succession train-ing in fire investigation techniques dependantupon how the primary project on fire behaviourprogressed.

With the delays and setbacks encountered itsoon became clear that this would not be achiev-able so was cancelled very early into the visit.

However on the last day of the project and dur-ing our time in Bogotá, time was spent with theCity’s lead fire investigator Carlos Oviedo a lieu-tenant in the Bogotá Fire & Rescue Service.

We explored how to progress and develop theavailable skills of the current investigators andbring on new candidates. The major problembeing the language barrier, in that all previouscourses delivered required a translator with a com-plex knowledge of fire terminology.

The organisation to which Mr Peter Sandelbelongs, and who certify investigators worldwideto a recognised professional standard (The Interna-tional Association of Arson Investigators) wereapproached and asked for assistance in setting upthe first branch in Latin America and offeringtraining opportunities in Spanish.

This project is now being progressed and it ishoped that in the not too distant future Colombiawill have a branch of the IAAI and access to all thedevelopment and training funds available to newgroups and guidance from the organisation bothfrom Mr. Sandel a Certified Fire Investigator in theUK, and the headquarters in the United Stateswho have the major resources and online trainingfacilities. IFF


Pic courtesy of Devon & Somerset FireRescue Service


P. 57-63 Devon FB 18/12/09 1:45 pm Page 63


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