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Achieving Food Security and climate change adaptation through agroforestry-based conservation agriculture
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Achieving Food Security and climate change adaptation
through agroforestry-based
conservation agriculture A PanAfrica Campaign
Dennis GarrityDirector General
World Agroforestry Centre
International Fund for Agricultural DevelopmentRome, 15 May, 2009
CONFERENCE OF AU MINISTERS OF AGRICULTURE, LAND AND LIVESTOCK Addis Ababa April 23-24, 2009
The Conference:
“Requests the AUC-NEPAD to facilitate development of an agricultural-based climate change adaptation framework to guide operationalization and financing the scaling up of SLM in the context of NEPAD’s CAADP,
“Calls upon Member States to increase investment support to initiatives aimed at strengthening knowledge, advancing technical capacity development, and up-scale sustainable land management practices including conservation agriculture and agro-forestry.”
Interlinked Objectives
(1) Food security through increased productivity (focus on smallholder systems)
(2) Agriculture adaptation framework (adaptation to climate change)
(3) Soil and above ground carbon (bio-carbon) for climate mitigation / land care
Elements of Conservation Agriculture
(1) Reduced tillage to improve soil health
(2) Soil cover to protect the soil from wind and water erosion
(3) Crop rotation to improve soil fertility
Lead Team to comprise 5 African institutions to spearhead the development
African Union-NEPAD World Agroforestry Centre CILSS University of Zambia (CAADP Pillar 1
lead)African Conservation Tillage Network
Action
(1) Lead team to spearhead development of CAADP climate change adaptation framework.
(2) Rapid stock taking of the extent of adaptation/adoption of CA in Africa.
(3) Develop regional proposal to scale up CA.
Cereal Yields
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
4500
5000
1961 1966 1971 1976 1981 1986 1991 1996 2001
Kg
per
Hec
tare
East Asia andPacific
Sub-SaharanAfrica
South Asia
Latin America &Caribbean
World Bank World Development Indicators
Fertilizer
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
1961 1971 1981 1991 2001
Year
10
0 g
ram
s p
er
he
cta
re
East Asia andPacificSouth Asia
Sub-SaharanAfricaLatin America& Caribbean
World Bank World Development Indicators
Soil Fertility DepletionSoil Fertility DepletionA new approach needed – A new approach needed – a realistic approacha realistic approach
An approach that makes it possible for farmers to deploy practices that maximize yields with modest investments, produce most of the nitrogen that crops need through fertilizer factories in the field.
Conservation Farming Unit
Conservation Farming & Conservation Agriculture in Zambia
With emphasis on Faidherbia albida
The Conservation Agriculture Programme
2nd generation programme to extend adoption of Conservation Agriculture in Zambia
• Extension Beneficiaries reached140,000
• Technology Delivery through ‘Lead Farmer System’
• Period 2007 to 2011Goal-- 240,000 farmers have adopted by 2011
In eastern Zambia and Malawi farmers split ridges in the dry season. Hoe pans form under the ridges. 700 million + tons of soil moved yearly
by hand!
Ridge Splitting
This practice is less common but also exposes the soil to erosion and creates compaction. Hard unnecessary work!
Overall Digging
Late Planting
The negative effects of late planting of Maize and other crops have been known for at least 80 years
Maize: 1.5% of yield lost for each day of delay from 1st opportunity to plant
Cotton: 2.0% of yield loss for each day of delay
Yet in Zambia thousands of farmers especially those who rely on ploughing are always late!
Maureen hired oxen to plough. The owner was busy, she only managed to plant on the 28th December. The first opportunity to plant occurred on the 19th November.
Before even starting she has lost 59% of her potential yield!
A return visit to Maureen’s field shows an abandoned crop which did not even pay back the cost of hired oxen and labour for weeding.
28th March 2007
Hoe Minimum-Till Conservation Farming
Permanent Planting Basins. Only 12% of surface area disturbed.
Refer to CFU Hoe Handbook for many more details
Hoe Minimum-Till CF
Land preparation can commence in June, spreading labour inputs. In Zambia rains normally commence in late November
Hoe Conservation Farming
CF + Faidhebia albida = CA
Medium term solution to sustainable farming
in Central Africa
Goal 240,000 hectares planted by smallholders by 2011
Conservation Agriculture with Faidherbia albida
60 years of research shows on each hectare, mature trees supply the equivalent of 300kg of complete fertiliser and 250kg of lime. This can
sustain a maize yield of 4 tons/ha.
Faidherbia is indigenous in most African countries
2008/9 Trials - Excellent Management
2007/8 Faidherbia Trial Results
Maize yield - zero fertiliser
Tons/ha ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
With Faidherbia 4.1
Without Faidherbia 1.3 _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Data averaged from 15 trials
Faidherbia Fertilizer Trees at 100 trees per ha A long term solution for maize production across
East, Central and Southern Africa
Small-scale Conservation Agriculture with Faidherbia
Short-term and Long-term Fertilizer tree Options for Replenishing Soil
Fertility
1 year 2 years 3 years
Relay Fallow intercropping (2-3 tons)
Improved Fallow (3-4 tons)Gliricidia/maize intercropping (3-5 tons)
Waiting Period before benefit accrual
Maize Yield
10th Crop
Adopter of Fertilizer Trees Systemsin southern Malawi
Mr. Majoni
Achieving Serious Impact Southern Africa
Number of farmers benefiting from agroforestry
30,0005 10 200 1,000 3,500
80,000
110,000
180,000
400,000
0
100,000
200,000
300,000
400,000
1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008
Implemented in 11 districts targeting 200,000 in four years to adchieve food security:
In the last two seaons, a total of 120,000 farmers (52% female) were assisted with seed, nursery materials and training.
22 tonnes of tree seeds packed in >200,000 sachets were distributed to farmers each year;
Nearly 300,000 fruit trees raised in central and community nurseries
17,414 farmers, 3,714 farmer trainers and 658 extension workers trained in 2008
Scaling up Agroforestry for Food Security in Malawi (Achievements 2007-2010)
Integrating the Zambia & Malawi
Conservation Agriculture systems
Strengths
Reduces the labor requirements in land preparation Enables the farmer to establish the crop with the first planting rains, thus enabling the crop to reach its full yield potential
Increases N-rich organic matter inputs that typically double or triple maize yields, and improvement of overall soil health.
Tree legumes suppress weed growth and weed populations in the system.
Carbon sequestration radically increased.
What would be the impact if African farmers deployed fertilizer trees on a much larger scale?
If fertilizer trees were practiced on: 10 m ha___________________________________________________
Value of nitrogen fertilizers produced by farmers $ 500
m/yr
Amount of additional maize produced 10-20 m tons
Value of additional maize produced $ 1.6-3.2 billion
___________________________________________________
Key elements of success
1. Radical innovations are needed for CA to succeed on smallholdings in the tropics
2. Community Landcare to accelerate adoption
3. Ramping up Agroforestry-Based CA through investments climate change adaptation & mitigation
Becoming a Boundary Organization
Fo
rmal
lear
nin
g
Lea
rnin
g b
y d
oin
g
Knowledge
syst
ems Action institutions
0 1 > 2
> 2
1
0
What IFAD can doInfluence Policy: Champion agroforestry-based conservation agriculture as a critical poverty reduction vehicle
Regional facilitation: Support the development of strong regional facilitation for agroforestry-based conservation agriculture
National development-support for conservation agriculture through its country portfolios
Support research to understand poor household constraints to deploying conservation agriculture
Enhance Networking to leverage capacity as a boundary
organization