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Nutritional management of dairy animals
Y. Ramana Reddy
Milk IT ProjectNainital, Uttarakhand, India
06-07 November, 2014
Physiological stages- Dairy cattle
• Calf
• Heifer
• Pregnancy
• Lactation
Calf feeding
Colostrum feeding
• Give with in 30-60 mts
• 2.0 kg with in few hours
• 10% of B. wt.
• for 30 kg calf - 3 l/d
Why colostrum feeding
At birth A calf has no defense against infectious agents Colostrum feeding increasesthe chances of survival.
Effects of amounts of colostrum fed and time of feeding relative to birth on the transfer of IgG
Colostrum composition
Item Colostrum Protein 4X Minerals 3X
Energy 2 X
Vitamins 10X Immunogl 6X
Colostrum and calf diseases (first 12 h of birth)
Amount fed (kg)
Mortality (%)*
2 to 4 15.35 to 8 9.9
8 to 10 6.5
* Average mortality from 1 wk to 6 m of age
Liquid feeding program for dairy calves
Milk temperature
37o C
Pneumonia in calves
Individual housing (floor pens or hutches) helps
keep the calf healthy
Calf starter
• Offer at one week of age
• Contains high level of coarse grains
Development of ruminant stomach
Milk fed up to 12 wks Calf starter fed
Composition of grain starter
Ingredient % of total ration
Maize 50.0
Soybean meal 12.8
Wheat bran 10.0
Linseed meal 10.0
Distillers grain 10.0
Molasses 5.0
Limestone 1.9
Trace mineral premix 0.20
Vitamin supplement 0.05
Others (Coccidiostat, buffer)
As needed
Nutrient composition of calf starter
Nutrient % in the rationCrude protein 20.7TDN 80.0Ca 0.94P 0.52
Trace minerals 0.28
Water
Offer at 4 days of age
Limit water for calves <3 wks of age
Calf - forage feedingWhen can we feed forage (hay)
At 1 month of age
What type of forage• Avoid high quality hay (bloat)
• Quality hay when consuming 3-5 lb calf starter
• Avoid high moisture forages/grains for calves < 3 months old
Feeding of a palatable grain starter and water allows rapid development of the rumen and early weaning
When would I wean my calf frommilk/milk replacer?
> 700 g of calf starter in addition to hay and milk replacer
Growth trend in calves
Feed conversion in calves
Planned heifer rearing
BreedBirthwt
(kg)
Breeding CalvingADG(kg)
AdultWt
(kg) Wt (kg)
Age(mo.)
Wt(kg)
Age(mo.)
HF40-45
360-400 14-16
544-620 23-25 0.74
650-725
Jersey 25-30225-260 13-15
360-425 22-24 0.50
425-500
Concentrate mixture for young calves
Ingredient Proportion
Maize 38
GNC 32
Wheat bran 20
Molasses 7
Mineral Mix. 2
Salt 1
Housing heifers
Age of calving – milk production
Feeding during pregnancy
Last 2 months of pregnancy critical
Follow challenge feeding
Start with 0.5kg grain and increase gradually to 1.5-2.0kg/d
Body condition score
BCS 1.5 BCS 3.0 BCS 4.5
Recommended body condition scores at various stages of lactation
Calving 3.0 to 3.5
Breeding 2.5
Late lactation 3.0 to 3.5
Dry period 3.0 to 3.5
Effect of body condition score (BCS) losses in early lactation on conception rate
Loss in BCS Conception rate Less than 1 unit 50%
From 1 to 2 units 34%
More than 2 units 21%
Feeding during lactation
Energy gap in dairy cows
Impact of negative energy balance
NEB
% pregnant
Days open
Cull
Mastitis
Lameness
Clin.
ketosis
Serv/conc.
Cyst
Effects of a cow’s condition on conception rate
Cow’s condition
Total No. of services
Total No. of pregnant
Services/conception
Conception rate (%)
Gaining weight
1368 911 1.50 67
Loosing weight
544 234 2.32 44
Feeding program for high yielding dairy cows
Total Daily Ration Feeding Program
15 kg silage4 kg hay3 kg brewers grain2.7 kg sugar beet pulp1.8 kg barley3.6 kg dairy compound
5.00 a.m. Dairy compound feed while milking6.00 a.m. SBP and Hay in yards10.00 a.m. Barley and silage in yards4.30 a.m. Dairy compound feed while milking5.00 p.m. Brewers grain in yards9.00 p.m. Dairy compound feed and hay in yards
Concentrate feeding for various milk production levels by dairy cows fed Forages of low medium and high quality (500 kg cow)
Milk production when forage quality is
Conc. Mix
(BF 4%)Poor Medium High
-- 4 13 --
-- 6 15 0.5
-- 8 17 1.3
2 10 19 2.2
4 12 21 3.0
6 14 23 3.9
8 16 25 4.7
10 18 27 5.6
Thank you