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Why do animals Why do animals prefer certain foods prefer certain foods
and locations?and locations?
BehaviorBehavior ConsequencesConsequences
Why do animals Why do animals prefer to eat prefer to eat
certain foods?certain foods?
Why do animals Why do animals prefer to eat prefer to eat
certain foods?certain foods?
Early Early Experience Experience
MattersMattersMost Most
Early Early Experience Experience
MattersMattersMost Most
Mother Knows BestMother Knows Best
Young herbivores Young herbivores learn quickly learn quickly from mom,from mom,
Young herbivores Young herbivores learn quickly learn quickly from mom,from mom,
and they and they remember for remember for
yearsyears
and they and they remember for remember for
yearsyears
Lambs learn quickly,Lambs learn quickly,and remember for yearsand remember for years
Lambs learn quickly,Lambs learn quickly,and remember for yearsand remember for years
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100
200
300
400
3 months 34 months
None Alone Mother
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100
200
300
400
3 months 34 months
None Alone Mother
Inta
ke o
f w
heat
, g/
dIn
take
of
whe
at,
g/d
Inta
ke o
f w
heat
, g/
dIn
take
of
whe
at,
g/d
Exposure to Wheat (1 h/d for 5 d at 6 wk age)Exposure to Wheat (1 h/d for 5 d at 6 wk age)Exposure to Wheat (1 h/d for 5 d at 6 wk age)Exposure to Wheat (1 h/d for 5 d at 6 wk age)
Food Food PreferencesPreferences
Food Food PreferencesPreferences
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Lambs eat what Lambs eat what mom eats and mom eats and avoid what she avoid what she
avoids. avoids.
Lambs eat what Lambs eat what mom eats and mom eats and avoid what she avoid what she
avoids. avoids.
Lambs eat what mom eats...Lambs eat what mom eats...Lambs eat what mom eats...Lambs eat what mom eats...
0
5
10
15
20
25
1 2 3 4 5
Day of Exposure
but avoids mountain mahogany
Mom eats serviceberry
Num
ber
of b
ites/
lam
bN
umbe
r of
bite
s/la
mb
....even after weaning....even after weaning....even after weaning....even after weaning
0
25
50
75
100
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Day
mountain mahogany
serviceberry
0
25
50
75
100
62 63 64 65 66 67 68
Day
serviceberry
mountain mahogany
Se
rvic
eb
err
y, %
of
bit
es
Se
rvic
eb
err
y, %
of
bit
es
Food IntakeFood Intake
Experience affects food intakeExperience affects food intake
0
10
20
30
40
1 3 5 7 9 11 13 2 4 6 8 10 12 144 months old 13 months old
Experienced
Inexperienced
Day
0
10
20
30
40
1 3 5 7 9 11 13 2 4 6 8 10 12 144 months old 13 months old
Experienced
Inexperienced
Day
Inta
ke,
g/kg
bod
y w
eigh
tIn
take
, g/
kg b
ody
wei
ght
...and preference...and preference
0
10
20
30
40
0 20 40 60 80 100Alfalfa pellet availability (% ad libitum)
Inta
ke o
f b
lack
bru
sh (
g/k
g B
W)
Inexperienced
Experienced
PeersPeers
Trans-Generational Trans-Generational DynamicsDynamics
Trans-Generational Trans-Generational DynamicsDynamics
Does from Four RegionsDoes from Four RegionsDoes from Four RegionsDoes from Four Regions
Offspring Offspring next next
four four generationsgenerations
Offspring Offspring next next
four four generationsgenerations
Peers Affect PreferencePeers Affect PreferencePeers Affect PreferencePeers Affect Preference
Larkspur (% bites)Larkspur (% bites)
YearYear Averse Averse ControlControl
1993 01993 0 20 20
1994 01994 0 12 12
1995 01995 0 11 11
Larkspur (% bites)Larkspur (% bites)
YearYear Averse Averse ControlControl
1993 01993 0 20 20
1994 01994 0 12 12
1995 01995 0 11 110
10
20
30
August 1995
Lar
ksp
ur
(% o
f b
ites
)
Control
Averse
Foraging SkillsForaging Skills
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Experience Affects Foraging SkillsExperience Affects Foraging Skills
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Day
10 days
20 days
30 days
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Day
10 days
20 days
30 days
Bit
es/m
inu
teB
ites
/min
ute
6 months6 months
Experience Affects Foraging SkillsExperience Affects Foraging Skills
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9Day
10 days
20 days
30 days
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9Day
10 days
20 days
30 days
Bit
es/m
inu
teB
ites
/min
ute
18 months18 months
Habitat Habitat SelectionSelection
MaxfieldMaxfieldThompsonThompson
MaxfieldMaxfield ThompsonThompson
CalfCalf mothermother
YearlingsYearlings peerspeers
2-years age2-years age droughtdrought
3-years age3-years age mothermother
MaxfieldMaxfield ThompsonThompson
CalfCalf mothermother
YearlingsYearlings peerspeers
2-years age2-years age droughtdrought
3-years age3-years age mothermother
sheep, cattle, sheep, cattle, goatsgoats
deer, elk, bighorn deer, elk, bighorn sheep, moosesheep, moose
sheep, cattle, sheep, cattle, goatsgoats
deer, elk, bighorn deer, elk, bighorn sheep, moosesheep, moose
sage grouse, sage grouse, geese, geese, neo-tropical neo-tropical migratory birdsmigratory birds
sage grouse, sage grouse, geese, geese, neo-tropical neo-tropical migratory birdsmigratory birds
Experience Causes Experience Causes ChangesChangesExperience Causes Experience Causes ChangesChanges
Neurological, Morphological,Neurological, Morphological,
PhysiologicalPhysiologicalThe body determines the structure of The body determines the structure of
experience, experience determines the experience, experience determines the structure of the body.structure of the body.
Neurological, Morphological,Neurological, Morphological,
PhysiologicalPhysiologicalThe body determines the structure of The body determines the structure of
experience, experience determines the experience, experience determines the structure of the body.structure of the body.
Experience Affects NeurologyExperience Affects Neurology
0
1
2
3
4
5
Up
take
of
Glu
cose
Inexperienced
Experienced
Experience affects MorphologyExperience affects Morphology
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
Ru
men
mas
s (g
/kg
BW
)
Inexperienced
Experienced
Experience affects PhysiologyExperience affects Physiology
0
25
50
75
100
125
Glu
curo
nic
Aci
d (
mg
/kg
BW
)
Inexperienced
Experienced
So what does this So what does this mean?mean?
So what does this So what does this mean?mean?
Same strawSame strawDifferent performanceDifferent performance
Different experienceDifferent experience
Experience Influences PerformanceExperience Influences Performance
Body weightBody weight * * * * **Body conditionBody condition * * * * **Milk productionMilk production * * * * --Post-partum intervalPost-partum interval * * * * --
Year 1Year 1 Year 2Year 2 Year 3Year 3
DairiesDairies……
Why do Why do moose in moose in Norway Norway migrate to migrate to the uplands the uplands in winter?in winter?
… … to surviveto survive
Do white-tailed Do white-tailed deer in the deer in the Adirondacks Adirondacks behave as gas behave as gas molecules?molecules?
Do white-tailed Do white-tailed deer in the deer in the Adirondacks Adirondacks behave as gas behave as gas molecules?molecules?
There’s no place like home.There’s no place like home.
Implications for Implications for ManagementManagement
Implications for Implications for ManagementManagement
Moving animals Moving animals to new to new
environmentsenvironments
Wild and domestic animals Wild and domestic animals moved to unfamiliar moved to unfamiliar
environments suffer more from environments suffer more from predation, malnutrition, and predation, malnutrition, and ingestion of poisonous plants ingestion of poisonous plants than animals familiar with the than animals familiar with the
environment…environment…
Wild and domestic animals Wild and domestic animals moved to unfamiliar moved to unfamiliar
environments suffer more from environments suffer more from predation, malnutrition, and predation, malnutrition, and ingestion of poisonous plants ingestion of poisonous plants than animals familiar with the than animals familiar with the
environment…environment…
……yet, we buy and sell yet, we buy and sell animals, and move them to animals, and move them to unfamiliar environments, unfamiliar environments, without concern for their without concern for their
culture of origin, and then culture of origin, and then wonder why they don’t wonder why they don’t
perform well…perform well…
……yet, we buy and sell yet, we buy and sell animals, and move them to animals, and move them to unfamiliar environments, unfamiliar environments, without concern for their without concern for their
culture of origin, and then culture of origin, and then wonder why they don’t wonder why they don’t
perform well…perform well…
Rod Leavitt buys Rod Leavitt buys replacement animals replacement animals from areas that are from areas that are similar to where his cattle similar to where his cattle forage.forage.
Stocker Calves...Stocker Calves......can learn from lead cows who know
the range
...can learn from lead cows who know
the range
Cattle Cattle Depressed Over Depressed Over Loss of Loss of Mountain ViewMountain View
Moving to New Moving to New EnvironmentsEnvironments
What does it What does it mean to know mean to know
the range? the range?
What does it What does it mean to know mean to know
the range? the range?
Replacement Heifers
Replacement Heifers
Replacement HeifersReplacement Heifers
Exposing early weaned lambs to Exposing early weaned lambs to new foods with mom increases new foods with mom increases intake and reduces illness at intake and reduces illness at
weaningweaning
Conservation Conservation Biology – Wildlife Biology – Wildlife
TransplantsTransplants
BehaviorBehavior ConsequencesConsequences
Consequences Consequences Depend on Nature & Depend on Nature &
NurtureNurture
We stress the We stress the role of genetics role of genetics as a as a mechanism of mechanism of evolution….evolution….
.…but we ignore .…but we ignore the role of culture the role of culture as a mechanism as a mechanism of evolutionof evolution
Nurturing Nurturing Early in LifeEarly in LifeNurturing Nurturing
Early in LifeEarly in Life
It is not the strongest of It is not the strongest of the species that survives, the species that survives, nor the most intelligent nor the most intelligent that survives. It is the one that survives. It is the one that is most adaptable to that is most adaptable to change.change.
Charles DarwinCharles Darwin
1.1. Mother knows best.Mother knows best. Animals learn most Animals learn most quickly and efficiently from mom.quickly and efficiently from mom.
2.2. Early learning lasts longest.Early learning lasts longest. Experience Experience early in life affects food and habitat early in life affects food and habitat preferences, intake and foraging skills.preferences, intake and foraging skills.
3.3. You are what you eat.You are what you eat. Structure Structure determines experience and experience determines experience and experience determines structure.determines structure.
Key points Key points
