Packet #10 – Continuity - Reproduction, part 1 Summer 2014

This Activity Packet belongs to:

_____________________

At the end of the unit you will turn in this packet for a score. Record the completion due dates in the chart

below. You should expect a variety of quizzes: announced, unannounced, open-notes and closed-notes.

If this packet is LOST, please: drop it off at the BHS Science Dept. (rm 365) OR

drop it off in Ms. Brunson’s classroom (rm 350) OR

call the Science Dept. at (617) 713-5365.

Packet

page Activity

Points

Earned Avail.

A Zillion Ways to Make More

Introduction to Reproduction

Cell Cycle Notes

Lab: Time for Mitosis

Cell Cycle Review Questions

Cancer

Review Guide for Part 1

Total

2

A Zillion Ways to Make More

Visit this website and read the introductions and follow all directions: http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/variation/reproduction/

Write any interesting information about the organism’s reproduction. Place a check on asexual (one parent), sexual (two parents), or both based on your quiz answers on the website (green means correct, red is incorrect). Be prepared to share information that you learned in class.

Organism Interesting Information Asexual Reproduction

Sexual Reproduction

Honey bee

Pink Salmon

Brittle Star

Sea Horse

Giant Amoeba

Grizzly Bear

Coast Redwood

Sunflower

Volvox

Earthworm

Whiptail Lizard

Sand Scorpion

Garden Strawberry

Leopard Frog

Monarch Butterfly

Baker’s Yeast

Bald Eagle

Salmonella

Flatback Sea Turtle

Red Kangaroo

Saguaro Cactus

3

Introduction to Reproduction

Asexual

Sexual

Binary Fission (Asexual)

Budding (Asexual)

Fragmentation and Regeneration (Asexual)

Cloning

Mitosis

Sexual Reproduction

4

THE CELL CYCLE (INCLUDING MITOSIS): NOTES

a.) Why does cell reproduction occur?

b.) What is the cell cycle?

NAME OF STAGE PICTURE OF

CELLS IN THAT

STAGE

WRITTEN DESCRIPTION OF WHAT IS HAPPENING

INTERPHASE

G1

S

G2

Definitions:

Mitosis

Chromosomes

Chromatids

Centromere

5

Mitosis

PROPHASE

METAPHASE

ANAPHASE

TELOPHASE

CYTOKINESIS IN

ANIMAL CELLS

CYTOKINESIS IN

PLANT CELLS

6

Time for Mitosis

Do all phases of mitosis require the same amount of time for completion? This question can be answered by

counting the number of onion root tip cells in the four phases of mitosis and in interphase. Many cells in

one specific phase indicate that a long period of time is required for completion of that phase. Few cells in a

specific phase indicate a short period of time is required for completion of that phase.

In this investigation, you will

a. use prepared slides of onion root tip cells to locate cells in mitosis and interphase.

b. count the number of cells in each of the phases of mitosis and in interphase.

c. compute the length of time in minutes needed to complete each phase.

d. compare data of the time needed for normal cells to complete each phase with that of abnormal cancer

cells.

Materials

Microscope

Prepared slides of onion root tip (Allium), longitudinal section

Procedure

Part A. Locating and Counting Cells in Mitosis

Locate under the microscope on an onion root tip slide an area with cells in the process of mitosis. After

locating the cells under low power, switch to high power.

Count and record in Table 16-1 the number of cells in each mitotic phase and in interphase. Count all cells

in the field of view. Use Figure 16-1 as a guide to the phases of mitosis.

Move the slide so you are looking at a new area of

cells.

Count and record the number of cells in each mitotic

phase and in interphase for this area.

Repeat for a third new area.

Total the number of cells counted in each phase and

interphase for the three areas. Record this figure in the

column marked “Total Number of Cells in Each Phase”

of Table 16-1.

Add the total number of cells viewed in each phase and

interphase together to get the total of all cells counted.

Record this number in Table 16-1.

7

Part B. Determining the Time Required for Each Phase

Assume that the number of cells in a phase is an indication of the time spent in that phase during mitosis.

Time spent in a mitotic phase and in interphase can be calculated if the total time for mitosis is known.

Onion cells require 12 hours (720 minutes) to complete mitosis (from interphase to interphase). The

amount of time needed for a phase can be calculated using the formula:

number of cells in a phase

total number of cells counted

For example: If 109 cells were counted in metaphase and 980 total cells were counted, then

109x

980 720 minutes = 80 minutes

Calculate the time required for each phase of mitosis using your data. Use the total of the three areas

counted. Assume that the total time for mitosis is 720 minutes.

Record the times in Table 16-1.

Analysis

1. Which phase of the cell cycle requires the longest time for completion? _________________________

2. Which phase requires the next longest time for completion? __________________________________

3. Which phase requires the shortest time for completion? ______________________________________

4. The table on the next page (Table 16-2) shows average times required for normal and diseased chicken

stomach cells to complete the cell cycle.

a. In normal chicken cells, which phase of the cell cycle requires the longest time for completion?

________________________________________________________________________________

b. In normal chicken cells, which phase requires the next longest time for completion? ____________

________________________________________________________________________________

c. How do your answers to questions 4a and 4b compare with answers to questions 1 and 2? ________

________________________________________________________________________________

time for a phase

720 minutes = x

8

TABLE 16-2. TIME FOR CELL CYCLE OF NORMAL AND CANCEROUS

CHICKEN STOMACH CELLS (IN MINUTES)

NORMAL CHICKEN STOMACH

CELLS IN MINUTES

CANCEROUS CHICKEN

STOMACH CELLS IN MINUTES

Interphase 540 380

Prophase 60 45

Metaphase 10 10

Anaphase 3 3

Telophase 12 10

5. a. What is the total time needed for a normal chicken stomach cell to complete the cell cycle? (Add

up the time in minutes for each phase.) ___________________________________________________

b. What is the total time needed for a cancerous chicken stomach cell to complete the cell cycle?

__________________________________________________________________________________

6. Do cancer cells differ from normal cells in total time required for the cell cycle? If yes, by how much?

___________________________________________________________________________________

7. How do cancer cells differ from normal cells in time spent for each phase? _______________________

___________________________________________________________________________________

8. Table 16-3 (below) shows the length of time (in minutes) needed for mitosis to occur in 2 different

normal living organisms.

a. Which organism, salamander or pea, shows time needed to complete mitosis most like the data you

recorded in Table 16-1? _______________________________________________________________

b. Why might the time required for these two organisms to complete mitosis be similar? (HINT:

What type of organism did the cell material come from for Part A?) ____________________________

___________________________________________________________________________________

TABLE 16-3. TIMES NEEDED FOR MITOSIS

PROPHASE METAPHASE ANAPHASE TELOPHASE TOTAL

Salamander kidney cells 60 50 6 70 186

Pea root cells 80 40 4 12 136

9

Cell Division Review 1. Define the following:

a. Chromosome

b. duplicated chromosome

c. sister chromatids

d. gene

e. mitosis

2. How many chromosomes are there in somatic (non-sex, or non-gamete) human cells?

3. Draw a sketch that shows how mitosis in plant cells is different than mitosis in animal cells (in

particular, be sure to focus on how the cytoplasm divides into two daughter cells).

4. DNA is located in structures called: a. centrosomes b. centromeres c. centrioles d. chromosomes

5. During the early stages of mitosis, sister chromatids are held together by a tiny structure called the: a. centriole b. centromere c. centrosome d. nucleus

6. When an elephant cell, which contains 56 chromosomes, reproduces by mitosis, each daughter cell

contains ____ chromosomes: a. 28 b. 56 c. 84 d. 112

7. Centrioles are not present during mitosis in what kind of cells? a. plant b. animal

8. Below is a diagram of the cell cycle, but some stages are missing. Fill in the missing stages using the

following: G1 phase S phase G2 phase Metaphase Telophase

9. In which stage is DNA replicated?

10. In which stage is the cell NOT preparing or participating in cell division?

10

11. Label each of the following statements as being descriptive of interphase, prophase, metaphase,

anaphase, or telophase:

a. _____ chromosomes are not yet visible

b. _____ sister chromatids have just broken away from each other at the centromere

c. _____ nuclear membrane is reforming

d. _____ sister chromatids are still attached to each other at the centromere, but chromosomes

haven’t lined up yet

e. _____ nuclear membrane is breaking down

f. _____ chromosomes have lined up in a “single file” line

g. _____ the stage that includes cytokinesis

h. _____ organelle replication and protein synthesis occurs

i. _____ in terms of changes in the nuclear membrane, this stage is the opposite of prophase

12. Observe the cell shown below (it has just finished cytokinesis)

a. Diagram how this cell would appear if it were seen in each of the following stages. Be sure that

each diagram shows the shape of the cell, whether or not the nucleus is visible, and the

chromosomal arrangement of the cell.

b. Then, label using sister chromatids, centriole, spindle, and centromere.

centrioles

nuclear membrane

nucleus

cell membrane

a. prophase of mitosis b. anaphase of mitosis

11

13. When do cells need to go through mitosis? (NOT all the time)

14. Look at the following pictures and label each one with the appropriate stage of mitosis.

a. b. c.

15. In the picture below (from a light microscope) of dividing cells near the tip of an onion root, I have

indicated 5 cells. Identify which cell is in each of the following phases: interphase, prophase,

metaphase, anaphase, and telophase. Give one piece of evidence for each label (in other words –

explain why you think that cell is in that phase).

STAGE OF

MITOSIS EVIDENCE (What do you SEE that makes you think it's in that stage)

A

B

C

D

E

A

B

C D

E

12

Cancer

Benign Tumors Malignant Tumors

Metastasis

Angiogenesis –

New blood vessels give the cancer cells –

Secondary tumors –

Why tumor cells are harmful

What causes cells to divide out of control?

Growth promoting genes (gas pedal)

Tumor Suppressor Genes (brakes)

13

Cancer (BSCS NIH Module, 1999)

The Cell Cycle and Cancer

Review/define the following concepts in your group:

Mitosis: _______________________________________________________________________

Cell Cycle: _____________________________________________________________________

Gene: _________________________________________________________________________

Mutation: ______________________________________________________________________

Introduction: People of have wondered about the causes of cancer for 1000s of years. Correlations have

been made between development of cancer and various internal and external factors. In this activity, we

will look at these correlations and draw conclusions about the causes of cancer.

Factors Reported to Be Associated with Cancer View the News Alert videos and use the information provided to identify what each video suggests is the

cause of cancer and what evidence supports that claim.

News Alert video Factor Proposed to Cause Cancer Evidence

Cancer and Chemical

Poisons

Cancer and Your

Family History

Cancer and Radiation

Exposure

Cancer and UV Light

Discuss as a class and add to your table.

Each news item describes what has proven to be a real relationship between cancer development and

risk factors. What do you think might have confused researchers trying to understand what goes wrong

in cancer cells?

14

Building an Explanation for the Cause of Cancer View the animations and think about the information each animation presents. Write a one sentence

statement for each that summarizes what you learned. I’ve started each sentence for you.

Animation 1:

Cancer involves…

Animation 2:

Cell division normally is…

Animation 3:

Cell cycle regulation is accomplished by…

Animation 4:

Cancer-causing agents often…

Animation 5:

When damage occurs to genes that regulate the cell cycle…

15

Explaining Factors Associated with Cancer

Review your notes from the News Alert videos, and then write four one-sentence (basic) explanations for

how the relationship each video describes can be understood in terms of what scientists know today about

the cause of cancer.

Cancer and Chemical Poisons

Cancer and Your Family History

Cancer and Radiation Exposure

Cancer and UV Light

Conclusions about Cancer

Many different agents can cause cancer.

Cancer represents a breakdown of the processes that regulate the growth of normal cells and tumors.

Cancer develops as a result of genetic damage that occurs to cells across time.

Cancer is associated with damage to certain kinds of cell cycle regulatory genes.

Basic research on cell cycle regulation has led to understanding of processes of cancer development and

finding ways to treat cancer.

16

Study Sheet for Reproduction

There will be major quiz on Packet 10 and 11.

Introduction to Reproduction

1. What is the difference between sexual and asexual reproduction?

2. What are some advantages of sexual reproduction? What are some advantages of asexual

reproduction?

Cell Division

3. What are the two parts of cell division? Write the term used for each stage and its description.

4. What are the stages in mitosis, and what happens in each stage? Be able to recognize each stage on a

diagram – provide an unlabeled diagram of each stage and hand-label it.

5. What are 3 reasons why a cell would go through cell division?

6. What are the differences between mitosis of plant and animal cells?

7. Use the process of mitosis to explain: how a cut heals? How a cancerous tumor develops? How

planaria regenerate new parts?

8. How is DNA replication related to cell division?

Page 9-11 contain more good review questions for cell division

Cancer

9. What are two ways that the process of the cell cycle disrupted is in cancerous cells?

10. Cancer is not inherited, but an increased risk of getting cancer can be inherited. Explain why.

11. Why does cancer generally occur more often as people get older?

12. How can there be so many different causes of cancer – like poisons, UV light, radiation? What do they

all have in common?

13. Why is cancer so dangerous?