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If Not Now, When?The Effects of Interruption at
Different Moments Within Task Execution
Piotr D. Adamczyk , Brian P. Bailey
Graduate School of Library and Information Science and Department of Computer ScienceUniversity of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign Champaign
CHI 2004
Outline
• INTRODUCTION• RELATED WORK• METHODOLOGY• USER STUDY• RESULTS• DISCUSSION• CONCLUSION
INTRODUCTION
• Proactive applications (email agents , instant messaging) do not consider the impact an interruption has on a user.
• Poorly timed interruptions can adversely affect task performance and emotional state .
RELATED WORK
• Visual and Multimodal Strategies for Interruption
• Temporal Strategies for Interruption
• Event Perception
METHODOLOGY
• Task Modeling– prediction regarding moments for interruption.
Task Modeling
Task Modeling
Task Modeling
USER STUDY
• Experimental Design• Subjects• Tasks• Interruptions• Procedure• Measurements
Experimental Design
• 3 task type:– Editing, Media, Searching.
• 4 interruption trigger: – presumed best, presumed worst, random, no.
Subjects
• Sixteen subjects– 13 male and 3 female.
Tasks
• The first was a document-editing task.
Tasks
• The second task class consisted of four short documentary or news media clips .
Tasks
• The final task class was a web-searching task.
Interruptions
• immediately and accurately, without moving the interrupting window.
Procedure
• First sent a sample instance of the task type.
• Second answer any questions that might arise.
• Finally, subjects were told to take the whole task execution.
Measurements
• Time on Task (TOT) was the total trial time minus the Time on Interruption (TOI) an approximate value for Resumption Lag.
RESULTS
• TOT, TOI, Resumption Lag• Annoyance, Frustration, Time Pressure• Mental Demand, Mental Effort• Respect
TOT, TOI, Resumption Lag
Annoyance, Frustration, Time Pressure
Mental Demand, Mental Effort
Respect
DISCUSSION
• Our results show significant impacts along a variety of scales.
CONCLUSION
• An attention manager attempts to identify opportune moments in a user’s task sequence for an interruption to occur .
• User wouldn’t be required to rehearse, as the points at which the interruptions would occur would be easier to recall.