Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
CHAPTER VII
RESULT AND DISCUSSION
7.1. HISTROY OF INDUSTRIALISATION IN PONDICHERRY REGION
Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru had envisioned a special status for Pondicherry to preserve
.'The Window to the French Culture in India". While Nehru was laying strong
foundations for a modern industrialised nation, Pondicheny has joined the Union of
India in 1954 with limited industrial inheritance. There were only 3 large textile
mills and 5 odd small industrial units. Until the end of the 70s, Pondicherry
witnessed slow phase of industrialisation. Only 9 large-scale units had been
established. (Dept,of Industries, Govt.of Pondicherry, 1997) (Table-7.1).
Industrialisation gained momentum in Pondicherry during 1980. By the end of the
1980s, Pondicheny had 12 large scale, 4 1 medium scale and 1426 small-scale units.
By February 1997, there were impressive establishment of 25 large-scale industries,
88 medium and 5,492 small-scale units. The Union territory of Pondicherry has
received since April 1993 the benefit of income tax holiday for five years for new
industries. This has brought in a new spurt in the industrial growth (Table 7.2). By
2003 there were 55 large scale, 137 medium scale and 6876 small-scale units in
Pondicheny with a total investment of Rs. 1722 cores and providing employment of
84640 persons. Currently the Industrial sector plays a vital role in the State economy
2nd accounts for 37% of State income. (Report on Index of Industrial Production,
200 I).It has been estimated that the annual industrial growth rate is 4.9%. Investment
on industries has increased 250 folds during the last twelve years (Table 7.3).
Besides tax incentives and subsidised power, well-connected road network, abundant
ground water availability and uninterrupted power supply available in the State have
accelerated the industrial growth of Pondicherry. Pondicherry lndustrial Promotior1
Development Corporation (PIPDIC) have established six industrial estates in
Pondicheny region viz. Thatanchavadi. Mettupalayam. Sedrapet. Kimambakkam,
Kattukuppam and Th i~bhuvmai during the period from 1972-2002.
Table-7.1 Large scale Induatrieg established before 1980s
Table-7.2. Growth of industries in Pondicherry Region
S. No
I
2
3
4
5
6
Industry
Swadeshi Cotton Mills
Anglo French Textilles
Sri Bharathi Mills
New Horizan Sugar Mills
Pondicherry Distilleries Ltd.
Sica Breweries Ltd
The Pondicheny Papers Ltd
Triveni Metals and Alloys
Pondicherry Extraction
Total no. of Cumulative Year MS1 LS1 Industries Annual 5. No.
In trod uced growth(%]
3883 53 17 3953
3 56 3 1 3 60 4313 9.1 1
324 1 4 329 4642 7.63
2 72 3 I 276 49 18 5.95
30 1 12 313 523 1 6.36
264 7 27 1 5502 5.18 7
8
10
1 1
12
13
I
----_
Product Manufactured
Cloth and yarn
Cloth and yam
Cloth and yarn
Sugar
Alcohol
Beer
Paper
Steel strips
Rice bran oil
Year of Establishment
1829
1898
1828
1960
1972
1975
1978
1979
1979
1996-97
1997-98
1998-99
1999-2000
2000-2001
2001-2002
2002-2003
TOTAL
92
234
288
185
239
146
292
6876
9
5
18
4
12
3
7
137
2
2
10
4
1
4
9
55
103
24 1
3 16
193
252
153
308
7068
5605
5 846
6 162
6355
6607
6760
7068
1.87
4.30
5.41
3.13
3.97
2.32
4.56 X 4.9 %
+SD 2.11
A detailed analysis of industrialisation fiom environmental perspective revealed that
industries were set up in pre 1980s were mostly textiles, sugars and distilleries that
were not only water intensive but also had higher pollution potential, exerting
enormous pressure on air and water environment besides these also account for 40%
of total industrial water consumption.
The period between 1980-1990s witnessed the introduction of several new types of
industries such as food processing, cosmetics, automobile component units. A few
environmentally hazardous units such as Potassium chlorates, Galvanizing units
were introduced in late 1980s. The air quality degraded to a larger extent during
1990-2000 when the Government of Pondicheny announced cheaper price for
clectricity to set up industries in the region. Air pollution potential units like Ingots,
Ferro Alloys and Calcium carbide were established during this period. 50 years after
independence of Pondicherry from the French rule, in 1997, the first industry policy
was framed. But by then the state had already reached substantial industrial growth
largcly unplanned causing degradation of precious natural resources in the ecological
sensitive coastal region. The objectives of the industrial policy are:
(1) To promote sustainable industrialisation in the Union Territory of Pondicheny
(2) To gainfully utilize the human resource of the Territory and maxirnise employment
(3) 'To improve the standard of living and quality of life of the people of the Union territory
(4) To conserve the environment of Pondicheny for sustained and rapid industrial growth
(5) To participate in the globalisation of the economy with greater exports and imaginative imports
(6) To take advantage of the special features of the Pondicheny including its heritage and culture
(7) To ensure balanced industrial development in all the regions of the Union territory
~ f i e r the formulation of the Industrial policy, haphazard industrialization has been
controlled to some extent but the policy failed to provide the much needed
operational guidelines to achieve the goals specified. As a result the industrialisation
in the region (banning a few exception), remains largely non-sustainable from
point of view.
Table-7.3. Growth of investment on industries (Rs. in Lakhs)
hsed on the Prevention and Control of Pollution (Uniform Consent Procedure)
Rule, 1999, industries in Pondicheny have been classified into three categories viz.
SI No.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
*:* Green - Lesser polluted
*:* Orange - Moderately polluted
*:* Red - Highly polluted
classification of existing Industries based on their extent of pollution in Pondichew
is presented in the Fig. 7.1. The Green category industries are pre-dominant followed
Orange and Red categories. Though the Red category industries are one-fifth of
Year
up to 90-91
1991-92
1992-93
1993-94
1994-95
1995-96
1996-97
1997-98
1998-99
99-2000
2000-2001
2001-2002
2002-2003
Total
SSI
7369.79
690.78
591.04
698.84
1956.32
1715.23
878.00
2 100.00
833 1 .OO 4231.46
3776.71
3268.00
4406.00
40013.17
MSI
10403.12
7 13.86
569.00
335.82
1529.58
1648.48
41 00.00
2400.00
9422.00
859.00
2086.00
2053.00
2848.00
38967.86
LSI
28701.29
678.13
22900.26
620,OO
0.00
0.00
1800.24
3 104.00
12331 .OO
5712.00
803.97
3644.00
5289.00
85583.89
Total
46474.20
2082.77
24060.30
1654.66
3485.90
3363.71
6778.24
7604.00
30084.00
10802.46
6666.68
8965.00
12543.00
164564.92
the total industries, their pollution contribution is much higher than the combination
of Green and Orange categories units.
7.2. Population
The population of U.T. of Pondicherry as per 2001 census is 9,73,829. Out of this,
the population of Pondicherry region is 7,35,004 with an urban population of
5.05,715 (31%) and rural population of 229289 (68.8%). The average density of
population in Pondicherry region is 2534 persons per sq.krn., which is about 6.8
times higher than the National average of 324 persons/sq.km. Population in
Pondicheny region has increased by 20% during the last decade. Literacy in
I'ondicherry region is 80.90%.
Population explosion is one of the causative factors for environmental degradation.
Increase in population exerts pressure on natural resource vis-a vis on environment.
In I'ondicheny region, population has increased many folds in the last five decades
on par with the rate of Industrialisation. Population of Pondicheny since 1951 is
given in the (Table 7.4). During the last 50 years, population of Pondicherry region
has increased by 230%. Number of industries set up during the same periods has
increased by 360%. In comparison to adjacent State of Tamil Nadu, it is 124%
higher and 46% higher than the national population increase during the same period
(Central Statistical Organisation, 2002). Thus Industrialisation in Pondicherry is the
major cauhative factor for the population explosion and migration.
'able 7.4. Population of Pondicherry Region
Source: Dept, of Statistics and Economic, Govt, of Pondicherry
Table 7.5. Land use pattern of Pondicherry Region (sq.km.)
- Year
1951
1961
1971
1981
1991
1 2001
Source: l'own and Country Planning Department, Govt. of P0ndichen-y
Population
222566
258561
340240
4444 1 7
608338
735332
7.3 LANDUSE
Agriculture is the predominant activity in Pondicherry region. Nearly 64% of the
available land is used for agriculture. Paddy is the major crop being cultivated in this
region covering 78% of area cultivated. The area sown more than once in a year is about
Qoh of the total area. This area has been subjected to the application of inorganic
fertilizers for almost more than two decades. The common fertilizers used in the study
area arc NPK complex, Urea, Ammonium Chloride, Diammonium Phosphate,
Anlmonium Sulphate and Murate of Potash. Insecticides and pesticides such as
carbofuran, Carbaryl, Dieldrin, Aldrin, BHC and DDT are widely used to control the
Insects and pests. (Dept.of Agriculture, Govt.of Pondicherry, 2004)
Landuse
Agriculture Settlements Water bodies Tree cover Wastelands
Population density
759,61
882.46 1161.23
15 16.78
2076.24
2509.67
19''
187.661 45.146 30.468
6.380 23.89
1973
205.059 26.674 30.468
29.788 1.556
% increase
16,17
3 1,59
30.62
36.88
20.88
Oh Increase or decrease - 8.49 t 69.25
0
- 78.6 + 1435
Land use pattern for the year 1973 and 1998 is given in the Table.7.5. There has been
ilrastic shrinking in land use under agriculture and tree cover during the last 25 years.
Consequent to urbanization and industrialisationthe land put to non-agricultural
purposes is increasing with time and as a result, the net area sown and the net area
irrigated are steadily decreasing in this region. In the year 1973, nearly 70% of the
total land was under agriculture and 10% was under tree cover (Fig.7.2). However in
[he year, 1998 the same have been reduced to 64% and 2.2% respectively while area
under settlement increased from 9% to 15.4% and wasteland from 1% to 8%
(Fig.7.3). This can be attributed to rapid population growth due primarily to
industrialisation during the period.
7.4. PAST ENVIRONMENTAL STATUS
The earliest study available for the air quality of Pondicheny Region is the
assessment conducted by Central Pollution Control Board in the year 1988 in
Venkata Nagar, Mettupalayam Industrial Estate and French Institute (Table 7.6). The
study recorded that the values of SPM were in the range of 67.2 -137 pg/m3, SO2
was from 8.9 - 24.6 pg/rn3 and NOx varied between 10.7 - 29.1 pg/m3.
Table 7.6 Air quality of Pondicherry region in 1988 (pg/m3)
Values of SPM and NO, were higher in the residential and commercial area than in
the industrial area. Thus it is evident that the impact of industries on the air quality
was considerably lesser until late 1980s.
Location - French Institute
Vallalar Salai
Mettupalayam
SO2
6.5
8.9
24.6
NO,
29.1
10.7
12.2
Area Description Residential
Commercial
Industrial
SPM
117
120
67.2
Fig. 7.2 Land UM Pattern - 1973
Fig. 7.3 Land Use Pattern - 1998 i ---- - - ; , m Agri I
1 1 ; E:r='zes i I ~ r e e cover j I 1 1 Waste land '
. - - -
Ground water potential was first assessed in 1985 in Pondichery Region by the
Water and Power Consultancy Serviecs for all the three major aquifers namely
~lluvium, Cuddalore sandstone and Vanur-Ramanathapurarn standstone. The
potential was estimated based on the water table fluctuation method and the
ptential of deeper confined aquifers of Cuddalore sandstone and Vanur-
~amanathapuram sandstones were assessed using the Darcy's law. As per the
assessment, the total ground water balance of Pondicheny Region was found to be
85 MCM.
While studying the Piezometric head map of the Tertiary and cretaceous formation
of 1988, it was found that the flow was in normal gradient and the Piezometric head
was above the msl in both the formation. During the period, irrigation through tube
wells was only 55% and the per capita availability of water was 700 m3iyear. But the
same piezometric head shows a reversal of hydraulic gradient in June'98.
During the Ex-French rule, the operation and maintenance of tanks and water sources
were entrusted to elected body of local bodies with "Syndicate Agricole". Because of
active participation of local communities and their involvement, the water bodies
were effectively managed. These tanks commanded a net irrigated area of around
6800 Ha. At that time, the ground water irrigation played a minor role with less than
1000 shallow tube wells operated by ground level centrifugal pumps. These shallow
tube wells commanded the remaining net irrigated area of 6700 Ha. But after the
introduction of Pondicheny Municipality Commune Panchayat Act, 1973, the
operation and maintenance of irrigation systems were transferred to Public Works
Department and Commune Panchayats. But over the years, there is a drastic
reduction of net area irrigated by surface water bodies because the reservoirs slowly
become defunct. There has been a large scale encroachment in the foreshore areas of
the reservoir which has resulted in their poor storage. Siltation is another main cause
for reduction in their water holding capacity. Thus the capacity of the tanks was
reduced by 30% and also the area commended by surface water bodies has gradually
declined and has become drastically nil now (Dept. of Agriculture, 2004). Such a
heavy reliance on ground water aquifer for intensive agriculture and excessive use by
industries has resulted in declining in ground water table and salt-water intrusion in
coastal aquifer. At Ariyur in the central portion of the Pondicheny Region, the water
level which was around 12 m in 1979 is found depleted to 28m (1 6m drop) by 1998.
~t ~ingareddipalayam and Katteri Kuppam, where the Pondicheny Co-operative
sugar mill is located, the hydrograph shows a sharp drop in water level by about 26m
lo 36m over a period of two decades. This can be directly attributed to the huge
water demand by the not only sugar mill but also the pre-dominant sugar can crop.
over exploitation of ground water from shallow aquifer in Pondicheny region was
more prevalent in the early eighties. With a view to protect ground water regime and
to ensure equitable distribution of this vital and limited resources, regulatory
executive order restricting construction of tube well in Pondicherry Region was first
issued in 1980. These Executive orders restrict construction of tube wells within 6
kms, from the sea coast
'['he first ground water quality study was conducted by State Ground Water Unit,
Department of Agriculture. Govt. of Pondicherry in the year 1980 (Table 7.7).
During that period, quality of ground water was found to be very good and most of
the parameters in most of the sampling locations were within the prescribed drinking
water standards. In general, TDS, alkalinity and sulphate concentrations were higher
in the Western part of the Pondicheny due to presence of lime rock and presence of
naturally occurring sulpahte minerals.
Mcttupalayam industrial estate is situated on the elevated lateritic ground with a
maximum elevation of 27 m with the steep slope dipping towards South East. There
arc eight deep tube wells in the PIPDIC Estate area to cater to the need of in house
industries. In one of the bore well owned by PIPDIC constructed in 1992, the pH was
7 .7 . But while commissioning the tube well next year in 1993. the pH of water was
found to be 3.5 and the fluoride level had also increased from 2.5 mg/l to 6 mg/l as
against the permissible 1 mdl. In a deep tube well constructed in 1983 in
Mcttupalayam PIPDIC Estate the water quality was good at the time of construction
hut now it stands abandoned fbr the past 2 years since the pH was found to be 3.8. It
Was due to improper disposal of hazardous wastes on the unlined open ground by
1i.w units (State Ground Water Unit. Govt.of Pondicherry. 1 994).
~t Kirumampakkam industrial area, located in Bahour Commune in close proximity
to the sea, some paint units that had stocked the raw materials in an open area had
the ground water due to leaching. As a result, 45 Hand pumps located
adjacent to this unit have been affected and the water gave out a foul odour. Thus
they become unusable. Another industrial unit in the same area engaged in the
manufacture of Chloro Acetylene has dumped the industrial solid waste containing
high level of 'Calcium chloride' in the open on unlined land. Due to leaching and
infiltration, this solid waste has polluted the ground water sources and made it unfit
for drinking till today.
Table 7.7 Ground water quality of Pondicherry region in 1980(mgll)
"pmho
Source : State Ground water unit, Government of Pondicherry
I- llrrtion
/-
intnl;uppam
a
pH
8.4
8
~ad~pe t 7.7
7,3
7.5
7.7
r~\daputhur 7.7
Cond ucthit Y"
1060
1006
559
1965
1950
1453
279
408
664
710.2
644
358
1316.5
1248
930
178.6
273.36
465
307
Ca
8
36
16.8
50
48
28
16
56
28
16
I6
34
196.5
500
Mg
38.4
19.2
36.8
300
20
75
21.6
38.4
124.8
38.4
7.6
9.6
16.8
3 6
Har dues
8
46.4
55.2
170.8
200
69.6
66.4
140.8
94.4
35.6
25.6
32.8
376
Alka linit
2 4
305
244
457.5
408
244
97.6
87
335
180
24.2
250
16
200
20
250
2.8 '
10
C12
77.9
92.2
Na
140
160
SO4
150
140
53.1
361.6
41.8
245
14.2
31.9
46.1
82
K
4.4
18
2.6
370
196
168
16.6
74
120
92
50
120
390
180
40
40
40
-
0.3
7.2
9
5.4
I
4.4
3.6
-
7.5 CURRENT ENVIRONMENTAL STATUS
7.5.1 AMBIENT AIR QUALITY
~mbient air quality for summer season is given in the Table 7.8. Maximum value of
sPM (418 p@m3) were observed at Nellitope followed by Mettupalayam (289.90
Irg/m3). Minimum values were found at Abishegapakkam (66.07 j ~ ~ l r n ~ ) followed by
~hirupnambakkam (70.07 j~s/rn') (Table 7.9). Higher values observed at Nellitope
and Mettupalayarn are due to increased vehicular traffic and greater industrial
activities respectively. As Abishegapakkam and Thirupnambakkam are
predominantly rural areas mainly surrounded by cropping lands, lower values were
recorded.
Frequency analysis of observed SPM levels revealed that higher numbers of
nhsorvations were at the level of 125-150 @rn3 (Table7. lo). The values of SPM in
Pillayarkuppam, Eripakkarn, Thirubhuvanai and Sedrapet are comparatively higher
compared to Thiruppanambakkam obviously due to industrial activities in the former
locations besides they are well developed settlements with many commercial
activities.
Maximum values of SOz (130.87 &m3) were observed at Nellitope followed by
Mettupalayam (50.62 py/m3). Minimum values were recorded at Kalapet (2 pg/m3)
followed by Abishegapakkam (2.05 &rn3). As Kalapet is situated adjacent to the
sea. the sea wind dilutes the pollution level and lesser industrial activity in
Abishegapakkam.
Frequency analysis of observed SO2 levels revealed that higher numbers of
ohsewations were at the level of 0-10 @m3. Maximum values of NO, (89 pg/m3)
were observed at Nellitope followed by Mettupalayam (67.83 pg/m3). Minimum
klalues were recorded at Kalapet (6.42 pg/m3) followed by Abishegapakkam(7.23
~glm') . Frequency analysis of observed NO, levels revealed that higher numbers of
observations were in the range of 26-50 &m3.
68
Table 7.8 Ambient air quality for representative days of summer season
Mettupalay am Date/Location
2.3.2002 158.00 18.30 31.25
Nellitope I SPM SO2 NO,
206.67 23.80 39.97
Date/Location Abishegabakkam
-
SPM / SO2 I NO,
Pillayar Kuppam
SPM
152.17
125.09
133.96
143.76
128.74
114.84
136.93
131.72
133.40
11.41
SO2
5.44
5.73
7.26
5.93
6.90
6.91
6.57
7.97
6.59
0.85
NO,
15.43
7.64
14.75
12.00
12.32
12.04
12.42
11.18
12.22
2.36
69
Table 7.8 contd.
DateILocation
5.4.2002
6.4.2002
12.4.2002
1 3.4.2002
20.4.2002
2 1.4.2002
27.4.2002
28.4.2002
X
+S.D -
DateILocation
2.5.2002
3.5.2002
8.5 2002
9.5.2002
14.5.2002
15.5.2002
23.5.2002
25.5.2002
X
+S.D -
Thirupanampakkam
SPM
76.49
87.88
103.35
70.07
3.20
74.23
78.56
98.97
85.34
12.30
Eripakkam
Thirubhuvanai
SPM
175.76
170.13
172.70
151.84
161.66
185.66
163.22
201.29
172.78
15.34
SPM
123.91
144.84
154.99
167.03
132.92
144.48
124.09
140.50
141.59
14.84
Katteri kuppam
S&
5.76
4.31
2.22
2.77
2.76
3.78
3.87
2.34
3.48
1.20
SPM
88.26
109.94
112.38
123.80
95.3 1
104.67
130.06
95.54
107.50
14.51
NO,
10.91
16.1 1
7.90
10.32
10.53
12.05
9.07
12.81
11.21
2.51
SO2
15.54
16.14
15.87
14.92
16.69
19.25
16.53
16.69
16.45
1.29
SO2
10.36
10.84
NOx
22.35
24.24
22.16
25.19
24.91
23.75
22.66
21.30
23.32
1.41
NO,
18.01
19.94
SO2
7.14
6.80
8.69
7.33
8.03
7.30
7.54
8.02
7.60
0.60
NO,
11.53
13.33
13.31
11.36
11.02
12.95
11.51
11.76
12.10
0.94
12.52 21.12 I 11.76
11.06
12.91
10.35
11.07
11.36
0.96
19.67
20.72
20.46
19.15
21.22
20.04
1.09
Table 7.8 contd.
Da te/Location
2.5.2002
3.5.2002
10.5.2002
11.5.2002
19.5.2002
20.5.2002
27.5.2002
28.5.2002
X
+S.D
DateILocation
2.5.2002
3.5.2002
10.5.2002
1 1 S.2002
19.5.2002
20.5.2002
27.5.2002
28.5.2002
X
+S.D
Kalapet
Chamber of Commerce
SPM
70.97
75.60
83.63
73.18
82.16
95.92
87.03
77.01
80.69
8.22
Sedrapet
SPM
117.6
127.329
118.5
116.5
124.9
132.29
132.19
127.39
124.59
6.37
SPM
143.65
132.49
146.35
157.12
125.34
152.98
140.96
159.25
144.77
11.81
SO2
2.13
2.00
2.43
2.65
2.49
2.26
2.60
2.82
2.42
0.28
SO2
23.4
20
18.6
16.7
15.4
16.7
14.8
20.8
18.30
2.95
NO,
6.54
7.13
7.31
10.15
6.60
7.01
6.42
7.72
7.36
1.21
SO2
12.68
11.86
13.65
11.93
12.50
12.61
12.34
13.23
12.60
0.61
NOx
23.5
25.65
24.29
, 19.8
20.2
23.5
22.25
23.8
22.87
2.01
NOx
18.93
20.03
19.60
19.62
20.49
21.27
20.52
18.64
19.89
0.87
Ta
ble
7.9 S
um
ma
ry
uf
Ar
rih
ien
t a
ir q
ua
lie
. for s
um
me
r s
eason
Table 7.10 Frequency analysis of air pollution parameters for the Summer season (24-hour average)
- O h Occurrence Ranee (rp/m3)
bmbient air quality for Pro-monsoon season is presented in the Table7.11. Maximum
of SPM (417.87 pg!m3) was observed at Nellitope followed by Mettupalayam
0j1.30 &m3). Minimum values were observed at Kalapet (61.21 pg/m3) followed by
rrhjrupnarnbakkam (8 1 -32 pg/m3) (Table 7.12).
brequency analysis of observed SPM levels revealed that higher number of observations
in the range of 10 1 - 125 pg/m3 (Table 7.13).
Maximum values of SO2 (86.45 pdm3) were observed at Nellitope followed by
~ettupalayam (50.57 pg/m3). Minimum values were recorded at Abishegapakkam (2.71
P f ~ ~ m ' ) followed by Kalapet (2.88 pg/m3).
Froqucncy analysis of observed SO2 levels revealed that higher numbers of observations
occurred in the range of 0-10 pg/m3.
Masinlurn values of NO, (80.12 pg/m3) were observed at Nellitope followed by
hIrttupalaym (59.43 pglm3). Minimum values were recorded at Kalapet (4.83 pg/m3)
lolloi+ied by Abishegapakkam (8.84 pg/m3).
Frequency analysis of observed NO, levels revealed that higher numbers of observations
occurred at the level of 26-50 &ml.
74
Table 7.11 Ambient air quality for representative days of pre-monsoon season
Mettupalay am / Date i Station
Abishegabakkam Date /Station -
SPM SO2 NOx
1.7.2002 122.29 3.43 14.36
2.7.2002 121.22 2.72 13.42
8.7.2002 114.16 , 4.34 10.95
9.7.2002 11 1.34 2.71 11.92
16.7.2002 108.34 4.99 8.84
17.7.2002 102.82 4.02 11.43
26.7.2002 103.27 3.06 12.85
27.7.2002 104.92 3.28 11.37
Pillayarkuppam
SPM
pdble 7.1 1 contd.
I Date/ Station Thirupanampakkam
SPM 97.65
81.63
95.86
97.35
90.74
81.32
89.65
94.61
91.10
6.59
Eripakkam SPM 165.86
174.14
154,16
182.95
165.39
183.03
182.28
176.66
173.06
10.45
Date/ Station
w --
2.8.2002
3.8.2002
8.8.2002
9.8.2002
16.8.2002
17.8.2002
23.8.2002
24.8.2002 --- X
.-_-_ kS.D
SO2 3.50
5.71
3.90
3.71
6.31
8.57
3.52
3.93
4.89
1.83
NO, 10.65
10.86
9.65
13.82
10.35
11.96
11.01
11.42
11.22
1.26
SO2 14.56
12.84
11.09
14.23
14.34
11 -23
19.12
13.25
13.83
2.52
NOx 20.22
19.61
23.00
20.00
18.45
20.61
18.96
17.98
19.86
1.56
Thirubhuvanai
SPM
142.14
147.09
139.78
127.89
157.80
125.53
127.89
137.81
138.24
11,05
Katteri kuppam
SO2
10.42
8.67
9.48
8.61
10.1 1
7.84
8.88
7.39
8.93
1.04
NO,
10.87
13.86
13.69
14.76
9.27
12.34
10.99
13.58
12.42
1.88
SPM
93.03
104.86
124.93
107.27
115.04
96.87
89.95
100.00
103.99
11.69
NO,
15.98
14.82
14.54
18.37
16.63
15.15
14.88
17.67
16.01
1.43
SOt
7.93
9.97
8.05
8.33
9.04
8.52
8.57
9.29
8.71
0.68
~ ~ b l e 7.1 1 contd.
r - 1 Date/ Station
- -- 3.9.2002
4.9.2002
9.9.2002
10.9.2002
1 7 . 9 . 2 0 0 2 I 1 18.9.2002
2 . , * 9 . 2 0 0 2
-17.9.2002 I_- 1
I X
I +S.D
--
, 1 Datcl Station 1
blapet
Chamber of Commerce
,
SPM
79.84
83.43
104.77
99.53
83.78
68.43
68.90
76.56
83.16
13.15
Sedrapet
SPM
SPM
172.25
122.03
137.67
136.16
135.92
162.29
128.61
152.76
143.46
17.29
802
2.88
3.28
3.54
3.12
4.00
3.60
3.39
3.12
3.37
0.35
SO1
NO,
4.83
5.91
6.06
5.83
7.15
6.83
7.92
5.94
6.31
0.95
so2 10.24
12.89
11.09
7.89
12.69
10.23
12.41
11.02
11.06
1.66
NO,
NO,
16.62
19.36
20.52
19.84
22.51
19.45
19.69
22.48
20.06
1.89
Ta
ble
7.12
Yre-m
on
so
on
se
as
on
- S
um
ma
- o
f A
ir q
ua
lie
-
/'"I S
tati
on
1 M
ettu
pala
yam
I I
3
Abi
sheg
apak
karn
P
ilIay
arK
atte
ri
4
Kup
parn
8 K
atte
ri K
uppa
m
I I C
ham
ber of
Bol
d f
ace
ind
icat
e th
at t
he
valu
es a
re e
xcee
din
g t
he
pre
scri
bed
sta
nd
ard
s.
Table 7.13 Pre-monsoon season - Frequency analyses of air pollution parameters
~ange(pgm3) 1 0-25 i 1 26-50 I
I 11-'15 1 76-100
101-125 I
125-150
i 151-175 I I 1 176-200 I 1 201-225 I I
' 226-250 I j 251-275 I 1 276-300
30 1 -325
1 326-350
1 351-375
376-400
40 1-425
'Yo Occurrence (SPM)
0
0
2.3
19.3
27.3
20.5
10.2
4.5
3.4
6.8
0
0
0
2.3
0
2.3
1.1
Range (pglm3)
0-10
1 1-20
21-30
3 1-40
4 1-50
5 1-60
61-70
7 1-80
8 1-90
91-100
101-1 10
11 1-120
121-130
% Occurrence
(so2) 59.1
23.9
6.8
2.3
0
1.1
2.3
2.3
2.3
Occurrence (NO,)
19.3
51.1
11.4
8
3.4
1.1
3.4
2.3
Ambient air quality for winter season is given in the Table 7.14. Maximum value of SpM
(4; 3 97 @m3) was observed at Nellitope followed by Mettupalayam (288.39 pg/m3).
~ i ~ i r n u m values were observed at Thirupnambakkam (68.43pg/rn3) followed by Kalapet
ibX,43pg/m3) (Table 7.15).
Fxquency analysis of observed SPM levels indicated that higher number of observations
at the level of 101-125 pg/m3 (Table7.16). The values of SPM in
pil~a~arkuppam, Eripakkam, Thirubhuvanai and Sedrapet are comparatively higher
omp pared to Thiruppanambakkam obviously due to intensive industrial activities in the
fi~rnler locations.
Maximum values of SO2 (103.82 pg/m3) were observed at Nellitope followed by
Mettupalayam (39.55pg/m3). Minimum values were recorded at K.alapet (2.8tlPglm3)
li,llowed by Abishegapakkam (3 .09~~1rn~) .
Frequency analysis of observed SO2 levels revealed that higher numbers of observations
iwre at the level of 0-1 0 &m3 .
hlaximum values of NO, (95pg/m3) were recorded at Nellitope followed by
Mettupalayam (46.45i~~/m'). Minimum values were observed at Kalapet (4.3 ) ~ ~ / m ' )
li~lliwed by Abishegapakkarn (5.4 1 pg/m3).
Frequency analysis of recorded NO, levels revealed that higher numbers of observations
were in the range of 26-50 pg/rn3.
8 1
Table 7.14 contd.
Date/ Station
3.1.2003
4.1.2003
9.1.2003
1 o. 1.2003
15.1.2003
16.1.2003
23.1.2003
24.1.2003
X
+F.D
Date/ Station
3.1.2003
4.1.2003
9.1.2003
10.1 .ZOO3
15.1.2003
16.1.2003
23.1.2003
Tbirupanampakkam
SPM
62.43
76.01
69.05
60.60
72.78
60.86
58.29
71.97
66.50
6.73
Eripakkam
Thiru bhuvanai
SPM
183.10
184.22
170,15
180.50
200.1 1
196.25
215.59
161.62
186.44
17.18
SPM
149.05
132.00
115.09
133.94
152.1 8
141.41
165.07
Katteri Kuppam
$ 0 1
2.80
3.35
2.80
4.66
2.59
4.30
2.95
3.65
3.39
0.76
SPM
106.51
103.38
117.23
127.73
99.97
103.26
90.42
NOx
9.29
10.52
10.62
10.16
10.10
12.75
11.46
11.42
10.79
1.06
SO2
19.47
23.84
18.20
16.84
16.66
18.89
17.68
18.19
18.72
2.27
SO2
4.66
6.34
6.13
6.16
6.92
8.31
5.93
NO,
19.33
30.89
24.13
21.40
16.52
20.84
20.38
23.32
22.10
4.25
NO,
9.54
10.82
14.80
14.24
14.46
17.63
14.79
SO2
9.63
8.31
9.17
10.82
7.69
11.27
8.82
NO,
10.54
15.75
12.31
9.99
11.25
9.32
12.40
Table 7.14 coatd.
Date/ Station
6.1.2003
7.1.2003
9.1 2003
Kalapet
Date/ Station
6.12.2003
Sedrapet
SPM
149.92
168.23
152.56
136.24
149.27
141.44
152.92
160.69
151.41
10.06
SO2
13.97
13.86
13.73
13.63
14.20
15.45
14.59
15.63
14.38
0.77
NO,
18.88
15.40
17.80
18.85
17.99
17.62
18.37
18.23
17.89
1.1 1
Ta
ble
7.1
5 W
inte
r se
aso
n -
Su
mm
ary
of
air
qu
alit
y
Bol
d f
ace
ind
icat
e th
at
the
valu
es a
re e
xcee
din
g th
e p
resc
rib
ed standards.
I
S.N
o
1 2 3 4 5
S ta
tioa
Met
tupa
laya
m
Nel
li to
pe
Abi
sheg
apak
karn
Pill
ayar
Kup
pam
T
hiru
pana
mpa
kk
am
so2
SP
M
NO,
2S
.D
25
.42
68
.90
7.7
0
8.95
6.7
3
Max
288.
39
410.
97
124.3
9
153.
70
76.0
1
Max
39.5
5
103.
82
5.14
10.5
6
4.6
6
Max
46.4
5
Min
18.5
3
53
.50
3.09
7.27
2.59
)<
29.4
3
68
.86
3.95
8.4
6
3.3
9
Min
217.0
0
184.
00
97
.78
126
28
58
.29
2S.D
7.62
16.2
6
0.7
4
1.18
0.7
6
Min
27.37
254.8
9
284.
18
1 13
.57
140.
04
66.5
0
39.5
7
95.3
3
11.6
6
20.7
7
12.7
5
- +S.D
6.28
62.3
8
8.93
18.5
7
10.7
9
45.4
7
5.4
1
16.3
9
9.2
9
15.8
7
2.13
1.67
1.06
Ta
ble
7.1
5 c
on
dt.
Bol
d f
ace
ind
icat
e th
at t
he
valu
es a
re e
xcee
din
g th
e p
resc
rib
ed s
tan
dar
ds.
S.N
o
6 7 8 9
10
11
Sta
tion
Eri
pakk
am
Thi
rubh
uvan
ai
Kat
teri
Kup
pam
Kal
apet
Sed
rap
et
Cha
mbe
r of
Com
mer
ce
SP
M
+S
.D
17.8
1
16.0
2
11.8
7
13.1
5
10.0
6
10.1
6
soz
Max
23.8
4
8.3
1
11.2
7
4.0
0
P
i(
187.
19
143.
26
108.
27
83.1
6
151.
41
124.
23
NO,
Max
217.
59
165.
07
127.
73
104.
77
168.
23
148.
39
Max
30.8
9
17.6
3
25.7
5
7.9
2
18.8
8
27.8
Min
161.
62
115.
09
90.4
2
68
.43
136.
24
1 16
.50
Min
16.6
6
4.66
7.53
2.88
Min
16
.52
, 18
.72
6.3
6
9.16
3.37
15.6
3
23
.40
L
x
22.1
0
+S.
D
2.27
1.02
1.37
0.35
14.3
8
17.2
2
13.6
3
13.2
7
- +S.D
4.25
0.77
3.2
1
2.55
2.01
0.95
1.11
3.00
9.54
9.32
4.83
15.4
0
19.2
9
13.9
0
11.5
2
6.31
17.8
9
22.9
7625
Table 7.16 Winter season - Frequency analysis of air pollution parameters
Range (dm')
0-25
26-50
I 5 1-75
1 76-100 I
( 101-125 1 115-150
151-175 i 1 176-200 I
20 1 -225 I I
726-250
1 25 1-275 I
1 276-300 I
I 301-325 I
336-350 1
351-375 I
376-400 I
1 401 -425
% Occurrence ( s p ~ )
0
0
1.1
19.3
2 5
18.2
11.4
5.7
2.3
4.5
6.8
2.3
1.1
1.1
0
0
I .I C---,.--p
Oh Occurrence
(NO,,
27.3
44.3
11.4
3.4
6.8
2.3
2.3
1.1
0
1.1
Range (~gIm3)
0-10
1 1-20
21-30
3 1-40
4 1-50
5 1-60
6 1-70
7 1-80
8 1-90
91-100
101-1 10
11 1-120
121-130
--
% Occurrence (SO2,
53.4
27.3
5.7
4.5
0
3.4
2.3
2.3
0
0
1.1
~~~~d on annul average value of SPM, SO? and NOx with the application of GIS,
{hematic maps have been prepared and presented in Fig. 7.4,7.5 and 7.6 respectively.
central ~ollution Control Board (CPCB), Government of India have notified the ambient
,ir standards and the same is presented in the Table 7.17
Table 7.17 Ambient air quality standards prescribed by CPCB
I average I area I rural and I area
Concentration (pg/m3) Industrial / Residential, I Sensitive
Pollutant Time weighted
Sulphur Dioxide (SO2)
-- Oxides of
Annual avg.
24 hours
I I 1 I
Annual average values of SPM in Pondicheny have exceeded the standards limit of 140
Iigln~' (for residential area) in the following locations:
Annual avg.
Suspended I Annual avg. 1 360 1 140 Particulate Matter (SPM)
I Nellitooe, (1 00%)
Eripakkamand (28%)
l'hirubhuvanai (1%)
80
120
70
It is d u e to the heavy vehicular traffic and commercial activities in the first and the
intensive industrial activities in the second and third locations.
80
24 hours
other areas 60
8 0
15
3 0
60
500
15
200 100
Annual average values of S 9 and NO, have exceeded at Nellitope by 15% and 1%
Kspectively. However. ambient air quality is within the prescribed standards in the
Industrial Estates viz. Mettupalayam and Sedrapet. This is may be ascribed to the
,tingent air pollution control norms adopted by the industries.
Air Quality Index (AQI)
Air Quality Index has been worked out based on the model prepared by Tiwari and Ali
(1987) and the results are presented in the Table 7.18. Higher index values indicate
higher level of pollution level.
Air quality of Mettupalayam and Eripakkam area are polluted more by the industrial
activity than industrial areas like Pillayarkuppam, Thirubuvanai and Sedrapet as air
pollution potential units like M.S. ingots and Feno silicon are located in the former
locations. However air quality of Nellitope area has highly deteriorated due to heavy
vehicular movement as it happen to lie on the Pondicheny- Villupuram, Pondichemy-
l'hindivanam and Pondicherry - Cuddalore road junction,
Rased on the air quality index value vis- a -vis pollution load, the locations are ranked as helow:
Nellitope > Mettupalayam > Eripakkam > Chamber of Commerce > Thirubhuvanai >
Sodrapct > PllayarKuppam> KatteriKupparn> Thirupanambakkarn >Abishegapakkam >
Kalapet .
Nunlhtr of motor vehicles registered in Pondicheny region is given in the Table 7.19. It
illdicates that in the last eight years. the vehicle numbers have increased by more than
'hausand folds. Thus it has degraded the air quality considerably.
Table 7.18 Air Quality Index for Pondicherry Region
Table.7.19 Number of Motor vehicles in Pondicherry Region
Location
~ettupalayam
Nellitope
~ b i ~ h ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ k k ~ ~
Pillayar Kuppam
~ h i ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ b ~ k k ~ ~
Eripakkam
Thirubuvanai
I(atteri Kuppam
Kalapet
Sedrapet
Chamber of Commerce
Nature
Industrial Estate
CommercialResidential
Residential/Agricultural
Residential-curn- Industrial Residential/Agricul tural
Residential-cum- Industrial IndustrialiResidential
ResidentialiAgricultural
Residential1 Institution
Industrial Estate
Coastal/ Residential
r
year
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
200 1
2002
2003
Index value
50.5
1 33 .g
1 8.8
3 1.3
19.1
50.3
34.6
27.8
15.3
34.2
46.4
Description
Moderately polluted
severely
Clean
Fairly clean
Clean
Moderately polluted
Fairly clean
Fairly clean
clean Fairly clean
Fairly clean
O h Increase over previous
year
1 12.20
55.88
38.68
30.93
25.73
21 -94
19.80 i
NO. of Motor vehicles
139465
156483
165376
178436
197849
21 5491
231013
254248
~ ~ t . 1
139465
295948
46 1324
639760
83 7609
1053100
12841 13
1538361
t,$ng GIS, a thematic map on air quality of Pondicheny region have been prepand and
pre,cnted in Fig.7.7. It indicates that 9.19% (26.63 sq.km) area comes in 'Clean9
,,t,go~, 69.09% (200.29 sq.km.) m a comes in "Fairly Clean" category, 14.98% (43.35
,q,ha.) area falls in 'Moderately polluted'' category, 4.73% (13.72 sq.krn) area comes in
-bpulluted" category, 1.66% (4.81 sq.km) area comes under "Heavily polluted" category
and 0.34% (0.99 sq.km) area comes under severely polluted category (Fig.7.8). It also
rtvcales that air quality in North and North Western part of Pondicherry region is
clean than South and Southern West part. It is due to presence of large
numbers of air polluting units like M.S.Ingots, Calcium Carbide etc. in the latter regions.
11 is interesting to note that the industrial areas are coming under moderately polluted
,,tepov while commercial areas are coming under severely polluted areas. This
that the major contributor for air pollution in Pondicherry is the vehicular traffic
In the urban and commercial areas.
Air quality Index has been worked for all the communes and given in the Table 7.20. It
~ndicates that 3.9% of Pondicherry municipality and 0.70% of Olugaret municipality falls
under severely polluted category. No part of Pondicherry Municipa!ity, Manadipet,
Nettapakkam and Villiyanur communes come under clean category. AriyanKuppam
commune has very few industries. However, 26% of the area comes in moderately
pollutcd category. It is due to transition movement of air pollutants from adjacent
illdustrilised communes viz. Rahour and Villiyanur.
Fig
ure
- 7
.7
Air
Qu
ali
ty I
nd
ex
of
Po
nd
ich
err
y R
eg
ion
-- L
eg
en
d
lnd
ex
i-l
Cle
an
]
Fa
irly
Cle
an
Mod
erat
ely
Po
llu
ted
f P
ollu
ted
He
av
~ly
Pol
lute
d
Severe
ly P
o41u
ted
-.*-
C
orn
rnu
ne
Bo
un
dary
S
ea
Mar,
Scale
=
1 200.000
~ ~ b 1 ~ , 7 , 2 0 Commune wise area covered (Sq.km.) as a function of air quality stttus
category
.*&"unes Clean hirly Clean M ~ d e n t e l ~ Polluted Heavily Severely Polluted Polluted Polluted /
~ri!rtnKupPam 5S7 1 1 6 8 6.18 0,OO 0.00 0.00
(23.78) (49.8) (26.4) (0) (0) (0)
I
Figures given in the bracket indicate percentage coverage for each commune
Stud: conducted in Dhaka city (Alam, et al..l999) showed very higher value of SO2 (500-
10OO pg/m3) and NO, (300-50oPdm3) and the pollution level is closely related to density
(lfn~olor vehicles. Another study conducted in Bangalore city (Dayal and Nandini. 2000)
indjcat~~ tha the average concentration of SPM, SO2 and NO, are 238.11, 1.2 and 15.1
~i /m're~~ect ivel~. A study conducted in a industrial estate. Indoor (Singh, et al.. 2000)
shnwcd that monthly average ranged from 127-458. 4.2 -21.3 and 11.1 -65.9 pg/rnl for
s p ~ , so2 and NOx respectively. Ambient air quality monitoring conducted in Madurai
,ity (~eenakshi and Anandavali, 1991) showed the SPM value in the range of 261-501,
?63-3?3 and 221-302, SO2 in the range of 11-26, 12-19 and 26pg/m3 and NO, in the
,age of 55-169, 64-86 and 96 pdm3 in the Industrial, Residential and sensitive area
rospecti~ely.
A similar study conducted in the U.T. of Delhi, the annual average of SPM is 355, 381
Pglm3, SOX 14.6, 21pg/m3 and NO, are 33.7 and 32.3 pdm3 in residential and industrial
arcs respectively. In Chandigarh it is recorded as SPM 196, 262 pg/m3, SO2 5.27, 11.5
pgm3 and NO, 15.47, 17.98 pglm3 respectively. Ambient air quality monitoring
conducted in Bhopal city (Bansal, 1996) during the year 1992-1 993 showed that the NO,
ilalue for industrial area is 13.07 pg/m3 and commercial area is 16.8 pg/m3.
Ambient air quality of Indore, Madya Pradesh was studied by Gunwant and Achyut
during the period 1991 to 1995. The study showed that the annual average value of SPM,
SO: and NO, was 270 vg/m3. 5.43 pg/m3 and 11.36 respectively for residential area, 425
,18/n~'. 10.11 pg/m3 and 16.99 for commercial area and 465 pglm3. 12 62 pg/m3and 17 7
l ~ g / n ~ ' frjr industrial area.
iZ~nbicnt air quality in Cochin, Bhubaneswar and Agra was studied by Mohan et al.,
(1004) 'fhc study indicated that the annual average SO2 values were 4.45, 1 1.82 and 2.94
In Agra. Cochin and Bhubaneswar respectively.
fllr quality of Pondicherry has been compared with seven other cities of India (Table
7.21 1. It is interesting to note that the values of SPM. SO2 and NO, in the residential areas
arc comparatively lower than Delhi, Chennai, Bangalore. Chandigarh, Kanpur and
Ibderahad. However. the values of SPM, SO2 and NO, in the industrial areas are higher
'hill in highly industrialised cities such as Chennai. Bangalore Nagpur and Hyderabad.
Since the pollution prevention concept emerged many years ago, there has been a
concern about air quality in urban areas. To improve urban air quality,
environmental policy makers express widespread interest in controlling and regulating
.,,iur gaseous pollutants such as SPM, SOa, NOx and volatile organic compounds
{ V ~ C S ) . Increased levels of these pollutants, besides eroding materials, are known to
have deleterious effects on human health (Brunekreef andHolgate, 2002), to cause injury
1, $ants (Saitanis et al., 2001; Saitanis and Karandinos,ZOO2), to reduce crops yield (Nali
,t a1.,2002). Hence, there is an urgent need to implement stringent air pollution control
measures for the industrial sector in this ecologically fragile coastal region, with an
cupending human population.
1 . ~ ~ 1 GROUND WATER QUALITY
~~~~~l average value of ground water quality of summer, pre-monsoon and winter
S,,sons have been worked out and presented in the Table 7.22.
was in the range of 6.56 - 7.8 . In general. ground water is slightly acidic in nature
Mitlin]um pH of 6S6 was observed in Aranganur and maximum value of 7.8 was
(,bstrved in Vadamangalam (Fig.7.9). It may be due to discharge of a detergent unit in
ada am an gal am.
Conductivity
conductivity was found to be in the range of 18- 4340 pmoh. Maximum value was
observed at Kirumambakkam and minimum value was recorded at Kalapet. In general,
salrlpling locations in Southern and Western part of Pondicheny show higher values of
conductivity (Fig.7.10). It is due to salt-water intrusion in the coastal aquifer triggered by
extensive withdrawal of ground water for irrigation and industrial needs in
Lirumarnbakkarn and industrial eMuent discharge in Ariyur and Sedrapet locations.
Total 1)issolved Solids
dissolved solids (TDS) is one of the vital indicators of water quality. Total
Dissolved Solids ranged from 197 - 2719 mgtl. Higher value was observed at
fiirumambakkam and lower value was recorded at Kalapet (Fig.7.11). Higher value at
Southern part of Pondicherry may be due to salt-water intrusion in to the aquifer. World
Health Organisation (WHO) and Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS) have fixed 500 mgfl
as the maximum permissible limit for TDS in drinking water. 68% of the samples
cullected exceeded the maximum permissible limits.
Alkalinity was in the range of 65.2 - 673 mgh with mean values of 263.1 mg/l. Higher
values were recorded at Ariyur and lowest value was observed at Kalapet (Fig.7.12). 65%
of the samples exceeded the maximum permissible limits of 2 0 mgil. Effluent discharge
from nearby sugar mill could have caused higher value of Alkalinity in Ariyur.
Calcium
The values of Calcium ranged from 34.2 mgfl to 541.7 mg/l with a mean value of 167.2
mg. Highest value was recorded in Thuthipet followed by Kirumamhakkam. Lowest
value was recorded at Kariyamputhur. (Fig.7.13) The higher values reported for
Thuthipet could be due to presence of lime stone beds. 75% of the samples exceeded the
maximum permissible limit of 75 mg/l.
Magnesium
Magnesium in the ground water of Pondicherry region was in the range of 18.90 - 529.40
rnbll, with a mean value of 162.8 m u . Sedrapet PIPDIC Industrial Estate witness highcr
values of Magnesium followed by PillayarKuppam. Lowest values are observed in
Kururnbapet followed by Muthirapalayam (Fig.7,14), Higher values for the former
location might be ascribed to the impad of industrial discharge. 78% of the samples
cxcceded the maximum permissible limits of 50 mgn.
Hardness
Iiardness ranged from 79- 884 rng4 wjth a mean values of 351.6 m@. Sedrapet PIPDlC
industrial Estate witness higher value (could be due to industrial discharge) followed by
Kirl~mambakkam. Lowest values are observed in Kururnbapet followed by kalapct
(Fig.7.15). WHO has fixed 150 mgll as the standard while IS1 has fixed 300 mgl as the
limit. 53% of the samples exceeded the maximum permissible limit of 300 mg. Excess
h;lrdness may cause kidney stones (Jain 1996).
Fig
ure
- 7.13
Gro
un
d W
ate
r Q
uality
- C
alc
ium
Co
ncen
trati
on
Leg
en
d
Calc
ium
Le
ve
l (m
gll
)
150 -
22
5
- -
22
5 -
300
- - 3
00
- 3
75
3
75
- 4
50
---
* 450 -
52
5
/El
> 525
-em
- C
oln
rnu
ne
Boui.d
ary
Se
a
Map
Sc
ale
1 200 000
chloride
Values of Chloride were in the range of 23 - 1271mgll with a mean of 205.9 mgtl.
girumampakkam followed by PillayarKuppam showed highest values. Lower values of
chloride were observed in Kalapet followed by Kumvinatham (Fig.7.16). Higher values
,,, d u e to salt water intrusion in the coastal aquifer. 22% of the samples exceeded the
permissible limits of 250 mu. Beside imparting salty taste to water high level
chloride have deleterious effects on metallic pipes and structures as well on
agricultural crops (Dhembare el at., 1998)
sulphate was present in the ground water of Pondicherry in the range of 7.3 - 608.9 mgll
with a mean value of 129.47 mg/l. Maximum values of Sulphate was observed in
'l'huthipet followed by Kirumarnbakkarn and minimum value was recorded at Kalapet
(I:ig.7.17). 15% of the samples exceeded the maximum permissible limit of 250 mg/l.
Higher values might be due to the presence of sulphate rock in the former location and
salt water instrution in the latter.
I'hosphate
l'hosphate values ranged from BDL - 7.12 mg/l. Maximum values of Phosphate were
observed in Kirumambakkam followed by Thuthipet (Fig.7.18). 34% of the samples
w e d e d the maximum permissible limits of 0.1 mg/l.
Sodium
Sodium was found in the ground water of Pondicherry in the range of 23.7 - 984.5 mg/l
with a mean value of 174.3 mgll. Maximum values of Sodium was observed in
Kirumambakkam fallowed by PillayarKuppam and minimum value was recorded at
lialapet followed by Kuruvinatham (Fig.7.19). Higher values are due to salt-water
intrusion in the coastal aquifer. 22% of the samples exceeded the maximum permissible
linlits of 200 mg/l,
Fig
ure
- 7
.16
Gro
un
d W
ate
r Q
uali
ty -
Ch
lori
de
Co
ncen
trati
on
Le
ge
nd
C
hlo
rid
e L
evel (r
ng
il)
< '
25
12
5 -
25
0
25
0 -
4
50
45
0 -
&
50
-
65
0 -
8
50
85
C -
1 0
5C
* - -
-- : 1 050 -
1 2
50
> 1
2
5C
-a--
C
o~
rr
u~
e
Boiin
da-I
Y
Se
a
Ma
Scale
+
1~0.000
Fig
ure
- 7
.17
Gro
un
d W
ate
r Q
ua
lity
- S
ulp
ha
te C
on
ce
ntr
ati
on
Leg
en
d
Su
lph
ate
Level (m
gll
) 7
----
<125
12
5 -
25
3
-- - %
25
0 -
37
5
F - -. 3
75
- 5
00
gpa[$l 5
00
- 6
25
-.*-
Co
rnm
cl~
e So
iincf
ary
Se
a
Map
Sc
ale
1 200.000
potassium values in the ground water of Pondicherry were in the range of 0.7 - 106.50
nIg/l with a mean values of 16.28 mg/l. Maximum values of Potassium was observed in
pjllayarKuppm followed by Ariyur and minimum value were observed at
vadamangalm followed by Thirukanchi (Fig.7.20). 59% of the samples exceeded the
masjrnum permissible limits of 10 mg/l. Higher values might be due to the salt water
instrution into the aquifer.
Nitrate
Nitrate in the ground water of Pondicherry ranged between 0.01- 12.45 mgll with a mean
\,slues of 1.47 mg/l. Maximum values of Nitrate was observed in Karaiyamputhur (due to
run-off) followed by Sedrapet and minimum values were observed at
~uthukeni followed by Thirukanchi (Fig.7.21). All the samples were found to be within
tho prescribed standards of 50 mgll.
Fig
ure
- 7
.20
Gro
un
d W
ate
r Q
uality
- P
ota
ssiu
m C
on
cen
trati
on
Le
ge
nd
P
ota
ssiu
m L
ev
el
(mg
tl)
I__
_]<
10
-10-
20
20 -
40
i__j 4
0 -
6
0
60
- 8
0
80 -
-0
0
i>
10
0
1.9- C
om
mu
ne
Bo
un
da
ry
Se
a
Ma
p S
cale
+
, 200,000
Gro
un
d W
ate
r Q
uali
ty -
Nit
rate
Co
ncen
trati
on
Nit
rate
Le
ve
l (m
g/l)
---- Com
mu
ne
Bo
un
da
ry
= 1 :200,000
.
Tab
le 7
.22
Gro
und
wat
er q
ualit
y of
Pon
dich
erry
Reg
ion
(mg/
l) (
Ave
rage
of t
hree
sea
sons
)
Stat
ion
Cod
e
1
hati
om
Ari
yan
Kup
pam
6.8
6.7
7.1
7.4
7.7
6.6
6.8
7.2
7.4
4340
3360
2055
344.
5
890.
5
55 1
710.
5
1400
1024
pH
7.2
Con
duct
ivit
y*
927.
5
2719
.9
2447
.0
1383
.5
206.
5
652.
4
328.
0
473.
0
920.
0
655.
4
TDS
672.
0
480.
9
253.
1
132.
1
16.2
31.5
43.6
89.1
135.
0
38.0
Sulp
hate
81.6
7.12
0.14
0.32
0.00
0.07
0.18
0.14
0.31
0.18
407.
4 1 4
22.3
Alk
alin
ity
188.
8
363.
0
474.
8
263.
2
43.2
186.
8
68.8
93.2
130.
0
44.0
Pho
spha
te
0.04
262.
0
108.
5
114.
4
293.
7
172.
7
329.
4
182.
4
203.
2
Cal
cium
113.
6
Mag
nesi
um
149.
4
984.
6
721.
4
365.
0
30.5
97.2
70.2
51.8
124.
0
90.3
205.
2
147.
8
35.8
34.2
46.2
49.8
170.
0
131.
0
Har
dnes
sChl
orid
e
263.
0 98
.0
I
Sodi
um
83.6
780.
2 / 1
270.
6
680.
6 / 87
3.7
411.
0 14
87.8
79.0
/
29.0
221.
0 83
.6
115.
0 80
.0 I
143-
0 1 44
.5
220.
0 13
9.0
153
106.
5
13.8
8.0
7.3
14.1
13.1
1.4
2.3
175.
0
0.6
3.5
3.5
0.4
2.7
0.4
0.3
0.1.
0.4
Pota
sium
19.6
32.0
Nit
rate
12.5
Stat
ion
Cod
e
12
Siva
rant
haga
m
I / 6
.8
1 16
81
Loc
atio
n
/ pH J
Con
durt
ivit
y I
I 1
14
Ari
yur
I
7.1
1 10
54
11
'Cal
ciu
m M
agne
sium
Har
dn
ess C
hlo
rid
e Su
lph
ate P
hos
ph
ate
Sodiu
m P
otad
urn
itrr
I
I I
ll
II
b4
K
orka
du
15
16
17
272.
2 1
285.
8 / 5
58.0
/ 2
55.4
1 28
4.5
1 O
M)
1 174.
3 1 2
0.8
1 0.3
1
I
Mad
agad
ipet
7.
5 12
60.5
Mad
ukar
ai
Pan
dach
olna
llur
1 7.6
/ 14
88.5
Bol
d fa
ce in
dica
te th
at th
e va
lues
are
exc
eedi
ng th
e pr
escr
ibed
sta
ndar
ds
SL.ti
onL
LO
~lti
0.
Cod
e I I
21
isut
huke
ny
22
l~al
terb
tter
i Kup
parn
23
[~in
~ar
edd
ipla
~am
i
24
jPIP
DIC
25
/sed
rape
t
26
bu
thip
et
27
/~u
rurn
ba~
et
28
i~u
thir
a~
ala
~a
rn
29
pich
avee
ram
pet
30
khen
gait
hitu
31
IKal
apet
I
32
Mut
hial
pet
1 \Max
I lM
in
~IS
I Stan
dard
s
pH
1 Cond
uct
ivity
* T
DS
Alk
alin
ity
~a
tiu
m Mag
nesi
um H
ardn
ess
268.
0
375.
0
187.
0
884.
0
484.
0
619.
5
412.
0
108.
2
312.
0
209.
9
83.6
205.
8
884.
0
79.0
300
CL
lori
de
59.5
82.0
79.1
287.
4
122.
5
283.
8
262.
0
33.3
129.
3
136.
2
23.0
197.
2
1270
.6
23.0
250
7.6
Pul
plat
e
33.8
23.0
17.7
61
231.
7
6083
13.4
18.8
51.3
38.4
7.3
10.7
608.
3
7.3
250
Plo
spba
te
0.00
0.01
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.76
BDL
BDL
0.10
0.10
BDL
0.10
7.12
0.00
0.10
681
476.
0
Sad
irn
46.0
32.6
111.
1
214.
3
92.8
227.
6
99.4
52.3
102.
0
109.
7
23.7
264.
7
984.
6
23.7
,
7.5
928
1
276.
4 / 1
11.2
668.
0
1 15
6.8
273.
6 / 30
2.0
118.
6 1
74.0
I
352.
8 35
4.1
234.
6 1 21
7.4
318.
8 ' 54
1.7
1 19
8.0
1 13
3.5
I 10
8.3
/ 85
.6
268.
7 / 6
4.0
155.
5 ' 13
8.0
I 65
.2
1 54
.7
I 14
2.8
/ 13
4.8
673.
0 / 54
1.7
65.2
/ 3
4.2
200
1 75
Potm
iurn
73.0
113.
0
529.
4
266.
6
85.3
18.9
22.7
248.
0
71.8
28.9
70.9
529.
4
18.9
50
NM
te
6.9
456.
5 38
4.7
7.5
2112
1175
3.1
SQ
*
7.4
7.1
7.0
7.5
7.4
7.1
7.0
7.3
7.8
6.6
6.5-
8.5
200
12.3
6.9
21.4
11.4
15.3
14.3
7.8
22.5
8.8 5.7
1.8
8.2
106.
5
0.7 10
0.0
0.9
1.3
0.4
4.4
0.1
0.9
0.5
2.4
BD
L
0.1
0.1
123
0.0
unit-
pmho
1274
.5
2315
1527
62.8
1045
67
18.2
156
04
0
18.2
892.
7
1755
.3
972.
0
289.
0
702.
7
477.
0
197.
7
197.
0
2719
.9
197.
0
500
When compared to the current ground water quality of Pondicherry Region with the
past status (1980), deterioration of ground water has been noticed to a larger extent.
pH level in all the locations except Abishegabakkam remains the same. 36%, 45%
and 9% of samples exceeded the prescribed standards for the parameter TDS,
~lkalinity, Chloride, Sulphate and Magnesium respectively. All the other parameters
were within the standards. The current situation is alarming. The pH values of about
22% samples were below the prescribed standards. 53% of the samples were higher
than the prescribed standards for Hardnes, 25% of the samples showed higher than the
prescribed limit for Chloride. 72% of the samples showed higher than the prescribed
limit for Total Dissolved Solids. 15.6% of the samples showed higher than the
prescribed limit for Sulphate. Ground water quality in South East part of Pondicherry
in the past was better when compared to any other locations. But currently, the
situation has become worse and irreversible. In one of the locations, i.e.
Kirumarnbakkam. the values of Conductivity, TDS, Calcium, Magnesium, Hardness
and Sulphate has increased by 20 folds and the values of chloride and Sodium has
increased by 50 folds and Potassium increased by 6 folds. It can be directly attributed
to the rapid and unplanned industrialization.
Heavy metals
Among numerous environmental pollutants, heavy metals occupy an important role
due to their significant and long-term impacts. The crisis of aquatic pollution and its
impact on the health of organisms is an important current problem mainly because of
the indiscriminate discharge of industrial effluents containing heavy metals like Iron,
Chromium, Zinc and Lead etc. (Murugesan et al. 1999). Accumulation of these metals
in the food chain has become an enormous environmental hazard (Rao and
Govindarajan, 1992).
Nigam et al., (2000) have cautioned that in India the metals that need to be monitored
are Cadmium, Lead, Manganese and possibly Nickel because su
exists now in lndia on the increasing metal
resulting in health risk to the Indian population. i *
\ - .
Heavy metal concentration in the ground water of Pondicherry were analysed and
pesented in the Table 7.23.
Iron
iron was present in the ground water of Pondicherry in the range of 0.014 - 0.932
mg/l. Maximum value was observed at Katteri Kupparn and minimum value was
observed at Pandocholanallur (Fig.7.22). All other sample locations are found to be
within the prescribed standards of 1 mg/l.
Zinc
Zinc was found in the ground water of Pondicherry in the range of 0.001- 0.19 mgfl.
Maximum value was observed at Industrial Estate, Sedrapet and minimum value was
recorded at Muthirapalayarn (Fig.7.23). All others sampling locations are found to be
within the prescribed standards of 1 mg/l.
copper
Copper concentration in the ground water of Pondicherry ranged between 0.001 -
0.123 mgfl. Maximum value was observed at Lingareddipalayam and minimum value
was recorded at Muthirapalayam (Fig.7.24). All other sampling locations are found to
be within the prescribed standards of 1 mg/l.
Manganese
Manganese was found in the ground water of Pondicherry in the range of 0.001-
0.798 mg/l. Maximum value was observed at P.S.Palayam and minimum value was
recorded at Muthirapalayam (Fig.7.25). All the samples are found to be within the
prescribed standards of 1 mgfl.
Lead
Lead concentration in the ground water of Pondicherry ranged between of BDL -
0.048 mgll. Maximum value was observed at Pillayarkupparn and minimum value
was recorded at Muthirapalayarn. Prescribed standards of 0.005 mg/l is exceeded at
Pillyarkuppam, Sulliyankuppam, Abishegabakkam, Ariyur, Sedrapet, Industrial
Estate, Sedrapet and Thuthipet (Fig.7.26). Except Sulliyankuppam, all the other
locations are dominated by industrial activities.
Chromium
Chromium is found in the ground water of Pondicherry in the range of 0.001 to 0.030
mgll. Maximum value was observed at Kurumbapet and minimum value was
recorded at Kuruvinatham (Fig.7.27). All the samples are found to be within the
prescribed standards of 0.2 mgll.
Heavy metals like Mercury and Nickel are below detectable level in the ground water
of Pondicherry region.
Table 7.23 Pondicherry Region - Heavy metal concentration in ground water
Location I 3
4
5
PillayarKuppam
SulliyanKuppam
Kurivinatham
6
7
1 8
Kariyamputhur
Aranganur
Abirhegabakkam
1 9 1 1 10 I I I I
T'hirukanchi
Embalam
Korkadu
1 I! I
1 13 I
1 I4
Iron
0.034
0.252
0.027
0.109
0.1 12
0.048
0.71 1
0.021
0.334
0.378
0.378
Sivaranthagarn
Vadamanagalam
Ariyur
BDL
BDL
BDL
IS
16
17
18
19
?O
BDL
BDL
BDL
BDL
BDL
BDL
Zinc
0.083
0.017
0.083
0.1 12
0,060
0.026
0.061
0.145
0.078
0.008
0.008
BDL
BDL
BDL
Madagadipet
Madukarai
Pandacholnallur
P.S.Palayam
l'hirukkanur
Sorapet
BDL
BDL
BDL
BDL
BDL
BDL
0.006
0.072
0.005
0.046
0.01 1
0.032
0.008
0.061
0.003
0.004
0.004
0.055
0.022
0.0 14
0.022
0.0 17
0.925
CopperManganese
0.037
0.043
0.367
0.071
0.026
0.027
0.046
0.226
0.009
0.002
0.002
I
1 ? I 22
23
24
25
28
0.069
0.098
0.050
0.120
0.023
0.032
Lead
0.004
0.004
0.048
0.039
0,001
0.003
0.003
0.006
0.002
0.001
0.001
0.089
0.060
0.056
0.072
0.059
0.004
Sutliukeny
KateriKuppam
Lingarediplayam
PIPDIC
Sedrapet
Thuthipet
Kurumbapet
Muthirapala~am
Pichaveerampet
Chromium
0.008
0.004
0.019
0.025
0.001
0.004
0.008
0.004
0.018
0.019
0.019
0.055
0.932
0.085
0,047
0.0 19
0.038
0.21
0.1
0.03 1
Mercury
BDL
BDL
BDL
BDL
BDL
BDL
BDL
BDL
BDL
BDL
BDL
0.020
0.010
0.072
0.190
0.077
0.076
0.007
0.001
0.036
Nickel
BDL
BDL
BDL
BDL
BDL
BDL
BDL
BDL
BDL
BDL
BDL
0.087
0.004
0.123
0.094
0.1 16
0.081
0.003
0.001
0.071
0.073
0.004
0.067
0.03 1
0.028
0.054
0.006
0.004
0.339
0.001
0.001
0.001
0.024
0.014
0.018
0.001
BDL
0.01 1
0.002
0.022
0.002
0.01 2
0.01 7
0.01 1
0.030
0.022
0.004
BDL
BDL
BDL
BDL
BDL
BDL
BDL
BDL
BDL
BDL.
BDL
BDI,
BDL
BDL
BDL
BDL
BDL
BDL
Bold face indicate that the values are exceeding the prescribed standards
Salt-water intrusion in ground water aquifer
An attempt has been made to study the seawater intrusion in coastal aquifer. Seven
representative sampling points were identified in the coastal aquifer and ground water
analysis data have been examined. The chloride-bi-carbonate ratio is the best
indicator of saltwater intrusion. If the ratio is greater than 1 it is understood that salt-
water intrusion has taken place (LAUBG, 1995 Master Plan of Neyveli Lignite
Corporation). The results are given in the table Table 7.24.
Zinc
0.020
0.006
0.009
0.190
0.001
0.05 1
0.046
1 1
Copper
0.005
0.002
0.003
0.123
0.001
0.039
0.039
I
Table 7.24 Chloride -Alkalinity Ratio in Coastal aquifer of Pondicherry Region
r
Iron
0.634
0.017
0.655
0.932
0.014
0.199
0.276
station
- 30 3 1
32
Station Code Location
Manganese
0,009
0.002
0.001
0.798
0.001
0.12 1
0.2 10
-
Location
Thengathittu
Kalapet
Muthialpet
Max
Min
X
+S.D
WHO
/ 1 l~r iyan Kupparn
3 Pillayar Kuppam
4 Sulliyan Kuppam
30 Thengaithitu
Lead
0.002
0.001
0.002
0.048
BDL
0.007
0.01 1
0.005
Chromium
0.015
0.014
0.015
0.030
0.001
0.0 13
0.008
0.200
Mercury
BDL
BDL
BDL
BDL
BDL
BDL
BDL
0
Nickel
BDL
BDL
BDL
BDL
BDL
BDL
BDL
0.1
This clearly indicates the severity of salt water intrusion viz. Sulliyankuppm >
pillayarkuppam> Khnamb&kam> Muthialpet. It is mainly due to over withdrawal
of gound water for industries and extensive cultivation of water intensive crops like
paddy and sugarcane in the first three locations and due to urbanization in the last
location. Incidentally, Muthialpet is located in Tamil Nadu-Pondicherry border where
the ground water is over exploitated for the domestic use due to the higher population
density.
Ground water quality of Pondicherry region have been compared with other cities of
lndia and the same is presented in the Table 7.25. It is interesting to note that all the
parameters except Sulphate and Chloride in Pondicherry region is lower than
Vijayawada, Ahmedabad and higher than Punalur, Prajapati, Udaipur, Damu and Diu
and Kanpur.
Ref': Rows 1-8 : Central Pollution Control Board, 1996 Kow 9 : Ramesh, present study
Bold face indicate that the values are exceeding the prescribed standards
Table Indian
-----
~ ~ c a t i o n
- -" I-
\jlajawada
+_--
llunedabad
_- -
])~n;~lur!Ker d1d I
*-
l'ralapati iPulP)
7 -- .
~lidhpur - --- \1u+ur1 - - --
l dnlpur - --
I)dmu & Diu - - ---
h~i lpur
---- 1
R l n d ~ c h t r r ~
1-- --___
IS1 rlandard
I
<-- ___
A
' I D S
894.1
1034
328.9
9116' 1
202.1
396,l
1208' 7
880.2 9
500
Na735 cities
pH
7.4
7.8
-
7.9
7.3
7. I
7.1
7.9
1 7.9
7 . 2 5
6.5 - 8,s
cornpad800
Alkalinit Y
414
396
16
202
323
225
108
21 1
576.43
263
200
of Groundwater quality of Pondichery witb otber
Calciu m
242
173
18
193
735
323
54
177
Magnesiu m
186
119
12
88
508
177
24
111
Hardnes s
428
292
30
282
1243
500
78
288
- 1 - 383.43
351.57
300
167
75
Chlorid e
132
209
43
34
3022
228
20
50
162
50
188.38
205.94
250
Sulphat e
54
90
6
56
150
9
111
31
Sodium
319
447
27
35
2385
85
39
38
176.98
129.4
200
.
174.3
5
100
7.5.3. Ground Water Potential and Demand
Ground water is the main source for irrigation, drinking and industrial needs. As per
tk.: ground water recharge estimates, the utilisable ground water resources was 85%
of gross recharge potential i.e. 155 MCM. But the present total ground water
exploitation to meet the needs of all the sectors is in the order of 175 MCM. (State
Ground water unit, 2004. Dept. of Agriculture, Govt.of Pondicherry). It is evident that
the maximum limit of utilization of ground water has crossed the resource availability
in Pondicherry region by 20%, resulting in over exploitation of ground water. On
comparing the ground water level data over a period of past 20 years i.e. fiom 1981 to
2001. it is noticed that there is an alarming drop in water level from 6 m to 26 m.
Maximum drop is observed around Katterikupparn area because of two water
guzzling industries, M/s. Pondicherry Co-operative Sugar Mills and MIS. Vijaya
lndustrial Alcohol are located here , besides there was an increase in Cane cultivated
uea from 1328 Ha, during 1965-66 to 3300 Ha in 2000-01, The declining trend of
water level is also noticed in Sorapet and Madukarai at the rate of 1 m to 1.5 m drop
of water per year during the same period.
Irrigation accounts for a major share of the ground water utilized (135 MCM)
followed by Domestic requirement (35 MCM) and Industrial sector (4.9 MCM).
Fig.7.28 depict the percentage share of ground water use by the various sectors.
Iknvever, there are variations in these figures in different states, depending on their
specifications. For instance, in Gujarat, it is reported that agriculture sector consumes
83'Yo. lndustrial sector consumes 13% and domestic sector consumes 4%. (Trivedi,
1909).
7.6. IMPACT OF INDUSTRIAL ACTMTIES ON ENVIRONMENT
7.6.1 Air pollution discharge
Sixty five industries were identified as "point source"(Stack emission) air pollutant
units in Pondicheny (Fig.7.29). The air pollution load emitted by these
industries is presented in the Appendix 7.1. M/s.Bharathi Mill was the first major
industrial unit to release air pollutant in the year 1890 followed by M/s.Anglo French
Textiles in 1898. By the end of the Eighteenth century, it is estimated that
Pondicheny received 499 tons of SPM, 2.88 tons of SO2 and 1.99 tons of NOx per
year .The pollutant level increased nearly ten folds for SPM and NO, and fifteen folds
in SOz at the end of the nineteenth century. This is due to introduction of various
incentives like low power tariff, Income Tax holiday etc in early 1990s. Based on the
data collected, it is estimated that in the year 2002, 5860.536 Tons of SPM, 42.700
tons of SO2 and 19.65 tons of NOx are being discharged annually by the industrial
sector (Fig.7.30). Though the values of gaseous pollutants are much lesser than the
particulate matter load. these would cause very serious health impacts. (Ostro, 1994).
I t is interesting to note that in the end of 1970s the total estimated emission by the
industries was at 1900 TPA while in the end of the 1980s the emission level reached
2337 'I'PA. It is 23% higher than the total industrial air emission, which was prevalent
in the la,t 90 years since 1860 (Table 7.26). Commune wise air pollution released by
the industries is given in the Table 7.27. It revealed that Villiyanur Commune
received higher load (30%)followed by Bahour Commune (26%). Ariyankuppam
Commune received the least load (0.23%). Based on the above data, it may be
estimated that one sq.km. of Pondicherry on an average receives 20 tons of SPM, 0.14
ton of SOz and 0.067 ton of NOx per year.
Table 7.26 Annual Cumulative air pollution load released by industries (TPA)
Year
1890
1898
1960
1969
1972
1975
1978
1979
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
200 1
2002
SPM
229.020
269.994
658,970
662.290
758.784
785,783
1768.135
I 890.374
2543.168
2543.174
274 1.773
2930.204
3194.199
3757.0 19
4208.797
4210.144
4557.473
4564.484
4799.899 '
4806.02 1
5403.3 59
5468.0 14
57 12.835
5801.9 15
58 19.638
5847.9 14
5860.536
soz I .384
1.494
2.289
2.414
3.355
4.814
5.671
6.952
7.61 8
7.623
8.934
9.769
1 1,264
18.440
19.165
19.232
27.489
27.63 1
32.02 1
32.046
35.891
37,902
39.642
40.027
40.027
42.664
42,683
NOx
0.95 1
1.044
2.103
2.162
2.474
2.730
2.874
4.176
5.148
5.151
5.900
7.337
8.35 1
I 1.323
12.258
12.29 1
1 5.406
15.452
17.71 1
17.744
18.398
18.532
19.125
19.149
19,149
19.627
19.643 -
Table 7.27 Commune wise air pollution load (TPA)
7.6.2 Effluent discharge
Commune
Ari y ankuppam
Bahour
Mannadipet
Nettapakkam
Oulgaret
Pondicheny
Villiyanur
Total
,
Currently eighty-one industries are generating trade efnuents in Pondicherry Region.
(Fig.7.31). Every day 39,74,900 litters of effluent is discharged by industries , out of
which a b u t 9.52,600 liters of effluent is discharged into the sea, which work out to be
24%. The remaining 76% of the effluent is discharged onto the land. It works out that
every one square kilometer of land receives 10315 liters of effluent every day.
i.e.37.64.975 Itslsq.km.1year.
Pollution load
13.44
1542.44
1262.63
442.18
577.27
272.53
18 12.30
5930.79
Csmmune wise effluent discharge has been worked out (Fig.7.32).1t showed that
Villiyanur Commune receives 1481.75 KLD (37.2U0h), followed my Mannadipet
commune 1240.5 KLD (3 1.2 1 %), Pondicherry Municipality 5 14.5 KLD (1 2.94%),
Hahour Lomrnune 378.6 KLD (9.52%). Oulgarete Municipality 291.35 KLD (7.33%).
AriyanKatteri Kuppam Commune 32 KLD (0.8 1 %) and Nettapakkam Commune 36.2
KLD (0.9 1 %).
113
pollution load have been worked out for four parameters viz. Total Suspended Solids,
~jological Oxygen Demand, Chemical Oxygen Demand and Oil and grease. It is
estimated that 413.14 tons of Total suspended solids, 1383.88 tons of Biological
Oxygen Demand, 3 1 15.26 tons of Chemical Oxygen Demand and 50.38 tons of oil and
grease are discharged every year (Appendix 7.2). Seven units (Distilleries, Sugar,
pulp and Paper, Bulk drugs, Bio-polymer and Amino Acids) accounted for 94.5% of
the total pollution load. Hence, major critical attention has to be paid for transferring
appropriate polluion control i management technologies in thses categories.
Cumulative annual pollution load released by the industrial sector is presented in the
Tahlt. 7.28. During the years 1890 -1900, Pondicheny region received only 98.4 tons
of total pollution load. while during the period 1960-70, the total pollution load
rcached 1794.2 Tons i.e. 18 folds increase. Pollution load discharge reached highest
level in 1992 (727.6 Tons) followed by 1984 (714.2 Tons), 1978 and 1972. This may
be directly ascribed to the rapid pace of industrilisation during the same period.
Table 7.28 Annual ~umulative water pollution load released by industries (TPA)
Year of commencement
1890
1898
1960
1971
1972
1975
1977
1978
1981
1983
1984
1985
1986
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
200 1
L 2002
TSS
6-83
11.87
56.57
56.68
79.69
86.87
86.89
20 1.98
202.04
202.04
244.80
245.38
252.62
252.82
257.84
280.84
280.94
427.91
427.91
428.55
428.77
434.28
411.50
4 12.28
412.56
412.57
412.99
413.14
BOD
12.13
21.64
630.22
630.55
808.00
812.54
812.56
936.67
936.70
936.7 1
1089.23
1092.38
1 108.74
1 108.86
1240.62
1379.22
1379.37
155 1.58
155 1.60
1552.3 1
1553.01
1553.88
1377.19
1382.39
1382.60
1382.62
1383.65
1383.88 --
COD
30.39
55.17
1183.62
1184.39
1 663.95
1682.19
1682.25
2193.60
2193.71
2 193.77
2705.34
2714.73
2774.66
2775.05
291 5.88
3 15 1.08
3 15 1.47
3555.09
3555.26
3557.47
3558.85
3583.60
3 105.90
3 1 12.77
31 13.31
31 13.34
3 1 14.89
3115.52
1
O&G
2.68
9.69
22.17
22.19
24.88
26.54
26.54
32.18
32.29
32.29
39.62
39.69
42.75
42.78
44.68
45.54
45.56
50.36
50.37
50.62
50.71
52.83
50.23
50.39
50.44
50.44
50.68
50.72
year wise water pollution load discharged by the industries is depicted in (Fig.7.33). It
indicates that water pollution load was maximum the year 1960 followed by 1992
~thcn sugarmills and distilleries were established respectively. It reached a minimum
level from the year 1998 onwards as there has been restriction in establishment of
ajlutjon potential industries.
Commune wise water pollution load distribution has been worked out (Table7.29). It
has been shown that Villiyanur commune receives 2257.9 TPA (45%) followed by
~annadipet commune 1473.5 TPA (29.69%), Bahour Commune 758.3 (13.4%),
~riyankuppam Commune 276.15 TPA (5.56%), Pondicherry Municipality 98.43
(1.98%)0lugrate Municipality 96 TPA (1.93%) and Nettapakkam Commune 2.6 TPA
(0.05%).
It i s estimated that 413.14 tons of total suspended solids. 4.72 tons of Biological
osygcn demand, 10.6 tons of chemical oxygen demand and 0.17 ton of oil & grease
arc disposed in one sq. krn. of land in one year.
Table 7.29 Commune wise water pollution load
Commune - Ariyankuppam
Bahour
Mannadipet
Nettapakkam
Oulgarate
Pondicherry
Villiyanur
Total
Pollution load (TPA)
276.15
758.33
1473.49
2.60
95.95
913.43
2257.90
4962.85
7.6.3 Ground water utilisation by Industries
~ l l the industries in Pondicherry region are exclusively dependent on ground water,
thus exerting enormous pressure on ground water. Currently 398 units are utilizing
gn~und water for process and domestic purpose. It is estimated that every day
1348 101 0 liters of ground water is being consumed by industries, which works out to
be 49205 Kilo liters/year (4.920 mcm) i.e. 2.83% of the total ground water usage is by
industrial sector. Industries like Textile, Sugar, Distilleries, Breweries, Paper and
~lkalis (Totally 9 units) account for 58% of ground water consumed by the industrial
sector. Twenty-three units are using more than one lakhs liters of water. They are
considered as 'Water based units'. These units consume 72% of total ground water
consumption by industries (Table 7.30). Hence, serious attention has to be paid on
water consuming and recycling strategies in these categories of industries.
S.No.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
1 1
12
13
14
15
16
17
1 8
19
20
2 1
22
YO
30.38
16.40
6.66
5.12
5.12
5.02
4.92
4.10
3.59
2.46
2.05
2.05
1.60
1.54
1.38
1.23
1.15
1.11
1.05
1.02
1.02
1.02
100.00
Table 7.30. Lbt of Water based
Unit
Anglo French Textile
Pondicherry Co-0p.Sugar Mill
Vijaya Industrial Alchocol
New Horizon Sugar Mills
Sica Breweries
Chemfab Alkalis
Sri Bharathi Mill
Hindustan Lever Ltd. (Toilet Soapdivision)
Karuru Kcp Packaging
Pondicherry Papers Ltd
Pondicherry Milk Dairy
Golden Paper Boards
Shasun Chemicals And Drugs Ltd
Hindustan Lever Ltd .(Detergent Division)
Hindustan Lever Ltd.(Personal Product Division)
Gyan Leather Boards
Jai Bleaching And Dyeing
HLL-Riopolymer
Pondicherry Distilleries
Guru Papermills
Auro Food
Jk Foods
Grand Total
industries
KL/Year
1081860
5 84000
237250
182500
182500
178850
175200
146000
127750
87600
73 000
73000
56940
54750
49275
43 800
4 1062.5
39600
37230
36500
36500
36500
3561668
Annual ground water consumption is depicted in Fig. 7.34. It is observed that the
p u n d water consumption pattern is not regular and uniform through out the years. It
reached peak values in 1984 followed by 1997 and 2000. During these period, water
based industries were established, thus boosting up the consumption.
Commune wise ground water usage by industries has been depicted in Fig.7.35 It
indicate that highest quantum of 1543165 KLA of ground water has been consumed
hy industrial sector in Villiyanur Commune followed by Mmadipet Commune
1388769 KLD while Ariyankupparn Commune utilize the least quantity (Table
7.31). It is because of most of the water-based industries like Sugar, Breweries,
~iopolymer. and Detergent etc. are located in the Villiyanur Commune followed by
Mannadipet Commune. Besides the agroecosystems in Villiyanur are dominated by
hcavy water demanding crops such as paddy and sugarcane.
Table.7.31 Commune wise ground water consumption
S.No
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Commune
Ariyankuppam
Bahour
Mannadipet
Nettapakkam
Oulgaret
Pondicherry Municipality
Villiyanur
Total
Ground water consumption
(KLA)
32996
138024.8
1388769
145762.8
495067.3
1 176668
1543165
4920453
Fig
- 7-35 C
om
mu
ne w
ise g
ro
un
d w
ate
r c
on
sum
pti
on
by I
nd
ust
ria
l se
cto
r
lAC
P l
BC
P O
MC
P D
NC
P M
OM
IP
M l
VC
P I
7.6.4 Fuel usage by Industrial sector
Bagasse, (340200 TPA) Firewood (1 779 TPA), Husk(17380 TPA), Coal(1779 TPA),
Furnace oil (36663 TPA) and Natural Gas (7 TPA) are the fhels used by the
industries. Though only two units use Bagasse as hel, it accounts for 80% of total
fuel consumption. Furnace oil is used by large number of units (74) followed by
firewood (5 1) and Husk (23). Five units use coal and two units use Natural gas.
Bagasse utilizing units are generating more air pollutants followed by coal, husk and
firewood utilizing units. Though only two units are consuming Bagasse and five units
uses coal as fuel, they account for 40% of the total air emission load (Table7.32).
Thus, they require appropriate pollution control strategies.
Table 7.32 Air Pollution Load released by coal, bagasse and husk burning units (TPA)
S.No
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
SO2
1.38
0.11
0.80
0.86
0.50
0.68
0.89
1.97
1.09
8.29
NOx
0.95
0.09
1.06
0.14
0.97
0.97
0.49
0.97
0.40
6.06
Unit
Sri Bharathi Mill
Anglo French Textile
New Horizon Sugar Mill
Pondicherry Paper Mill
Pondy Co-op.Sugar Mill
Pondy Extraction
Aurofood
J.R. Food
KCP Paper Mill
Total
SPM
229.02
40.97
388.98
982.35
652.67
122.24
63.50
56.58
95.69
2632.00
7.6.5 HAZARDOUS WASTE GENERATION
with rapid industrialisation, there has been a substantial increase in generation of
wastes, contaminating air, water and land resources. It is a well established
fact that The hazardous wastes from industrial activities when not managed properly
have been creating problems for human health and environment. The adverse effects
the hazardous waste and the significant potential risk they pose to life and life
supporting system are increasingly recognized (Sridharan, 2002). Some of the
industrial wastes such as electroplating and galvanizing have been proved to be
rxtrcmcly toxic and hazardous. The uncontrolled dumping of such wastes has brought
increase in the number of incidents of health hazards to human beings. More
serious risk to human health is envisaged due to contamination of surface and ground
water. Exposure to toxic substances may cause acute or chronic health effects. Acute
tffccts occur soon after a high-level exposure and range in severity from temporary
rashes to death. Chronic effects frequently result from long term. low level exposures
and include cancers, birth defects, miscarriage and damage to the lungs, liver, kidneys
and nervous system (EPA, 1985).
Ofien, Industrial activities are not restricted only with discharge of effluent and
emission. Some units are generating waste which are hazardous in nature. Ministry of
Environment and Forest, Government of India have brought out Hazardous waste
(Handling and Management) Rule, 1988 and subsequently amended in the year 2000.
I t identified different types of waste as hazardous waste. In Pondicherry region, 58
industrial units are identified as Hazardous waste generating units. It is estimated
30.320 Tons of hazardous waste are being generated annually. Out of which 10,218
'1I'A are being recycled (34%). Pondicherry is not having any secured Hazardous
Wane Landfill site at present. As per the recommendation of High Powered
('onlmittce. those States that generate less than 20,000 tones per year of Hazardous
may be permitted to have only temporary storage facilities and then transfer the
to the final treatment and disposal facilities in the nearby State (CPCB).
Different types of hazardous waste and its quantity are given in the Table.7.32
121
Table 7.33. Hazardous waste generation by industries in Pondicherry Region
7.7. THE FUTURE SCENARIO
Type of Hazardous Waste
Hazardous Waste Recycled
Hazardous Waste used as Raw material
Hazardous waste stored
Total hazardous waste generated
Future emission load has been predicted using Linear Regression Forecast technique
whcre the year 1960 has been taken as the base year with the assumption of
bbBusiness as usual" scenario. Environmentally Sustainable Industrialisation scenario
(ESI) has been worked out assuming future restriction of airlwater pollution potential
units and water based industries.
7.7.1 Air emission
Quantity (TPA)
10285.37
19908.29
126.43
30320.09
The emission of Suspended Particulate Matter (SPM) released by the industries in
Pondicherry region will be 6742 tons in the year 2010 and it will reach 7834 tons in
2020 (Fig. 7.36) (Appendix 7.3). The Sulphur dioxide released by the industries in
I'undicherry region will be 48 tons in the year 2010 and it will reach 55 tons in 2020
iFif7.37) (Appendix 7.4). The Nitrogen dioxides (NO,) released by the industries in
Yondicherry region will be 25 tons in the year 2010 and will reach 32tons in 2020
(l'ig 7.38) (Appendix 7.5). The Enviornmentally Sustainable Industrialisation (ESI)
scenario indicates that there will be a substantial reduction in the increase of air
pollution in the future.
Yo
33.92
65.66
0.42
7.7.2 Effluent discharge
In the year 2010 discharge of Total Suspended Solids (TSS) load will be 505 TPA
and it will reach 592 TPA during the year 2020 (Fig 7.39). In the year 2010, discharge
Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD) load will be 1738 TPA and it will reach 1958
TPA during the year 2020 (Fig 7.40). In the year 2010, discharge of Chemical
oxygen Demand (COD) load will be 4071 TPA and it will reach 4667 TPA during
thc year 2020. (Fig7.41). Discharge of oil and grease load will be 59 TPA and will
reach 67 TPA in the year 2010 and 2020 respectively (Fig.7.42). The Linear
Regression analysis used for projection of pollution load has been based on the tables
in the Appendix 7.6 - 7.9 The Environmentally sustainable industrialisation
scenario indicates that there will be a substantial reduction in the increase of water
pollution in the future.
7,7,3 Ground water utilization by Industries
Rased on the Linear Regression Forecasting, the projected annual ground water
utilisation by the industrial sector in the year 20 10 would be 5 1611 126 KL (5.2 mcrn)
and it will reach 5727716 KL (5.7 mcm) in the year 2020 (Fig.7.43) (Appendix 7.10).
I lowever the annual replenishment would remain 155 rncm. Thus the deficiency will
further increase to 3.6 mcm in the year 2020. It will lead to further depletion of
ground water table in the North Western part and salt-water intrusion in the South
Eastern part of Pondicherry (Fig.7.44) Incidentally, more water-based industries are
located in the North and Western part. The sustainable industrialisation scenario
indicates that there will be a substantial reduction in the ground water consumption in
the future.
7.8 INTEGRATED ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN (IEMp)
'The complex interactions bctween natural and human components of the industfid
ecosystems demand integrated approaches for environmental management. Integrated
~nvironmental Management Plan is a field that is rapidly growing in importance as a
discipline of its own. It is "the process of administering, supervising or handling the
environment in order to achieve a desired outcome" (Fuggle and Rabie 1999). It is the
philosophy, which prescribes a code of practice for ensuring that environmental
are fully incorporated into all stages of the development process in
order to achieve a desirable balance between conservation and development. As the
natural services provided to humans by the environment, such as clean water, clean
air, renewable energy resources primarily biomass and waste purification are
increasingly threatened, and as humanity edges ever closer to the ultimate carrying
capacity of the earth, IEMP will become increasingly necessary. IEMP is designed to
ensure that the environmental consequences of development proposals are understood
and adequately considered in the planning process, Thus the purpose of the IEMP is
to resolve or mitigate any negative impacts and to enhance positive aspects of
devclopment proposals.
Based on the assessment of the past trends as well as the existing land use pattern,
population density, air quality, ground water quality as well as projected emission I
discharge load and their likely impacts on the environment of Pondicherry region, an
Intcgrc ted Environmental Management Plan (IEMP) has been prepared.
Integrated Environmental Management Plan for Pondicherry region can be
conveniently analysed under the following concepts I principles.
*:* Ecological land use plan for sustainable industrialisation
':* Pollution prevention
*:+ Recycling
*:* Life Cycle Assessment (LCA)
*:+ Sustainable Industrialisation
*:* IS0 14000
Siting of Industries
7.81 Ecological land use plan for sustainable industrialization
Assessment of use and misuse of land is the prerequisite to plan the utilization of
resources. Information on the rate and kind of change of in the use of land resources is
essential for proper planning, management and regularizing the use of the these
resources. Land use pattern has been changed dramatically in Pondicheny region for
thc past 25 years. Area under agriculture and green cover were reduced from 70 %
and 10 % to 65 % and 2 % respectively (Fig.7.5). There is a corresponding increase in
the area under industrial use from 1.3 % to 2.5 % and residential land use from 7.47
to 14. 77%. Currently there are seven Industrial Estates covering 400 acres and
1328 acres of identified industrial area, which account for 2.5 % of the total available
land area of Pondicherry region. New industries shall be set up only in these areas.
Conversion of agricultural land into non-agricultural purposes shall be restricted and
rationalized.
7.82. Pollution prevention
f'ollution prevention (or source reduction) is the first priority in the environmental
lrlanagement hierarchy for reducing risks to human health and environment from
pollution, This hierarchy includes (1) prevention, (2) recycling, (3) treatment and (4)
disposal.
Among these four, prevention is considered as the best option as it will minimize
costlier adaption of pollution control technologies. The second priority in the
hierarchy is the responsible recycling of any waste that cannot be reduced at the
source. Waste that cannot feasibly be recycled should be treated according to
environmental standards that are designed to reduce both the hazard and volume of
waste streams. Any residue remaining from the treatment of waste should be disposed
ufsafely to minimize their potential release into the environment.
In recent years, the Government, industry and academy have developed several waste
reduction methodologies. These methodologies prescribe a logical sequence of tasks
,t all organization levels, from the executive at cotporate level to the floor manager in
the process area. Despite differences in emphasis and pmpective, most stepwise
methodologies share the following four common elements:
9 A chartering phase, in which an organization affirms its commitment to a waste reduction program; articulates policies, goals and plans; and identif) program participants
*:+ An assessment phase, in which a team collect data and evaluate options for waste reduction.
+3 An implementation phase, in which waste reduction projects are approved, funded and initiated
An ongoing auditing function, in which waste reduction programs are monitored and reductions are evaluated.
Today most corporates in India are committed to pollution prevention programs. Any
lack of progress that exists represents the failure of a methodology to transfer
corporate commitment into implementation at the production area.
Pollution prevention policies are effective when they are developed in mesh with the
firms overall programs (Hamner 1993). Total quality management (TQM)
complements and aids pollution prevention. In many aspects. the goals of safety and
pollution prevention are complementary. However, some aspects, such as lengthened
operating cycles to reduce waste generation, increase the likelihood of accidents. The
optimal pollution prevention program requires balancing these two potentially
contradictory requirements.
From the inception of any process, pollution prevention should be the fundamental
objective. That objective should be pursued aggressively through process
development. process design, engineering to construction, startup and operation. This
is contrary to the current practice of adhoc reactionary/ superficial rectification
strategies. Currently. these strategies are given preference over pollution control or
"end of the pipeline" technologies at the global level. Best practice case studies for
controlling each type of pollutant may be adopted afier making appropriate
modifications.
I'he Environment Protection Act (1986) of Govenunent of India has taken a strong
on pollution prevention by regarding source reduction as the only true
pollution prevention activity and treating, recycling as additional options. Industry
should reduce the discharge of polluting waste into the environment in the most cost-
effective manner. This objective could be achieved in some cases by source reduction,
in others by recycling, in others by treatment and disposal and usually in combination
of these methods. Traditionally, regulations change with more stringent controls
cnacted over time. Therefore, source reduction and perhaps recycling and reuse
(instead of treatment or disposal) may become more economically attractive in the
future as it is being practiced in few industries in Pondicherry region, such as M/s
liindustan Lever Limited, etc.
7,8.3 Recycling
Reuse and recycling (waste recovery) can provide a cost effective waste management
approach. This technique can help reduce costs for raw materials and disposal and
possibly provide additional income from sellable waste. However, waste recovery
should bc considered in conjunction with source control options. Waste reuse and
recycling entail one or a combination of the following options:
Use in a process
8 lJse in another process
Processing for reuse
8 Use as a fuel
8 Exchange or sale
existing four electroplating units may be considered as typical examples they
Pose major environmental threats to Pondicherry. There are four electro plating units
ln ~ ~ d i ~ h e r r y . Disposal of effluent is a major challenge to not only the unit but also
regulatory authority as all the units are located at highlmedium infiltration zone
(Sedrapet. Mettupalayam). Thc electro plating industry uses a variety of physical.
chemical and electrochemical process to clean etch and plate metallic and nonmetallic
substrates. Chemical and electrochemical process are performed in numerous
chemical baths, which are followed by a rinsing operation. Often heavy metals like
chromium, Zinc containing acidic wastewater are disposed on land and water bodies.
This cause severe ground water and soil contamination in Mettupalayarn and Sedrapet
Various techniques for recovering metals and metal salts such as electrolysis, electro
dialysis and ion exchange can be used to recycle rinse water in a closed -loop or open
loop system. In a closed -loop system, the treated effluent is returned to the rinse
system. In an open-loop, the treated eMuent is reused in the rinse system, but the final
rinse is accomplished with fresh water.
Another potential major effluent generating category is pulp and paper. There are four
paper manufacturing units in Pondicherry. A general pollution prevention option in
the paper and pulp industry is to use closed-cycle mill process. This system is
completely closed. and water is added only to the bleached pulp Decker or to the last
dioxide stage washer of the bleach plant. The bleach plant is countercurrent and a
nlajnr portion of the filtrate from this plant is recycled to the stock washers, after
which it flows to the black liquor evaporators and then to the recovery furnace. The
c\,aporator water is stream stripped and used as a major water source at various points
in the F ~ l p mill. A white evaporator is used to separate NaCl since the inlet stream to
the water liquor evaporator contains a large amount of NaCl due to the recycling of
bleach liquors to the recovery furnace. It is a classical example of the application of
some of the basic the principles of a recently emerging field lndustrial Ecology.
7 8 . 4 Life Cycle Assessment (LCA)
Life cycle refers to the cradle-to-grave stages associated with the production, use and
disposal of any product. A complete life cycle assessment (LCA) or eu, balance
consists of three complementary components:
*:* Inventory analysis, which is a technical, data -based process of
quantifiing energy and resource use, atmospheric emissions, waterborne
emission and solid waste
O Impact analysis, which is a technical, quantitative and qualitative process
to characterize and assess the effects of the resource use and
environmental loading identified in the inventory analysis
*:* Improvement analysis, which is the evaluation and implementation of
opportunities to effect environmental improvement.
All the large scale, medium scale and red category small scale industries located in
Pnndicherry need to carry out Life cycle assessment. The goal of a life cycle
assessment is to create a mass balance for sustainability. As of now, banning a few
industries, no other industries have applied LCA principles in their operations.
73.5 Sustainable lndustrialisation
The cc.lcept of sustainability is illustrated by natural ecosystems, such as the
iiydrologic cycle and the food cycle involving plants and animals. These systems
function as semi-closed loops that change slowly, at a rate that allows time for natural
adaptation. In contrast to this, in the existing industrial set up, materials flow through
in one direction only - from raw materials toward eventual disposal as industrial
waste. Sustainable lndustrialisation demands a radical change. When a product's
design and manufacturing process are changed, the overall environmental impact can
he reduced. Greening the industries requires the enicient use of materials and energy,
rcductlun of waste toxicity and reuse and recycling of materials.
sustainable Manufacturing seeks to meet consumer demands for products without
the resource and energy supply of h e generations. Sustainable
~anufacturing is a comprehensive business strategy that maximizes the economic and
environmental returns on a variety of innovative pollution prevention techniques
(Kennedy 1993). These techniques includes the following:
*:* Design for environment: direct research and development teams to develop
products that are environmentally responsible. This effort revolves on
product design
*:* Toxic use reduction: consider the internal chemical risks and potential
external pollution risks at the process and worker level.
+ Life Cycle Assessment: defines the materials usage and environmental
impact over the life of a product
From the inception of any process, pollution prevention should be a fundamental
ob.jective. That objective should be pursued aggressively through process
development, process design, engineering into construction, startup and operation. It
should also be a continuing objective of plant engineers and operators once the unit
hcgins production.
Sustainable manufacturing embeds corporate environmental responsibility into
material selection, process and facility design, marketing, strategic planning, cost
accounting and waste disposal.
I'he concepts of sustainable manufacturing are incorporated into the recently
emerging "Industrial Ecology" (IE). "Industria1 Ecology is the means by which
humanity can deliberately and rationally approach and maintain a desirable carrying
capacity, given continued economic, cultural, and technological evolution. The
concept requires that an industrial system be viewed not in isolation from its
surround~ng systems, but in concert with them. It is a systems view in which one
seeks ' 2 optimize the total materials cycle from virgin material. to finished material.
"1 component, to product, to obsolete product, and to ultimate disposal. Factors to be
Optimized include resources, energy and capital." (Graedel and Allenby, 1995).
The IE is composed of the following concepts and tools.
System View of all activities
Material and Energy flows studies (Industrial Metabolism)
Dematerialization and Decarbonization
r Extended Producer Responsibility (Product Stewardship)
Eco-efficiency
r The Natural Step
r Environmental Management Systems (IS0 14001)
r Life Cycle Analysis
r Design for the Environment
r Supply Chain Management
Eco-Industrial Parks
Eco-technologies
r Cleaner production
r Waste minimization
Eco-technologies are proposed as tools for the achievement of the principles of IE.
C'lcaner Production is the continuous application of an integrated preventive
eni~ironmental strategy to processes, products, and services to increase overall
efficiency, and reduce risks to humans and the environment. Cleaner Production can
be applied to the processes used in any industry, to products themselves and to
various service provided in society. This essentially involves the process of waste
minimization.
l'ypical examples of waste minimization techniques would include:
*3 Inventory management - proper control over raw materials, intermediate
products, final products and the associated waste streams. Waste is mainly
related to out-of-date, off-specification, contaminated, or unnecessary raw
materials, spill residues. or damaged final products; this may be
subdivided into:
Inventory control (techniques to reduce inventory size and
hazardous chemicals use while increasing inventory turnover e.g.
changes in ordering procedures, purchasing only the mount
needed, better inventory management) and
Material control (methods to reduce raw material and finished
product loss and damage during handling, production, and storage).
+ Production process modification - improving the overall efficiency of a
production process, leading to reduced environmental impacts. Available
techniques range from eliminating leaks to installing eco efficient
equipment; this can be classified into - Operation and maintenance procedures - a wide range of
methods available to operate a production process at peak
efficiency e.g. reduce leaks and spills. Predictive maintenance
based on actual condition of the machinery,
Material change - product reformulation by using less hazardous
materials (e.g. switching from solvent to water-based), and
Process equipment modification - by installing more efficient
process equipment or modifying existing equipment, process
materials are used more efficiently, producing less waste.
*3 Volume reduction - includes techniques to separate hazardous wastes and
recoverable wastes from the total waste stream; this can be subdivided into
Source segregation - e.g. use filter press to dewater sludge,
Concentration - Reducing the volume of waste through
physical treatment ,
Recovery - techniques for eliminating waste disposal costs, reduce
raw material costs. and pssibly provide income fiom sellable
waste: this can be classified into - on-site recovery (recovery
techniques for reducing raw material purchases and waste disposal
costs by recovering wastes e.g. use recovery system process waste
water) and off-site recovery (recovering a valuable portion of the
waste through chemical or physical processes or directly using the
waste as a substitute for virgin material)
~ l l these strategies are ideally suitable for Pondicherry region, but they need in-depth
investigations of all the industrial units.
7.8.6 IS0 14000 Environmental Standards
]SO 14000 is a group of standards covering the following areas:
Environmental Management Systems (1 4001,14002,14004)
Environmental Auditing (1 40 1 0, 1 40 1 1, 1 40 12)
Evaluation of Environmental Performance (1 403 1)
Environmental Labeling (1 4020, 1402 1, 14022, 14023, 14024,
14025)
Life-Cycle Assessment (1 4040, 14041,14042, 14043)
IS(> 14001 is the only standard intended for registration by third parties. All the
others are for guidance. IS0 14001 is a management standard, it is not a performance
or product standard. The underlying purpose of IS0 14001 is that companies will
improve their environmental performance by implementing IS0 14001.
Irrespective of size (Small. Medium and Large) and category (Green, Orange and
Red) all the units shall obtain IS0 14001 certificate as it will ensure sustainable
production leading to reduced pollution loadteflluent discharge levels. Currently only
23 industries have obtained IS0 1400 1 certificate. in Pondicherry region (LSI- 1 1.
MSI-I O & SSI-2).
7.8.7 Siting of industries
While industrial development significantly contributes towards economic growth. , it
also inevitably triggers a host of environmental problems. Many of these problems
could be avoided if industries are located on the basis of environmental
considerations. Injudicious site selection of industry can seriously affect the
environmental features such as air, water, land, flora, fauna and human settlements
"d ultimately the health of people. The entrepreneur should be fully aware of these
implicati0~ and he/ she should take necessary steps while setting up the industry so
as to minimise the possible adverse effects on the environmental resources and quality
of life. Often, an entrepreneur finds it very costly to install pollution control
equipment and other mitigating measures after the industry is already set up. Hence,
steps are needed at the time of siting rather than going in for curative
nleasures at a later stage.
Industrial Policy Statement of the Central Government (1980) recognized the need for
preserving ecological balance and improving living conditions in the urban centers of
the country. On the basis of this Policy, indiscriminate expansion of the existing
industries and setting up of new industrial undertakings within the limits of
metropolitan cities and the larger towns should not be permitted. Subsequently ,
detailed guidelines for setting up industries was provided by the industrial zoning
programme , proposed by CPCB in 1995.
flowever. at present, industries in lndia are being located on the basis of raw material
availability, access to the market, transport facilities and such other techno-economic
considerations without adequate attention to environmental considerations that are
now recognized as an important criterion far setting of industry. Pondicherry is no
esception to this general trend.
To prt lent, air, water and soil pollution arising out of industrial projects, the
industrial licensing procedure requires that the entrepreneurs before setting up the
industry obtain clearance from Central/State Air and Water Pollution Control Boards.
The Central / State Pollution Control Boards stipulate that air (gases) and water
(effluents) emanating from the industry should adhere to certain quality standards.
!lowever, these stipulations do not prevent the industry from degrading the
environmental quality by wrong siting. Also. the cumulative effect of a number of
industries at a particular place has not been studied so far with the result that an
industry or an industrial area over a period of time could cause significant and often
'meversible damage to the surrounding environment and ecological features. In
of certain industrial development projects, it is not only necessary to install
suitable pollution control equipment but also to identify appropriate sites for their
location. We can d y s e the issue of industrial siting by focusing on their air /water
pollution potentials.
Location of induatries from air pollution angle
he air pollution potential units are not uniformly distributed in Pondicherry region.
.rhcy are clustered in some areas like Eripakkam and Kirumampakkam. For instance
nearly 50% of air pollution load are from industries located in these region. While
siting these industries, meteomlogical parameters were not taken into consideration.
Eripakkam is located in the SW direction. The predominant wind direction was from
SW during summer and SW monsoon seasons. Thus it carries the air pollutants to the
down streamsides where most of the human settlements are located. It has culminated
In higher level of air pollutants in the ambient atmosphere. Further establishment of
air pollution potential units in this area or expansion of existing units would
deteriorate the air quality to a greater extent and hence should not be permitted.
Based on the Air Quality Index Study, 61.88sq.km, area (21% of total areas of the
region) comes under moderately polluted to highly polluted category. Hence
considering setting up of air pollution generating units and future expansion need to
be banned in these areas. (Nellitope, Mettupalayarn).
l'hc location of the plant within an area can depend on local wind speed and direction
data. For example. residential areas may lie downwind of a proposed plant, inline
with the prevailing wind direction. Considering a more suitable site would reduce the
air pollution impact of the plant.
The predominant wind direction is from SW during summer and SW monsoon
Seasons. During NE monsoon season, the wind direction is variable, while during the
winter aeason the WE-ENE sector is predominant. Hence air pollution potential units
"all be allowed to set up in South, South East and North West directions. Best
Suitable site for establishment of air pollution industries have been prepared based on
the following features and presented in the Fig. 7.45.
*:* Availability of land and their other potential uses
*:* Presence of human settlements and population density
*:* Location of existing industries and their pollution potential
*t. Existing air quality
O Predominant wind direction
Locating of industries from water pollution angle
Hydrology and soil texture are important in determining sites for effluent discharging
industries. Generally, aquifer flows from West to East (towards sea) in Pondicherry
region. Hence effluent-discharging units shall be permitted on the Eastern side. It will
also enable the industrial units to discharge their treated effluent in to the sea. As the
load of pollutant being discharged on the land is alarming, it is strongly recommended
to avoid any further land discharge.
Porosity vis-a -vis infiltration rate of the area is very much important in siting
ef'flucnt generating unit, Unfortunately, most of the emuents discharging units are
located on high infiltration zone. It has caused ground water contamination. Effluent
generating units shall be permitted to set up only in low infiltration zone and only
mated effluent as per the norms must be allowed to discharge on to the land.
('urrcnt effluent load is also an important factor to decide the location of the units.
1)istributions of emuent discharging units are not uniform in the region. For instance,
Villiyanur Commune receives 40% of the total pollution load while Nettapakkam
Commune receives only 0.05%. This type of overloading leads to deterioration of
ground water quality in areas like Thuthipet, Sedrapet and Ariyur etc. Effluent
dischayzing units should not be permitted in these areas and may be considered in
Ncttapakkam Commune where the impact is currently very negligible. Incidentally,
this commune falls under low infiltration zone.
Best suitable site for establishment of water polluting industries have been prepared
based on the following featurcs and presented in the Fig.7.46.
Availability of land
Presence of human settlements
Existing ground water quality
a Location of existing industries
a Presence of water bodies
r Infiltration rate
r Land use pattern
Based on the present study, the following specific management strategies are
suggested for dealing with aidwater pollution, hazardous wastes and ground water.
7.9 Air Environment
Detailed analysis of air quality of Pondicherry region revealed that the quality of air
in general is found to be satisfactory. During the 10 years period between 1990-2000,
thc SPM emission increased by 141%, SO2 level increased by 214% and NO,
emission increased by 160%. Three types of industrial units viz. M.S. Ingot, Calcium
carbide and Ferrosilicon contributed up to 30% of the total emission from point
sources (Table 7.34). The currently adopted manufacturing process of M.S. Ingots,
Calciunl Carbide and Ferrosilicon generate a higher load of air pollution. The lateral
emission from these industries is difficult to control even by the advanced air
pvllution control devices like Bag filter, double way scrubber and multiple cyclone
etc.
Assuming that the above three types of industries are not permitted future in
Pondicherry, the emission level would decrease considerably. It is estimated that the
SPM load will be 7264 TPA by the year 2020 which would be 9 per cent lesser than
the "Business as usual" scenario (Fig.7.35). The NOx load will be 24 TPA which
would be 15 per cent lesser than the "Business as usual" scenario (Fig.7.36). Hence it
is desirable to impose a ban on the establishment of these types of units.
lt is estimated that 2646 TPA of air pollution load is being emitted by nine industries,
which use baggase, husk and coal as fuel (Table7.32). It works out to 44% of the total
emission load. These units may be instructed to shift to cleaner fuel like furnace oil,
LDO etc. or advanced technologies such as biomass gasification.
1,ocation of air polluting units is not uniform. It is clustered in some habitats like
~ripakkam and Kirumampakkam where 50% of air pollution potential units are
located. It resulted in higher level of air pollutants in the atmosphere. Further
establishment of air polluting units in these areas and expansion of existing units
would further deteriorate the air quality.
Table 7.34 Air Pollution Load Released by Pollution Potential Units (TPA)
S.No
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
1 1
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
Unit Sumangala steels
Mital Ispat
Snam Alloys(Unit-I)
Elfotech
Gomathi Steel
Silical
V.S.K.ferro Alloys
Bhuneswari Chemicals
Kavery Alloys
Snam Alloys(Unit-11)
Ashok Magnetics
Pushpit steels
Sar Ispat
Sarathacasting
Alagu Lakshmi Industries
J.B.A.Steel
Sri Raj Steels
AKS Alloys
Total
SPM
188.2'71
128.40
110.160
296.092
15.493
85.954
451.778
76.058
14.958
68.800
17.553
138.556
41.118
15.316
23.595
57.222
8.262
17.722
1755.306
SOt 0.622
1.43
0.322
0.474
0.001
0.629
1.065
0.108
0.082
0.141
2.203
0.061
0.242
0.060
0.000
0.386
0.000
0.000
7.826
NOx 1.437
0.98
0.349
0.588
0.043
0.682
0.21 5
0.081
0.038
0.249
2.550
0.020
0.319
0.034
0.000
0.024
0.000
0.000
7.609
~ased on the Air Quality Index Study, 61.88sq.km.m (21%) comes under
moderately polluted to highly polluted category (Fig.7.7). Setting up of air pollution
units and hmm expansion in these areas need to be banned.
In the absence of a comprehensive environmental policy of the Government of
pondicherry, it is hard to regularize industrial growth. Fortunately, there is restriction
in establishment of air palluting units like M.S.Ingots, Calcium carbides and Ferro
silicon etc and it has considerably controlled the air pollution load. For instance, the
annual air emission for the last five years (1999-2003) has declined by 9.96% for
SPM, 11.65% for SO2 and 9.206% for NO, when compared to the annual average
emission load observed since 1968. This clearly indicates the vast potential that is
available for reducing air pollution loads in the region.
7.10 Water Environment
Contrary to the popular belief that Pondicheny is blessed with a copious supply of
good quality ground water, deterioration of ground water quality has been observed in
Inany sampling locations. The pH values of about 22% samples are below the
prescribed standards.53% of the samples are higher than the prescribed standards for
Hardnes, 25% of the samples showed higher than the prescribed limit for Chloride.
77% of the samples showed higher than the prescribed limit for Total Dissolved
Solids. 15.6% of the samples showed higher than the prescribed limit for Sulphate.
'The effluent discharging units are scattered throught the region. Villiyanur Commune
rcccives 40% of the total pollution load while Nettapakkam Commune receives only
0.05%. This type of overloading leads to deterioration of ground water quality in
arcas such as Thuthipet, Sedrapet and Ariyur, which are located in Villiyanur
commune. Effluent discharging units should not be permitted in these areas and may
be considered in Nettapakkam Commune where the impact is currently very
negligible and the infiltration capacity of the soil is low. Besides. the population
density of this commune is low.
The present study has indicated that water pollution discharge rate has been declining
since last five years, thanks to the strict implementation of the Government policies.
Annual average increase in pollutant discharge observed since 1968 has been worked
out as 10.88% of TSS, 3.93% of BOD, 5% of COD and 3.76% of Oil and Grease. The
average annual pollutant discharge of the last five-year period has come down to
0.07% of TSS, 0.09% of BOD, 0.05% of COD and 0.17% of Oil & Grease. Further
reduction are possible, if we can identify and promote appropriate pollution control /
treatment technology.
Industries like Sugar, Paper, Distilleries, Breweries, Amino acid, Bulk drugs and Bio-
I'olymer account for 90% of TSS, 96% of BOD, 94% of COD and 63% of Oil &
Grease discharge load (Table 7.35). Assuming that the above six types of industries
arc not permitted in future in Pondicherry, the discharge level would decrease
considerably. It is estimated that the TSS load will be 428.4 TPA by the year 2020
which would be 25% lesser than the "Business as usual" scenario (BAU) (Fig.7.39).
The BOD load will be 1398.5 TPA which would be 20% lesser than the "Business as
usual" scenario (Fig.7.40). The COD load will be 3174.7 TPA which would be 20%
lesser than the "Rusiness as usual " scenario (Fig. 7.41). The Oil and Grease load will
be 55.45 TPA which would be 13% lesser than the "Business as usual" scenario
(Fig.7.42). Imposing ban on further establishment of these types of units in
Pondicherry should be seriously considered.
Table 7.35. Discharge of water pollution potential unit8
Based on the porosity of the soil, Pondicherry region has been classified into three
categories viz. low infiltration zone, medium infiltration zone and high infiltration
zone (Fig 7.47). Ilnfortunately, most of the eMuent discharging units are currently
located in the high infiltration zone viz. Mettupalayam, Sedrapet and Kurumbapet.
Hcnce f:ffluent discharge leads to leaching and contamination of ground water
aquifer. Government shall ban further setting up of effluent generating units and
expansion of existing units in the high infiltration zone.
SI. No.
1
2
3
4
5
6
Industries like Textile, Sugar, Distilleries, Pulp and paper and Alkalis are water
intensive. Assuming that these types of units are not permitted further in Pondichery.
the ground water demand by the industrial sector in the year 2010 would be 5265775
KLD and in the 2020 would be only 5697427 KLD. This is 17 % lesser than the
"Busir~..:ss as usual" scenario.
High water demanding industries located within 1 km. from the sea have to set up
desalination plants. Three units located within 1 krn. from sea consume nearly 8.8
Unit
New Horizon Sugar Mill
Pondicherry Paper Mill
Pondy Co.op.Sugar Mill,
Vijaya Industrial Alcohol
HLL .(Bio-polymer)
Protchem,
Grand total
Total for all the industries
% contribution by this 6 units
TSS
44.70
1 15.09
41.33
144.32
23.00
3.26
371.68
413.14
90%
BOD
608.58
124.1 1
15 1.87
17 1.15
138.60
131.57
1325.88
1383.88
96%
COD
1 128.46
5 1 1.35
5 10.29
400.67
235.20
140.07
2926.03
3 1 15.52
94%
O&G
12.48
5.64
7.22
4.52
0.86
1.18
31.91
50.72
63%
l&s liters of ground waterfday accounting for 6.5% of total industrial water
These units must be advised to set up desalination plants. It will avoid
salt-water intrusion into the coastal aquifer of Pondicherry.
7.1 0.1 Offsite Effluent Treatment Plant
1)esigning Efluent Treatment Plant for less than 2000 LPD is cost intensive (Metcalf
and Eddy, 1995). 45% of units fall in this category which produce 42500 LPD of
effluent. Since these units are not clustered but scattered, providing Common Effluent
Treatment Plant (CETP) is not feasible. All these units must be advised to jointly set
up an Offsite Effluent Treatment Plant (OETP) and treat their trade effluents. As
Nuttapakkam Commune receives only 0.05% of the total pollution load and the
infiltration rate falls in low category, (OETP) may be established in this Commune
and the treated water could be utilized for agricultural or and greenbelt development.
Common Effluent Treatment Plant
Most of the effluent discharging units is located in the high infiltration zone.
Particularly industries located in Kurumbapet and Mettupalayarn areas possess
potential threats to the drinking water sources of Pondicherry as Muthirapalayam
public drinking water supply system is located in the downstream of these units.
llencc it is advised to have a common effluent treatment plant at "Karuvadikuppam"
for these units that can discharge the treated effluent into the sea by underground
pipeline as it has been done in the state of Gujarat. However, adequate pre-caution
have to be taken to ensure that it is not polluting the ground water aquifer (Fig.7.48).
At the global level, total water available is shared by agriculture, industries and
domestic sector at 69%. 23% and 8% respectively. This would include both surface
and ground water resources. Whereas in Pondicherry Region, all the above three
"ctors depend exclusively on ground water for their use by sharing at 80%. 4% and
16% respectively. Using the currently available State of the art Eco-technologies,
ail the industry wastewater and domestic sewage water could be reused after
&able treatment. Besides it is desirable to reduce the exclusive pressure on ground
water and utilize surface water mainly for agriculture purposes. Evicting the
and desiltation so that there is ample scope for ground water recharge
revival of surface water irrigation shall protect all the surface water reservoirs
including ponds. Fortunately, a massive community based Tank re habitation project
is in progress. Provision for Rainwater harvesting shall be incorporated in all the
building plans and should be insisted in all the industrial, commercial and residential
buildings as it is being implemented in State like Tamil Nadu,
installation of Reverse Osmosis (RO) Plant in water based industries is one of the
measures towards solving the over exploitation of ground water. RO can be
installed in all the water-based industries except sugar and distilleries where COD and
ROD values would be very high. A cost/benefit analysis has been worked out for a
I'vilet soap unit assuming effluent discharge of 100 KLD.
Cost of installation of RO system is Rs. 50 lakhs
Treated emuent : 100 KLD
Dilution water : 75 KLD
Total input to RO : 175 K1.D
Recovery in I " stage RO :I12 KLD
Reject generated in 1 stage RO : 63 KLD
Recovery in 2" stage RO : 44 KLD
Total recovery in 1" and 2"' stage RO :(112+44)= 156KLD
Net recovery adjusted for dilution : 156-75 =8 1 KLD -80 KLD
Procurement cost of Raw water : @ Rs.6fKLD = Rs. 1.75
lakhs/ year
Thus. the investment in RO system could be recovered within 30 years apaFt from
")nstlving 80 KLD precious ground water and reducing the load of disposing of 0.1 1
" o f suspended solids. 0.19 ton of BOD. 0.45 ton of COD and 0.03 ton of oil &
g r e w per year. (as otherwise it would be discharged on the land). The pay-back
period appears to be longer since the procurement cost of water is very low in
pondicheny region than in other States (e.g. In Mumbai, a coastal city it is Rs.22
/KLD). Hence, appropriate pricing policy coupled with soft loan and tax subsidies
~ o u l d encourage the adoption of R.0 systems in high water demanding industries, in
the region.
7.1 1 HAZARDOUS WASTE MANAGEMENT
Due to non existence of any organised waste management system and disposal
facilities in India, the hazardous wastes generated by the industries are being disposed
off indiscriminately on open land either within their own premises or outside in low
lying areas without considering environmental protection. Some industries are storing
the wastes within their premises without adequate environment protection measures.
Sale of hazardous wastes to second users is also done without assessing the
environmental suitability. In overall the hazardous wastes are not being strictly
managed in environmental friendly way in accordance to Hazardous Waste
(Management & Handling) Rules, 1989. (CPCB 2002). Pondicherry is no exception
to this general trend. Recent episode of drinking water contamination in Navodya
school located on the North Eastern region is a glaring example. This is primarily due
to the fact that unlike water and air pollution monitoring, hazardous waste disposal
issues have not been considered seriously until recently.
The industrial units generating hazardous wastes shall take all practical steps to
ensure that such wastes are properly handled and disposed off without any adverse
offects, which may result from such wastes. The industrial unit shall also be
responsible for proper collection, reception, treatment, storage and disposal of these
wastes either on their own or through the operator of a treatment facility.
ljcfore hazardous wastes is delivered at the hazardous waste site, the occupier or
operator of a facility shall ensure that the hazardous wastes is packaged in a manner
suitable for storage and transport and the labeling and packaging shall be easily
visible and be able to withstand physical conditions and climate factors. Packaging,
labeling and transport of hazardous wastes shall be in accordance with the provisions
of the rules issued by the Central Government under the Motor Vehicles Act, 1988
and other guidelines issued from time to time. The occupier shall obtain necessary
NOC from State Pollution Control Boards in the respective states involved in case of
any inter and intra State transport of hazardous wastes. In Pondicheny three units are
transporting their hazardous wastes (spent acid) to Kerala and Tamil Nadu.
~ollection and handling of hazardous wastes at unit level
~t unit level, Hazardous wastes have to be handled using protective devices like gurn-
boots, gloves, mask, apron, safety glasses etc. For shifting the hazardous wastes
within the unit, manual trolleys or tractor mounted with trolleys are to be used. These
trolleys should be earmarked for this purpose and should be lined using plastic sheet
or bituminous felts in order to avoid any leakage and kept covered while shifting
waste to avoid spillage. Expect a few corporate units, most of the industrial units are
not following the above procedure in Pondicheny. This is common elsewhere in
India. Hence, trainingtawareness programmes have to be conducted periodically to
reduce the potential threats.
Treatment of hazardous wastes at Unit level
In order to make the handling of hazardous wastes smooth and environmentally
responsible, to recovertrecycle or reuse the wastes and to minimise the leachate
generation the disposal sites. it is recommended to treat the hazardous wastes at the
unit Icitl, i f i t is techno-economically feasible. Treatment includes de-watering,
neutralisation, precipitation of heavy metals, and adequate treatment for enabling
rcuselrecyclelrecovery. Bioreactors, using genetically engineered micro-organisms or
appropriate flora appear as a promising alternative as most of such technologies are
scale neutral.
Storage at Unit level
I'rt~m+'~. majority of the industries are storing their hazardous wastes in their
Prclnises without taking adequate measures for environmental protection. In such
unit has to take ail the measures to avoid contamination of environment due to
storage,
Intermediate storage facility at Commune level
Every commune in Pondicherry d n e e d not have Centralised Hazardous Waste
Treatment, Storage and Disposal Facility (CHWTSDF) due to following reasons:
03 Waste quantity is not adequate enough to warrant a separate CHWTSDF
*t. High capital, operation and maintenance cost
*t. Non availability of suitable site
In view of the above, it is recommended to install satellite storage facilities for a
cluster of adjoining areas. The intermediate storage facilities have to be designed and
developed to handle diverse types of hazardous wastes generated in the cluster of
units. Special attention should be paid to the provision of secured and dedicated
storage in intermediate storage facility as delineated below:
*:* Adequately lined base surface with proper leachate drainage and collection arrangement
*3 Roof and side walls in order to have protection against weather conditions such as rainfall, sunlight etc.
*f. Effective containment for prevention of spillage etc. which could be bundled for storage tanks around the storage area and a sump
*:* Clear signs demarcating the storage area with appropriate warning signs relevant to the hazardous nature of the wastes stored
Transportation of hazardous waste to CHWTSDF
I~ransportation of hazardous waste has to be done in two stages:
Transportation to intermediate satellite storage facility from the unit
From intermediate storage facility to lhe CHWTSDF
It is recornmended to register and license the transporter with the Pondicheq
Pollution Control Committee (PPCC) for transporting the hazardous waste. Such
transporters should not be allowed to use their vehicle allocated for hazardous waste
transport to use for some other purpose. These vehicles should be properly lined at the
base and sides of the waste carrying part of the vehicle in order to avoid the leakage
on the way and they should be kept covered during the transportation to avoid
spillage. These vehicles should be properly labeled in accordance to Motor Vehicle
Rules, 1989. In general most of these rules are not strictly adhere to in Pondicherry
region. Hence training and awareness programmes in combination with random
surprise checks will reduce such practices.
Pre-treatment at CHWTSDF
This may include de-watering of hazardous sludge and slurry type of wastes in order
to make the wastes easy to handle and dispose off. These may include effluent
trcatment plant sludge, lime sludge, alum mud, pickling sludge etc. The physical
treatment may include de-watering through filter press or vacuum drum filtration or
hrlt filters etc.
Treatment for Recyclelreuse/recovery
I'llerc is a great potential of reusing of hazardous wastes. It has been estimated that
about 33% of the total wastes generated in Pondicherry has the potential for
recycling/reuse/recovery (PPCC, 2003). However, a detailed techno-economic
feasibility study is required before considering the waste for recycling
~reuscirecovery .
The major types of hazardous wastes, which have the potential for
re~~vcrylreuse/recycling in Pondicherry, are:
+3 Lxad dross from the Battery units (lead recovery potential) (1 unit)
*' Zinc dross from the battery and galvanising units (Zinc recovery potential) (2
U P ; ~ S )
':' Slag from InductiodArc furnace (Reuse in road construction) (1 5 units)
*:* chromium bearing sludge from the chemical units (Cr recovery potential) (1 unit)
4:* Oily sludge from hydrocarbon storage and processing units (oil recovery potential) (2 units)
*:* Heavy metal sludge (Cu, Zn, Pb, Ni etc) from chemical, Metal & metallurgical, Edible oil units (Metal recovery potential) (3 units)
+> S p t bleach earth h m edible oil units (oil recovery potential) (2 units)
+:+ Spent acid from acid slurry manufacturing unit (15 units)
Final Disposal
is recommended to dispose off all the non-recyclable hazardous wastes generated
for either incineration or dispose off in centralised secured landfill facility at
('HWTSDF. CHWTSDF has to be designed and developed consisting of following
components:
*:* Receiving facilities for waste
b Laboratory facility
O Temporary storage facility
*:* Treatment facility
*:* Incineration facility
*:* Effluent treatment plant for leachate treatment and other waste waters
*:+ Recovery unit for recovering valuable components of waste
*:* Secured landfill
Such C'HWTSDF are set up and successfi~lly operated in several states like Tamil
Nadu, Karnataka and Gujarat etc.
SITING OF INDUSTRIES GENERATING HAZARDOUS WASTES
Major environmental problems. and the community conflicts that have emerged in
connection with them, owe much to the fact that like other States, Pondicheny do not
]lave a policy with regard to location of hazardous waste units, though there is
awareness that an environment impact assessment (EIA) must be made to assess the
"itability of such sites.
~~dustries and industrial estates, where hazardous waste may be generated, are also
located keeping in mind availability of certain infrastructure services such as roads,
power, water etc. without adequate attention being paid to environmental aspects such
as infiltration capacity. Worse, the locations may even be contrary to established land
use. or conflict with established ecological criteria. Pondicheny, in fact, is paying the
price for location of hazardous industries in ecologically sensitive areas and
sometimes within the bounds of residential areas. Such arbitrariness in sitting
decisions, which will have major consequences on the lives and livelihoods of people
in neighboring communities, must never be allowed.
On the contrary, for example residential colonies are set up adjacent to the
Mettupalayarn Industrial estate after the estate was established. This should not have
been allowed. At least in future, such colonies near to any other industrial estates
never be allowed.
111 addition to infrastructure and environmental needs, State Governments must keep
in mind proximity to disposal sites and centralized treatment facilities when
considering location of industrial estates. The latter should be separated clearly from
residential areas. Appropriate criteria should in fact be established which require them
to hc located in specially designated areas in the State's statutory land use plan.
Locat;.lg hazardous waste generating and recycling units in clusters will also enable
effective handling of wastes. reduce the cost of pollution control equipment (which
can be shared), and better utilisation of resources including landfills and incinerators
hides effective monitoring.
In siting relocating industries. besides the environmental factors that are to be
considered, human beings and their livelihoods are involved. What is important is to
"sure strict compliance with the regulations in the future. Location of industries.
Pani~ularly those producing serious environmental pollution, and of disposal sites
will have to be based on zoning criteria which define residential, commercial. green
and industrial areas, and should not be violated without compelling reasons. This will
have to be done on an inter.departmenta1 basis; industrial areas will have specific
for power, water, raillroad transport and related elements of infrastructure.
From recent experience, natural calamities such as earthquake and tsunami will also
have to be taken note of. Siting committee can ideally include the Chief Inspector of
~actories and a group of experts drawn from all relevant fields including academic
institutions and must cover EIA issues. Siting of industriesIindustriaI estates must no
longer be a p w l y based on politicalladministrative decisions. The interests of all
p take holders including the community at large must be taken into account and the
final decision should be based on sound ecological principles and Socio-Economic
implications.
Siting of Secured Landfill Facilities
11 is a sad fact that though industrialisation has now gone on for more than five
decades in India, the first engineered landfill came up in Gujarat only after 1997.
Most of the hazardous wastes generated in India even today are disposed off on land
in open dumps. and a very small percentage in engineered landfills that also leave a
great deal to be desired. Land is too valuable a natural resource to be rendered useless
or polluted by waste materials. It is also becoming more and more difficult to locate
s~iitable sites for final disposal of hazardous wastes; and high quality landfills are a
must, in which only the essential ultimate quantity of waste for disposal should be
deposited.
11 ought to be emphasized that it is partly the implementation of the Water Act, 1974,
that has resulted in the generation of large quantities of solid hazardous wastes: norms
for discharge of effluents and emissions have led to enhanced quantities of sludges
and other materials from the operations of pollution control systems. Further.
inadequate and environmentally unsound practices for the disposal and use of
hazardous wastes have in turn created air and water pollution and related problems of
environmental damage and public harm. The more severe effect of open dumping is
that it contaminates drinking water from underground and surface supplies and that
'his practice can lead to real dangers for human health and the environment.
Corrective action is bound to be expensive, complex and time consuming. Hence.
on land-based disposal should be minimized or eliminated. Land-based
disposal should be the least favoured method of managing hazardous wastes, except
for small quantities in well organised facilities. Recent episode of contamination of
ground water source of Navodya school in Pondicherry is a classical example of the
ill effects of the land based disposal of hazardous waste in indiscriminate manner.
Selection Criteria for Landfill Sites
The identification of hazardous waste treatment, storage and disposal facilities
(TSDFs) should be done as per EIA studies. Of course, these criteria are in the nature
of guidelines; if they were applied strictly, it would be very difficult to identify an
appropriate site. Thus. no site for a facility can be identified in the coastal areas, high
rainfall areas, forest and grazing lands, and areas with very high ground-water tables.
In view of this, no facility can be sited not only in Pondicheny but also in most parts
of Gujarat, Maharashtra. Goa, Kerala, Tamil Nadu, Andhra Yradesh, West Bengal,
etc., where most of the hazardous waste generating units are located. Further, due to
thc "NIMBY"(Not in My Backyard) syndrome. most of the general public are
protesting against proposed Secured Landfill facilities in their neighborhood.
Ilowever allowing the industrial units to generate hazardous waste without identifying
suitable site for disposal will lead to irreversible ecological impacts. Hence, after
careful examination of many factors. Karasur located at Villiyanur Commune
(F'ig.7.43) has been identified as best suitable site for providing secured landfill site
fbr hazardous waste. This site has been identified based on the following criteria :
*:* Away from the human settlement ( 1 km)
4 Ground water table is very low (33 m.)
Presence of rocky layer in the ground (20 m thickness)
*:* Adjacent to two industrial estates where most of the hazardous waste
generating units are located (within 1 Km radius)
* ialls in low infiltration zone (< 2% recharge rate)
HAZARDOUS WASTES AND SMALL SCALE UNITS
'There is increasing awareness of hazardous waste management amongst the large
industrial units generating hazardous wastes in India. SPCBs are conscious that
disposal of hazardous wastes is a major problem area, though they may not be able to
deal with it effectively at present. However, an adequate beginning is yet to be made
in relation to the unorganised sector, including backyard smelters, electroplating and
small and medium enterprises. These enterprises are still out of the net. Their
cumulative impacts could be much higher and hence, serious attention have to be
focused on dealing with the treatment of wastes generated from such facilities.
For a long term solution of these problems, several basic issues linked to
environmental impacts will also have to be examined in depth and addressed. For
instance. many of the offenders in the chemical industry belong to the small scale
sector. where economies of scale do not apply. Unless emuent treatment plants and
disposal sites are made available as centralised service facilities in the immediate
future, a large number of these small scale industries may have to be closed down to
stop their continued onslaught on the environment. This will inevitably lead to
unemployment of thousands of workers. driving them to poverty and homelessness.
There should be serious reconsideration on the growth of SSl dealing with recycling
of hazardous wastes and alternate employment opportunities for the displaced
horkcrs. Preferably, no hazardous waste generating unit shall be permitted in
l'ondicherry until the problem of safe treatment/disposal of hazardous waste is
adequately solved.
7.12 EVOLVING APPROPRIATE LEGAL FRAME WORK
Indian legal framework have been well designed and suitably amended to meet the
various challenging task of environmental protection. Policymaking. legislation and
law enforcement influence each other. However, the increase in the number of
"gulations increases difficulties in enforcement. Legislation regulating particular
activities shall be amended to incorporate and eliminate clashes with environmental
criteria. The Government of Pondicherry has been implementing the following three
central Acts and Rules framed there under:
*:* Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974
9 Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1981
*:* Environment (Protection) Act, 1986
Section 5 of Environment (Protection) Act, 1986 empowers the Government to
prohibit the establishment of pollution potential units like Sugars, Distilleries,
M.S.lngots, and Calcium Carbides etc.
Rule 3 of Environment (Protection) Rule, 1986 enable the Government to stringent
environmental standards depending upon the location of the industrial units.
(iovernment should reduce the industrial emission standards of 150 mg/Nm3 to 100
rng/Nrn3 in polluted areas like Eripakkam and Menupalayarn and discharge standards
of 'I'SS, BOD, COD and Oil & Grease from 100 mg/l, 100 mg/l, 250 mg/l and 10 mgll
to 75 mg/l. 75 mdl, 200 mg/l and 7 mg/l respectively in high infiltration Zone as
thcse level could be techno-economically feasible.
