INFRASTRCTURE DEVELOPMENT FOR DEVELOPMENT OF WATER

RESOURCESFuture Challenges

Eng.Wimalasena Gamagewimalasenagamage@yahoo.com

Consultant EngineerRetired Director of Irrigation

Fresh Water resources

Global Overview

• While 67% of Earth’s surface is covered by water,

• only less than 2.7% of global water is freshwater.

• Most of the freshwater (2.05%) are locked in ice caps and glaciers.

• Only less than 0.7% is available for human use.

Over two thirds of the earth's surface is covered with water,

97.2% of which is contained in the five oceans. The Antarctic ice sheet,

containing 90% of all fresh water on the planet, is visible at the bottom. Atmospheric water vapor can be seen as clouds, contributing to the earth's albedo.

Iceberg and Polar cap store most of the fresh wateron Earth

The world’s water resources

Glaciers, Snow & permafrost 1.725%

Ground water 0.075%

Lakes, swamps & rivers 0.025%

Oceans 97.5%

Volume of water stored inthe water cycle's reservoirs

Reservoir Volume of water(106 km³)

Percentof total

Ocean 1370 97.25

Ice caps & glaciers 29 2.05

Groundwater 9.5 0.68

Lakes 0.125 0.01

Soil Moisture 0.065 0.005

Atmosphere 0.013 0.001

Streams & rivers 0.0017 0.0001

Biosphere 0.0006 0.00004

Hydrologic Cycle

Scarcity of fresh water

• On a global basis, fresh water is a increasingly scarce resource. It is partially caused by increasing population coupled by change of consumption pattern and climate changes.

Water consumption for food production (I)

• Meat production use a lot of water when compared to growing food crops.

• A shift in food consumption pattern toward more meat consumption will cause a substantial increase in water consumption.

Water consumption for food production (II)

Competing water uses (I)

Competing water uses (II)

• Industrialized / developed countries tend to use more water in their industrial production.

• Other countries tend to use more water for agricultural uses.

Fresh Water supply

Problems related to Water crisis

• Inadequate access to safe drinking water by over 1.1 billion people

• Groundwater overdrafting leading to diminished agricultural yields

• Overuse and pollution of water resources harming biodiversity

• Regional conflicts over scarce water resources sometimes resulting in warfare.

Threats to fresh water resources

• Climate change causes change in frequencies of droughts and floods.

• Depletion of aquifers caused by over-consumption as a result of population growth.

• Pollution and contamination by sewage, agricultural and industrial runoff.

Distribution of population and water resources

Pressure of freshwater ecosystem

Fresh Water Outlook

• Estimated from existing data, some countries are going to experience serious shortage of fresh water supply in the coming 20 years time.

• China, India and South Africa and Middle East countries may among the most adversely affected countries.

Water in China• According to the World Bank forecast, Mainland China has

only a per-capita share of 2700 cubic meters per annum, one fourth of the world's average at present.

• Half of China's 617 largest cities face water deficits. Beijing is among the most water-short.

• The areas south of the Yangtze River, China's longest, which account for only 36.5 per cent of the country's total territory, have 80.9 per cent of its total water resources. However the areas north of the Yangtze, which make up 63.5 per cent of China, possess only 19.1 per cent of total water resources.

Desalination of sea water as fresh water supply

• Desalination of sea water can be done either via distillation or membrane process.

• Both process requires large amount of energy and thus costly, which means desalination remains an expensive option for providing reliable fresh water supply, restricted to only economically well-off countries.

River Basin In Sri lanka

103 River basins

Major River Basins

Kalu GangaKelani GangaGin GangaNilwala GangaMahaweli Ganga

Mahaweli GangaLongest River 335 KmBasin Area 10,448 sq.km

Drought Cycles

• Every continent has regions of scarce rainfall due to topographic effects or wind currents.– Water shortages have most severe effect in semiarid

zones where moisture availability is the critical factor in plant and animal distributions.

Water Availability in Sri Lanka

• Average annul rainfall - 1632mm• Average annual volume of rainfall - 96,688 MCM• Average Annual runoff to the sea - 41,272 MCM • Average annual water use - 9354 MCM• Ratio of average annual runoff into the sea to rainfall-43%• Ratio of average annual runoff into the sea to available water in

river basin- 81.5%• Ratio of average annual flow in rivers to water delivered for

irrigation - 21%• Ratio of average annual water use in all sectors to available water in

river basins – 18.5%

Types of Water Use

• Withdrawal - Total amount of water taken from a source.

• Consumption - Fraction of withdrawn water not returned to its source.

Water Resources and Production in 2010

• Total Estimated production of water resources 50617 MCM/2,450 Cum per head of Population. Resources were fairly even divided between most of the provinces(10% t0 17% of the national Total) Northern Province 6%,North Western Province 8 % .

• Portable water Consumption /usage Estimated at 513.8 MCM Western Province 39% Central 12% Southern 12% Northern Province 3%

• Irrigation Total Usage 8,740 MCM Highest NCP 23% UVA 17% Eastern 15%central 14% Western 2%

• Industry/Manufacturing Total 15 MCM 87% was consumed in Western Province• Hydropower Estimated 9,809 MCM Central 95% Sabaragamuwa 5 % but water

not consumed but used to produce Hydropower.• Livestock 32.4 MCM NWP 19% EP 17% NCP 16% NP 12% Central 6% • Total –Estimated Total 19,110 MCM Central 55% in cluding Hydro Power, NCP

22% UVA 16% EP 15% Central 14% Western 12%• Irrigation Dominated

Types of Water Use

• Worldwide, humans withdraw about 10% of total annual renewable supply.

– Many societies have always treated water as an inexhaustible(That cannot be exhausted) resource.

Quantities of Water Used

• Human water use has been increasing about twice as fast as population growth over the past century.

– Average amount of withdrawn worldwide is about 170,544 gal/person/year.

Global Water Use Growth

DEMAND FOR WATEREach day a person drinks 2-4 liters of waterand eats food that requires 2,000 – 5,000liters of water in its production. Hence providing the basic water needs to people is not a water problem but a political problem and a challenge especially in the light of population increase.Source: CA, 20071 and Clausen and Bjerg,20107

12% of population uses 85% of water

MajorityMinority

BymajorityByminority

WATER WARS

DEMAND For Drinking

Each day a person drinks 2-4 litres of water and eats food that requires 2,000 – 5,000 liters of water in its production. Hence providing the basic water needs to people is not a water problem but a political problem and a challenge especially in the light of population increase.

Availability of Water

Of the total volume of 120,000 MCM rainfall received in Sri Lanka, 70% is used for irrigation, 6% for domestic and industrial purposes, while about 23% of the total volume escapes to the sea as runoff through 103 river basins and 54 small drainage basins. The amount of surface water indirectly available is nearly 36%. The remainder is lost as evaporate-transpiration (ET).

An increase to 21.7 million by 2025 has been projected by the Demographic and Health Survey 2000, and World Population Policies, 2003.

IWRM includes all aspects of water resources development, management and use, and is central to the key issues of water supply, sanitation and infrastructure-building. Its role in sustainable development was recognized at the 2002 World Summit on Sustainable Development which called for all countries to develop IWRM and water efficiency strategies or plans. This call was reinforced by the 2005 world summit

Integrated Water Resource Management in Sri Lanka

The competition for water within a river basin especially between upstream and downstream users, and dominance of one over the other will not yield optimal results for the country. This is true for all the multiple uses that rely on Sri Lanka’s water resources along any river basin in the country. The adoption of Integrated Water Resource Management (IWRM) principles thus offer a widely accepted planning framework for minimizing the trade-offs between the multiple uses, and has been suggested and encouraged for Sri Lanka. Sri Lanka is currently in the process of formulating an IWRM Plan under the Dam Safety and Water Resources Planning Project (DSWRPP) under the Ministry of Irrigation and Water Resources Management.

RAINFALL REGIMES IN THE DIFFERENT CLIMATIC ZONES Due to the location of the central mountains in the island, and the resultant rain shadow effect, the island is divisible into pronounced Wet and Dry Zones.

The Wet Zone which covers about a quarter of the island has a high average annual rainfall that ranges from 2000 - > 5000 mm by the receipt of rain from both the south-west and the north-east monsoons, as well as inter-monsoonal rains during March - April and October - November. The first inter-monsoonal rains are often accompanied by warm conditions and thunderstorm type rains; the second is also characterized by thunderstorm type rains and depressions and cyclones that originate in the Bay of Bengal —although Sri Lanka lies outside the main cyclone belt.

The Intermediate Zone, with a mean annual rainfall between 1750 and 2000 mm, lies between the Wet and Dry Zones.

The Dry Zone, which is spread over much of the lowland plains has a mean annual rainfall of 1250 mm – 1750 mm. It is subjected to several months of drought as it receives rain only from the northwest monsoon, which brings in more than two thirds of the annual rainfall to this region. As such, more than 70% of the rains in the Dry Zone occur between October and December, resulting in a considerableseasonal variation in the rainfall of this region.

Objectives of IWRM

• To provide training in key principles and themes of Integrated Water Resources Management (IWRM).

• To show IWRM’s key linkages to development and to addressing poverty reduction, water and health, and water and food (MDGs).

• To train trainers to apply IWRM principles for awareness raising and capacity building in advising decision makers and in preparing curriculum in IWRM training.

• To plan implementation strategy and actions for training of trainers in IWRM at the network and regional level.

About Water ….

• A “Single” Resource – has no substitute

• A Limited Resource

• A Scarce Resource (or is it?)

• Has Social, Economic, and Environmental Value (social and environment are recent)

A Unique Resource• Every organism, individual, and ecosystem

on the planet depends on water for survival.

• Water impacts all aspects of life on the planet

• Poor water management and water shortages can lead to disease, malnutrition, reduced economic growth, social instability, conflict, and environmental disaster.

A Challenge to Water Management

The Water Scene

• Resources are scarce• Demands are outstripping supplies• Environmental/Ecological issues are serious• Policy and institutional issues are complicated• Current approach is sectoral and fragmented• Financing is poor and options are expensive

Where Are We Headed?• Decreasing per-capita availability• Degrading water quality• Increasing competition/conflict within sectors and within

society– Urban versus agriculture– Haves versus have nots– Upstream versus downstream– National versus international

• Increasing competition/conflict with the environment

Water as a Global Issue• Water crisis has steadily moved up

the global agenda• The process is driven by – water-related health impacts, – rapid industrialization, – water security, and – awakening environmental consciousness

The Paradigm ShiftThe Dublin principles (1992)• Water is a single, finite resource• Water management and development

should include stakeholders• Water is an economic good• Women play a central role in management

and conservation of waterThe Dublin Principles have served as guide for the global water dialogue

Key Water Challenges and Needs

• Integrated management of water

• Water resources economics

• Political economy of water

• Water supply and sanitation services

• Irrigation/drainage • Environment

• Water pricing and cost recovery

• Water entitlement and rights

• Water users empowerment

• Sharing of water and its benefits

• Cooperation and conflict resolution

• Energy

Approaches to Water Management• Ad hoc• Economic Analysis -- Single Project or

Basin• Multi-Objective Planning• Comprehensive Multi-Purpose River

Basin Planning and Management• Strategic Planning and Implementation

through IWRM

The Water Balancing Act

Demand• Increasing in all sectors• Inefficient use

Supply• Quantity (Natural Scarcity, Groundwater Depletion)• Quality Degradation• Cost of Options

IWRM

Why IWRM?• Globally accepted and makes good sense.• Key element in national water policy.• Incorporates social and environmental

considerations directly into policy and decision making.

• Directly involves the stakeholders. • Is a tool for optimizing investments under

tight financing climate.

Key Water & Water-related Policies/Inst.

Resources Assessment &

Analysis

Use Assessment & Analysis

Resource Development &

Management Plan

Implementation & Monitoring

Resource Allocation Strategy

Review & Evaluation

CountryDevelopment

Objectives

Schematic of the IWRM Process • Stakeholder Input• Donor Input• Other Input

Dimensions of IWRM

Integrated Water Resources Management

Water supply & sanitation

Irrigation & drainage

Energy Environ-mentalservices

Infrastructure for Infrastructure for management of management of

floods and floods and droughts, droughts,

multipurpose multipurpose storage, water storage, water

quality and source quality and source protectionprotection

Policy/ Policy/ Institutional Institutional frameworkframework

Management Management instrumentsinstruments

Political economy Political economy of water of water

managementmanagement

Other uses including

industry and navigation

Water Uses GWP

Ground water• Groundwater is derived largely from direct rainwater seepage

and the recharge from surface water bodies such as streams, canals and reservoirs.

• There are many different types of aquifers of groundwater in Sri Lanka is found in the Miocene limestone deposits in the Dry Zone areas of the north and north-east, which extend over about 250 km

• The coastal sand aquifer area in the north-west is particularly important for agriculture.

• The total groundwater availability in the island from infiltration, percolation and sub-surface circulation is estimated to be around 7,250 – 7,800 MCM per annum, which is about 15% of the country’s surface water Resources.

IRRIGATIONAt the global level, irrigation has ensured the global food supply and raised millions out of poverty—especially in Asia. For many developing countries investments in irrigation will continue to represent a significant proportion of investments in Agriculture. However, it has been documented that new investments will focus more on enhancing productivity of existing systems by upgrading infrastructure and forming management processes.The major irrigation systems in place provide water for around 60% of the irrigated lands in Sri Lanka. Of the total water withdrawal, about 80% is used for irrigated agriculture leaving the remainder for industries and domestic needs.

Drinking and other Domestic Needs

• The government views access to safe drinking water as a basic human need and a preliminary indicator of human development. There is a target for 100% of Sri Lanka’s population to have safe drinking water provided to them in the medium-term by the National Water Supply and Drainage Board (NWS&DB) by 2025.

• Sri Lanka depends solely on its surface and groundwater resources for domestic use. At the time Sri Lanka received independence in 1948 only a segment of the urban population in Colombo and Kandy had piped water, while the main sources of drinking water at the time were unprotected wells, rivers, tanks and canals. Interestingly the share of water used by the urban population in Sri Lanka is projected to increase to 45% by 2015 and to 65% by 2030, which is bound to increase the pressure to meet the national targets for drinking water.

The Water Scene

• Resources are scarce• Demands are outstripping supplies• Environmental/Ecological issues are serious• Policy and institutional issues are complicated• Current approach is sectoral and fragmented• Financing is poor and options are expensive

Approaches to Water Management

• Ad hoc• Economic Analysis -- Single

Project or Basin• Multi-Objective Planning• Comprehensive Multi-Purpose

River Basin Planning and Management

• Strategic Planning and Implementation through IWRM

Application of Integrated Water Resources Management In Sri Lanka

• Project Management Committees in Irrigation Schemes

• Mahaweli Water Pannel• District Development Commitees

New Challenges

• New Hydropower Projects in sustainable development manner

• Augmentation of Existing Irrigation Projects

• Rehabilitation & Improvement of existing Reservoirs

• Rehabilitation of Irrigation Net works• Rehabilitation of Existing Water

Supply schemes

Dam Safety and water Resources Planning Project (DSWRPP)

• Improvement of selected existing Dams

• Improvement & rehabilitation of Hydrological Networks

• Automation of Operating Systems• Rehabilitation of Existing Reservoirs

for water supply

Challenges to the Water Sector

• Over 350 Large/Medium Dams, Head works and Trans-Basin canals of the country are aging and suffering from various structural deficiencies and shortcomings in operation and monitoring facilities.

• The National Hydrological and Hydro-meteorological data collection network and its Information System (HMIS) are grossly outdated, inadequate and need upgrading & modernization.

Challenges to the Water Sector

Weak institutional arrangements and coordination for efficient management of water infrastructure and hydro-metrological information system in the water sector institutions need new knowledge, skills and modern management practices.

Competition among different sectors and users are increasing dramatically resulting in disputes and conflicts which need re-examining the development potential and feasibility of the water resources development proposals, including the original Mahaweli Master Plan.

Mitigation of Environmental Impacts

– 32 Large Dams of the country identified as high risk to the public safety , will be fully rehabilitated.

– 80 Large Dams ( including above 32 Dams) will be provided Basic Safety Facilities .

– Critical issues of Senanayaka Samudraya, Samanalawewa, Polgolla Tunnel, Minipe Trans basin canal and Victoria Dam will be studied and make recommendation for remedial actions

– Training Staff for Institutional strengthening of dam owning organizations

Mitigation of Environmental Impacts

• The project has developed an Environmental Assessment & Management Framework (EAMF) to be used for Environmental assessment of each dam to be rehabilitated under the project.

• This framework was submitted to the CEA & got the clearance. The same document was published in the Newspapers for the public opinions & finalized.

• This EAMF is currently being used to prepare Environmental Assessment of each dam.

• Protection of Sensitive Zones of all Rehabilitated Reservoirs

Cultural Property Preservation

In the case of ancient dams, certain structures such as sluices with High Archeological Value, project will preserve them as a “ Cultural Property”

Project will not have any intention to replace such valuable properties by new structures

During this effort, project seek technical assistances from Archeological Department.

Expected Project Outputs• A safe, operationally-efficient and risk-minimized reservoir/head-works

system with a safety monitoring system in place inclusive that of Mahaweli;

• A modernized and efficient Hydro-meteorological Information System;• A National Water Use Master Plan addressing both surface and ground

water; which could support to find out effective solutions for National Water related Issues.

• Updated Mahaweli Master Plan to identify and develop potential Water Resources .

• A skilled and competent staff to manage the water resources assets in a sustainable manner and to meet the emerging challenges in the water sector.

• Increase Agricultural Production and improve the livelihood of Rural Community.

General view of the sluice Tower Ampara Senanayaka Samudraya

Front side wall over trash rack

History of Water

First water supply scheme - Labugama in 1881 ; supplied raw water to Colombo city.

In 1914 filtration and chlorination was introducedTotal Production 45,000m3/daySource – Labugama Reservoir

Supply

in Sri

Lanka

•

••

Jewel Filters (Labugama)

KALATUWAWA

WATER

TREATMENT PLANT (1958) - Total

Production

90,000m3/day

Source

- Kalatuwawa

Reservoir

AMBATALE WATER TREATMENT PLANT

(1976) - Total

Production525,000m3/

day

Source – Kelani River

NWSDB OPERATIONAL SCHEMES

•Total pipe borncoverage 30%SOURCE CONTRIBUTION

Surface 94% Water

Ground 6% Water

HAND PUMP TUBE WELLS• Usage of HPTWs in Sri Lanka,

speciallyhave been vastly increased in past two

Population served is over one million.

in dry zonedecades.

areas

•

Following agencies involved in tube wellconstruction

work.- Matale & Polonnaruwa- Kandy District

••••

DANIDAFINIDA GTZUNICEF

Districts

- Kurunegala & Vavunia Districts- Anuradhapura, Monaragala & Hambantota Districts

- Anuradhapura, Puttalam, Hambantota,Monaragala, Kalutara & Kegalle Districts

• ADB

Most Important three constraints in thecurrent efforts on water infrastructure• Project Financing

– Capital Investment– Tariff Structure

Availability of water

– Pollution free water

• resources

– Conflicts among different water

Pollution Prevention

users•

––––

Policy on siting of Industries

Soil erosion Salinity Intrusion Eutrophication

The 3 water schemes that need improvements1.

••

Ambatale water treatment plantSludge treatment & backwash

recoveryIntercept

orsewer

for BEPZ

Carrousal Oxidation Ditch

Aerated Lagoon

The 3 water schemes that needimprovements3 Ampar

aWSS-

Presence

of Algae

& colour

Centrifuge

Floatation

Challenging issues for eco-efficientwater infrastructure••••

Policy on sludge management

Catchment preservation Policy on siting of industries Construction of interceptor sewerMain barriers &

constraints• Lack of financing– Salinity barrier– Interceptor sewer

Establishment of industries independently catchment preservationResettlement

••

Threats of climate change••

Salinity intrusionWater scarcity

3.•

Priority for regional corporation forRegional Framework

development

––

Establishment of mechanism to shareSharing R&D works

Criteria of Development

Priority of water usage Prohibition of deforestationConservation of upper catchments

ideas

•–––

• Elevations/land use– Avoiding location of heavy

pollutingindustries

at any cost

Expected role and structure of the regionalcorporation framework•Establishment of National

PlanningAuthority to guide the

development–

––––

IrrigationUrban development

Forestry Residential Industries etc.

Recommendations•Recommendable good practices &

lesionslearned––––

Catchment preservationAvoiding location of heavy polluting industriesMonitoring river water qualityCreating awareness

• Any good suggestions for the promotion of ecoefficient water infrastructure development–––

Implementation of policy on siting of industriesHeavy penalties for industries that do not comply Educating industries on 3R principal and to separate heavy polluting streams prior to mixing

Domestic water treatment units to remove Fe, Mn & FlProvision of rainwater• for area having suspected water quality• For the areas difficult to connect to portable supply

Educating school children on effects of pollution and water conservation Practices

–

–

–

Water

Every

Drop

is Precious…

“ Let not a single

drop of water that falls on theland go in to the sea without serving the

people ”

Parakrama Bahu I

King of Sri Lanka (1153 – 1186 AD)