IES Breckland GCSE Home Learning Booklet

Autumn Term

Abdominals Triceps Biceps Gastrocnemius Quadriceps Deltoid Pectoralis major Trapezius Latissimus Dorsi Hamstrings Gluteus Maximus Erector Spinae

Muscles work in _______. The antagonistic muscle relaxes and

______________. Whilst the agonist muscles ____________

and shorten. The fixator muscles stop any unwanted movement

by _________ the joints involved. The __________ muscles

are muscles that work together to enable the agonist to operate

more effectively. The biceps and __________ are an example

of antagonistic pair. When the arm bends, the biceps are the

__________ because the muscle contracts and shortens.

Therefore, the triceps are the __________ because the muscle

is relaxing is lengthening. During this movement the

__________ muscle is the trapezius as it helps to stabilise the

joint throughout the movement. The synergist muscles are the

brachialis and brachioradialis as they work together to help the

biceps operate more _____________.

Use these key words to fill in the gaps.

effectively

agonist

synergist

lengthens

contract

stabilising

triceps

agonist

antagonist

pairs

fixator

Describe how the hamstring and quadriceps work as an antagonistic pair. You

must use all of the words from the box below.

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If you are struggling then use the following sentence starters

1) Muscles work in pairs where one muscle is called the …………………………….

2) The muscle that contracts is called the……………………………………..

3) If one muscle is contracting then the other muscle must be………………….

Word bank

Agonist

Antagonist Pull

Contract Synergist

Relax Fixator

Shorten lengthen

Sporting Examples

Concentric Eccentric Isometric

Concentric

Concentric contractions take place when the agonist muscle

_____________ and the antagonist muscle ____________.

Eccentric

Eccentric contractions take place when the agonist muscle

______________ and the antagonist muscle ____________.

Isometric

Isometric contractions take place there is a pushing or pulling force but

both of the muscle in the antagonistic pair stay the _______

___________.

3 t

ypes

of

mu

scle

con

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tio

n

Sporting Examples

1. Chest pass

Muscles –

Agonist –

Antagonist –

Contraction type –

2. Rowing

Muscles –

Agonist –

Antagonist –

Contraction type –

3. Standing Broad Jump

Muscles –

Agonist –

Antagonist –

Contraction Type –

4. Back to back

pushing

Muscles –

Agonist –

Antagonist –

Contraction Type –

5. Press Up – Upward Phase

Muscles –

Agonist –

Antagonist –

Contraction Type –

6. Press Up – Downward Phase

Muscles –

Agonist –

Antagonist –

Contraction Type –

7. Counter Balance

Muscles –

Agonist –

Antagonist –

Contraction type –

8. Bicep Curl –

Upward Phase

Muscles –

Agonist –

Antagonist –

Contraction Type –

9. Bicep Curl –

Downward Phase

Muscles –

Agonist –

Antagonist –

Contraction Type –

10. Rugby Scrum

Muscles –

Agonist –

Antagonist –

Contraction type –

11. Javelin Throw

Muscles –

Agonist –

Antagonist –

Contraction type –

Key Terms

Muscle Contraction –

A shortening or tensing of a muscle which causes movement.

Antagonistic Pair –

Two muscles which work together e.g. the bicep and tricep.

Agonist –

Main mover! The muscle in the antagonistic pair which is making the

movement happen.

Antagonist –

The lazy one of the pair! This one does the opposite of the agonist. It relaxes

while its partner contracts.

12. Sprint Start

Muscles –

Agonist –

Antagonist –

Contraction type –

Exam Questions

1. Which of the following best describes the cardiac muscle? (1) a. Tissue surrounding the bone aiding protection b. Controlled voluntarily responding to different stimuli c. Involuntary muscle found in the intestines, blood vessels and urinary organs d. Involuntary, working automatically and never tiring

2. Which of the following muscles contract to extend the leg at the knee? (1)

a. Quadriceps b. Hamstrings c. Gastrocnemius d. Gluteus Maximus

3. Which antagonistic pair of muscles work to bend the arm at the elbow? (1)

a. Biceps and pectorals b. Trapezius and deltoids c. Triceps and biceps d. Gastrocnemius and hamstrings

4. Which of the following describes an action that is linked with isotonic muscular contraction?

(1) a. Dribbling the ball and making a lay up shot b. Holding space blocking the pathway of the attacker c. Keeping stable in a rugby scrum d. Remaining in a handstand for 3 seconds

5. Which of the following does not describe an immediate effect of exercise? (1)

a. Blood shunts to the working muscles b. Heart becomes larger and stronger c. Muscles contract and relax d. Muscles can tire as the ability to use oxygen becomes less efficient

6. When rugby players hold their position in a scrum which type of muscular contraction is

being used? (1)

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7. Which type of muscle fibres are used in long distance events? (1)

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8. What does RICE stand for and which type of injury is it the treatment for? (2)

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9. Name three sports for which a higher percentage of fast-twitch fibres would be desirable (3)

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10. Describe the effects of peptide hormones on muscles (4)

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11. Define the following terms: (2)

a. Origin……………………………………………………………………………………………...

b. Insertion……………………………………………………………………………………………

12. Exercising over a long period of time affects the muscles in different ways. Describe three of these long term effects. (3)

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13. Describe the cause and effect of muscle strain (3)

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14. Name each of the 11 muscles and link it to a sporting action (11)

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There are ____ bones in the human body. They come in all different

shapes and forms. These are the major bones in the human body.

Label the correct bones on the skeleton

Also known as;

Skull =

Collar Bone =

Shin =

Funny Bone =

Knee Cap =

How would you describe these bones?

________________ ___________________ _______________________ _________________

Explain more about how the skeleton protects. What in our body needs to be

protected and what protects them?

There are four main types of bone in the human body; each has a

different size and shape related to the jobs they do.

Describe the jobs of each type of bone:

Type of Bone Example Job

Femur = Cranium =

Metacarpals = Pelvis =

Tibia = Fibula =

Sternum = Clavicle =

One function of our skeleton is movement. The human skeleton is made up of

______________ that create different types of movement which are used in

everyday life.

Definition – A joint is

Match the type of movement to the correct statement

Abduction Movement of a limb towards the mid-line

of the body

Rotation Straightens limbs at a joint

Flexion Movement away from the mid-line of the

body

Extension Bending the limbs at a joint.

Adduction A circular movement around a fixed point

Type of movement Sporting Example

A joint is where two or more bones meet.

Where are some joints in our body?

1. 2. 3.

What attaches a bone to another bone? - _____________________

What attaches a bone to a muscle? - _______________________

There are many types of joint that make up the human skeletal

system. The main joint is called a;

F_________________ M___________________

J______________

The joint is also known as a;

S______________ Joint

There are 2 types of F………………… M………………….. J………………..

Name of

Joint

Location Bones Movement Sporting

Example

The ____________ Joint The B______ and S_____________ Joint

The knee is a typical synovial joint. All synovial joints have the same components:

Reduces friction. Acts as a shock absorber.

Lubricates the joint.

Produces synovial fluid.

Joins muscle to bone enabling movement.

Joins bone to bone, stabilising the joint.

Synovial fluid Cartilage Tendon Synovial membrane Ligament

Synovial Fluid Synovial membrane Cartilage

Joint Capsule Tendon Ligament

Muscle

1. Which of the following is not a function of the skeleton? (1)

a. Protects vital organs of the body b. Stores minerals, essential to the good function of the body c. Can be classified into groups d. Provides the framework on which muscles attach to help movement

2. Which of the following bones are linked with throwing a ball? (1)

a. Humerus, ulna, fibula b. Metacarpals, tibia, radius c. Phalanges, humerus, carpals d. Scapula, sternum, femur

3. Which of the following best describes a joint? (1)

a. A place where bones are close b. Where several bones and muscles meet allowing movement c. Where the production of movement occurs d. Where two or more bones meet but where there is not necessarily movement

4. Which statement best describes adduction? (1)

a. Movement bringing the limbs of the body towards the centre b. Where the angle of the joint decreases c. Where the angle increases between the bones of a joint d. The joint moves in circular motion

5. Which joint is mainly involved in the action of kicking a football? (1)

a. Pivot joint b. Hinge joint at the elbow c. Ball and socket at the hip d. Hinge joint at the knee

6. Giving shape and support are two functions of the skeleton. Name the other THREE (3)

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7. What is the name of the movement occurring at the shoulder joint during a tennis serve (1)

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8. Name the other SIX types of movement and give a sporting example for each (6)

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9. What are the roles of the following tissues: (2)

a. Tendon……………………………………………………………………………………………

b. Ligament………………………………………………………………………………………….

10. Name two ligaments found in the knee joint (2)

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11. The bones of the cranium are examples of which type of bone? (1)

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12. Name the THREE other bone types (3)

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13. This question refers to the range of movement at a joint (4)

Simon’s preferred stroke in swimming is butterfly. Part of his training is on flexibility and he

wants to start with the joints which give greatest flexibility.

a. Which joint will he work on first?

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b. What type of movement does this joint allow?

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c. Describe the parts that make up this joint

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14. This question refers to potential injuries resulting from participation (4)

An athlete training for a marathon suffers pain in the lower leg as the foot impacts on the

ground. The athlete is concerned that this is some type of fracture.

a. What type of fracture could it be?

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b. How does this fracture occur?

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c. What treatment should follow?

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