IEEE ICC - B/N M C...• The SM pioneers Ali Ghrayeb, Harald Haas, Prof. Jeganathan, Marco di Renzo, Rakshith Rajashekar, Prof. Hari et al. • The Sponsors: EPSRC and the ERC Advanced

c©Hanzo, ECS, Univ. of Southampton, UK. http://www-mobile.ecs.soton.ac.uk 1/ 34 ⇒|

A Stroll with Shannon to Next-GenerationPlaza:

Large-Scale MIMOs, Single versus MultipleRF Chains and All That...

Presented byLajos Hanzo

withSOUTHAMPTON WIRELESS

School of Electronics and Computer Science,University of Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK.http://www-mobile.ecs.soton.ac.uk


Acknowledgements• Sincere thanks for the cordial invitation to all the Organizers

• The Southampton Wireless team, especially to my valued friends andcolleagues Shinya Sugiura, Mohammad Kadir, Ping Yang, Kan Zheng, ChaoXu;

• The SM pioneers Ali Ghrayeb, Harald Haas, Prof. Jeganathan, Marco diRenzo, Rakshith Rajashekar, Prof. Hari et al.

• The Sponsors: EPSRC and the ERC Advanced Fellow Grant


A Stroll with Shannon to Next-Generation

Plaza...

• The History...


Place5G

4GTerrace

CapacityGate

1990s 2000s 2010s 2020s

MPEG 1, 2 & 4 street

SD

MA

Close

ShannonStreet

FourierStree

t

IDMA Street

STC Street

Turbo

Stree

t

Stereo

scop

icAve

nue

H.2

61-H

.265

Way

Holog

raph

icRoa

d

VLC

Lane

mm

-Wave

Avenu

e

Telepresence ParkwayOFDM / MC-CDMA Avenue

Het

Net

Bou

leva

rd

Coop

erat

ive

Ave

nue

Quant

umAve

nue

MIM

OStreet

Beamforming Close

Spatial Modulation Lane

BLA

ST

Lan

e

http://www-mobile.ecs.soton.ac.uk






A Stroll with Shannon to Next-Generation

Plaza...

• The Myth: ’flawless tele-presence’ with zero error for

anyone, anywhere, anytime...

• The Reality...

• The Future: L. Hanzo, H. Haas, S. Imre, D. O’Brien,M. Rupp, and L. Gyongyosi, “Wireless myths, realities, andfutures: From 3G/4G to optical and quantum wireless,”Proceedings of the IEEE, vol. 100, pp. 1853 –1888, 13 2012,Invited Paper in the Centennial Issue


A Stroll with Shannon...

C = M · B/Nf · log(1 + SINR)1. Shannon’s Lesson # 1 B: Bandwidth - mm-Wave & Optical Wireless

2. Shannon’s Lesson # 2 Nf : Frequency-reuse factor - Small Cells, HetNets,FFR & all that...

3. Shannon’s Lesson # 3 SINR: No. of RX antennas (N) - Large-Scale MIMOsfor RX-diversity, Beamforming & Interference Alignment

4. Shannon’s Lesson # 4 M : No. of TX antennas - Large-scale MIMOs forBLAST and Spatial Modulation

5. L. Hanzo, M. El-Hajjar, O. Alamri: Near-Capacity Wireless Transceivers andCooperative Communications in the MIMO Era: Evolution of Standards,Waveform Design, and Future Perspectives Proceedings of the IEEE Volume99, Issue 8, 2011, pp 1343 - 1385


Shannon’s Lesson # 1 - B: Bandwidth

mm-Wave & Optical Wireless


0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35Eb / No(dB)

100

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

910

1

Nor

mal

ised

Cap

acity

(Bits

/s/H

z)

BPSK

4QAM

16QAM

64QAM

Shannon LimitFixed - mean BER 0.01%Fixed - mean BER 1%AQAM - mean BER 0.01%AQAM - mean BER 1%TU Channel

Figure 1: Channel capacity upper bound of LTE-style near-instantaneously adap-tive QAM (AQAM) and fixed modulation schemes over the dispersive TU RayleighFading channel for BER=1% and BER=0.01%.






Figure 2: Pathloss versus carrier frequency, portraying the typical oxygen andwater vapour absorption phenomena c©Steele & Hanzo, 1999


Massive Optical-Wireless MIMOs & Li-Fi...• http://www.vlcc.net/?ml lang=en

• http://www.lificonsortium.org/index.html

• The Future: L. Hanzo, H. Haas, S. Imre, D. O’Brien, M. Rupp, andL. Gyongyosi, “Wireless myths, realities, and futures: From 3G/4G to opticaland quantum wireless,” Proceedings of the IEEE, vol. 100, pp. 1853 –1888,13 2012, Invited Paper in the Centennial Issue


But do you think Dr Shannon...?Would the field of wireless have developedequally bandwidth-consciously, if...?

What if governments had not imposedfrequency-licence fees...?

What about ’Green Radio...?

What about the ’Tactile Internet’...?


Shannon’s Lesson # 2 - Nf :Frequency-reuse factor

Small Cells, LiFi, FFR, HetNets & all that...



http://www.vlcc.net/?ml_lang=en

http://www.lificonsortium.org/index.html




LS-MIMO Applications:Multilayer Sectorization

UEUEUUUEUEEEEUEUEUE

UEUUEUUeNB

UE

UE

UE

• Zheng, Zhao, Mei, Shao, Xiang & Hanzo: Survey of Large-Scale MIMOSystems, IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials, IEEE Xplore


Shannon’s Lesson # 3 - The SINR Dependson the Pathloss & Fading of Both the Signal

& Interference

c©Hanzo, ECS, Univ. of Southampton, UK. http://www-mobile.ecs.soton.ac.uk 15/ 34 ⇒| c©Hanzo, ECS, Univ. of Southampton, UK. http://www-mobile.ecs.soton.ac.uk 16/ 34 ⇒|

Type I MIMO: Space-Time Coded OFDMImproves the SINR

1 Tx 1 Rx

0128

256 384512

Subcarrier index 0 25 50 75 100 125 150

Transmission frame (Time)

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

Inst

ante

nous

SNR

(dB

)

2 Tx 1 Rx

0128

256 384512



4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

Inst

anta

neou

sSN

R(d

B)

2 Tx 2 Rx

0128

256 384512



4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

Inst

anta

neou

sSN

R(d

B)

2 Tx 6 Rx

0128

256 384512



4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

Inst

anta

neou

sSN

R(d

B)






Spatial Corr. Degrades the G2 STBC SINR

� � � � � � �

� � � � � � � �

�

�

� � � �

� � � �

� � � �

� ��

� ��

� ��

� � �

� � � � �

� � � � �

� � � �

� � � � �

� � � � �

� � � � �

� � � � �

� � � � �

� � � � �

! " ! # # $ % & ' ( ! ) ! * ( + $ # , ( ' - . / 0 / 1

2 3 & ' ( & % " ! # # $ % & ' ( ! ) 4

5 6 7 8 9 : 9 ;< = > ? @ / A ? @ B


CSI Errors Degrade the SINR of G2 STBC

C D E F G H I

J K L L K L M L N L

OP

Q

K L R S

K LR T

K LR U

K LR V

K LR W

K LR X

K LY

Z [\

] L ^ L K

Z [\

] L ^ L _

Z [\

] L ^ K

Z[

\] L ^ K _

Z[

\] L ^ M

Z [\

] L ^ M _

Z [\

] L ^ N

` a b c d c e f g c f c h f i a e

j i f b k c d l c h f ` m no a e p h a b c d c e f

g c f c h f i a e

` a b c d c e f g c f c h f i a e j i f b ` m n c d d a d q

r s t q q i s e b s u i e v s u s d i s e h c a l

w xy z { | { } ~ { | �


So, Dr Shannon - which of the Four MIMOsis fit for Large-Scale MIMOs?

� � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � �

� � � � � � � � � � � �

� � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � �

� � �

� �

�

¡¢

� � �

£ ¤£ ¥

� � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � �

� �

£ ¤£ ¦

§ ¨ ¡

§ ¨ ©

ª « ¬ ¤

ª « ¬ ¦


Shannon’s Lesson # 4 - M : No. of TXantennas

Capacity of MIMOs

C ≈ min(M ; N)

Large-scale MIMOs and Spatial Modulation• L. Hanzo, O. Alamri, M. El-Hajjar, N. Wu: Near-Capacity Multi-Functional

MIMO Systems; John Wiley and IEEE PRESS, 2009






Given your legacy Dr Shannon - we set outto conceive cooperative massiveMIMO-aided unlicensed & optical wirelessHetNets...


Zheng, Zhao, Mei, Shao, Xiang & Hanzo:Survey of Large-Scale MIMO Systems, IEEE

Communications Surveys & Tutorials

cylindrical AA

linear AA

spherical AA

rectangular AA

distributed AA


LS-MIMO Applications:Adaptive Beamforming

eNB

UE

UE

UE



LS-MIMO Applications:Large-scale Cooperation & Backhaul

eNB UE

RRU

...

RRU







LS-MIMO Applications: Hot-Spot Coverage

MeNB SeNB High Rise

SUE

MUE

MUE

SUE

SUE

SUE



But Dr Shannon... Do You Believe LosingTransmit-Diversity in Exchange for Requiring Only a

Single-RF Chain Is a Good Deal?


The Fifth MIMO: Spatial Modulation (SM) RequiresOnly a Single RF Chain

® ¯ ° ± ²³ ´ µ ¶ ¶

· ¸ ¹ º ® » ¼

µ ¶

µ µ

¶ µ

¶ ¶

½ ¾

½ ¿½ ¾¶ µ

À ¶

À Á

À Â

À Ã

• M. Di Renzo, H. Haas, A. Ghrayeb, S. Sugiura and L. Hanzo: SpatialModulation for Generalized MIMO: Challenges, Opportunities andImplementation, Proc. of the IEEE, January 2014


So What About Single vs. Multiple RFChains...Dr Shannon...?

1. S. Sugiura, S. Chen, and L. Hanzo, “A universal space-time architecture formultiple-antenna aided systems,” Communications Surveys Tutorials, IEEE,vol. 14, pp. 401 –420, quarter 2012.

2. M. Di Renzo, H. Haas, A. Ghrayeb, S. Sugiura and L. Hanzo: SpatialModulation for Generalized MIMO: Challenges, Opportunities andImplementation, Proc. of the IEEE, January 2014






Linear Dispersion Coding (LDC) Circumvents theDiversity vs. Multiplexing Tradeoff

Ä Å Æ

Ä Ç È É Ê Ë Ì Í Î Ê

Î È Ç Ç Ê Ï

Ä Ð Ñ Ï É Ê

Ò Ó Ô Õ Ö Ð É ×

ØÙ

Æ Ä Ú Å Û Ü Ý

Þ ß

à á

âã

Ø

ä

å

æ

ç

è

Æ Ä Ú Å Û Ü Ý

Þ á

à ß


Linear Dispersion Codes Require MultipleRF Chains

+ +

AQ

s1sQ ]T

A1

T temporal dimensions

= [

dimensionsspatialM

S =∑Q

q=1Aqsq =

K

• LDC(MNTQ), with arbitrary modulation schemes.

• Q non-separable layers.

• Optimization of χ.

• A single Dispersion Character Matrix (DCM) χ.


• Capacity comparison between V-BLAST,STBC, LDC, SM and STSK:

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

18

CC

MC

Cap

acity

[bits

/blo

ck/c

hann

el-u

se]

-10 -5 0 5 10 15 20 25 30

SNR [dB]

V-BLAST(2,2)LDC(2,2,2,4)G2-STBC(N=2)SM(2,2)STSK(2,2,2,4)

- Both V-BLAST(2,2) and LDC(2,2,2,4) mayachieve the same maximum attainablecapacity of the MIMO system using M = 2

TAs and N = 2 RAs.

- The SM(2,2)’s CCMC capacity is lower thanthat of V-BLAST(2,2) and LDC(2,2,2,4),followed by G2-STBC(N=2) andSTSK(2,2,2,4).

• BER performance comparison betweenV-BLAST, STBC and LDC:

10-5

10-4

10-3

10-2

10-1

100

BER

-10 -5 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40

Eb/N0 [dB]

V-BLAST(2,2)-QPSK, ML

SM(2,2)-8PSK, Reduced-Scope

V-BLAST(2,2)-QPSK, MMSE

- Both the diversity schemes of LDC(2,2,2,4)and G2-STBC(N=2) may outperform themultiplexing scheme of V-BLAST(2,2).

- The MMSE receiver imposes substantialperformance loss both to V-BLAST(2,2) andto LDC(2,2,2,4).


• BER performance of V-BLAST and SM:

10-5

10-4

10-3

10-2

10-1

100

BER

-10 -5 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40

Eb/N0 [dB]

V-BLAST(2,2)-QPSK, ML

SM(2,2)-8PSK, Reduced-Scope

V-BLAST(2,2)-QPSK, MMSE

- The performance difference betweenSM(2,2) and V-BLAST(2,2) is almostnegligible compared to the performanceloss imposed by employing MMSE detectorfor V-BLAST.

• Complexity of V-BLAST and SM:

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

no.o

fm

ultip

licat

ions

(per

bit)

(1) (2) (3)

(1) V-BLAST(2,2)-QPSK, ML(2) V-BLAST(2,2)-QPSK, MMSE(3) SM(2,2)-8PSK, Reduced-Scope

- The SM(2,2) detector exhibits a comparablylow detection complexity to that of the linearMMSE aided V-BLAST(2,2) detector, whichare both substantially lower than that of theML V-BLAST(2,2) detector.

• The same trends may be observed, when LDC is compared to STSK, because the LDC receivermay employ the V-BLAST detectors, while the STSK receiver may employ the SM detectors.






In This Scenario Single-RF SpatialModulation Is Capable of Matching

the ML-Detected BLASTPerformance at a Fraction of Its

Complexity, BUT...• SM is not faultless, because it fails to achieve the full MIMO ca-

pacity;

• This leaves room for its development into generalized SM, whereseveral symbols per channel use would be transmitted;

• Regretfully, then the inter-antenna interference would resur-face...;

• Sugiura, S.; Hanzo, L.: Single-RF Spatial Modulation RequiresSingle-Carrier Transmission: Frequency-Domain Turbo Equal-ization for Dispersive Channels, IEEE Transactions on VehicularTechnology, 2015, DOI: 10.1109/TVT.2014.2370679 IEEE EarlyAccess



So, what are we to do DrShannon...?


A Stroll with Shannon Along ’QuantumAvenue’?

Place5G

4GTerrace

CapacityGate

1990s 2000s 2010s 2020s

MPEG 1, 2 & 4 street

SD

MA

Close

ShannonStreet

FourierStree

t

IDMA Street

STC Street

Turbo

Stree

tSt

ereo

scop

icAve

nue

H.2

61-H

.265

Way

Holog

raph

icRoa

d

VLC

Lane

mm

-Wave

Avenu

e

Telepresence ParkwayOFDM / MC-CDMA Avenue

Het

Net

Bou

leva

rd

Coop

erat

ive

Ave

nue

Quant

umAve

nue

MIM

OStreet

Beamforming Close

Spatial Modulation Lane

BLA

ST

Lan

e






A Stroll with Shannon Along ’QuantumAvenue’...?

Serial Computing Quantum Computing

Try all the keys one by one:

Time Ine é cient

Resources Eé cient

Parallel Computing

Create as many boxes as the keys

and try all the keys in parallel:

Time E é cient

Resources Ine é cient

11

Try all the keys in parallel to a single box:

15

14

11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18

11

Time E é cient

Resources E é cient

• [Hanzo et al.] Wireless Myths, Realities and Futures, Proc. of the IEEE, 13thof May 2012, Centennial Issue, Xplore Open Access

• [Botsinis, Ng & Hanzo]: Quantum Search Algorithms, Quantum Wireless anda Low-Complexity Maximum Likelihood Iterative Quantum Multi-UserDetector Design, IEEE Access, May 2013, Xplore Open Access


Documents

IEEE ICC - B/N M C...• The SM pioneers Ali Ghrayeb, Harald Haas, Prof. Jeganathan, Marco di Renzo, Rakshith Rajashekar, Prof. Hari et al. • The Sponsors: EPSRC and the ERC Advanced