IEEE 802.11 Wireless LANs - uniroma1.ittwiki.di.uniroma1.it/pub/Reti_Avanzate/AA0910/WebHome/01-wlan... · Why so much talking about of 802.11 today? Ł 802.11: no more “just”

IEEE 802.11 Wireless LANsIEEE 802.11 Wireless LANs

Giuseppe Bianchi, Ilenia Tinnirello

Introduction

WLAN HistoryWLAN HistoryŁ Original goal:

ð Deploy “wireless Ethernet”ð First generation proprietary solutions (end ’80, begin ’90)

à WaveLAN (AT&T))à HomeRF (Proxim)

ð Abandoned by major chip makers (e.g. Intel: dismissed in april 2001)Ł IEEE 802.11 Committee formed in 1990

ð Charter: specification of MAC and PHY for WLANð First standard: june 1997


ð First standard: june 1997à 1 and 2 Mbps operation

ð Reference standard: september 1999à Multiple Physical Layersà Two operative Industrial, Scientific & Medical unlicensed bands

» 2.4 GHz: Legacy; 802.11b/g» 5 GHz : 802.11a

Ł 1999: Wireless Ethernet Compatibility Alliance (WECA) certificationð Later on named Wi-Fi ð Boosted 802.11 deployment!!

Why so much talking about of Why so much talking about of 802.11 today?802.11 today?

Ł 802.11: no more “just” a WLANŁ Hot-spots

ð Where the user goes, the network is available: home, school, office, hotel, university, airport, convention center…

ð Freedom to roam with seamless connectivity in every domain, with single client device

Ł May compete (complement) with 3G for


Ł May compete (complement) with 3G for Wireless Internet accessð Mesh networks, community networks, etc.

WLAN vs. PCSWLAN vs. PCS

Ł Public Cellular Systems:ð Global coverage: network level for addressing a node within the whole

national-wide networkð Circuit services: each user may receive a dedicated channel (time slot,

frequency, code..) radio resources are assigned ð Resource reuse thanks to complex planning and management operations

performed by network providers


Ł Wireless Local Area Networks:ð Local coverage: hotspots; no network level; addressing in guaranteed only

within the hotspot; à Other network levels (e.g. IP) can be used for going outside the hotspot

ð Data services: one shared channel among all users, in which each user acquired the right to transmit for a limited amount of time

ð No coordination: no central planning for coordinating different hot-spots and very limited management operation

One shared channel:One shared channel:On which bandwidths?On which bandwidths?

Ł Classical approach: narrow frequency band, much power as possible into the signalð Authority must impose rulse on how RF spectrum is used.ð Licenses restrict frequencies and transmission power

Ł However.. Several bands have been reserved for unlicensed useð To allow consumer market for home use, bands for


ð To allow consumer market for home use, bands for “industrial, scientific and medical” equipment (ISM bands): e.g. 2.4 Ghz, 5 Ghz

ð Limitations only on transmitted power

ð “unlicensed” does not mean “plays well with others�

WIFI WORKS ON UNLICENSED BANDWIDTHS!

The 2.4 (wifi) GHz spectrumThe 2.4 (wifi) GHz spectrumŁ 2.4 GHz bandwidth: 2.400-2.483,5Ł Europe (including Italy):

ð 13 channels (each 5 MHz) ð - 2.412 – 2.417 –

- 2.422 – 2.427 –…… – 2.472


…… – 2.472ð Channel spectrum: (11 MHz chip clock) about 22 MHz

à Max speed related to bandwidth

2412 2437 2462

DSSS Frequency Channel PlanDSSS Frequency Channel Plan


The 5.0 (OFDM) GHz spectrumThe 5.0 (OFDM) GHz spectrum

Ł US regulation:ð 3 x 100 MHz channels

à 5.150-5.250 (40 mW)à 5.250-5-350 (200 mW)à 5.725-5.825 (800 mW)

ð Operating 20 MHz channelsà 5.180, 5.200, 5.220, 5.240


à 5.180, 5.200, 5.220, 5.240à 5.260, 5.280, 5.300, 5.320à 5.745, 5.765, 5.785, 5.805

20 MHz / 64 subcarriers = 0.3125 MHz per subcarriers (52 used)

WLAN data ratesWLAN data rates

Standard Transfer Method

Frequency Band

Data Rates Mbps

802.11 legacy FHSS, DSSS, IR

2.4 GHz, IR

1, 2

802.11b DSSS, HR-DSSS

2.4 GHz 1, 2, 5.5, 11

Ł Legacy 802.11ð Work started in 1990; standardized

in 1997ð 1 mbps & 2 mbps

Ł The 1999 revolution: PHY layer impressive achievementsð 802.11a: PHY for 5 GHz

à Published in 1999à Products available since early

2003


"802.11b+" non-standard

DSSS, HR-DSSS, (PBCC)

2.4 GHz 1, 2, 5.5, 11,22, 33, 44

802.11a OFDM 5.2, 5.5 GHz

6, 9, 12, 18, 24, 36, 48, 54

802.11g DSSS, HR-DSSS, OFDM

2.4 GHz 1, 2, 5.5, 11; 6, 9, 12, 18, 24, 36, 48, 54

2003ð 802.11b: higher rated PHY for 2.4

GHzà Published in 1999à Products available since 1999à Interoperability tested (wifi)

Ł 2003: extend 802.11bð 802.11g: OFDM for 2.4 GHz

à Published in june 2003à Products available, though no

extensive interoperability testing yer

à Backward compatiblity with 802.11b Wi-Fi

Why multiple rates?Why multiple rates?“Adaptive” coding/modulation“Adaptive” coding/modulation


Example: 802.11a case

PHY distance/rate tradeoffsPHY distance/rate tradeoffs(open office)(open office)

80.0

100.0

120.0

140.0

Dis

tan

ce (

m)

2.4 GHz OFDM (.11g)

5 GHz OFDM (.11a)

2.4 GHz (.11b)


0.0

20.0

40.0

60.0

80.0

Dis

tan

ce (

m)

54Mbps36Mbps24Mbps12Mbps6Mbps 11Mbps5.5Mbps1Mbps

Coverage performance Coverage performance Cisco Aironet 350 Access PointCisco Aironet 350 Access Point

11 Mb/s DSSda ~30 a ~45 metri

5.5 Mb/s DSSda ~45 a ~76 metri


da ~45 a ~76 metri

2 Mb/s DSSda ~76 a ~107 metri

Configurable TX power:50, 30, 20, 5, 1 mW(100 mW outside Europe)

Greater TX power, faster battery consumptions!

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WLAN NIC addressesWLAN NIC addressesŁ Same as Ethernet NIC

ð 48 bits = 2 + 46Ł Ethernet & WLAN addresses do coexist

ð Undistinguishable, in a same (Layer-2) networkð Role of typical AP = bridge

» To be precise: when the AP acts as “portal” in 802.11 nomenclature

802 IEEE48 bit address

1 bit = individual/group1 bit = universal/local

46 bit adress

C:> arp –a


C:> arp –a192.168.1.32 00.0a.e6.f7.03.ad dinamico192.168.1.43 00.06.00.32.1a dinamico192.168.1.52 00.82.00.11.22.33

Protocol stackProtocol stack

Ł 802.11: “just” another 802 link layer JJJJ


802.11 MAC Data Frame802.11 MAC Data Frame

PHY IEEE 802.11 Data 0 - 2312 FCS

FrameControl

Duration/ ID

Address 1 Address 2 Address 3SequenceControl

Address 4 DataFramecheck

sequence

2 2 2 40-23126666

MAC header:-28 bytes (24 header + 4 FCS) or- 34 bytes (30 header + 4 FCS)


Protocolversion

Type Sub Type info

2 2 12

Sub TypeTo DS

FromDS

MoreFrag

RetryPwr

MNGMoreData

WEP Order

4 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

2 2 2 40-23126666

Fragmentnumber

Sequence number

4 12

Details and explanation later on!

IEEE 802.11 WLANIEEE 802.11 WLAN


Wireless LAN Networks and related Addressing

Basic Service Set (BSS)Basic Service Set (BSS)group of stations that can communicate with each othergroup of stations that can communicate with each other

Ł Infrastructure BSSð or, simply, BSSð Stations connected

Ł Independent BSSð or IBSSð Stations connected in


ð Stations connected through AP

ð Stations connected in ad-hoc mode

AP

Network infrastructure

Frame Forwarding in a BSSFrame Forwarding in a BSS

AP

Network infrastructure


BSS: AP = relay functionNo direct communication allowed!

IBSS: direct communicationbetween all pairs of STAs

Why AP = relay function?Why AP = relay function?

Ł Management:ð Mobile stations do NOT neet to maintain neighbohr relationship with

other MS in the areaà But only need to make sure they remain properly associated to the

APà Association = get connected to (equivalent to plug-in in a wire to a


à Association = get connected to (equivalent to plug-in in a wire to a bridge J )

Ł Power Saving:ð APs may assist MS in their power saving functions

à by buffering frames dedicated to a (sleeping) MS when it is in PS mode

Ł Obvious disadvantage: use channel bandwidth twice…

Extended Service SetExtended Service Set

AP1

BSS1

BSS2 BSS3 BSS4


AP2 AP3 AP4

BSS2 BSS3 BSS4

ESS: created by merging different BSS through a network infrastructure(possibly overlapping BSS – to offer a continuous coverage area)

Stations within ESS MAY communicate each other via Layer 2 proceduresAPs acting as bridgesMUST be on a same LAN or switched LAN or VLAN (no routers in between)

The concept of Distribution The concept of Distribution SystemSystem

AP1 AP2 AP3

MSs in a same ESS need to1) communicate each other

Distribution system (physical connectivity + logical service support)


1) communicate each other2) move through the ESS

No standard implementation, but set of services:Association, disassociation, reassociation, Integration, distribution

Basically. DS role: - track where an MS is registrered within an ESS area- deliver frame to MS

Association and DSAssociation and DS

AP1 AP2 AP3

Association

IAPP IAPP


DS implementation:- an AP must inform other APs of associated MSs MAC addresses- proprietary implementation

à no interoperability - standardized protocol IAPP (802.11f) in june 2003

Current trend:- Centralized solutions (Cisco, Aruba)- CAPWAP?

Ł Typical implementation (media)ð Switched ethernet backboneð But alternative “distribution medium” are

possibleà E.g. wireless distribution system (WDS)

Wireless Distribution SystemWireless Distribution System

AP1 AP2 AP3


DS medium:- not necessarily an ethernet backbone!- could be the 802.11 technology itself

Resulting AP = wireless bridge

AddressesAddresses

Ł At least three addressesð Receiving stationð Transmitting station


ð Transmitting stationð BSS address

à To make sure a frame is valid within the considered BSS

à For filtering purpose (filter frame within a BSS)

BSSIDBSSID

Ł Address of a BSSð Infrastructure mode:

à AP MAC address

802 IEEE 48 bit addresses

1 bit = individual/group


à AP MAC address

ð Ad-hoc mode:à Random value

» With universal/local bit set to 1

à Generated by STA initiating the IBSS

1 bit = individual/group1 bit = universal/local

46 bit address

Addressing in an IBSSAddressing in an IBSS

SA


FrameControl

Duration/ ID

Address 1DA

Address 2SA

Address 3BSSID

SequenceControl

Address 4---

Data FCS

SA = Source AddressDA = Destination Address

DA

Addressing in a BSS?Addressing in a BSS?

X

AP


XDA

SA

Addressing in a BSS!Addressing in a BSS!

AP

Distribution system


Frame must carry following info:1) Destined to DA2) But through the APWhat is the most general addressing structure?

DASA

Addressing in a BSS (to AP)Addressing in a BSS (to AP)

AP

Distribution system

BSSID

Address 2 = wireless TxAddress 1 = wireless RxAddress 3 = dest


FrameControl

Duration/ ID

Address 1BSSID

Address 2SA

Address 3DA

SequenceControl

Address 4---

Data FCS

DASA

Protocolversion

Type

2 2

Sub TypeTo DS

FromDS

MoreFrag

RetryPwr

MNGMoreData

WEP Order

4 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

1 0

Addressing in an ESSAddressing in an ESS

AP

Distribution System

DA

BSSID

AP

DA


SA

FrameControl

Duration/ ID

Address 1BSSID

Address 2SA

Address 3DA

SequenceControl

Address 4---

Data FCS

Protocolversion

Type

2 2

Sub TypeTo DS

FromDS

MoreFrag

RetryPwr

MNGMoreData

WEP Order

4 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

1 0

Idea: DS will be able to forward frame to dest(either if fixed or wireless MAC)

Addressing in a BSS (from AP)Addressing in a BSS (from AP)

AP

Distribution system

BSSID

Address 2 = wireless TxAddress 1 = wireless RxAddress 3 = src


FrameControl

Duration/ ID

Address 1DA

Address 2BSSID

Address 3SA

SequenceControl

Address 4---

Data FCS

DASA

Protocolversion

Type

2 2

Sub TypeTo DS

FromDS

MoreFrag

RetryPwr

MNGMoreData

WEP Order

4 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

0 1

From AP: do we really need 3 From AP: do we really need 3 addresses?addresses?

AP

Distribution system

BSSID


DASA

DA correctly receives frame, and send 802.11 ACK to … BSSID (wireless transmitted)

DA correctly receives frame, and send higher level ACK to … SA (actual transmitter)

Addressing within a WDSAddressing within a WDS

AP

Wireless Distribution System

TA

AP

RA

Address 4:


SADA

FrameControl

Duration/ ID

Address 1RA

Address 2TA

Address 3DA

SequenceControl

Address 4SA

Data FCS

Protocolversion

Type

2 2

Sub TypeTo DS

FromDS

MoreFrag

RetryPwr

MNGMoreData

WEP Order

4 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

1 1

Address 4: initially forgotten…

Addressing: summaryAddressing: summary

Function To DS From DS Address 1 Address 2 Address 3 Address 4

IBSS 0 0 RA = DA SA BSSID N/A

From AP 0 1 RA = DA BSSID SA N/A

To AP 1 0 RA = BSSID SA DA N/A

Wireless DS 1 1 RA TA DA SA

Receiver Transmitter

Ł BSS Identifier (BSSID)


Ł BSS Identifier (BSSID)ð unique identifier for a particular BSS. In an infrastructure BSSID it is the MAC address of the AP. In IBSS, it is

random and locally administered by the starting station. (uniqueness)Ł Transmitter Address (TA)

ð MAC address of the station that transmit the frame to the wireless medium. Always an individual address.Ł Receiver Address (RA)

ð to which the frame is sent over wireless medium. Individual or Group.Ł Source Address (SA)

ð MAC address of the station who originated the frame. Always individual address. ð May not match TA because of the indirection performed by DS of an IEEE 802.11 WLAN. SA field is considered

by higher layers.Ł Destination Address (DA)

ð Final destination . Individual or Group. ð May not match RA because of the indirection.

Service Set IDentifier (SSID)Service Set IDentifier (SSID)

Ł Name of the WLAN networkð Plain text (ascii), up to 32 char

Ł Assigned by the network administratorð All BSS in a same ESS have

same SSIDŁ Typically (but not

necessarily) is transmitted


Typically (but not necessarily) is transmitted in periodic management frames (beacon)ð Typical: 1 broadcast beacon

every 100 ms (configurable by sysadm)

ð Beacon may transmit a LOT of other info

Beacon example



Medium Access Control Protocols: DCF

Wireless EthernetWireless EthernetŁ 802.3 (Ethernet)

ð CSMA/CDà Carrier Sense Multiple Access à Collision Detect

A B C

Ł Both A and C sense the channel idle at the same time àààà they send at the same time.


Ł 802.11(wireless LAN)ð CSMA/CA ð (Distributed Coordination Function)

à Carrier Sense Multiple Access à Collision Avoidance

time.Ł Collision can be detected at sender in

Ethernet.Ł Why this is not possible in 802.11?

1. Either TX or RX (no simultaneous RX/TX)

2. Large amount of power difference in Tx and Rx (even if simultaneous tx-rx, no possibility in rx while tx-ing)

3. Wireless medium = additional problems vs broadcast cable!!

Ł Large difference in signal strength; physical channel impairments (shadowing)ð It may result that two stations in the same area cannot communicate

Ł Hidden terminalsð A and C cannot hear each otherð A transmits to Bð C wants to send to B; C cannot receive A;C senses “idle” medium

(Carrier Sense fails)ð Collision occurs at B.

Hidden Terminal ProblemHidden Terminal Problem


ð Collision occurs at B.ð A cannot detect the collision (Collision Detection fails).ð A is “hidden” to C.

BA C

802.11 MAC approach802.11 MAC approachŁ Still based on Carrier Sense:

à Listen before talkingŁ But collisions can only be inferred

afterwards, at the receiverà Receivers see corrupted data through a CRC errorà Transmitters fail to get a response

Ł Two-way handshaking mechanism to


Ł Two-way handshaking mechanism to infer collisionsð DATA-ACK packets

TX RX

packet

ACK

Channel Access detailsChannel Access detailsŁ A station can transmit only if it senses the

channel IDLE for a DIFS timeð DIFS = Distributed Inter Frame Space

DIFSDATA

SIFS

TX

Packet arrival


SIFS ACK

Ł ��

ð SIFS = Short Inter Frame Spaceð ��

RX

What about a station arriving in this frame time?

DIFS & SIFS in wiDIFS & SIFS in wi--fifi

Ł DIFS = 50 ��sŁ SIFS = 10 ��s


Why backoff?Why backoff?DIFS

DATA

SIFS ACKSTA1

STA2DIFS


STA2

STA3

Collision!

RULE: when the channel is initially sensed BUSY, station defers transmission;But when it is sensed IDLE for a DIFS, defer transmission of a further random time(BACKOFF TIME)

Slotted BackoffSlotted Backoff

STA2DIFS

Extract random number in range (0, W-1)Decrement every slot-time �

w=7

w=5


STA3

Note: slot times are not physically delimited on the channel!Rather, they are logically identified by every STA

Slot-time values: 20�s for DSSS (wi-fi)Accounts for: 1) RX_TX turnaround time

2) busy detect time3) propagation delay

Backoff freezingBackoff freezing

Ł When STA is in backoff stage:ð It freezes the backoff counter as long as the channel is

sensed BUSYð It restarts decrementing the backoff as the channel is sensed

IDLE for a DIFS period


IDLE for a DIFS period

DIFS DATA

SIFS ACK

STATION 1

DIFS

SIFS ACK 6 5

DIFS

Frozen slot-time 4BUSY medium

STATION 2

DIFS3 2 1

Backoff rulesBackoff rulesŁ First backoff value:

ð Extract a uniform random number in range (0,CWmin)Ł If unsuccessful TX:

ð Extract a uniform random number in range (0,2×(CWmin+1)-1)Ł If unsuccessful TX:


Ł If unsuccessful TX:ð Extract a uniform random number in range (0,22×(CWmin+1)-1)

Ł Etc up to 2m×(CWmin+1)-1

Exponential Backoff!CWmin = 31CWmax = 1023 (m=5)

RTS/CTSRTS/CTS

Ł Request-To-Send / Clear-To-SendŁ 4-way handshaking ð Versus 2-way handshaking of basic access

mechanism


mechanismŁ Introduced for two reasonsð Combat hidden terminalð Improve throughput performance with long

packets

DIFSDATA

SIFS ACK

TX

RX

Packet arrival

RTS

SIFS CTS SIFS

RTS/CTS and RTS/CTS and hiddenhidden terminalsterminals

others NAV (RTS)


TX

RX

hidden

others

RTS

NAV (RTS)

RTS/CTS: carry the amount of time the channelwill be BUSY. Other stations may update a Network Allocation Vector, and defer TX

even if they sense the channel idle (Virtual Carrier Sensing)

CTS CTS

NAV (CTS)

(Update NAV)

Frame formatsFrame formats

FrameControl

Duration/ ID


Address 4 Data FCS

DATA FRAME (28 bytes excluded address 4)

RTS (20 bytes)


FrameControl

Duration RA TA FCS

FrameControl

Duration RA FCS

RTS (20 bytes)

CTS / ACK (14 bytes)

Ł Splits message (MSDU) into several frames (MPDU)ð Same fragment size

à except the last oneŁ Fragmentation burst

ð Fragments separated by SIFSà Channel cannot be captured by

someone elseð Each fragment individually ACKed

FragmentationFragmentationŁ Each fragment reserves channel

for next oneð NAV updated fragment by fragment

Ł Missing ACK for fragment xð Release channel (automatic)ð Backoffð Restart from transmission of fragment x


ð Each fragment individually ACKed

Ł High Bit Error Rate (BER)ð Increases with distanceð The longer the frame, the lower the successful TX probabilityð High BER = high rts overhead & increased rtx delay

à Backoff window increases: cannot distinguish collisions from tx error!

Why Fragmentation?Why Fragmentation?


Fragment and sequence numbersFragment and sequence numbers

Ł Fragment numberð Increasing integer value 0-15 (max 16 fragments since 4 bits available)

FrameControl

Duration/ ID


Address 4 Data FCS

DATA FRAME (28 bytes excluded address 4)

More Frag

Retry

1 1

Fragmentnumber

Sequence number

4 12


ð Increasing integer value 0-15 (max 16 fragments since 4 bits available)ð Essential for reassembly

Ł More fragment bit (frame control field) set to:ð 1 for intermediate fragmentsð 0 for last fragment

Ł Sequence Numberð Used to filter out duplicates

à Unlike Ethernet, duplicates are quite frequent!à Retransmissions are a main feature of the MAC

Ł Retry bit: helps to distinguish retransmissionsð Set to 0 at transmission of a new frame



Lecture 3bisMedium Access Control

Protocols: PCF

PCF vs DCFPCF vs DCF

DCF

PCF


PHY

DCF

PCF deployed on TOP of DCFBackward compatibility

PCFPCF

Ł Token-based access mechanismð Polling

Ł Channel arbitration enforced by a “point Coordinator” (PC)ð Typically the AP, but not necessarily

Ł Contention-free access


Ł Contention-free accessð No collision on channel

Ł PCF deployment: minimal!!ð Optional part of the 802.11 specificationð As such, almost never deployedð But HCCA (PCF extension in 802.11e) is getting considerable attention…

PCF frame transferPCF frame transfer


SIFS

Polling strategy: very elementary!!- send polling command to stations with increasing Association ID value…- (regardless whether they might have or not data to transmit)



Network Management

Management OperationsManagement Operations

Ł Wireless is not always an advantageð Medium unreliable, lack of physical boundaries,

power consumptionŁ How to join, build, connect, move


Ł How to join, build, connect, move nodes, save energies, …ð All these issues are faced by the management

procedures, which can be customizedð Different vendor offers: very simple products vs.

feature-rich products

ScanningScanning

Ł Before joining a network, you have to find it!! The discovery operation is called scanning

Ł Several parameters can be specified by the userð BSSType (independent, infrastucture, both)ð BSSID (individual, Broadcast)ð SSID (network name)


ð SSID (network name)ð ScanType (active, passive)ð Channel Listð Probe Delay (to start the active scanning in each channel)ð MinChannelTime, MaxChannelTime

Passive ScanningPassive ScanningŁ Saves battery, since it requires listening

onlyŁ Scanning report based on beacon frames

heard while sweeping channel to channel


AP2

AP3AP1

Found AP1, AP3

Active ScanningActive ScanningŁ Probe Request Frames used to solicit responses from

a network, when the ProbeDelay time expiresð If the medium is detected busy during the MinChannelTime, wait until the

MaxChanneltime expiresð One station in each BSS is responsible to send Probe Responses

(station which transmitted the last beacon frame)


JoiningJoining

Ł A scan report is generated after each scan, reporting BSSID, SSID, BSSType,ð Beacon Intervalð DTIM period ð Timing Parameters (Timestamp)


ð Timing Parameters (Timestamp)ð PHY Parameters, BSSBasicRateSet

Ł Joing: before associating, select a network (often it requires user action)

Ł and after?ð autentication

AssociationAssociation

Ł After that we choose a network and we authenticate, we can finally send an “association” messageð The message is required for tracking the host

position in the ESS


position in the ESSð Not used for ad hoc networksð Re-association after hand-over

And to be found?And to be found?

Ł It is required to periodically transmit a beacon!ð In infrastructure: beacon transmissions managed by the APð In ad-hoc: each station contend for the beacon and leave the contention

after the first observed beaconŁ The beacon frames are periodically scheduled, but

contend as normal framesDeterministic


Deterministic scheduling

Random transmission delays

What information What information is carried by beacons?is carried by beacons?

Ł Timestamp (8 bytes): in Transmission Units TU (=1024 us) to synchronize stations

Ł Beacon Interval (2 bytes): beacon scheduling intervalŁ Capability Info (2 bytes): bit map to activate/deactivate some

network featuresŁ SSID (variable size): network name set by the operators

ð Element ID, Length, Information for every variable size field


OPTIONAL:Ł FH ParameterSet (7 bytes)Ł DS ParameterSet (2 bytes)Ł CF ParameterSet (8 bytes)Ł IBSS ParameterSet (4 bytes)Ł Traffic Indicator Map TIM (variable size): to indicate which

stations have buffered frames; some TIM are Delivery TIM for broadcast traffic

Why Timestamps for Why Timestamps for Synchronization?Synchronization?


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Documents

IEEE 802.11 Wireless LANs - uniroma1.ittwiki.di.uniroma1.it/pub/Reti_Avanzate/AA0910/WebHome/01-wlan... · Why so much talking about of 802.11 today? Ł 802.11: no more “just”