Proceedings of the 2012 International Conference on Machine Learning and Cybernetics, Xian, 15-17 July, 2012

RESEARCH ON NEW GLASS PROTECTIVE SHIELD FOR MOBILE DEVICES

WEI-MING YEH

Department of Radio & Television, National Taiwan University of Arts Taipei, Taiwan

E-MAIL: t0150@mail.ntua.edu.tw

Abstract: About decades ago, personal computers weren't portable

and cell phones were rare luxuries. Today, take a quick glance

at the 3C stores; many electronic mobile devices are portable. Actually, a legendary manufacturing company, Corning, has

developed a special glass product, named Gorilla Glass, which designed the glass for electronic lifestyles or 3C products[2].

Such products are: tablets, smartphones, MP3 players and

other electronic wonders in the open market, which may suffer damage everyday by human neglects. Corning's Gorilla Glass

(GG) stands up to abuse with scratch, and impact-resistant qualities. And Corning's approach allows the glass to be

incredibly thin, and won't interfere with capacitance touch

screens or add significant weight to a specific device. This

research focus on preference of GG, and possible impacts for

different groups of people. In our research, we collected more than 300 cases from the telephone survey during Jan., 2012 and

March, 2012. Total of 200 cases complied with the conditions.

To probe mainly into the relationship between GG Confidence level and 3 different group of peoples: IT Administrator (IT),

Multimedia Specialist (MS), and College Student (CS). The

profIles of contingency table were used to explore the potential

preference for many popular protective shield technologies for

mobile devices. That is the reason why we are probe into this

highly competitively market with brilliant products, and hope

to offer an objective suggestion for both industry and education

directors.

Keywords: Alkalialuminosilicate; Apeiros; Gorilla Glass; Lipophobic;

Pristine surface quality; RoHS Compliant; Touchscreen

1. Introduction

Living in the new 3C society, the interaction with the hardware or software fades away, immersing users in the experience. The mobile device becomes an invisible conveyance. Two technologies are bringing the immersive experience closer to reality; broadband connectivity and touchscreens. Broadband enables user to connected with friend together constantly. As multitouch technologies keep on right track to challenge itself relentlessly, gorilla glass, an alkalialuminosilicate sheet glass[1]engineered from Coming

978-1-4673-1487-9/12/$31.00 ©2012 IEEE

corp. which offers an exclusive benefit of protective shield for some dedicate touchscreen devices. In fact, it can be used as a protective cover sheet for touchscreen devices without impeding the functionality of the device. Durability is important for these types of devices that function in response to pressure being applied to the glass. The thicknesses ranging from 0.5 mm - 2.0, with Coming's proprietary fusion process, which offers the same high-quality pristine surface available[4], and RoHS compliant to meet environmental standards. This research will offer the appreciation of Gorilla Glass and different level of confidence for different groups of people, that could be some practical data what we are looking forward to.

2. Technical Innovation

In early 1960s, Coming crop. studied a project, named "Project Muscle". Within a few years it had developed what it named "Chemcor" glass. Coming could find no practical use for quite a while, which was the predecessor of "Gorilla Glass" was never put into mass production. In 2006, Apple Inc. was developing the first model of the iPhone. Though initially it should be equipped with a hard plastic screen, Steve Jobs found that when placed in his pocket his keys scratched the prototype's surface. Jobs realized that only a glass could offer scratch-resistant [5]. In June 2007, Apple announced its first iPhone with Coming Gorilla Glass as protective shield. Thereafter, Coming's revived Gorilla Glass project started to develop this tough cover glass for a range of smartphones and other consumer electronic devices for multiple purposes, such as: tablets, notebooks, and TVs. In 2012, Coming announced a new version of Gorilla Glass. Gorilla Glass 2, that is 20 percent thinner, and have the same scratch resistance and endurance as the original.

2.1 Phone Survey

In our experiment, we collected 300 cases from the telephone survey Jan., 2012 and March, 2012. Total of 200 cases were effective, telephone surveys were written by two

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Proceedings of the 2012 International Conference on Machine Learning and Cybernetics, Xian, 15-17 July, 2012

specialists, and those non-typical cases were determined after further discussion of 3 groups.

2.2. Associated analysis of GG Confidence Level

We took profile of contingency table proposed by Jobson (1992) to describe the GG Confidence level associated with three groups The study probes into confidence level and three specific groups , use chi-square test of independence to confirm the result

2.3. The different groups in Confidence Level

The Moving Average Convergence and Divergence were attributed to Gerald Appel and Schisler of Signalert Corporation. Although the study's formula suggests the periods to be used for the two averages, the user can experiment with different inputs. The results were two exponentially smoothed moving averages that revolve above and below a zero line. The most useful signals were given when the shorter line crosses the slower line. A signal may occur, when the shorter line crosses above the longer and a sell signal when it crossed below the slower line.

The relation of Confidence level and three groups we presented as 3 x 4 contingency table (the Confidence level 0, 1,2,3 classified low, slight, moderate and high). Seldom had confidence level "3", so we amalgamate "2" and "3" to "2" (above moderate) and then utilize this data to fmd out conditional, and marginal probability.

TABLEl. THE CONDITIONAL AND MARGINAL PROBABILITY OF GG CONFIDENCE LEVEL

Confidence level

groups level 0 1eve11 above 2

IT 0.2844 0.4587 0.2569

MS 0.7143 0.1429 0.1429

CS 0.5366 0.3171 0.1463

TOTAL 0.4682 0.3318 0.2 ..

We utlltzed table2 and draw profile of different groups with conditional and marginal probability of different groups Confidence level. It is for IT, MS and CS respectively in Fig. l.Where full line denoted the marginal probability of the levels, the dotted lines the conditional probability. Finding levels "low"(level 0) and "slight" (level 1), there was a maximum disparity from full line to others, nearly up to 0.2 in the B, therefore can infer there was less confidence level in the MS relatively, and greater probability of having slight confidence level in the IT, hence the confidence level associates with video effect. Add up confidence level "2" and "3" to "2", presented 3 x 3 contingency table, we used chi-

squared test for independence to confirm and associated with 2

the Confidence level, the X -value would be 33.67, and P

=8.6E-7.value P2 >0 , ascertaining the result was unanimous of this result.

3. Proportional odds model

We took a test for independence to confirm the different groups Confidence level and three groups in section 3: The different groups' Confidence level is related, but this test had not used the ordinal response level to confidence level. The regular collected the classification data with order in the media research. For example it mentioned in the article the response variables of 'low', 'slight', 'moderate' and 'high ' reading, we hoped to probe into the factor influencing its confidence level, so we analyzed utilizing proportional odds model. If there is only one covariate, the model presents a straight line relation to the logarithm of the accumulated odds of level p and the covariate variable x, because this model supposes that there is the same slope /3 to all levels p, this c-l straight line is parallel to each other. This model was based on McCullagh and NeIder theory (1989) and Diggle, Liang and Zeger (1994).

One predictable variable was included in the study, representing known or potential risk factors. They were kinds of variable status was a categorical variable with three levels.

It was represented by two indicator variables x (XI and X2), as follows:

TABLE 2. 3 GROUPS OF INDICATOR VARIABLES

kinds XI X2

IT 1 0

MS 0 1

CS 0 0

Note the use of the indicator variables as just explained for the categorical variable. The primary purpose of the study was to assess the strength of the association between each of the predictable variables.

Lp (XPX2) = Op + f3lxI + f32x2 P = 12 Let , ' (1)

Use likelihood ratio tests for bl =b2 =0 hypothesis, the explanation of likelihood ratio tests was as follows: given L be the log likelihood of models , then G2= -2L.From

hypothesis bl =b2 =0, we had

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L ( x) = 0 p = 1 2 ... c-1 p p ' " (2)

Proceedings of the 2012 International Conference on Machine Learning and Cybernetics, Xian, 15-17 July, 2012

likelihood ratio tests took the difference of two deviances between model (1) and model (2) as reference

value to test : bl =b2 =0 If rejected the hypothesis, furthermore, to test if bl =0 or

b2=0 In fact, the confidence level "under moderate" to the

confidence level "high", the odds ratio of IT compared with

CS was also exp(bl) . Now according to formula, bl was the logarithm of the estimated odds when the confidence level "under high" to the confidence level "high", the IT compared

with CS bl >0 means the confidence level presented by IT is

less high than CS. Alternatively, bl <0 means the confidence level presented by IT was more high than CS.

Therefore, it was the logarithm of the estimated odds when the confidence level "under moderate" to the confidence level "high", the IT compared with MS, means the confidence level presented by IT was less than MS Alternatively, it means the specified confidence level presented by IT is higher than MS.

On the rear part in the article, we utilized odds ratio to probe into association GG confidence level.

3.1. Analysis of different groups Confidence Level

Combining confidence level "2" and " 3" to "2"(above moderate), we utilized odds ratio to calculate, deviance equal

215.76, if bl = b2 = 0 , deviance = 229.51, the difference 2

between two deviances was 13.75, the related X -critical

value will be test Ho )31=/32=0 , we find Xg.05 = 13.75, and P=O.OOI. The null hypothesis was rejected and we

concluded that /31 and /32 were not zero simultaneously.

Furthermore, we analyze /31 =0 or /32 =0 or both not equal to zero. Table3 was the results by maximum likelihood estimates.

TABLE 3. ANALYSIS OF THE GG CONFIDENCE LEVEL

Effect B Coefficient Std Error z-statistic Sig

Intercept 81 0.137 0.303 0.452 0.652

82 1.799 0.331 5.428 0.000 0

GG /31 0.906 0.350 2.586 0.009 �

/32 -0.675 0.402 -1.680 0.093

�

From Table3 we found the hypothesis /32 =0 is accepted,

/31 =0 is rejected, P-value is 0.009 and 0.093 respectively,

/32 =0 represents the logarithm of odds ratio for B(MS), thus

the odds ratio would be estimated to be efJ2 . /31 >0 represents the logarithm of odds ratio of confidence level not higher than the IT, but it is higher than CS. This indicated that the odds of GG Confidence level not high is about 2.47 and 0.51 fold for IT and MS compared to CS customer. Confide,?ce level of the CS was more high by its estimated

value /32 >0, ascertaining the result is unanimous of this result.

3.2. Preference of various formats in different groups

We integrate all possible new protective shield technologies for Mobile devices, such as: Gorilla glass, lipophobia, and Apeiros. In fact, IT Administrator (IT), Multimedia Specialist (MS), and College Student (CS). Glad to have new works to do, and easy to have new technology from research-oriented company. Multimedia Specialist (MS) may enjoy these new technologies anyway with effortless. College Student (CS) usually doesn't care too much for advanced technologies, concerning the shape and CIP value mainly. We assume new GG may offer more confidence and good-looking than cheap plastic screen protectors, which are widely accepted by many users for their inexpensive cell­phones. We collected several "creative" gadgets in order to protector their favorite cell-phone away from scratching with better looking also.

TABLE 4. POPULAR PROTECTIVE SmELD PRODUCTS FOR CELL-PHONE

Preference for Protective Shield Products

product IT MS

GG or accepted accepted

L ipophobic

Glue No

Protector No

Plastic Screen No No

Protector Quality leather partial partial package accepted accepted

Quality frame No accepted

Note. 1. Cell-phone is based on iPhone 4 2. Price for Glue Protector is NT$ 700-1000 3. Price for Plastic Screen Protector is NT$ 200-500 4. Price for Quality leather package is NT$ 1000-2000

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CS

accepted

accepted

accepted

accepted

accepted

Proceedings of the 2012 International Conference on Machine Learning and Cybernetics, Xian, 15-17 July, 2012

5. Price for Quality frame is NT$ 700-1000

Based on our research , iPhone 4 (lipophobic coating) is a renowned legend in the market, with quality coating and finishing quite enough, which does not necessary to do extra protective job at all. Another example is Nokia Lumia 800 (GG coating), shares the same reputation as iPhons 4, may not require excess protective package either. However, college student (CS) is willing to try any material or method to protect or decorate their favorite cell-phone ,simply follow the trend.

4. Conclusion

Based on the result of the sections 2 and 3, the confidence level associate with various groups was matched.

As to the statistical method use, we arranged discussion to adopt profile model compared with logarithm of odds. Adopt profile put emphasis on ascertaining and explaining conveniently mainly, because it could make less confidence level for the MS further, IT was relatively comfortable with the probability of having slight confidence level. But profile model would often have different explanations with different persons in interpretation, so we used the proportion odds model to confirm its result in this profile.

As smartphone is widely accepted by more people than ever, which stands many new trend for better quality and reasonable price, and ready to replace some old gadgets , such as low-end compact DSC and MP3 already. Many white­collar consumers welcome glade to have a decent smartphone at the first time, and may update a new model before long. Usually, smartphone is outfitted with basic coating to protect itself, Gorilla Glass II could be a good answer to meet this

demand since early 2011, and we hope more alternatives to join this remarkable competition in the near future.

Acknowledgements

Author would like to appreciate the support and guidance from Dr. Janet Chuang.

References

[1] Donnell Walton, Jaymin Amin, Naga Shashidhar, "special glass: A New Design Element in Consumer Electronic", Electronic Design, Penton Media, July 12, 2010, http://electronicdesign. com! article/product­features/ specialty_glass _ a_new _design _ element_ in_co nsumer electronics

[2] Jonathan Strickland, "How Gorilla Glass Works", . HowStuffWorks.com, April 09,2012, http://electronics.howstuffworks.com!everyday­tech! gorilla -glass.htm

[3] Ulanoff, Lance , "Why Is Gorilla Glass So Strong?", PC MAG, February 17,2012, http://www.pcmag.com!article2/0.28l7.2375657 ,00.asp

[4] Coming Gorilla Glass, "Innovating with Gorilla: Applications", February 17,2012, http://www.cominggorillaglass.com!applications

[5] Lashinsky, Adam, "Insights on the writing of Steve Jobs", CNN, December27, 2011, http://tech.fortune.cnn.com!20 11112/27 /walter­isaacson-steve-jobs/

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