BIOENERGY WITH COBIOENERGY WITH CO22 REMOVAL AND REMOVAL AND DISPOSALDISPOSAL

- An approach to negative CO- An approach to negative CO22 emissions in emissions in energy systemsenergy systems

IEA Workshop

Edinburgh, 12th November 2001

Kenneth Möllersten

Royal Institute of TechnologySweden

Today’s presentation

• Basic concept

• Results from studied cases

• Ongoing research

• Policy-related issues

Conventional bioenergy

energyproducts

biofuels

ashes (minerals)

CO2

CO2

Bioenergy w CO2 removal and disposal

energy products

biofuels

ashes (minerals)

CO2

CO2 to underground storage

CO2

Principal methods for CO2 removal

Energyconversionprocess

CO2

removal

AirBio-fuel

Energy

Fluegas

CO2 Fluegas

Combustion CondenserO2

EnergyFluegas

CO2 H2OEnergyproducts

Airseparation

Air

Bio-fuel

CO2

CO2

removal

Energyconversionprocess

H2 orH2 and CO

CO2

Gasification

Air/O2 Biofuel Energy

CO shift(optional)

Fluegas

Energyproducts

Energyproducts

Specific CO2 emissions of power/CHP plants with CO2 removal (incl. compression to 100bar)

-3

-2,5

-2

-1,5

-1

-0,5

0

0,5

Coal-firedsteam power

plant

Coal IGCC NGCC Black liquorrecovery boiler

Black liquorIGCC

kgC

O2/

kWhe

CO2 removal costs (incl. compression to 100bar)

Option Cost (US$/t CO2)(10-15% annual capital charge)

Coal IGCC/CO shift/pre combustion removal

22-27

Coal Steam Power/flue gas removal

28-49

NGCC/flue gas removal

32-57

BL recovery boiler/flue gas removal

33

BLIGCC/pre combustion removal

18

+ around US$ 20-30 /t CO2 for transportation and disposal

CO2 consequences of alternative recovery boiler replacements in pulp mill

New recovery boiler Recovery boiler w CO2 removal

-200

0

200

400

600

800

1000

Power Total Power RemovedCO2

Penalty -transp &injection

Total

CO

2 r

ed

uc

tio

n (

kt

CO

2(y

)

CO2 consequences of alternative recovery boiler replacements in pulp mill

-200

0

200

400

600

800

1000

Power Total Power RemovedCO2

Penalty -transp &injection

Total

CO

2 r

ed

uc

tio

n (

kt

CO

2/y

)

BLIGCC BLIGCC w CO2 removal

Potential & cost-effectiveness of CO2 reductions in the Swedish pulp and paper sector

(Marginal power from coal power plants)

A: Electricity conservationB: Improved electrical efficiency in steam power systemsC: BLIGCCD: BLIGCC with CCSE: Black liquor gasification with CCS, methanol production and CCF: Conversion of lime kiln to biofuelsG: Cogeneration of wood-based methanol and heat in paper mills

F

400

200

0A

A

F

B

B

C

C

Cost of CO2 Reduction(US$/t CO2)

D

DE

EG

G

2 4 6 8

Capital valuation

Industrial

Societal

Potential CO2 reduction(Mt CO2/y)

Ongoing research

BlackLiquorGasifier

CO shiftCO2

removal

GTCC/EvGT/

FC

CO2

removal

GTCC/EvGT

rawgas

rawgas

CO2

CO2

CO2

heat

heat

power

power

Summary removal technologies & system considerations

Option CO2 reduction Additionalcost

Maturity

Flue gas High CO2 removalLower power

High MatureCo-firing wcoal

BIG- CC or fuel(MeOH, H2….)/Partial removal

Lower CO2 removalHigher electricalefficiency

Low BIG notmature

BIG- CC or fuel(MeOH,H2….)/CO shift

High CO2 removal?

? BIG, H2

turbinesnot mature

Is CO2 from biomass tradable?

• Ways to certify emission reduction credits

• ‘reducing anthropogenic emissions by sources’,or‘enhancing anthropogenic removals by sinks’?

Implementing bioenergy w CO2 removal & disposal

• CO2 disposal schemes are being developed by companies from the fossil-fuel sector. Will they “welcome” disposal of CO2 from biomass?

• Disposal of CO2 from biomass may require cooperation

– CO2 disposal projects are large-scale

– Pulp & paper producers are increasing their focus on core competencies, and less resources are available for energy management

– Bioenergy producers are small and independent

Research and development

• Introduce biomass energy into CO2 removal and disposal RD&D

• Large-scale biomass energy applications with CO2 removal and disposal

• Identify opportunities for synergies and phasing in biomass in CO2 disposal schemesFor example through:

– Co-firing coal and biomass w CO2 removal

– Introduction of biomass-based methane in natural gas networks

Integration of biomass energy and fossil-fuel energy RD&D is required: