MANGO (Mangifera indica) AND PAPAYA (Carica papaya) PEELINGS FOR

FUEL BRIQUETTE

A Research Paper

Presented to the

Science & Mathematics Department

Integrated Developmental School

MSU-Iligan Institute of Technology

MICHELLE MAE Serate ROQUE

ALLYSAH AMEENAH Macakiling ISMAEL

March 2012

MANGO (Mangifera indica) AND PAPAYA (Carica papaya) PEELINGS FOR

FUEL BRIQUETTE

__________________

A Research Paper

Presented to the

Science & Mathematics Department

Integrated Developmental School

MSU-Iligan Institute of Technology

__________________

In Partial Fulfillment for the Course

Science Research

__________________

MICHELLE MAE Serate ROQUE

ALLYSAH AMEENAH Macakiling ISMAEL

October 2011

APPROVAL SHEET

This research paper entitled “AVOCADO (Persea americana) AND MANGO (Mangifera indica) FOR FUEL BRIQUETTE”

prepared and submitted by

MICHELLE MAE Serate ROQUE and ALLYSAH AMEENAH Macakiling ISMAEL

Prof. Odyssa Natividad M. Molo

Adviser

_______________

Date

Panel Member Panel Member

_____________ ______________

Date Date

Technical Consultant (optional)

___________________

Date

Accepted and approved in partial fulfillment of the Course in Science Research I/II.

Prof. Veronica C. Serate

Chairperson, Science & Research

____________

Date

Prof. Leila V. Bernaldez

Principal, IDS

Date

CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

A. Background of the Study

The Philippines is a tropical country that is abundant with nutritious and

refreshing fruits that Filipinos are fond of eating. Papaya and mango are two of the

most common fruits that could be found in some Filipino desserts. However, in the

process of consumption of these delectable fruits, the peelings that were acquired

are either wasted or thrown away. Brilliant minds have formulated a solution to

recycle these organic wastes and make them into something useful, a fuel briquette.

It is basically composed of organic materials and could be used like a charcoal.

Fuel is any material that can store energy and releases it through combustion.

The modern way of life is intimately dependent on the use of fossil fuels. However,

the increased consumption of nonrenewable resources may lead to the

overproduction of carbon dioxide, which is one of the major causes of global

warming. Excessive reliance on fossil fuels may cause it to be used up. The use of

fuel made from biodegradable wastes is ideal, since it recycles agricultural residues.

Fuel briquettes are used like coal, but are made from a combination of

organic wastes, shaped into blocks. Densification of fruit peelings and wood waste

into briquettes can provide a relatively high-quality alternative source of fuel, which

employ peelings of mango and papaya and sawdust. A high demand of firewood

would cause deforestation, and may affect the environment especially in the urban

areas. Fuel briquette is a block of compressed materials suitable for cooking.

The process of making charcoal briquettes from agricultural waste is not

new. Many institutions have experimented on different agricultural residues to find

out which raw materials are possible for charcoal making. The Nepal-based

Foundation for Sustainable Technologies is training people to make the briquettes,

thus enabling them to produce their own fuel. The Legacy Foundation and its

partners have tested the briquette making process in urban and rural areas such as

Malawi, Peru, Mali, Uganda, Haiti, Kenya, Zimbabwe, Nicaragua and the United

States. It is now being used in many places, such as Europe, Haiti, India and even

in the Philippines.

The purpose of this research is to provide an alternative fuel for heating. The

researchers decided to pursue this study because of the usefulness of the briquettes.

The idea that biodegradable wastes could actually be converted into useful fuel

briquettes aroused the interest of the researchers.

B. Statement of the Problem

Main Problem

When combined, can the peelings of mango and papaya be effectively utilized for

fuel briquettes?

Sub-problems

What will be the resulting calorific value of the briquettes if the treatments are

varied and sawdust is added? The specified treatments which concern the

composition of the briquettes are: mango peelings and sawdust, papaya peelings and

sawdust, mango peelings and papaya peelings, and mango peelings, papaya peelings

and sawdust. Is there a significant difference in the calorific values of the

briquettes?

C. Objectives of the Study

This study aims to evaluate and study the feasibility of the product. The

researchers determine this by measuring its calorific value. It also aimed to

determine the effect of sawdust in the briquettes.

D. Hypothesis of the Study

There is no significant difference in the calorific value of the briquettes when

the treatments are varied and when sawdust is added.

E. Significance of the Study

If the hypothesis is proven correct, the peelings that were acquired during the

consumption of mango and papaya during meals can be used, therefore reducing

excessive biodegradable waste while creating an alternative source of fuel for

cooking and heating. Farmers, fruit vendors, housewives, or anyone who has interest

in producing fuel briquettes will be provided with additional livelihood should they

decide to sell the briquettes. The fuel briquettes are also ideal for their personal use.

F. Scope and Limitation of the Study

The study is limited to the utilization of the peelings of mango and papaya

and sawdust. For the determination of the physical characteristics of the briquettes,

the study is limited to the determination of the calorific value of the briquettes. The

independent variable is the composition of the briquettes. This is set by the

researchers with the corresponding treatments: mango peelings and sawdust, papaya

peelings and sawdust, mango peelings and papaya peelings, and mango peelings,

papaya peelings and sawdust. The extraneous variable is the amount of liquid

removed in making the fuel briquettes using a strainer.

G. Definition of Terms

Calorific Value This is the amount of heat liberated by the

complete combustion of unit mass of a fuel

briquette (Dictionary of Physics, 1991)

Fuel Briquette It is an organic block of a flammable material

that is the output of this study.

Heat of Combustion the amount of heat released when the fuel briquette

undergoes complete combustion.

Mango Peeling It is the peeling of the fruit belonging to the

genus Mangnifera that is a main component in

the production of the briquettes.

Papaya Peeling It is the peeling of the fruit Carica papaya that is

a main component in the production of the

briquettes.

CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND RELATED STUDIES

Yearly, huge amounts of agricultural residues and forest waste are produced.

These are either wasted or burnt inefficiently in their loose form causing air pollution.

Faulty use of these biodegradable wastes may cause certain pollutions in the atmosphere.

Fortunately, these can be utilized for the production of fuel briquettes.

Fuel briquettes could be used as an alternative energy source for household use.

These are made from a combination of organic materials such as grass, leaves, saw dust,

rice husk or any type of paper. These materials are then compressed in a fuel briquette

press. The fuel briquette produced is environment-friendly since it utilized waste

materials. In comparison with fossil fuels, the briquettes are easier to produce because it

is a renewable source of energy. (Shrestha, N.D.)

Fuel briquettes are useful and can be used as an alternative substitute to coal and

charcoal. The briquettes are mostly composed of organic waste and other materials that

are biodegradable, and are commonly used as heat and cooking fuel. The composition of

the briquettes may vary due to the availability of the raw materials in an area. These

materials are compressed and made into briquettes. The briquettes are different from

charcoal because they do not possess large concentrations of carbonaceous substances. In

comparison to fossil fuels, the briquettes produce low net total greenhouse gas emissions

because the materials used are already a part of the carbon cycle. Environmentally, the

use of briquettes produces less greenhouse gases. (Wikipedia, 2011)

Fuel is a substance used to produce light, heat, or power. Most fuel materials unite

chemically with oxygen to give off light and substantial quantities of heat. In nuclear

reactors large amounts of energy are obtained by splitting the atoms of a fuel material.

(Encyclopedia Americana 2005)

Wood has been a source of fuel for mankind throughout the ages. Eventually

before the discovery of America, mankind has added coal to his fuel resources, and much

later, gases manufactured from coal and mineral oils. The common fuels differ much in

the heat which they give out when burned. While many factors are concerned in the value

of a fuel, the chief one is its heat of combustion, or calorific value. The calorific value of

a solid or liquid fuel is the heat given off in the combustion of one gram of the fuel.

(McPherson, 1942)

What should govern the choice of fuel? The ideal fuel should be cheap. It should

kindle readily and should have a high heat content. There must be little or no ash, and no

waste products that would become a nuisance. Few if any fuels meet all these conditions.

Local conditions and personal taste influence the consumer in his choice of fuel. (Dull,

1958)

Few people realize the degree to which energy systems affect the environment,

although many of us are becoming more aware of damage from specific activities.

Converting fossil and nuclear fuels into energy leads to air pollution, water pollution,

creation of solid wastes, land disruption, and aesthetic degradation. (The New Book of

Popular Science 1978)

Briquette, a small, compressed mass of charcoal or other flammable material,

often in the shape of a pillow or brick. Charcoal has been used from ancient times as fuel

for both cooking and industrial purposes, but the production of charcoal briquettes is a

relatively recent development taking place in the United States. Although they were first

made about 1920, charcoal briquettes were not manufactured in large quantities until

after 1950. In the late 1960's there were approximately 40 charcoal briquetting plants in

the United States, most of them east of the Mississippi River. Some plants manufactured

their own charcoal, but many purchased charcoal from small producers. Since 1960 some

briquettes have been made from carbonized coal, carbonized ignite, of a mixture of other

chars with wood charcoal. These materials are sold as charcoal briquettes but are inferior

to briquettes made from wood charcoal of good quality. Charcoal briquettes are made by

grinding lumps of charcoal to coarse powder, mixing the powder with a paste and passing

mix through a hot-air dryer, which hardens them by removing the water and fixing the

starch binder. Charcoal briquettes are used for fuel as a source of carbon in the same

manner as lump charcoal. Before 1940 nearly all charcoal in the United States was used

by industry for fuel, metallurgical processes or the production of chemicals. Since 1950

charcoal has been supplanted in these uses by oil and natural gas, and most charcoal is

used for outdoor barbecue cooking. The sale of briquettes in the United States in the late

1960's was estimated at 375,000 tons annually, and of lump charcoal about 100,000.

(Jenner, 1978)

The mango is a fruit belonging to the genus Mangifera, consisting of numerous

tropical fruiting trees in the flowering plant family Anacardiaceae

(Wikipedia 2011)

The papaya or otherwise known by its common name papaw is the fruit of the plant

Carica papaya, the sole species in the genus Carica of the plant family Caricaceae.

(Wikipedia 2011)

Sawdust is a made by cutting lumber with a saw, then resulting into fine particles

of wood. It is considerably flammable and has a variety of practical uses. (Wikipedia

2011)

Chapter III

METHODOLOGY

A. Research Design

The determination of the calorific value of the briquettes is done with the use of a

bomb calorimeter. The briquettes are made from mango and avocado peelings with

sawdust. The treatments were varied so the results may be compared. The researchers

will determine if there is a significant difference in the calorific values of the briquettes.

B. Materials and Equipments

Materials Mango Peelings

Papaya Peelings

Sawdust

Knife

Chopping Board

Crucibles

Mortar and Pestle

Measuring Cup

Equipments

Analytical Balance

Bomb Calorimeter

Blender

Hair Dryer

C. Experimental Set-Up

Component Treatment 1 Treatment 2 Treatment 3 Treatment 4

Mango Peelings 75g 0g 75g 50g

Papaya Peelings 0 75g 75g 50g

Sawdust 75g 75g 0g 50g

150 g = each briquette

D. General Procedure

Mango peelings, papaya peelings and sawdust are collected then weighed using

an analytical balance. Use mortar and pestle to pound the peelings. Combine the raw

materials with the specified treatments and place in a blender for 10 minutes. Separate the

liquid present in the briquettes using a strainer, and place 150g of the mixture in a

measuring cup. Mold the briquettes and dry for 10 minutes using a hair dryer.

Preparation of Raw Materials

Remove the peelings of mango and papaya using a knife. Collect sawdust. Weigh

the raw materials using an analytical balance.

Making the Fuel Briquettes

The raw materials are weighed and combined with the specified treatments. Use

mortar and pestle to pound the peelings. Separate the excess liquid present in the

briquettes using a strainer. Mould the resulting briquettes and dry using a hair dryer.

Evaluation of the Fuel Briquettes

Calorific Value

A weighed sample of the briquette is placed in a bomb calorimeter to determine

its calorific value. Three samples are taken for each of the treatments.

E. Procedures/Instrument in Data Gathering

A bomb calorimeter will be used for the determination of the calorific value of the

fuel briquettes.

Calorific Value

Parameter

s

Treatment 1 Treatment 2 Treatment 3 Treatment 4

S

1

S

2

S

3

A

V

S

1

S

2

S

3

A

V

S

1

S

2

S

3

A

V

S

1

S

2

S

3

A

V

Calorific Value

F. Statistical Tools for Data Analysis

For this research the Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) will be used in order to determine if

there is a significant difference in the mean calorific values of the briquettes.

The following formulas will be used:

S2B = ∑ni(Xi - XGM)2 for the between-group variance denoted by S2

B

k- 1

S2W = ∑(ni - 1)si

2 for the within-group variance denoted by S2W

∑(ni - 1)

F = S2B F test value

S2W

Where

ni = number of samples in a treatment

Xi = sample mean of each treatment

XGM = grand mean or the mean of all the values in the samples

Sample calculation:

Ho: µ1 = µ2 = µ3

Hi: At least one mean is different from the others.

Critical value: 4.07 (level of significance = 0.05)

MP & SD PP & SD MP & PP MP & PP &

SD

20 19 18 21

21 22 17 23

24 20 19 24

X = 21.6 20.3 18 22.7

S2 = 4.3 2.3 1 2.3

Grand Mean = 20.7

S2B = 36.78

S2W = 2.35

F = 15.65

The decision is to reject the null hypothesis, since 15.65 > 4.07.

There is enough evidence to reject the claim that there is no significant difference in the

mean calorific values of the briquettes.

COLLECTION OF RAW MATERIALS

…………….......

BRIQUETTE MAKING TESTING THE PRODUCT

CALORIFIC VALUE

Mango and Papaya

Peelings with Sawdust

Mango and Papaya Peelings

Papaya Peelings and

Sawdust

Mango Peelings and

Sawdust