IDM Project

8/2/2019 IDM Project

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What is a computer?

A programmable machine, the two principal characteristics of a computer are:

1. It responds to a specific set ofinstructions in a well-defined manner.

2.It can execute a prerecorded list of instructions (a program).

Modern computers are electronic and digital. The actual machinery -- wires, transistors,

and circuits -- is called hardware; the instructions and data are called software.

All general-purpose computers require the following hardware components:

Memory : Enables a computer to store, at least temporarily, data and programs.

Mass storage device : Allows a computer to permanently retain large amounts of data.

Common mass storage devices include disk drives and tape drives. Input device : Usually a keyboard and mouse, the input device is the conduit through

which data and instructions enter a computer.

Output device : A display screen,printer, or other device that lets you see what the

computer has accomplished.

Central processing unit (CPU): The heart of the computer, this is the component that

actually executes instructions.
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Therefore this paragraph has been created with a listing of each of the first computers

starting with the first programmable computer leading up to the computers of today.

Keep in mind that early inventions such as the abacus, calculators, tablet machines,

difference machine, etc. are not accounted for in this document.

First programmable computer

The Z1 originally created by Germany's Konrad Zuse in his parents living room in 1936

to 1938 is considered to be the first electrical binary programmable computer.

The first digital computer

Short for Atanasoff-Berry Computer, the ABC started being developed by Professor

John Vincent Atanasoff and graduate student Cliff Berry in 1937 and continued to be

developed until 1942 at the Iowa State College (now Iowa State University). On October

19, 1973, US Federal Judge Earl R. Larson signed his decision that the ENIAC patent by

Eckert and Mauchly was invalid and named Atanasoff the inventor of the electronic

digital computer.

The ENIAC was invented by J. Presper Eckert and John

Mauchly at the University of Pennsylvania and began

construction in 1943 and was not completed until 1946.

It occupied about 1,800 square feet and used about

18,000 vacuum tubes, weighing almost 50 tons.

Although the Judge ruled that the ABC computer was

the first digital computer many still consider the ENIAC to be the first digital computer.

See the ENIAC definition for additional information about this computer.

Because of the Judge ruling and because the case was never appealed like most we

consider the ABC to be the first digital computer. However, because the ABC was never

fully functional we consider the first functional digital computer to be the ENIAC.

The first computer with RAM

MIT introduces the Whirlwind machine March 8, 1955, a revolutionary computer that

was the first digital computer with magnetic core RAM and real-time graphics.

The first transistor computer

The TX-O (Transistorized Experimental computer) and first transistorized computer is

demonstrated at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1956.

The first stored program computer

The early British computer known as the EDSAC is considered to be the first stored

program electronic computer. The computer performed its first calculation on May 6,1949 and was the computer that ran the first graphical computer game.
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The first minicomputer

In 1960 Digital Equipment Corporation released its first of many PDP computers the

PDP-1.

The first personal computer

In 1975 Ed Roberts coined the term personal computer when he introduced the Altair

8800. Although the first personal computer is considered to be the Kenback-1, which

was first introduced for $750 in 1971. The computer relied on a series of switches for

inputting data and output data by turning on and off a series of lights.

The Micral is considered the be the first commercial non-assembly computer. The

computer used the Intel 8008 processor and sold for $1,750 in 1973.

The first workstation

Although never sold the first workstation is considered to be the Xerox Alto, introduced

in 1974. The computer was revolutionary for its time and included a fully functional

computer, display, and mouse. The computer operated like many computers today

utilizing windows, menus and icons as an interface to its operating system.

The first laptop or portable computer

The first portable computer or laptop is considered to be the Osborne I, a portable

computer developed by Adam Osborne that weighed 24 pounds, a 5-inch display, 64 KB

of memory, two 5 1/4" floppy drives, and a modem.

IBM PCD later released the IBM portable in 1984, it's first portable computer that

weighed in at 30 pounds. IBM PCD later announced in 1986 it's first laptop computer,

the PC Convertible, weighing 12 pounds. And in 1994 introduces the IBM ThinkPad

775CD, the first notebook with an integrated CD-ROM.

The first PC (IBM compatible) computer

In 1953 IBM shipped its first electric computer, the 701. Later IBM introduced its first

personal computer called the "IBM PC" in 1981. The computer was code named and still

sometimes referred to as the "Acorn" and had a 8088 processor, 16 KB of memory,

which was expandable to 256 and utilizing MS-DOS.

The first PC clone

The first PC clone was developed by Compaq, the "Compaq Portable" was release in

March 1983 and was 100% compatible with IBM computers and software that ran on

IBM computers.
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The first Apple computer

Steve Wozniakdesigned the first Apple known as the Apple I computer in 1976.

The first computer company

The first computer company was the Electronic Controls Company and was founded in

1949 by J. Presper Eckert and John Mauchly, the same individuals who helped create the

ENIAC computer. The company was later renamed to EMCC or Eckert-Mauchly

Computer Corporation and released a series of mainframe computers under the UNIVAC

name.

The first multimedia computer

In 1992 Tandy Radio Shack becomes one of the first companies to release a computer

based on the MPC standard with its introduction of the M2500 XL/2 and M4020 SX

computers.Other major computer company firsts

Below is a listing of some of the major computers companies first computers.

Compaq - March 1983 Compaq released its first computer and the first 100% IBM

compatible computer the "Compaq Portable."

Dell - In 1985 Dell introduced its first computer, the "Turbo PC."

Hewlett Packard - In 1966 Hewlett Packard released its first general computer, the "HP-

2115."NEC - In 1958 NEC builds its first computer the "NEAC 1101."

Toshiba - In 1954 Toshiba introduces its first computer, the "TAC" digital computer.

Another way of the history of computer

1939

David Packard and Bill

Hewlett in their Palo

Alto,California Garage

Hewlett-Packard is Founded. David Packard and Bill Hewlett

found Hewlett-Packard in a Palo Alto, California garage.Their first product was the HP 200A Audio Oscillator, which

rapidly becomes a popular piece of test equipment for

engineers. Walt Disney Pictures ordered eight of the 200B

model to use as sound effects generators for the 1940 movie

Fantasia.
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1946

ENIAC

In February, the public got its first glimpse of the ENIAC, a

machine built by John Mauchly and J. Presper Eckert thatimproved by 1,000 times on the speed of its contemporaries.

UNIVAC I

The UNIVAC I delivered to the U.S. Census Bureau was

the first commercial computer to attract widespread public

attention. Although manufactured by Remington Rand, the

machine often was mistakenly referred to as the "IBM

UNIVAC." Remington Rand eventually sold 46 machines at more than $1 million

each.F.O.B. factory $750,000 plus $185,000 for a high speed printer.

Kenbak-1

The Kenbak-1, the first personal computer, advertised

for $750 in Scientific American. Designed by John V.

Blankenbaker using standard medium-scale and

small-scale integrated circuits, the Kenbak-1 relied on

switches for input and lights for output from its 256-

byte memory. In 1973, after selling only 40

machines, Kenbak Corp. closed its doors.

1979

Advertisment for Atari 400 and

Atari introduces the Model 400 and 800 Computer.

Shortly after delivery of the Atari VCS game console,

Atari designed two microcomputers with game

capabilities: the Model 400 and Model 800. The two

machines were built with the idea that the 400 would

serve primarily as a game console while the 800
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800 computers

would be more of a home computer. Both sold well,

though they had technical and marketing problems,

and faced strong competition from the Apple II,

Commodore PET, and TRS-80 computers.

1981

IBM introduced its PC, igniting a fast growth of the personal computer market. The first PC

ran on a 4.77 MHz Intel 8088 microprocessor and used Microsofts MS-DOS operating

system.

Early Publicity still for the

Commodore 64

Commodore introduces the Commodore 64. The C64,

as it was better known, sold for $595, came with

64KB of RAM and featured impressive graphics.

Thousands of software titles were released over the

lifespan of the C64. By the time the C64 was

discontinued in 1993, it had sold more than 22 millionunits and is recognized by the 2006 Guinness Book of

World Records as the greatest selling single computer

model of all time.


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Computers can be generally classified by size and power as follows, though there is

considerable overlap

Total Computer system

Hardware Software Live ware Firmware

Input Devices Operators Bootstrap pro.

Output Devices Programmers

CPU

Backing Storage

System Software Application Software

Ope. Sys.

Ant.Vir.

Languages Packages

Pascal Word Processing

VB Spreadsheets

JAVA Database

1.0 Hardware

To understand the basic components of computer hardware, it is very appropriate

to consider a normal clerical system as an analogy. The table compares the computer

system hardware with a manual clerical system. Hardware can be classified in to main

categories which can following,

Input Device

Output Devices

CPU

Backing Storage


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Input Devices

There are wide Varity of input devices to input data, text, graphics, images and

sounds. As a result the use of computer has extended to many areas in organizations.

Input unites are used to feed data and instructions to the computer system. And provide

the interface between the outside world and the computer system for this purpose. There

are most common examples.

Keyboard Mouse Scanner Dig. Camera

Latest Input devices


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Output Devices

To be effective, the computers most produce the information in the best possible

from to a given situation. To achieve this goal a wide variety of output devices had been

developed in the past. Here are some output devices.

Monitor Printer

Speaker

I/O System

Latest Output devices


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Computer Storage.

Secondary Storage Alternatively referred to as external memory and auxiliary storage, secondary

storage is a storage medium that holds information until it is deleted or

overwritten regardless if the computer has power. For example, afloppy disk

driveandhard disk driveare both good examples of secondary storage devices.

As can be seen by the below picture there are three different storage on a

computer, although primary storage is accessed much faster than secondary

storage because of the price and size limitations secondary storage is used with

today's computers to store all your programs and your personal data.
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Finally, although off-line storage could be considered secondary storage, we've

separated these into their own category because this media can be easily removed

from the computer and stored elsewhere.

Internal Storage

There few types of internal storage. Primary storage, Main storage, Immediate

access storage, RAM And ROM.

RAM

Pronounced ram, acronym for random access memory, a type of computer

memory that can be accessed randomly; that is, any byte of memory can be accessed

without touching the preceding bytes. RAM is the most common type of memory found

in computers and other devices, such as printers.

There are two different types of RAM: DRAM (Dynamic Random Access Memory) and

SRAM (Static Random Access Memory). The two types differ in the technology they

use to hold data, with DRAM being the more common type. In terms of speed, SRAM is

faster. DRAM needs to be refreshed thousands of times per second while SRAM does

not need to be refreshed, which is what makes

it faster than DRAM. DRAM supports access

times of about 60 nanoseconds, SRAM can

give access times as low as 10 nanoseconds.

Despite SRAM being faster, it's not as

commonly used as DRAM because it's so

much more expensive. Both types of RAM
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are volatile, meaning that they lose their contents when the power is turned off.

In common usage, the term RAM is synonymous with main memory, the memory

available to programs. For example, a computer with 8MB RAM has approximately 8

million bytes of memory that programs can use. In contrast, ROM (read-only memory)

refers to special memory used to store programs that boot the computer and perform

diagnostics. Most personal computers have a small amount of ROM (a few thousand

bytes). In fact, both types of memory (ROM and RAM) allow random access. To be

precise, therefore, RAM should be referred to as read/write RAM and ROM as read-only

RAM.

Latest RAM s.

The XDR2 memory architecture is the world's fastest memory system solution capableof providing twice the peak bandwidth per device when compared to a GDDR5-basedsystem. Further, the XDR2 memory architecture delivers this performance at 30% lowerpower than GDDR5 at equivalent bandwidth.

Designed for scalability, power efficiency and manufacturability, the XDR2 architectureis a complete memory solution ideally suited for high-performance gaming, graphics andmulti-core compute applications.

Initial systems can achieve memory bandwidths of over 500GB/s into an SoC. EachXDR DRAM can deliver up to 38.4GB/s of peak bandwidth from a single, 4-byte-wide,

9.6Gbps XDR2 DRAM device, and the XDR2 architecture supports a roadmap to devicebandwidths of over 50GB/s.

DDR3 Memory Interface Solution

The Ram bus DDR3 memory interface solution is a high-performance, low-cost PHYtailored for consumer electronics. Ram bus' consumer DDR3 PHY solution is capable of

supporting data rates of up to 1600mega transfers per second (MT/s) ina low-cost wire bond package. Itincorporates patented innovations

such as on-chip Phase-Locked Loops(PLLs), Delay-Locked Loops(DLLs), Flex Phase TimingAdjustment circuits, Output DriverCalibration, and On Die Termination(ODT) Calibration to provide acomplete memory solution. ThePHY also provides backwardscompatibility for DDR2 SDRAMapplications.
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ROM

Pronounced ram, acronym for read-only memory, computer memory on which

data has been prerecorded. Once data has been written onto a ROM chip, it cannot beremoved and can only be read.

Unlike main memory (RAM), ROM retains its contents even when the computer is

turned off. ROM is referred to as being nonvolatile, whereas RAM is volatile.

Most personal computers contain a small amount of ROM that stores critical programs

such as the program that boots the computer. In addition, ROMs are used extensively in

calculators and peripheral devices such as laser printers, whose fonts are often stored in

ROMs.

A variation of a ROM is a PROM (programmable read-only memory). PROMs are

manufactured as blank chips on which data can be written with a special device called a

PROM programmer .

Types of ROM Chips

PROM

Short for Programmable Read Only Memory, Programmable ROM, or

PROM is a computer memory chip capable of being programmed. Once the PROM has

been programmed, the information written is permanent and cannot be erased or deleted.

A good example of a PROM is the computer BIOS.

EPROM

Short for Eras able Programmable Read-Only Memory, ERPOM is a memory

chip that was invented by Dov Frohman that can be read from but not stored to.

However, if exposed to ultraviolet light and can be reprogrammed if needed. Hardware

manufactures use EPROM when it may be needed that the data contained on the

EPROM needs to be changed. An EPROM chip is easily distinguishable by a small glass

circle that exposes the chip that can be reprogrammed.
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EEPROM

Short for Electrically Eras able Programmable Read-Only Memory, EEPROM is

a PROM that can be erased and reprogrammed using an electrical charge.

Unlike most memory inside a computer, this memory remembers data when the power is

turned off. EEPROM is often used to store information for the computer's BIOS.

Latest Storage devices.

CPU

Pronounced as separate letters it is the abbreviation for central processing unit.

The CPU is the brains of the computer. Sometimes referred to simply as the central

processor, but more commonly called processor,

the CPU is where most calculations take place. In

terms of computing power, the CPU is the most

important element of a computer system.

On large machines, CPUs require one or more

printed circuit boards. On personal computers and

small workstations, the CPU is housed in a single

chip called a microprocessor. Since the 1970's the

microprocessor class of CPUs has almost completely overtaken all other CPU

implementations.
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The CPU itself is an internal component of the computer. Modern CPUs are small and

square and contain multiple metallic connectors or pins on the underside. The CPU is

inserted directly into a CPU socket, pin side down, on the motherboard. Each

motherboard will support only a specific type or range of CPU so you must check the

motherboard manufacturer's

specifications before

attempting to replace or

upgrade a CPU. Modern

CPUs also have an attached

heat sink and small fan that

go directly on top of the CPU

to help dissipate heat.

Two typical components of a

CPU are the following:

The arithmetic logic unit (ALU), which performs arithmetic and logical operations.

The control unit (CU), which extracts instructions from memory and decodes and

executes them, calling on the ALU when necessary.

List of Intel microprocessors

12 32-bit processors: P5 micro architectureo 12.1 Original Pentiumo 12.2 Pentium with MMX Technology

13 32-bit processors: P6/Pentium M micro architectureo 13.1 Pentium Proo 13.2 Pentium IIo 13.3 Celeron (Pentium II-based)o 13.4 Pentium IIIo 13.5 Pentium II and III Xeono 13.6 Celeron (Pentium III Coppermine-based)o 13.7 Celeron (Pentium III Tualatin-based)o 13.8 Pentium Mo 13.9 Celeron Mo 13.10 Intel Coreo 13.11 Dual-Core Xeon LV

14 32-bit processors: Net Burst micro architecture
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o 14.1 Pentium 4o 14.2 Xeono 14.3 Mobile Pentium 4-Mo 14.4 Pentium 4 EEo 14.5 Pentium 4Eo 14.6 Pentium 4F

15 64-bit processors: IA-64o 15.1 Itaniumo 15.2 Itanium 2

16 64-bit processors: Intel 64Net Burst micro architectureo 16.1 Pentium 4Fo 16.2 Pentium Do 16.3 Pentium Extreme Editiono 16.4 Xeon

17 64-bit processors: Intel 64Core micro architectureo 17.1 Xeono 17.2 Intel Core 2o 17.3 Pentium Dual Coreo 17.4 Celerono 17.5 Celeron M

18 32-bit processors: Intel 32Intel Atom 19 64-bit processors: Intel 64Nehalem micro architecture

o 19.1 Intel Pentiumo 19.2 Core i3o 19.3 Core i5o 19.4 Core i7o 19.5 Xeon

A CPU socket or CPU slotA CPU socket or CPU slot is a mechanical component that provides mechanical and

electrical connections between a device (usually a microprocessor) and a printed circuit

board (PCB). This allows the CPU to be replaced without risking the damage typically

introduced when using soldering tools.
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ne%20Computer/Desktop/MY%20IDM%20Project%20jan%2022/assiment%202/DATA/M1%20-other/List_of_Intel_microprocessors.htm%2364-bit_processors:_Intel_64_.E2.80.93_Nehalem_microarchitecturehttp://c/Documents%20and%20Settings/Ozone%20Computer/Desktop/MY%20IDM%20Project%20jan%2022/assiment%202/DATA/M1%20-other/List_of_Intel_microprocessors.htm%2364-bit_processors:_Intel_64_.E2.80.93_Nehalem_microarchitecturehttp://c/Documents%20and%20Settings/Ozone%20Computer/Desktop/MY%20IDM%20Project%20jan%2022/assiment%202/DATA/M1%20-other/List_of_Intel_microprocessors.htm%2364-bit_processors:_Intel_64_.E2.80.93_Nehalem_microarchitecturehttp://c/Documents%20and%20Settings/Ozone%20Computer/Desktop/MY%20IDM%20Project%20jan%2022/assiment%202/DATA/M1%20-other/List_of_Intel_microprocessors.htm%23Intel_Pentiumhttp://c/Documents%20and%20Settings/Ozone%20Computer/Desktop/MY%20IDM%20Project%20jan%2022/assiment%202/DATA/M1%20-other/List_of_Intel_microprocessors.htm%23Core_i3http://c/Documents%20and%20Settings/Ozone%20Computer/Desktop/MY%20IDM%20Project%20jan%2022/assiment%202/DATA/M1%20-other/List_of_Intel_microprocessors.htm%23Core_i5http://c/Documents%20and%20Settings/Ozone%20Computer/Desktop/MY%20IDM%20Project%20jan%2022/assiment%202/DATA/M1%20-other/List_of_Intel_microprocessors.htm%23Core_i7http://c/Documents%20and%20Settings/Ozone%20Computer/Desktop/MY%20IDM%20Project%20jan%2022/assiment%202/DATA/M1%20-other/List_of_Intel_microprocessors.htm%23Xeon_4http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mechanical_component&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microprocessorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Printed_circuit_boardhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Printed_circuit_boardhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Printed_circuit_boardhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Printed_circuit_boardhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microprocessorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mechanical_component&action=edit&redlink=1http://c/Documents%20and%20Settings/Ozone%20Computer/Desktop/MY%20IDM%20Project%20jan%2022/assiment%202/DATA/M1%20-other/List_of_Intel_microprocessors.htm%23Xeon_4http://c/Documents%20and%20Settings/Ozone%20Computer/Desktop/MY%20IDM%20Project%20jan%2022/assiment%202/DATA/M1%20-other/List_of_Intel_microprocessors.htm%23Core_i7http://c/Documents%20and%20Settings/Ozone%20Computer/Desktop/MY%20IDM%20Project%20jan%2022/assiment%202/DATA/M1%20-other/List_of_Intel_microprocessors.htm%23Core_i5http://c/Documents%20and%20Settings/Ozone%20Computer/Desktop/MY%20IDM%20Project%20jan%2022/assiment%202/DATA/M1%20-other/List_of_Intel_microprocessors.htm%23Core_i3http://c/Documents%20and%20Settings/Ozone%20Computer/Desktop/MY%20IDM%20Project%20jan%2022/assiment%202/DATA/M1%20-other/List_of_Intel_microprocessors.htm%23Intel_Pentiumhttp://c/Documents%20and%20Settings/Ozone%20Computer/Desktop/MY%20IDM%20Project%20jan%2022/assiment%202/DATA/M1%20-other/List_of_Intel_microprocessors.htm%2364-bit_processors:_Intel_64_.E2.80.93_Nehalem_microarchitecturehttp://c/Documents%20and%20Settings/Ozone%20Computer/Desktop/MY%20IDM%20Project%20jan%2022/assiment%202/DATA/M1%20-other/List_of_Intel_microprocessors.htm%2332-bit_processors:_Intel_32_.E2.80.93_Intel_Atomhttp://c/Documents%20and%20Settings/Ozone%20Computer/Desktop/MY%20IDM%20Project%20jan%2022/assiment%202/DATA/M1%20-other/List_of_Intel_microprocessors.htm%23Celeron_M_2http://c/Documents%20and%20Settings/Ozone%20Computer/Desktop/MY%20IDM%20Project%20jan%2022/assiment%202/DATA/M1%20-other/List_of_Intel_microprocessors.htm%23Celeronhttp://c/Documents%20and%20Settings/Ozone%20Computer/Desktop/MY%20IDM%20Project%20jan%2022/assiment%202/DATA/M1%20-other/List_of_Intel_microprocessors.htm%23Pentium_Dual_Corehttp://c/Documents%20and%20Settings/Ozone%20Computer/Desktop/MY%20IDM%20Project%20jan%2022/assiment%202/DATA/M1%20-other/List_of_Intel_microprocessors.htm%23Intel_Core_2http://c/Documents%20and%20Settings/Ozone%20Computer/Desktop/MY%20IDM%20Project%20jan%2022/assiment%202/DATA/M1%20-other/List_of_Intel_microprocessors.htm%23Xeon_3http://c/Documents%20and%20Settings/Ozone%20Computer/Desktop/MY%20IDM%20Project%20jan%2022/assiment%202/DATA/M1%20-other/List_of_Intel_microprocessors.htm%2364-bit_processors:_Intel_64_.E2.80.93_Core_microarchitecturehttp://c/Documents%20and%20Settings/Ozone%20Computer/Desktop/MY%20IDM%20Project%20jan%2022/assiment%202/DATA/M1%20-other/List_of_Intel_microprocessors.htm%23Xeon_2http://c/Documents%20and%20Settings/Ozone%20Computer/Desktop/MY%20IDM%20Project%20jan%2022/assiment%202/DATA/M1%20-other/List_of_Intel_microprocessors.htm%23Pentium_Extreme_Editionhttp://c/Documents%20and%20Settings/Ozone%20Computer/Desktop/MY%20IDM%20Project%20jan%2022/assiment%202/DATA/M1%20-other/List_of_Intel_microprocessors.htm%23Pentium_Dhttp://c/Documents%20and%20Settings/Ozone%20Computer/Desktop/MY%20IDM%20Project%20jan%2022/assiment%202/DATA/M1%20-other/List_of_Intel_microprocessors.htm%23Pentium_4F_2http://c/Documents%20and%20Settings/Ozone%20Computer/Desktop/MY%20IDM%20Project%20jan%2022/assiment%202/DATA/M1%20-other/List_of_Intel_microprocessors.htm%2364-bit_processors:_Intel_64_.E2.80.93_NetBurst_microarchitecturehttp://c/Documents%20and%20Settings/Ozone%20Computer/Desktop/MY%20IDM%20Project%20jan%2022/assiment%202/DATA/M1%20-other/List_of_Intel_microprocessors.htm%23Itanium_2http://c/Documents%20and%20Settings/Ozone%20Computer/Desktop/MY%20IDM%20Project%20jan%2022/assiment%202/DATA/M1%20-other/List_of_Intel_microprocessors.htm%23Itaniumhttp://c/Documents%20and%20Settings/Ozone%20Computer/Desktop/MY%20IDM%20Project%20jan%2022/assiment%202/DATA/M1%20-other/List_of_Intel_microprocessors.htm%2364-bit_processors:_IA-64http://c/Documents%20and%20Settings/Ozone%20Computer/Desktop/MY%20IDM%20Project%20jan%2022/assiment%202/DATA/M1%20-other/List_of_Intel_microprocessors.htm%23Pentium_4Fhttp://c/Documents%20and%20Settings/Ozone%20Computer/Desktop/MY%20IDM%20Project%20jan%2022/assiment%202/DATA/M1%20-other/List_of_Intel_microprocessors.htm%23Pentium_4Ehttp://c/Documents%20and%20Settings/Ozone%20Computer/Desktop/MY%20IDM%20Project%20jan%2022/assiment%202/DATA/M1%20-other/List_of_Intel_microprocessors.htm%23Pentium_4_EEhttp://c/Documents%20and%20Settings/Ozone%20Computer/Desktop/MY%20IDM%20Project%20jan%2022/assiment%202/DATA/M1%20-other/List_of_Intel_microprocessors.htm%23Mobile_Pentium_4-Mhttp://c/Documents%20and%20Settings/Ozone%20Computer/Desktop/MY%20IDM%20Project%20jan%2022/assiment%202/DATA/M1%20-other/List_of_Intel_microprocessors.htm%23Xeonhttp://c/Documents%20and%20Settings/Ozone%20Computer/Desktop/MY%20IDM%20Project%20jan%2022/assiment%202/DATA/M1%20-other/List_of_Intel_microprocessors.htm%23Pentium_4


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Common sockets utilize retention clips that are designed to apply a constant force, which

must be overcome when a device is inserted. For chips that sport a high number of pin

outs, either zero-insertion force (ZIF) sockets or land grid array (LGA) sockets are used

instead. These designs apply a compression force once either a handle (for ZIF type) or a

surface plate (LGA type) is put into place. This provides superior mechanical retention

while avoiding the added risk of bending pins when inserting the chip into the socket.

CPU sockets are used in desktop and server computers (laptops typically use surface

mount CPUs). Because they allow easy swapping of components, they are also used for

prototyping new circuits.

Function

A CPU socket is often made up of plastic, a metal lever or latch, and metal

contacts for each of the pins or lands on the CPU. Most packages are keyed to ensure the

proper insertion of the CPU. CPUs with a PGA package are inserted into the socket and

the latch is closed. This has the effect of physically securing and protecting the CPU as

well as causing an electrical connection between all the CPU pins and the socket. In the

case of LGA, the CPU is placed onto the socket and a latch is closed over the CPU,

securing it. Most CPU sockets are designed to support the installation of a heatsink. It

must be able to protect the CPU from the weight of the heatsink (often very heavy in

weight relative to the CPU) particularly during the installation and removal, while also

ensuring that the heatsink makes good thermal contact with the CPU.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desktop_computerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Server_computerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laptophttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surface_mounthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surface_mounthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plastichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermal_contacthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermal_contacthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plastichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surface_mounthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surface_mounthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laptophttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Server_computerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desktop_computer


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Socket

name

Year

of

introd

uction

CPU familiesPacka

ge

Pin

countBus speed

DIP

1970s

Intel 8086

Intel 8088 DIP 40 5/10 MHz

PLCC ?

Intel 80186

Intel 80286

Intel 80386

PLCC 68, 132 6-40 MHz

Socket 1 1989 Intel 80486 PGA 169 16-50 MHz

Socket 2

Intel 80486 PGA 238 16-50 MHz

Socket 3 1991 Intel 80486 PGA 237 16-50 MHz

Socket 4

Intel Pentium PGA 273 60-66 MHz

Socket 5

Intel Pentium

AMD K5

IDT WinChip C6

IDT WinChip 2

PGA 320 50-66 MHz

Socket 6

Intel 80486 PGA 235

Socket 7 1994

Intel Pentium

Intel Pentium MMX

AMD K6

PGA 321 50-66 MHz

Super

Socket 71998

AMD K6-2

AMD AMD K6-III

Rise mP6

Cyrix MII

PGA 321 66-100 MHz

Socket 8 1995 Intel Pentium Pro PGA 387 60-66 MHz

Slot 1 1997

Intel Pentium II

Intel Pentium III

Slot 242 66-133 MHz

Slot 2 1998 Intel Pentium II Xeon Slot 330 100-133 MHz

Socket

463/

Socket

NexGen

NexGen Nx586 PGA 463

Socket

499Alpha 21164A Slot 587

Slot A 1999 AMD Athlon Slot 242 100 MHz
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dual_in-line_packagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dual_in-line_packagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/8086http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/8088http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plastic_leaded_chip_carrierhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/80186http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/80286http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/80386http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socket_1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/80486http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socket_2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/80486http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socket_3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/80486http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socket_4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intel_P5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socket_5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intel_P5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advanced_Micro_Deviceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AMD_K5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integrated_Device_Technologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WinChiphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socket_6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/80486http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socket_7http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intel_P5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pentium_MMXhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advanced_Micro_Deviceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AMD_K6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super_Socket_7http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super_Socket_7http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AMD_K6-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AMD_K6-IIIhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rise_Technologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MP6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIIhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socket_8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pentium_Prohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slot_1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pentium_IIhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pentium_IIIhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slot_2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pentium_II_Xeonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NexGenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nx586http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpha_21164Ahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slot_Ahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AMDhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athlonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athlonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AMDhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slot_Ahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpha_21164Ahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nx586http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NexGenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pentium_II_Xeonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slot_2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pentium_IIIhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pentium_IIhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slot_1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pentium_Prohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socket_8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIIhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MP6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rise_Technologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AMD_K6-IIIhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AMD_K6-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super_Socket_7http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super_Socket_7http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AMD_K6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advanced_Micro_Deviceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pentium_MMXhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intel_P5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socket_7http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/80486http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socket_6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WinChiphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integrated_Device_Technologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AMD_K5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advanced_Micro_Deviceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intel_P5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socket_5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intel_P5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socket_4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/80486http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socket_3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/80486http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socket_2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/80486http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socket_1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/80386http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/80286http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/80186http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plastic_leaded_chip_carrierhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/8088http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/8086http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dual_in-line_package


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19

Slot B Alpha 21264 Slot 587

Socket

3701999

Intel Pentium III

Intel Celeron

VIA Cyrix III

VIA C3

PGA 370 66-133 MHz

Socket

462/

Socket A

2000

AMD Athlon

AMD Duron

AMD Athlon XP

AMD Athlon XP-M

AMD Athlon MP

AMD Sempron

PGA 462

100-200 MHz This

is a double data rate

bus having a 400

MT/s

(megatransfers/seco

nd) fsb in the later

models

Socket

4232000 Intel Pentium 4 PGA 423

400 MT/s

(100 MHz)

Socket

478/

Socket N

2000

Intel Pentium 4

Intel Celeron

Intel Pentium 4 EE

Intel Pentium 4 M

PGA 478400-800 MT/s (100-

200 MHz)

Socket

4952000 Intel Celeron PGA 495

Socket

6032001 Intel Xeon PGA 603

400-533 MT/s (100-

133 MHz)

Socket

6042002 Intel Xeon PGA 604

400-1066 MT/s

(100-266 MHz)

Socket

7542003

AMD Athlon 64

AMD Sempron

AMD Turion 64

PGA 754 200-800 MHz

Socket

9402003 AMD Opteron Athlon 64 FX PGA 940 200-1000 MHz

Socket

4792003

Intel Pentium M

Intel Celeron MPGA 479[9]

400-533 MT/s (100-

133 MHz)

Socket

9392004

AMD Athlon 64

AMD Athlon 64 FX

AMD Athlon 64 X2

AMD Opteron

PGA 939 200-1000 MHz

LGA

775/2004 Intel Pentium 4

Intel Pentium DLGA 775 1600 MHz
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpha_21264http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socket_370http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socket_370http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socket_370http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pentium_IIIhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celeronhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VIA_Technologieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyrix_IIIhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VIA_Technologieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VIA_C3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socket_462http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socket_462http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socket_Ahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socket_423http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socket_423http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socket_423http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pentium_4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socket_478http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socket_478http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socket_Nhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pentium_4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celeronhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P4EE#Extreme_Editionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Intel_Pentium_4_microprocessors#Mobile_processorshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socket_495http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socket_495http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socket_495http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celeronhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socket_603http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socket_603http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socket_603http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xeonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socket_604http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socket_604http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socket_604http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xeonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socket_754http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socket_754http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socket_754http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athlon_64http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sempronhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turion_64http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socket_940http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socket_940http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socket_940http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opteronhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athlon_64_FXhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pin_grid_arrayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socket_479http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socket_479http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socket_479http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pentium_Mhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celeron_Mhttp://c/Documents%20and%20Settings/Ozone%20Computer/Desktop/MY%20IDM%20Project%20jan%2022/assiment%202/DATA/Module%202/CPU_socket.htm%23cite_note-479note-8http://c/Documents%20and%20Settings/Ozone%20Computer/Desktop/MY%20IDM%20Project%20jan%2022/assiment%202/DATA/Module%202/CPU_socket.htm%23cite_note-479note-8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socket_939http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socket_939http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socket_939http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athlon_64http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athlon_64_FXhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athlon_64_X2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opteronhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LGA_775http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LGA_775http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pentium_4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pentium_Dhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Land_grid_arrayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Land_grid_arrayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pentium_Dhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pentium_4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LGA_775http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LGA_775http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opteronhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athlon_64_X2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athlon_64_FXhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athlon_64http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socket_939http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socket_939http://c/Documents%20and%20Settings/Ozone%20Computer/Desktop/MY%20IDM%20Project%20jan%2022/assiment%202/DATA/Module%202/CPU_socket.htm%23cite_note-479note-8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celeron_Mhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pentium_Mhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socket_479http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socket_479http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pin_grid_arrayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athlon_64_FXhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opteronhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socket_940http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socket_940http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turion_64http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sempronhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athlon_64http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socket_754http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socket_754http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xeonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socket_604http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socket_604http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xeonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socket_603http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socket_603http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celeronhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socket_495http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socket_495http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Intel_Pentium_4_microprocessors#Mobile_processorshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P4EE#Extreme_Editionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celeronhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pentium_4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socket_Nhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socket_478http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socket_478http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pentium_4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socket_423http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socket_423http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socket_Ahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socket_462http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socket_462http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VIA_C3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VIA_Technologieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyrix_IIIhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VIA_Technologieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celeronhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pentium_IIIhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socket_370http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socket_370http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpha_21264


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Socket T Intel Celeron

Intel Celeron D

Intel Pentium XE

Intel Core 2 Duo

Intel Core 2 Quad

Intel Xeon

Latest Processor sockets.

LGA

1366/

Socket B

2008 Intel Core i7 (900 series) LGA 1366 4.8-6.4 GT/s

LGA

1156/

Socket H

2009

Intel Core i7 (800 series)

Intel Core i5 (700, 600

series)

Intel Core i3 (500 series)

Intel Xeon (X3400, L3400

series)

Intel Pentium (G6000 series)

Intel Celeron (G1000 series)

LGA 1156 2.5 GT/s

LGA

12482010

Intel Intel Itanium 9300-

seriesLGA 1248 4.8 GT/s

LGA

15672010

Intel Intel Xeon 6500/7500-

seriesLGA 1567 4.8-6.4 GT/s

LGA

1155/

Socket

H2

(2011/

Q1)Intel Sandy Bridge-DT LGA 1155 2.5 GT/s

LGA2011/

Socket R

Future(2011/

Q3)

Intel Sandy Bridge B2 LGA 2011 4.8-6.4 GT/s

Socket

name

Year

of

introd

uction

CPU familiesPacka

ge

Pin

countBus speed
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CONTROL UNIT

The control unit maintains order within the computer system and directs

the flow of traffic (operations) and data. The flow of control is indicated by the

dotted arrows on figure 1-1. The control unit selects one program statement at

a time from the program storage area, interprets the statement, and sends the

appropriate electronic impulses to the arithmetic-logic unit and storage section to

cause them to carry out the instruction. The control unit does not perform the

actual processing operations on the data. Specifically, the control unit manages the

operations of the CPU, be it a single-chip microprocessor or a fill-size mainframe.

Like a traffic director, it decides when to start and stop (control and timing), what to

do (program instructions), where to keep information (memory), and with what

devices to communicate (I/O). It controls the flow of all data entering and leaving the

computer. It accomplishes this by communicating or interfacing with the

arithmetic-logic unit, memory, and I/O areas. It provides the computer with the

ability to function under program control. Depending on the design of the computer,

the CPU can also have the capability to function under manual control through

man/machine interfacing. The control unit consists of several basic logically defined

areas. These logically defined areas work closely with each other. Timing in a

computer regulates the flow of signals that control the operation of the computer.

The instruction and control portion makes up the decision-making and memory-type

functions. Addressing is the process of locating the operand (specific information)

for a given operation. An interrupt is a break in the normal flow of operation of a

computer (e.g., CTRL + ALT + DEL). Control memory is a random-access

memory (RAM) consisting of addressable storage registers. Cache memory is a

small, high-speed RAM buffer located between the CPU and main memory; it can

increase the speed of the PC. Read-only memory (ROM) are chips with a set of

software instructions supplied by the manufacturer built into them that enables the

computer to perform its I/O operations. The control unit is also capable of shutting down

the computer when the power supply detects abnormal conditions. ARITHMETIC-

LOGIC UNIT The arithmetic-logic unit (ALU) performs all arithmetic operations


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CPU speedy is improving its abilities. Here are latest CPUs

AMD Talks Llano & Radeon HD 6800

Written by Rob Williams on October 19, 2010 In AMD Processors

AMD invited both media and vendors down to Los Angeles last week to learn about the

company's upcoming products and technologies, such as the Fusion-based Llano CPU

(err, APU) and Radeon HD 6800 series. We were there, and have some preliminary

information on both, as well as some light information about the event itself.

Intel's Core i5-655K & i7-875K Unlocked Processors

Written by Rob Williams on May 28, 2010 In Intel Processors

Most of today's desktop CPUs, including budget models, tend to be

good for overclocking. But for those who are looking for the ultimate

in tweaking ability, Intel's mainstream models have left a bit to be desired. With the K

series, though, it aims to remedy that situation by offering unlocked models at affordable

prices.

Phenom II X6 1090T - AMD Enters the Six-Core Arena

Written by Rob Williams on April 28, 2010 In AMD Processors

In March, it was Intel's turn, and this month, it's AMD's. That's right,

we're at the point when Phenom II X6's are hitting the market and

giving consumers a much less expensive six-core CPU to chose from. We're taking a

look at AMD's top-end offering, the 1090T BE, and also a brief look at the company's

new 890FX chipset.

Intel's Core i7-980X Extreme Edition - Ready for Sick Scores?

Written by Rob Williams on March 10, 2010 In Intel Processors

It's official. We're now entering the six-core realm, thanks to Intel's

Gulftown. The first model, Core i7-980X, is more than capable of

delivering the sick scores that our title suggests, and along with it, we can begin to see

some major benefits of the 32nm process. To sweeten the deal further, Intel even

includes an effective new CPU cooler.

Intel's Core i3-530 - The Budget Powerhouse?

Written by Rob Williams on March 4, 2010 In Intel Processors

When Intel launched its Westmere-based line-up this past January, one

of the more interesting models released was the Core i3-530. The big
http://techgage.com/article/amd_talks_llano_radeon_hd_6800/http://techgage.com/article/intels_core_i5-655k_i7-875k_unlocked_processors/http://techgage.com/article/phenom_ii_x6_1090t_-_amd_enters_the_six-core_arena/http://techgage.com/article/intels_core_i7-980x_extreme_edition_-_ready_for_sick_scores/http://techgage.com/article/intels_core_i3-530_-_the_budget_powerhouse/http://techgage.com/article/intels_core_i5-655k_i7-875k_unlocked_processors/http://techgage.com/article/phenom_ii_x6_1090t_-_amd_enters_the_six-core_arena/http://techgage.com/article/intels_core_i7-980x_extreme_edition_-_ready_for_sick_scores/http://techgage.com/article/intels_core_i3-530_-_the_budget_powerhouse/http://techgage.com/article/intels_core_i5-655k_i7-875k_unlocked_processors/http://techgage.com/article/phenom_ii_x6_1090t_-_amd_enters_the_six-core_arena/http://techgage.com/article/intels_core_i7-980x_extreme_edition_-_ready_for_sick_scores/http://techgage.com/article/intels_core_i3-530_-_the_budget_powerhouse/http://techgage.com/article/intels_core_i5-655k_i7-875k_unlocked_processors/http://techgage.com/article/phenom_ii_x6_1090t_-_amd_enters_the_six-core_arena/http://techgage.com/article/intels_core_i7-980x_extreme_edition_-_ready_for_sick_scores/http://techgage.com/article/intels_core_i3-530_-_the_budget_powerhouse/http://techgage.com/article/intels_core_i5-655k_i7-875k_unlocked_processors/http://techgage.com/article/phenom_ii_x6_1090t_-_amd_enters_the_six-core_arena/http://techgage.com/article/intels_core_i7-980x_extreme_edition_-_ready_for_sick_scores/http://techgage.com/article/intels_core_i3-530_-_the_budget_powerhouse/http://techgage.com/article/intels_core_i3-530_-_the_budget_powerhouse/http://techgage.com/article/intels_core_i7-980x_extreme_edition_-_ready_for_sick_scores/http://techgage.com/article/phenom_ii_x6_1090t_-_amd_enters_the_six-core_arena/http://techgage.com/article/intels_core_i5-655k_i7-875k_unlocked_processors/http://techgage.com/article/amd_talks_llano_radeon_hd_6800/


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reason was its budget $120 price tag. But if there's one thing that can make a budget chip

interesting, it's overclocking, and fortunately, there's huge potential where this chip is

concerned.

Dream Processor for the Graphics Industry Intel Core i7 Extreme

The previous article was an introduction to Speed King Intel i7Core 975 Extreme Edition flagship processor. As only anintroduction is not enough to completely describe the processor, weconducted several tests with the processor and prepared a reviewthat targets the Graphics and the Animation industry. If you need a

one line conclusion

Quad-Core and Multi-Core Xeon

Intel released relabeled versions of its quad-core (2x2) Core

2 Quad processor as the Xeon 3200-series (product code80562) on 7 January 2007.[10]The 2x2 "quad-core" (dual-diedual-core[11]) comprised two separate dual-core die next toeach other in one CPU package. The models are the X3210,X3220 and X3230, running at 2.13 GHz, 2.4 GHz and2.66 GHz, respectively.[12]Like the 3000-series, thesemodels only support single-CPU operation and operate on a

1066 MHz front-side bus. It is targeted at the "blade" market. The X3220 is also brandedand sold asCore2 Quad Q6600, the X3230 as Q6700.

Model Speed (GHz) L2 Cache (MB) FSB (MHz) TDP (W)

X3210 2.13 2x4 1066 100/105

X3220 2.40 2x4 1066 100/105

X3230 2.66 2x4 1066 100

MotherboardThe main circuit board of a microcomputer. The

motherboard contains the connectors for attaching

additional boards. Typically, the motherboard

contains the CPU, BIOS, memory, mass storage

interfaces, serial and parallel ports,expansion slots,

and all the controllers required to control standard

peripheral devices, such as the display screen,
http://www.thei7.com/dream-processor-graphics-industry-intel-core-i7-extreme/http://www.thei7.com/dream-processor-graphics-industry-intel-core-i7-extreme/http://www.thei7.com/dream-processor-graphics-industry-intel-core-i7-extreme/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xeon#cite_note-9http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xeon#cite_note-9http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xeon#cite_note-9http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xeon#cite_note-10http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xeon#cite_note-10http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xeon#cite_note-10http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xeon#cite_note-dailytech_quad-xeon-11http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xeon#cite_note-dailytech_quad-xeon-11http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xeon#cite_note-dailytech_quad-xeon-11http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Intel_Core_2_microprocessors#.22Kentsfield.22_.2865_nm.29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Intel_Core_2_microprocessors#.22Kentsfield.22_.2865_nm.29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Intel_Core_2_microprocessors#.22Kentsfield.22_.2865_nm.29http://www.webopedia.com/TERM/P/printed_circuit_board.htmlhttp://www.webopedia.com/TERM/C/connector.htmlhttp://www.webopedia.com/TERM/B/board.htmlhttp://www.webopedia.com/TERM/C/CPU.htmlhttp://www.webopedia.com/TERM/B/BIOS.htmlhttp://www.webopedia.com/TERM/M/memory.htmlhttp://www.webopedia.com/TERM/M/mass_storage.htmlhttp://www.webopedia.com/TERM/S/serial.htmlhttp://www.webopedia.com/TERM/P/parallel_port.htmlhttp://www.webopedia.com/TERM/E/expansion_slot.htmlhttp://www.webopedia.com/TERM/C/controller.htmlhttp://www.webopedia.com/TERM/P/peripheral_device.htmlhttp://www.webopedia.com/TERM/D/display_screen.htmlhttp://www.webopedia.com/TERM/D/display_screen.htmlhttp://www.webopedia.com/TERM/P/peripheral_device.htmlhttp://www.webopedia.com/TERM/C/controller.htmlhttp://www.webopedia.com/TERM/E/expansion_slot.htmlhttp://www.webopedia.com/TERM/P/parallel_port.htmlhttp://www.webopedia.com/TERM/S/serial.htmlhttp://www.webopedia.com/TERM/M/mass_storage.htmlhttp://www.webopedia.com/TERM/M/memory.htmlhttp://www.webopedia.com/TERM/B/BIOS.htmlhttp://www.webopedia.com/TERM/C/CPU.htmlhttp://www.webopedia.com/TERM/B/board.htmlhttp://www.webopedia.com/TERM/C/connector.htmlhttp://www.webopedia.com/TERM/P/printed_circuit_board.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Intel_Core_2_microprocessors#.22Kentsfield.22_.2865_nm.29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xeon#cite_note-dailytech_quad-xeon-11http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xeon#cite_note-10http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xeon#cite_note-9http://www.thei7.com/dream-processor-graphics-industry-intel-core-i7-extreme/


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keyboard, and disk drive. Collectively, all these chips that reside on the motherboard are

known as the motherboard's chipset.

On most PCs, it is possible to add memory chips directly to the motherboard. You may

also be able to upgrade to a faster PC by replacing the CPU chip. To add additional core

features, you may need to replace the motherboard entirely.

Motherboard is sometimes abbreviated as mobo.

The block diagram of a computer
http://www.webopedia.com/TERM/K/keyboard.htmlhttp://www.webopedia.com/TERM/D/disk_drive.htmlhttp://www.webopedia.com/TERM/C/chipset.htmlhttp://www.webopedia.com/TERM/P/PC.htmlhttp://www.webopedia.com/TERM/P/PC.htmlhttp://www.webopedia.com/TERM/C/chipset.htmlhttp://www.webopedia.com/TERM/D/disk_drive.htmlhttp://www.webopedia.com/TERM/K/keyboard.html


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Main types of computers

1. Historic evolution2. Size and cost3. Data representation4. Purpose of the computer

1.0Historic evolutionFirst Generation (1940-1956) Vacuum Tubes

The first computers used vacuum tubes for circuitry and magnetic drums for memory,

and were often enormous, taking up entire rooms. They were very expensive to operate

and in addition to using a great deal of electricity, generated a lot of heat, which wasoften the cause of malfunctions.

First generation computers relied on machine language, the lowest-level programming

language understood by computers, to perform operations, and they could only solve one

problem at a time. Input was based on punched cards and paper tape, and output was

displayed on printouts.

The UNIVAC and ENIAC computers are examples of first-generation computing

devices. The UNIVAC was the first commercial computer delivered to a business client,

the U.S. Census Bureau in 1951.

Second Generation (1956-1963) Transistors

Transistors replaced vacuum tubes and ushered in the second generation of computers.

The transistor was invented in 1947 but did not see widespread use in computers until the

late 1950s. The transistor was far superior to the vacuum tube, allowing computers to

become smaller, faster, cheaper, more energy-efficient and more reliable than their first-

generation predecessors. Though the transistor still generated a great deal of heat that

subjected the computer to damage, it was a vast improvement over the vacuum tube.

Second-generation computers still relied on punched cards for input and printouts for

output.
http://www.webopedia.com/TERM/M/magnetic_drum.htmlhttp://www.webopedia.com/TERM/M/memory.htmlhttp://www.webopedia.com/TERM/M/machine_language.htmlhttp://www.webopedia.com/TERM/E/ENIAC.htmlhttp://www.webopedia.com/DidYouKnow/Hardware_Software/2002/TERM/T/transistor.htmlhttp://www.webopedia.com/DidYouKnow/Hardware_Software/2002/TERM/T/transistor.htmlhttp://www.webopedia.com/TERM/E/ENIAC.htmlhttp://www.webopedia.com/TERM/M/machine_language.htmlhttp://www.webopedia.com/TERM/M/memory.htmlhttp://www.webopedia.com/TERM/M/magnetic_drum.html


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Second-generation computers moved from cryptic binary machine language to symbolic,

or assembly, languages, which allowed programmers to specify instructions in words.

High-level programming languages were also being developed at this time, such as early

versions of COBOL and FORTRAN. These were also the first computers that stored

their instructions in their memory, which moved from a magnetic drum to magnetic core

technology. The first computers of this generation were developed for the atomic energy

industry.

Third Generation (1964-1971) Integrated Circuits

The development of the integrated circuit was the hallmark of the third generation of

computers. Transistors were miniaturized and placed on silicon chips, called

semiconductors, which drastically increased the speed and efficiency of computers.

Instead of punched cards and printouts, users interacted with third generation computers

through keyboards and monitors and interfaced with an operating system, which allowed

the device to run many different applications at one time with a central program that

monitored the memory. Computers for the first time became accessible to a mass

audience because they were smaller and cheaper than their predecessors.

Fourth Generation (1971-Present) Microprocessors

The microprocessor brought the fourth generation of computers, as thousands of

integrated circuits were built onto a single silicon chip. What in the first generation filled

an entire room could now fit in the palm of the hand. The Intel 4004 chip, developed in

1971, located all the components of the computerfrom the central processing unit and

memory to input/output controlson a single chip.

In 1981 IBM introduced its first computer for the home user, and in 1984 Apple

introduced the Macintosh. Microprocessors also moved out of the realm of desktop

computers and into many areas of life as more and more everyday products began to use

microprocessors.

As these small computers became more powerful, they could be linked together to form

networks, which eventually led to the development of the Internet. Fourth generation

computers also saw the development ofGUIs, the mouse and handheld devices.
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