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Ideology, Ideology, Socialization, Socialization, Participation & Participation & Voting Behavior Voting Behavior AP Government AP Government

Ideology, Socialization, Participation & Voting Behavior AP Government

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Page 1: Ideology, Socialization, Participation & Voting Behavior AP Government

Ideology, Socialization, Ideology, Socialization, Participation & Voting Participation & Voting

BehaviorBehavior

AP GovernmentAP Government

Page 2: Ideology, Socialization, Participation & Voting Behavior AP Government

IdeologyIdeology

Page 3: Ideology, Socialization, Participation & Voting Behavior AP Government

IdeologyIdeology

IdeologyIdeology:: a set of basic beliefs about a set of basic beliefs about life, culture, government, and life, culture, government, and society.society.

Page 4: Ideology, Socialization, Participation & Voting Behavior AP Government

Political IdeologyPolitical Ideology

An individual’s or group’s set of beliefs An individual’s or group’s set of beliefs about governmental or political about governmental or political structures and functions.structures and functions.

Main ConcernsMain Concerns: : proper function of governmentproper function of government issues of liberty and equalityissues of liberty and equality distribution of goods and servicesdistribution of goods and services

Page 5: Ideology, Socialization, Participation & Voting Behavior AP Government

Political CulturePolitical Culture

Dominant values, beliefs and attitudes of Dominant values, beliefs and attitudes of members of a society about their members of a society about their governance, their history, and their rights governance, their history, and their rights and responsibilities as citizens. and responsibilities as citizens.

Political Culture helps determinePolitical Culture helps determine the structure of the society's political systemthe structure of the society's political system the rules by which the system operates the rules by which the system operates what is acceptable behavior w/in systemwhat is acceptable behavior w/in system

Page 6: Ideology, Socialization, Participation & Voting Behavior AP Government

ConservatismConservatism

opposition to gov't intervention in economyopposition to gov't intervention in economy opposition to gov't intervention in social opposition to gov't intervention in social

programsprograms support for intervention to uphold moralitysupport for intervention to uphold morality support for strong militarysupport for strong military approves of use of force to attain goalsapproves of use of force to attain goals support of balanced budgetsupport of balanced budget support for limited taxessupport for limited taxes

Page 7: Ideology, Socialization, Participation & Voting Behavior AP Government

LiberalismLiberalism

little gov't involvement in social & little gov't involvement in social & economic lifeeconomic life

support for intervention in economysupport for intervention in economy support for social programssupport for social programs against moral codes imposed by gov'tagainst moral codes imposed by gov't against expansion of militaryagainst expansion of military

Page 8: Ideology, Socialization, Participation & Voting Behavior AP Government

LibertarianismLibertarianism

emphasis on basic rights & free market economyemphasis on basic rights & free market economy support freedom of tradesupport freedom of trade very limited gov't with provision for defensevery limited gov't with provision for defense no gov't economic or social programsno gov't economic or social programs abolish gov't departments (bureaucracy)abolish gov't departments (bureaucracy) abolish laws against victimless crimesabolish laws against victimless crimes

Page 9: Ideology, Socialization, Participation & Voting Behavior AP Government

Political ScalePolitical Scale

Page 10: Ideology, Socialization, Participation & Voting Behavior AP Government

LiberalLiberal ConservativeConservative

BusinessBusiness Increase Increase regulation and regulation and

worker worker protectionprotection

Ease regulation Ease regulation & keep gov’t out & keep gov’t out

of businessof business

TaxesTaxes Increase taxesIncrease taxes Cut taxesCut taxes

AbortionAbortion Pro-ChoicePro-Choice Pro-lifePro-life

Social Social SpendingSpending

IncreaseIncrease Decrease or Decrease or maintainmaintain

Defense Defense SpendingSpending

Decrease or Decrease or maintainmaintain

IncreaseIncrease

Death PenaltyDeath Penalty BanBan MaintainMaintain

Page 11: Ideology, Socialization, Participation & Voting Behavior AP Government

LiberalLiberal ConservativeConservative

Size of Gov’tSize of Gov’t Increase w/Increase w/

more social more social policiespolicies

Reduce w/ Reduce w/ more capitalistic more capitalistic

policiespolicies

Same Sex Same Sex MarriageMarriage

LegalizeLegalize BanBan

Affirmative Affirmative ActionAction

For (maintain For (maintain race based race based

preferences)preferences)

Against (ban Against (ban race based race based

preferences)preferences)

ANWR DrillingANWR Drilling Prevent drilling Prevent drilling in Alaskain Alaska

Pursue this & Pursue this & other domestic other domestic

oil sourcesoil sources

Page 12: Ideology, Socialization, Participation & Voting Behavior AP Government

LiberalLiberal ConservativeConservative

CrimeCrime Protect rights of Protect rights of the accusedthe accused

Maximum Maximum punishment; punishment;

rights of victimsrights of victims

School School VouchersVouchers

End the End the programprogram

Expand the Expand the programprogram

Doctor Assisted Doctor Assisted SuicideSuicide

AllowAllow PreventPrevent

Minimum WageMinimum Wage IncreaseIncrease Lower or Lower or eliminateeliminate

Social SecuritySocial Security Increase age of Increase age of eligibilityeligibility

PrivatizePrivatize

Page 13: Ideology, Socialization, Participation & Voting Behavior AP Government

LiberalLiberal ConservativeConservative

Health CareHealth Care Make 100% Make 100% government government controlledcontrolled

Deregulate; Deregulate; move to free move to free

marketmarket

Personal Personal ResponsibilityResponsibility

Gov’t needs to Gov’t needs to protect citizens protect citizens

from from themselvesthemselves

People should People should be responsible be responsible & accountable & accountable for own actionsfor own actions

ReligionReligion Separation of Separation of church & state; church & state;

prevent faith prevent faith based initiativesbased initiatives

Introduce more Introduce more religion in religion in

school; allow school; allow faith based faith based initiativesinitiatives

Page 14: Ideology, Socialization, Participation & Voting Behavior AP Government

Political SocializationPolitical Socialization

Page 15: Ideology, Socialization, Participation & Voting Behavior AP Government

Political SocializationPolitical Socialization

How an individual acquires How an individual acquires their sense of political their sense of political identity. identity.

Page 16: Ideology, Socialization, Participation & Voting Behavior AP Government

Agents of SocializationAgents of Socialization

Family Family Education Education Peer Groups Peer Groups

Media Media

JobJob RaceRace ReligionReligion EthnicityEthnicity

Page 17: Ideology, Socialization, Participation & Voting Behavior AP Government

Home and FamilyHome and Family

Observe and copy parentsObserve and copy parents

Tend to follow same ideology Tend to follow same ideology pattern as familypattern as family

Information is filtered based on Information is filtered based on ideology of parentsideology of parents

Page 18: Ideology, Socialization, Participation & Voting Behavior AP Government

EducationEducation

Teach citizenship & societal valuesTeach citizenship & societal values

Teach democratic principlesTeach democratic principles

Usually first knowledge of how Usually first knowledge of how system workssystem works

Page 19: Ideology, Socialization, Participation & Voting Behavior AP Government

PeersPeers

Share similar ideasShare similar ideas

Reinforce attitudesReinforce attitudes

Desire for acceptance mayDesire for acceptance may change family ideaschange family ideas

Page 20: Ideology, Socialization, Participation & Voting Behavior AP Government

MediaMedia

Greatest source of Greatest source of informationinformation

Generates interest in issue Generates interest in issue that may not have been of that may not have been of concernconcern

Page 21: Ideology, Socialization, Participation & Voting Behavior AP Government

Political ParticipationPolitical Participation

Page 22: Ideology, Socialization, Participation & Voting Behavior AP Government

Forms of Political ParticipationForms of Political Participation

Following and discussing politicsFollowing and discussing politics Campaign activitiesCampaign activities VotingVoting Contacting public officialsContacting public officials Group activities (political parties, interest Group activities (political parties, interest

groups, etc)groups, etc) ProtestsProtests

Page 23: Ideology, Socialization, Participation & Voting Behavior AP Government

How much do we participate?How much do we participate? Inactives - take virtually no part in political life – 22%Inactives - take virtually no part in political life – 22%

Voting Specialists - do little more than vote regularly – Voting Specialists - do little more than vote regularly – 21%21%

Contractors - contact officials about personal probs – 4%Contractors - contact officials about personal probs – 4%

Communalists - votes and participates in some programs Communalists - votes and participates in some programs to try to solve some of the social problems – 20%to try to solve some of the social problems – 20%

Campaigners - engages in heavy campaign activities – Campaigners - engages in heavy campaign activities – 15%15%

Complete Activists - vote, contact officials, group Complete Activists - vote, contact officials, group activities and campaign – 11%activities and campaign – 11%

Page 24: Ideology, Socialization, Participation & Voting Behavior AP Government

Why do we participate in politics?Why do we participate in politics?

Rational Actor Model - citizens weigh the Rational Actor Model - citizens weigh the cost against benefitscost against benefits

If benefits are small, it isn't rational to If benefits are small, it isn't rational to participateparticipate

Parochial participation, collective activities Parochial participation, collective activities and political protest may seem more effective and political protest may seem more effective and thus more rationaland thus more rational

Page 25: Ideology, Socialization, Participation & Voting Behavior AP Government

Voting BehaviorsVoting Behaviors

Page 26: Ideology, Socialization, Participation & Voting Behavior AP Government

Voting EligibilityVoting Eligibility Elimination of property requirements (1830)Elimination of property requirements (1830)

Elimination of racial discrimination in 15th Amendment (1870)Elimination of racial discrimination in 15th Amendment (1870)

Elimination of sexual discrimination in 19th Amendment (1920)Elimination of sexual discrimination in 19th Amendment (1920)

Elimination of poll taxes in 24th Amendment (1964)Elimination of poll taxes in 24th Amendment (1964)

Elimination of literacy tests in Voting Rights Act (1965)Elimination of literacy tests in Voting Rights Act (1965)

Elimination of several state registration laws in Voting Rights Act Elimination of several state registration laws in Voting Rights Act (1993)(1993)

Reduction of voting age to 18 in 26th Amendment (1971)Reduction of voting age to 18 in 26th Amendment (1971)

Reduction of residency requirement to one or two months in most Reduction of residency requirement to one or two months in most statesstates

Page 27: Ideology, Socialization, Participation & Voting Behavior AP Government

Voter TurnoutVoter Turnout

50%+ participation in presidential elections50%+ participation in presidential elections

33% for high state offices33% for high state offices

33% + for congressional midterm elections33% + for congressional midterm elections

20% for lower state and all local elections20% for lower state and all local elections

38% votes every two years in elections (core 38% votes every two years in elections (core electorate)electorate)

Page 28: Ideology, Socialization, Participation & Voting Behavior AP Government

Reasons for VotingReasons for Voting

Duty and obligation of citizenshipDuty and obligation of citizenship

Belief that every vote countsBelief that every vote counts

Predicted closeness of an electionPredicted closeness of an election

Desire to influence elections & policyDesire to influence elections & policy

Identification with a party or candidateIdentification with a party or candidate

Page 29: Ideology, Socialization, Participation & Voting Behavior AP Government

Reasons NOT to voteReasons NOT to vote Lack of interestLack of interest

Lack of faith in Lack of faith in systemsystem

Lack of choices Lack of choices between candidatesbetween candidates

Domination of area by Domination of area by one partyone party

Lack of Lack of transportationtransportation

Illness on voting Illness on voting dayday

Failure to obtain Failure to obtain absentee ballotabsentee ballot

Out of district on Out of district on voting day voting day

Page 30: Ideology, Socialization, Participation & Voting Behavior AP Government

Reasons to Vote for aReasons to Vote for aParticular CandidateParticular Candidate

Party AffiliationParty Affiliation

Policy VisionPolicy Vision

Interest in a particular issueInterest in a particular issue

Personal AppealPersonal Appeal

Page 31: Ideology, Socialization, Participation & Voting Behavior AP Government

Public OpinionPublic Opinion

Page 32: Ideology, Socialization, Participation & Voting Behavior AP Government

Public OpinionPublic Opinion

Opinions of people about elected officials, Opinions of people about elected officials, candidates, public policy, and government candidates, public policy, and government institutionsinstitutions

Reflection of values, beliefs and attitudes Reflection of values, beliefs and attitudes

Opinions of various groups are often Opinions of various groups are often swayed by differences in gender, age, swayed by differences in gender, age, class, region and raceclass, region and race

Page 33: Ideology, Socialization, Participation & Voting Behavior AP Government

Characteristics of Public OpinionCharacteristics of Public Opinion

Intensity – causes a strong reactionIntensity – causes a strong reaction Latency –doesn’t effect you now, but may laterLatency –doesn’t effect you now, but may later Salience – effects you personallySalience – effects you personally Consensus – most people agree onConsensus – most people agree on Polarization – splits public opinion, can’t get a Polarization – splits public opinion, can’t get a

compromise oncompromise on Stability – public opinion stays the sameStability – public opinion stays the same Fluidity – public opinion is changing Fluidity – public opinion is changing

Page 34: Ideology, Socialization, Participation & Voting Behavior AP Government

Measuring Public OpinionMeasuring Public Opinion Polling - sample the attitudes of particular groupsPolling - sample the attitudes of particular groups

QuestionnairesQuestionnaires Closed ended questions needed over open endedClosed ended questions needed over open ended Leading (Loaded) Questions result in inaccurate Leading (Loaded) Questions result in inaccurate

infoinfo

Samples - groups of the populationSamples - groups of the population Random – Anyone from population can be chosenRandom – Anyone from population can be chosen Stratified – Sample statistically mirrors populationStratified – Sample statistically mirrors population

Sampling error – difference between the sample and Sampling error – difference between the sample and the entire population (increase in sample size will the entire population (increase in sample size will increase reliability of survey and reduce margin of increase reliability of survey and reduce margin of error)error)