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Identifying Broadleaved Trees in Winter
Suzanne Sancisi-Frey Forest Research
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Identifying winter trees
• Some features that can be used to identify winter trees are:
• Buds
• Twigs and twig features
• Bark
• General growth form of the tree e.g. branching pattern
• Fruits and seeds
Identifying winter trees
• Some features that can be used to identify winter trees are:
• Buds
• Twigs and twig features
• Bark
• General growth form of the tree e.g. branching pattern
• Fruits and seeds
• Use as many of the features as possible don’t rely on just one
• Look at a number of twigs/buds from the tree you are trying to identify – not just one or two
Fruits and Seeds
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Buds and Twigs • Bud arrangement:
alternate, opposite or spiralling
• Bud shape
e.g. oval, conical, pointed or blunt
• Bud colour
• Size of buds in relation to the twigs
• Hairs on buds
• Bud scales
• Shape and colour of twigs
• Leaf scars
• Hairs on twigs
Bud arrangement Terminal bud single
Terminal buds clustered
Lateral buds opposite
Lateral buds alternate
Lateral buds spiralling
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Buds and Twigs
Terminal bud
Leaf scar Lateral bud
Leaf stalk
Last years
growth
Lenticels (Small bumps; gas exchange)
Leaf scar
Bud scales
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Bud scale scars
Hand lenses • X 10 is usually enough • X 20 and even x 40 • Swanky ones with lights • Phonescopes
Hold lens to eye then
move subject towards it until it is in focus
Plane
Sweet chestnut
oak
Buds alternate/spiral
Birch
Hornbeam
2-3 Bud scales
Term buds clustered
Lateral buds individual
Sessile oak
English oak
>20 budscales
<20 budscales
Noticeable Leaf scar
Rounded conical red buds
Acorns on stalks
Acorns not on stalks
Oval/squat Velvety/ purple black
Common walnut
Buds very hairy
Rowan
Fruits red + like mini apples
Divided pith horseshoe scar,
hairless
Plump Yellow/green Pinkish/brown buds on ‘shelves’
Buds long, slender, pointed + brown + not adpressed, papery
Beech
Buds long, slender, pointed, pale brown/orange, adpressed or slightly curled,
Buds small, shiny brown/orange, pointed, can be on stalks
Silver birch
Downy birch
3 + Bud scales
Lime
Fruit clusters Large wing
Grey/brown. Silvery peeling layer, pale lenticels
Smooth. Long hairs often
present
Fruits/seeds catkins
Spherical fruits of individual
seeds
Leaf scar encircles bud
Reddish smooth
twigs
Twigs hairy, no white
warts
Twigs not hairy, with
white warts
Spherical green fleshy fruits
Fruit attached to 3 lobed wings
Fruit stalked hairy seed case
Twigs rather hairy,
Twigs sparsley hairy,
Spherical fruit Spiny green husk
Twigs smooth/ slightly downy, lenticels
Ash Field maple Horse
chestnut
Sycamore Norway maple
Buds opposite
Buds/scales hairy Buds/scales not hairy or only minimally hairy
Buds sticky
Buds Red/brown, Small, pointed
Buds Red/brown Buds Green with purple edges to scales + golden
eyelashes
Buds black
Elder
2 winged fruits Bunches of keys
@ 90 deg seeds rounded
2 winged fruits Bunches of keys moustache like
seeds flat
Twigs red/brown.
Pale lenticels. Large leaf scar
Fruits spherical,
fleshy, spiky, green
2 winged fruits Bunches of keys
@ 180 deg seeds flat
Twigs hairless when young
Twigs can be corky, slightly hairy/downy
Twigs flattened
where buds are set
Single winged fruits
Bunches of keys
Twigs warty with white pith, strong smell if crushed
Twigs paired grey brown, +
prominent lenticels
Buds ragged
Buds deep purplish/red/
noticeable bud scale scars. Leaf scar wider than
bud
Bunches of small black
elderberries
Buds and Twigs
Terminal bud
Leaf scar Lateral bud
Leaf stalk
Last years
growth
Lenticels (Small bumps; gas exchange)
Leaf scar
Bud scales
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Bud scale scars