The findings and conclusions in this report are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily represent the views of the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health.

Kyla Retzer, MPHNational Institute for Occupational Safety and Health

Identifying and Preventing Oil and Gas Fatalities in Wyoming and US

Cheyenne, WY 2017Wyoming Workforce Safety Summit

• Part of the Centers for Disease Control & Prevention (CDC)

• Research-focused

• Created an Oil and Gas Sector Program in 2007 (Epi/Surveillance, Exposure Assessment, Engineering Controls, Communications)

National Institute for Occupational Safety & Health (NIOSH)

The Oil and Gas Industry

The Oil and Gas Industry

32% of total workers

15% of total workers

53% of total workers

Source: BLS/CFOI and BLS/QCEW. All rates calculated per 100,000 workers.

The Oil and Gas Industry

32% of total workersFatality Rate=22.9 per 100,000 workers

15% of total workersFatality Rate=4.1

Source: BLS/CFOI and BLS/QCEW. All rates calculated per 100,000 workers.

53% of total workersFatality Rate=4.2

The Oil and Gas Industry

32% of total workersFatality Rate=22.9Per 100,000 workers

15% of total workersFatality Rate=4.1

53% of total workersFatality Rate=4.2

Source: BLS/CFOI and BLS/QCEW. All rates calculated per 100,000 workers.

85

98 98

125 122

120

68

107

112

142

112

144

89

0

25

50

75

100

125

150

0.0

5.0

10.0

15.0

20.0

25.0

30.0

35.0

Num

ber o

f Dea

ths

Deat

hs p

er 1

00,0

00 w

orke

rs

Fatalities

Number and Rate of Fatal Work InjuriesU.S. Oil & Gas Extraction Industry, 2003–2015

Note: Fatality counts from BLS Census of Fatal Occupational Injuries. Worker Estimates from BLS Quarterly Census of Employment and Wages (2013). Rate per 100,000 workers per year. Includes NAICS 211, 213111, 213112. *Data for 2014 are preliminary.

N=1,422

85

98 98

125 122

120

68

107

112

142

112

144

89

0

25

50

75

100

125

150

0.0

5.0

10.0

15.0

20.0

25.0

30.0

35.0

Num

ber o

f Dea

ths

Deat

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er 1

00,0

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Fatalities Rate

Number and Rate of Fatal Work InjuriesU.S. Oil & Gas Extraction Industry, 2003–2015

Note: Fatality counts from BLS Census of Fatal Occupational Injuries. Worker Estimates from BLS Quarterly Census of Employment and Wages (2013). Rate per 100,000 workers per year. Includes NAICS 211, 213111, 213112. *Data for 2014 are preliminary.

N=1,422

Operators

Drilling Contractors

Well Servicing CompaniesOil and Gas

Extraction Industry

The U.S. Oil and Gas Extraction Industry

June 8, 2015

Fatality Rates per 100,000 workers by Company TypeU.S. Oil & Gas Extraction Industry, 2003–2013

Company type (NAICS code) Number % Fatality

RateOperators (211) 196 16.5% 11.6

Drilling Contractors (213111)

378 31.8% 44.6

Well-servicing companies 615 51.7% 27.9

TOTAL 1,189 25.0

Mason et. al, 2015. MMWR.

Fatality Rates per 100,000 workers by Company TypeU.S. Oil & Gas Extraction Industry, 2003–2013

Company type (NAICS code) Number % Fatality

RateOperators (211) 196 16.5% 11.6

Drilling Contractors (213111)

378 31.8% 44.6 (4X)

Well-servicing companies 615 51.7% 27.9

TOTAL 1,189 25.0

Mason et. al, 2015. MMWR.

Fatality Rates per 100,000 workers by Company TypeU.S. Oil & Gas Extraction Industry, 2003–2013

Company type (NAICS code) Number % Fatality

RateOperators (211) 196 16.5% 11.6

Drilling Contractors (213111)

378 31.8% 44.6

Well-servicing companies(213112)

615 51.7% 27.9(2.4X)

TOTAL 1,189 25.0

Mason et. al, 2015. MMWR.

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013

Fata

lity

Rate

per

100

,000

Trends in Fatality Rate by Company Type

Well Servicing CompaniesOil and Gas Operators Drilling Contractors

Stat ist i ca l ly S ign i f icant

58%

Fata

litie

s

Not Statistically Significant

27%

Fata

litie

s

Stat ist i ca l l y S i gn i f icant

33%

Fata

litie

s

Fata

litie

s

Vulnerable workers in the U.S. Oil & Gas Extraction Industry, 2003–2014

• Contractor/subcontractor employees1

• Employees of small sized establishments (<20 workers), esp. small drilling contractors2

• Hispanic worker fatality rates 20% higher• Lone workers (i.e. oilfield truckers)• Workers new to the industry (53% of fatalities)

1Mason et. al, 2015, 2Retzer, Hill, 2011

Most Frequent Fatal EventsU.S. Oil & Gas Extraction Industry, 2003–2015

Most Frequent Fatal EventsWyoming Oil & Gas Extraction Industry, 2012–2015

Data Source: Wyoming Department of Workforce Services

TRANSPORTATION INCIDENTS

Description DeathsPickup truck 145 (49%)

Freight Hauling and Utility Truck• Semi, tractor-trailer, tanker truck (74 deaths)

95 (32%)

Off-road/Industrial Vehicle • Forklift (8 deaths)

13 (4%)

Passenger Vehicle (i.e. car, van) 11 (4%)

Airplane 6 (2%)

Other/Unknown 27 (5%)

Total 297*

18

Vehicle Type of Transportation Incidents, 2011-2015 Oil and Gas Extraction Industry (NAICS 211, 213111, 213112)

* Note that total here is larger than in transportation incident slide. This is because vehicles are the source of injury in deaths other than transportation incidents. For example, a worker struck by a powered vehicle not meant for transport (i.e. forklift) is considered a “struck-by” death, rather than a transportation incident.

Data Source: BLS CFOI

10

-

72

20

54

29

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%

Driver

Vehicle Passenger

NA/ Other/Uknown Seat belt in use No restraint used

*Data were generated with restricted access to the CFOI Research file.“Other/Unknown” vehicle occupant position category not shown here.

Seating position and restraint use of fatally injured vehicle occupants, oil and gas industry, 2011-2014

Data Source: BLS and NHTSA

Restraint use by vehicle type in vehicles with fatally injured occupant(s), 2011-2014

*Data were generated with restricted access to the CFOI Research file.

38

25

16

10

7

39

25

11

8

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90

Pickup trucks

Large trucks, semi-trucks

Medium trucks

Vans

Other light utility trucks

Passenger cars

NA/Unknown Restraint used Restraint Not in use

Data Source: BLS and NHTSA

New Resource for Seatbelt Use in the Oil and Gas Industry

• http://www.iogp.org/buckleup/#tools

Manner of collision in fatal crashes in the Oil and Gas sector, 2011-2014

0 20 40 60 80 100

Front to Rear

Front to Front

Angle

Not a collision with motor vehicle in transport

*Data were generated with restricted access to the CFOI Research file.

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

18

Fatal crash frequency by time of day, 2011-2014

*Data were generated with restricted access to the CFOI Research file.Data Source: BLS and NHTSA

• 3 workers killed, 4 hospitalized

• No skid marks at scene

• None of the workers were wearing their seatbelt

Fatigue-Related Crash

Personal Factors Affecting fatigue

• Long commutes to start shift• Desire to be at home with family until last minute• Sleep is low priority

Source: NORA Oil and Gas Motor Vehicle Workgroup Discussion on Driver Fatigue

Operational Demands in the Oilfield

• Critical path nature • Calling crews out early • If you won’t do it,

somebody else will• Company man is a

consultant• Paid by the mile/load

• Disconnect between corporate policy and practice

• No good place to rest• Conflicts with priorities

of operators/dispatchers

Source: NORA Oil and Gas Motor Vehicle Workgroup Discussion on Driver Fatigue

1. Time of day/circadian rhythms 2. Time awake 3. Sleep debt (cumulative) 4. Sleep disorders5. Other considerations: environment,

monotonous tasks, medical history+/medications

(Williamson, 2007)

Factors Increasing Fatigue-Related Risks

Alertness over a 24 hour period

Dawson & Reid, 1997; Williamson & Feyer, 2000; Falleti et al. 2003; Arendt et al. 2005; Howard et al., 2007; Yegneswaran & Shapiro, 2007; Elmenhorst et al., 2009)

Fatigue Is Like Intoxication

17 Hours

Awake

=24 Hours

Awake

.05%BAC=

170 LBS maleover 2 hrs.

.10%BAC

170 LBS maleover 2 hrs.

http://www.dot.wisconsin.gov/safety/motorist/drunkdriving/calculator.htm

Sleep disorders

Cumulative Sleep Debt

• DO NOT recognize declines in own poor performance

• NO EVIDENCE that experience, motivation, professionalism help

(Arendt et al., 2005; Van Dongen 2009) et al., 2003)

Critical Misconceptions About Ability to OvercomePoor Performance Due to Sleep Loss

Educate All Drivers about Sleep and Warning Signs

• Need at least 7-9 hours of continuous sleep per day

Warning Signs: • Yawning or blinking frequently• Difficulty remembering the past

few miles driven• Missing your exit• Drifting from your lane/hitting

rumble stripWhat to do:• Pull over to rest or change

drivers

Alert Light Duty Drivers to Sleep Disorders

Approximately 90 different sleep disorders; affects 70 million Americans

See doctor if you:• Take more than 30 minutes

to fall asleep• Wake several time during

sleep or for long periods• Take frequent naps• Often feel sleepy, especially

at inappropriate times

Encourage workers to “Stop the Job” instead of

driving fatigued

• Limit driving distances• Limit commute time before shift• Ensure rested driver available• Plan rest breaks and locations• Mandate Seatbelt use

Develop Company Policy and Use Journey Planning

OGP Land Transport Safety Recommended Practice, Journey Management: http://www.ogp.org.uk/pubs/365-2.pdf

Be a Good Example: How are You Doing?

`

Records Data

Date and Time Speed Acceleration/Deceleration Seat Belt Use

`

Measures Performance

Measures driver performance against a predetermined set of parameters

`

Changes Behavior

Has shown to be effective in realizing immediate and positive effect on driver behavior

Motor Vehicle Crash Rates1

50–90%

1 Gale et. al, 2012, Mora et. al, 2010, Velasquez, et. al, 2010, Matusalen, et. al, 2006, Ballard et. al, 2004, Jutten et. al, 2002, Cocianni & Taviansky, 1998); 2 Twilhaar, 2000; 3 Lopez, 2006, Twiilar, 2000.

Miles Driven3

8-20% Speeding2

60%

In-Vehicle Monitoring Systems (IVMS)

Description DeathsStruck by object/equipment• powered vehicle, non-transport (17 deaths)• falling object or equipment (52 deaths)• discharged or flying object (4 deaths)• swinging object (8 deaths)

99 (82%)

Caught in equipment or machinery 7 (6%)Caught in collapsing structure/machinery 4 (3%)Other/Unknown 11 (9%)Total 121

41

Contact Injuries, 2011-2015Oil and Gas Extraction Industry (NAICS 211, 213111, 213112)

Note: The OIICS system was updated for data year 2011, so comparisons of years before/after 2011 should be interpreted with caution. 1Category includes data during 2003-2010. 2Category includes data during 2011-2015 only.

Description Deaths

Contact with electric current• Direct exposure to electricity (n=8)

17 (36%)

Exposure to other harmful substances• Inhalation of substance (i.e. Hydrogen sulfide,

hydrocarbon gases/vapors, carbon monoxide) (n=6)

• Drug or alcohol overdose (n=7)

24 (51%)

Other/unknown 6 (13%)

Total 47

43

Exposure to Harmful Substances and Environments, 2011-2015Oil and Gas Extraction Industry (NAICS 211, 213111, 213112)

Digital Story: Tank Gauging VideoTO BE RELEASED July/August 2017

https://vimeo.com/212148379

The Fatalities in Oil and Gas Database (FOG)A database specific to the oil and gas extractionindustry.

https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/topics/fog/

FOG

Fatalities in Oil and Gas (FOG) 2014 Annual Report

Detailed information on 101 fatalities:• Location• Company type*• Event type• Operation*• Activity*• Cardiac events*• Incident descriptions*

*Contains data unique to FOG.

Take Pride in Your Job:Fall Protection

Move It!: Rig Move Safety

RigCheck: Rig Safety Checklists

http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/programs/oilgas/ 48

Safety products

Concluding thoughts

• Focus on transportation: seatbelts, fatigue and journey management.

• Focus on contact injuries: dropped objects.• Increase worker knowledge regarding hydrocarbon

gases and vapors by sharing tank gauging video with workforce.

• Collaborate/participate in local health and safety networks. Use/share resources.

Contact Info

Contact Info:

Kyla Retzer, MPHEpidemiologistNIOSH, Western States Divisionkgz7@cdc.gov , 303-236-5934

http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/programs/oilgas/