Department of Forensic Medicine Department of Forensic Medicine & Toxicology& Toxicology

Prof. Dr. Maha GhanemProf. Dr. Maha Ghanem

By the end of this course the student will be able to:

Define and list different types of identification Recognize different circumstances for

identification List ages of medico-legal importance in Egypt Review methods of identification (radiology,

anthropology, craniofacial, personal effects) Determine sex in living and dead Estimate age in living and dead Distinguish prints of medico-legal importance

Types of Identification:Types of Identification:1- Criminal identification:1- Criminal identification:a- Fingerprintsa- Fingerprintsb- Photographsb- Photographsc- Witnessc- Witness

Identikit Identikit is a composite is a composite picture of a person from a witness account.picture of a person from a witness account.

2- Civil identification:2- Civil identification: in courtsin courts

3- Personal identification:3- Personal identification: of dead persons of dead persons by their relatives or friendsby their relatives or friends..

4- Legal identification:4- Legal identification: of dead or living persons.of dead or living persons.

6years: child enter school.6years: child enter school.7 years : discrimination between 7 years : discrimination between right and wrong.right and wrong.11 years: custody of boys after divorce11 years: custody of boys after divorce15 years: custody of girls after divorce15 years: custody of girls after divorce16 years: get identity card16 years: get identity card license for driving motor cyclelicense for driving motor cycle

18 18 years: full criminal responsibility free consent in rape

driving car license

first military call get job in government marriage of male& females voting in elections 21 years: civil rights

30 years : person can be elected as a member in national assembly 40 years: to be president in A.R.EA.R.E

1- For medical purpose:1- For medical purpose: a- unconscious patient.a- unconscious patient. b- patient with b- patient with true amnesia.true amnesia. c- mental confusionc- mental confusion

2- Civil purpose:2- Civil purpose: a- problems of inheritance.a- problems of inheritance. b- marriage.b- marriage. c- employment or immigrationc- employment or immigration d- call for military service.d- call for military service. e- disputed paternitye- disputed paternity

3- For criminal purpose:3- For criminal purpose: a- sexual offences e.g. rape a- sexual offences e.g. rape b- kidnappingb- kidnapping c- determine the criminal personalityc- determine the criminal personality

1- A missing person 1- A missing person and presumed death.and presumed death.

2- Issue death certificate2- Issue death certificate and allow burial.and allow burial.

3- Accidents3- Accidents

4- Crimes4- Crimes

5- Mass disaster : 5- Mass disaster : ten or more ten or more person are killed. person are killed. natural :natural : floods, earthquakes floods, earthquakes and volcanoesand volcanoesman made: man made: airplanes , train accidents airplanes , train accidents

1- Circumstances of death

2- The elapse of time since death

3- Antemortem data available for comparison.

1- General appearance:1- General appearance:

WeightWeight

HeightHeight

Color of skinColor of skin

HairHair

2- Features2- Features::

FaceFace

EyebrowsEyebrows

IrisIris

ChinChin

NoseNose

Configuration of earConfiguration of ear

Portrait ParlPortrait Parléé

3- Clothing:3- Clothing:Denote the occupation and the social status.Denote the occupation and the social status.

4- Age4- Age

5- Sex5- Sex

6- Blood groups6- Blood groups

7- Prints7- Prints

8- Congenital anomalies:8- Congenital anomalies:AsymmetryAsymmetryHarelipHarelipCleft palateCleft palatePolydactylPolydactyl

9- Birth marks.9- Birth marks.

10- Scars10- ScarsRecent: reddish or bluish and tenderRecent: reddish or bluish and tenderOld : more dense, white, shiny and contract.Old : more dense, white, shiny and contract.

11-Tattoos11-Tattoos

12- Photographs12- Photographs

13- Anthropometry 13- Anthropometry not used now daysnot used now days

Personal characters:

Voice

Speech

Mental power

Education

Handwriting

Gait

1- documents1- documents

Personal papersPersonal papers

PhotographsPhotographs

ID cardID card

Credit cardsCredit cards

2- Jewelry:

Rings, bracelets, earrings, watches, lighters, pens and keys.

Careful examination mayreveal a symbol or name.

2- Contact traces2- Contact traces:: give occupational datagive occupational datae.g. Painte.g. PaintGreaseGreaseFlour Flour DyesDyes

3-Height :3-Height :

from the skeletonfrom the skeleton

4- Teeth 4- Teeth examinationexamination

5- Handedness5- Handedness

6-Internal physical examination6-Internal physical examination and medical appliances:and medical appliances:

a- Underlying diseasea- Underlying disease

b- X- ray of the whole body may reveal:b- X- ray of the whole body may reveal: old fractureold fracture prosthesis: plates or nails in joints prosthesis: plates or nails in joints and bonesand bones

c- pacemakers c- pacemakers d- artificial valved- artificial valve

7- Data from the skull:7- Data from the skull: if previous X-ray is availableif previous X-ray is availablea- frontal sinusa- frontal sinusb- skull sutureb- skull suture patternpatternc- vascular groovesc- vascular grooves in the skullin the skull

8- Superimposition of the 8- Superimposition of the skull and Antemortemskull and Antemortem facial photographsfacial photographs

9- Facial reconstruction9- Facial reconstruction

10- The time that the 10- The time that the body or bones have been body or bones have been buriedburied

1. Presumptive data about sex are: Features General contours Clothes and voice 2. Probable signs: The breast The muscle development The distribution of body hair and

subcutaneous fat The external genitalia

The certain signs of sex determination are:The certain signs of sex determination are:

•The presence of gonads (The presence of gonads (testes in males and testes in males and ovaries in femalesovaries in females))•The identification of sex is of special importance The identification of sex is of special importance in the problem of intersexin the problem of intersex

Sex chromatin test (nuclear sex):Sex chromatin test (nuclear sex):

•Female cells usually show collection of chromatin Female cells usually show collection of chromatin material (material (due to x chromosomedue to x chromosome) ) Barr bodiesBarr bodies. .

•The Y chromosome of the male cells can also be The Y chromosome of the male cells can also be visualized (by using a fluorescent microscope and visualized (by using a fluorescent microscope and quinarcine stain) in the cells of hair sheaths, nerve quinarcine stain) in the cells of hair sheaths, nerve cells and dental pulp. cells and dental pulp.

Types of intersex:Types of intersex:

1.1. Gonadal agenesisGonadal agenesis: No sex organs , -ve test : No sex organs , -ve test

2. 2. Gonadal dysgenesisGonadal dysgenesis: External organs, no : External organs, no gonadsgonads

3. 3. True hermaphroditeTrue hermaphrodite: Both organs ,+ve test : Both organs ,+ve test

4. 4. Pseudo-hermaphroditePseudo-hermaphrodite: sex determined from : sex determined from gonads , nuclear sex give true sex gonads , nuclear sex give true sex

•The pelvis, sternum and skullThe pelvis, sternum and skull

•The articular surface of head of humerusThe articular surface of head of humerus is larger is larger in males.in males.

•The distal end of the shaft of the femurThe distal end of the shaft of the femur is less is less inclined in males than in females, inclined in males than in females,

1.1. The The eruption of teeth eruption of teeth (deciduous and (deciduous and permanent) and shape of mandible.permanent) and shape of mandible.

The estimation of age is done The estimation of age is done by x-ray by x-ray in in living and by living and by exposure and dissecting exposure and dissecting in dead through: in dead through:

2. The appearance of 2. The appearance of centers of centers of ossification.ossification.

3.The union of 3.The union of epiphyses.epiphyses.4.The 4.The closure of fontanels.closure of fontanels.5.The 5.The fusion of sutures.fusion of sutures.6.The level of the 6.The level of the medullary cavity.medullary cavity.

In Negroid race the skull has specific characters:

◦ The shape of the skull is elongated (dolycocephaly).

◦ The alveolar margin of the maxilla is protruded forming a prognathism.

◦ The hard palate is flat◦ The nasal orifices are

wide. ◦ The frontal suture is

persistent and does not fuse.

•Prints of medico legal importance:Prints of medico legal importance:•These are individual for every personThese are individual for every person

Man with Lip Prints on Face