IDENTIFICATION OF SUITABLE MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE … · been a rise in the amount of solid waste being generated making its management and disposal problematic. The accumulation and

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International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET) Volume 7, Issue 4, July-August 2016, pp. 365–379 Article ID: IJCIET_07_04_032

Available online at http://www.iaeme.com/IJCIET/issues.asp?JType=IJCIET&VType=7&IType=4

ISSN Print: 0976-6308 and ISSN Online: 0976-6316

© IAEME Publication

IDENTIFICATION OF SUITABLE MUNICIPAL SOLID

WASTE DUMPSITE USING GIS AND GROUNDWATER

MODELING FOR NAMAKKAL MUNICIPALITY

T. Saranya

Department of Civil Engineering,

SRM University, Chennai, Tamilnadu, India

Dr. R. Saravanan

Centre for Water Resource,

College of Engineering, Chennai, Tamilnadu, India

V. P. Golda Percy



M. Kamalanandhini



ABSTRACT

Urbanization of developing countries ultimately results in generation of enormous solid waste

from both industrial and domestic sectors. The disposal of this huge MSW becomes a challenging

process as the wastelands are rapidly converted into residential and industrial plots. As a result

improper site selection for the disposal turns out to be a threating agent for health and

environmental sustainability. In this paper, attempts have been made to determine sites that are

appropriate for solid waste dumping in Namakkal Municipality, Tamil Nadu, India by combining

Geographic Information System (GIS) and Ground Water Modelling. Various thematic layers

representing the selection criteria has been created using GIS and Ground Water Flow has been

determined using Visual MODFLOW. Questionnaire Survey has been conducted for the

determination of the relative importance weights of factors (criteria). The final map obtained

through overlay analysis shows areas that are suitable for solid waste dumping. Also population

forecast for 2 decades has been done to check the reliability of the selected site for future loading

of waste.

Key words: Dumpsite Selection, GIS, Visual MODFLOW, Questionnaire Survey, Population

forecast.

T. Saranya, Dr. R. Saravanan, V. P. Golda Percy and M. Kamalanandhini


Cite this Article: T. Saranya, Dr. R. Saravanan, V. P. Golda Percy and M. Kamalanandhini,

Identification of Suitable Municipal Solid Waste Dumpsite Using GIS and Groundwater Modeling

For Namakkal Municipality. International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology, 7(4),

2016, pp.365–379.

http://www.iaeme.com/IJCIET/issues.asp?JType=IJCIET&VType=7&IType=4

INTRODUCTION

In many countries with increase in population and rising demand for food and other essentials, there has

been a rise in the amount of solid waste being generated making its management and disposal problematic.

The accumulation and improper disposal of waste leads to environmental pollution and spread of

communicable diseases. Improper landfills have been identified as one of the major threats to groundwater

resources; waste placed in landfills or open dumps is subjected to either groundwater underflow or

infiltration from precipitation. But in country like India with huge population finding an appropriate land

for MSW disposal became tedious. Since the site selection involves fulfilling the conflicting criteria such

as environmental, economical and socio-political the process becomes more complicated and time

consuming. But the application of GIS to this issue made it simpler and time effective. Various studies has

been conducted in this regard. The application of GIS and Analytic Hierarchy process in analysing the

potential landfill attributes and ranking of sites were adopted by (Nema et.al., 1997). Similar study made

by (Mahamid et al., 2010) concentrated on creating various thematic layers using GIS and by applying

Origin-Pathway-Target method, the Vulnerability map was created on which the buffer zones were

compiled to obtain the possible site for waste disposal. In the sameway (Tayyebi et al., 2010) presented an

integrated approach which utilizes multi criteria decision making (MCDM) alongside with Dempster

Shafer Theory of evidence (DST) for the selection of landfill sites for Zanjan, Iran. This paper aims at

identifying a suitable municipal solid waste dumpsite for Namakkal municipality in Tamilnadu as the

existing dumpsite is not fit for further dumping as the loading is larger compared to the capacity of the site.

Also the process of land filling is unscientific. Further the groundwater beneath the existing dumpsite is

contaminated and the areas surrounding the dumpsite are being converted to residential areas. This paper

concentrates on the impact of landfills on groundwater hence simulation of flow direction for the proposed

site has been done using Visual MODFLOW and Questionnaire survey was conducted on study area to

assign weightage to the various thematic layers to finalize the effective disposal site. Once the sites are

identified, the reliability of the site was checked by calculating the capacity of the dumpsite and average

loading to site for two decades by forecasting the future population.

OBJECTIVES

The suitable objectives of the study are

• To conduct questionnaire’s survey as a part of problem identification

• To create various thematic layers of the study area using ArcGIS

• To determine the ground water flow direction for site using Visual MODFLOW

• To perform overlay analysis and decision making using GIS and MCDM

• To identify a suitable Municipal solid Waste Dumpsite for Namakkal municipality.

STUDY AREA

GENERAL

The study area Namakkal district Which lies between 11°00′ and 11°36′ North Latitude and 77°28′ and

78°30′ East Longitude. The geographical area of the district is 3363, 35 Km2 The population of the town is

1721179 as per 2011 census. The district has two landfill sites with 21.94 acres operating presently.

Identification of Suitable Municipal Solid Waste Dumpsite Using GIS and Groundwater Modeling For Namakkal

Municipality


CLIMATE AND RAINFALL

Namakkal district has the minimum and maximum temperature of 22.78° and 32.98° respectively. The

mean annual temperature is 27.88°.The climate of the district is tropical. Based on the rainfall analysis the

district receives 42.4% of rainfall (345.5 mm) from south west monsoon and 34.8% (283.9 mm) from north

east monsoon. The total annual mean rainfall is 815.6 mm.

SOIL TYPE

The soils of Namakkal district can be broadly classified into five major soils types which are Red Soil,

Black Soil, Brown soil, Alluvial and Mixed Soil. Major part of the district is covered by Red Soil. Black

soils are mostly seen in Namakkal taluk. Brown Soil occupies only a small portion of Tiruchengode taluk

and the Alluvial Soil is seen along the river courses in Namakkal, Paramathi and Tiruchengode taluks.

Mixed soil is the second major soil type occurring all the taluks of the districts

GROUND WATER SCENARIO

Namakkal district is underlain entirely by Archaean Crystalline formations with recent alluvial deposits

occurring along the river courses and Colluvium at the foot hills. The important aquifer systems in the

district are constituted by weathered & fractured crystalline rocks and Colluvial deposits. Ground water

occurs under phreatic conditions. The depth to water level in the district varied between 1.20 – 14.33 m bgl

during pre monsoon depth to water level (May 2006) and varied between 0.86 – 16.60 m bgl during post

monsoon depth to water level (Jan 2007). The seasonal fluctuation shows a rise in water level, which

ranges from 0.03 to 3.51 m bgl. The piezometric head varied between 1.35 to 9.40 m bgl (May 2006)

during pre-monsoon and G.L to 13.00 m bgl during post monsoon.

EXISTING DUMPSITE DETAILS

• Kosavampatti- An area of 13.41 acres 2 Km away from the town

• Population- 1,12000 (in town) as on 2011

• Waste Generated : 400grams/day per capita

• Total Amount of waste generated- 44.8 ton per day

• Capacity of Site: 21 tons/day

The 44.8 ton of waste generated per day is composed of various components in the following

proportion shown in Figure.1. The index map of the study area, boundary of the study area, the photograph

of existing dumpsite and residential plots nearby the dumpsite is shown in Figure 2, 3, 4 and 5

respectively.



Figure 1 Composition of Solid Waste in Namakkal Municipality

Figure 2 Index map of the study area (Source: Google Image)

Figure 3 Study Area Boundary


Municipality


Figure 4 Existing Dumpsite

Figure 5 Upcoming Residential Plots nearby the Existing Dumpsite



MATERIALS AND METHODS USED FOR THE STUDY

The procedure started with conducting the Questionnaire Survey as a part of problem identification and

various thematic layers including land use, slope, drainage, soil, population, rainfall, road maps were

generated using GIS. In order to simulate the groundwater flow direction Visual MODFLOW was utilized

and the results were incorporated in GIS as a thematic layer. Once the thematic layers are generated the

weightages to the layers were applied base on the survey conducted and Weighted overlay analysis has

been performed to obtain the the best site suitable for municipal solid waste dumping.

QUESTIONNAIRE SURVEY

The questionnaire consisting of 35 questions were prepared and were asked among the people. Fifty such

samples were taken and from people perception it was clear that the quality of the groundwater around the

existing dumpsite is highly contaminated and the land development and its cost around the existing

dumpsite is highly affected due to the dumpsite. The people suggested placing the dumpsite far away from

the residential area and they requested to take proper measures to safeguard the groundwater resource.

Figure 6. Shows the sample questions asked.

Figure 6 Sample Questionnaire

LAND USE DATA

The dumpsite site selection is primarily governed by the landuse pattern. Study area has four landuse

pattern namely Agriculture, Built Up, Water bodies and Wasteland. Water bodies and Built up areas are

considered to be the restricted zones for selecting the dumpsite. Hence wastelands were given higher

preference followed by agricultural land under unavoidable situation. The landuse pattern of the study area

is shown in Figure 7.

Identification of Suitable Municipal Solid Waste Dumpsite Using GIS

http://www.iaeme.com/IJCIET/index.asp

DIGITAL ELEVATION MO

The SRTM (Shuttle Radar Topography Mission) data for India is downloaded from the website and it is

used in ArcGIS to obtain the elevation data of the study area. The study area is delineated from the google

earth and geo-referenced or the study area map (toposheet) is directly imported into ArcGIS. By

superimposing these delineated study area map and SRTM data and by

the elevation for the study area will be obtained. The digital elevation model (DEM) for the study area is

shown in Figure 8.

f Suitable Municipal Solid Waste Dumpsite Using GIS and Groundwater Modeling For Namakkal

Municipality

http://www.iaeme.com/IJCIET/index.asp 371

Figure 7 Landuse Map

DIGITAL ELEVATION MODEL (DEM)


to obtain the elevation data of the study area. The study area is delineated from the google

referenced or the study area map (toposheet) is directly imported into ArcGIS. By

superimposing these delineated study area map and SRTM data and by using Extraction by mask technique


Figure 8 Digital Elevation Model

nd Groundwater Modeling For Namakkal

[email protected]


to obtain the elevation data of the study area. The study area is delineated from the google

referenced or the study area map (toposheet) is directly imported into ArcGIS. By

using Extraction by mask technique




SOIL DATA

The study area consists of nine types of soil ranging from clay soil to sandyloam soil. Based the infiltration

capacity the study area has three groups namely group A, B and D. Loamysand comes under group A

classification which has high infiltration and low runoff capacity. Sandyclayloam is the highly prevailing

type in the study area and it comes under group B and the rest of the types fall under group D

classification. The soilmap for the study area is shown in Figure 9.

Figure 9 SOIL MAP

THEMATIC LAYERS

Creation of various thematic layers forms the major part in solid waste dumpsite identification. The criteria

for which the thematic layers have to be prepared are taken according to the EPA guidelines mentioned in

section 2.4. These layers include Road Network Map, Elevation Map, Distance from Residential Areas,

Distance from Road Network, Surface Water body, Slope. Groundwater flow direction map and Social

land value map are the additional criteria considered in this study in regard to safeguard the ground water

resource and to reduce the ultimate impact of the landfill on the lower community people. These maps are

created using ArcGIS for the overlay analysis.

ROAD NETWORK MAP

The road network in the study area consists of major roads, minor roads and railway line. The solid waste

disposal sites should not be too close to the road networks. In deriving the roads layers, on-screen

digitizing was performed in order to generate the vector layers and buffer of 500m was applied to the road

networks. The road network map for the study area and its buffer map are shown in Figure 10.


Municipality


Figure 10 Road Network Map

SETTLEMENT LOCATION MAP

The proximity of potential landfill sites to existing dwellings and similar sensitive receptors is a

contentious issue. The site for dumping should not be located near the residential zone hence a buffer of

500 m is created around the settlement location. The settlement map and its buffer are shown in the Figure

11.

Figure 11 Settelment Map



LITHOLOGY MAP

The lithology details of the study area is obtained from the sample bore log points, the depth and type of

the sub surface formation is interpolated layer wise and final lithology map for the study area is obtained

by overlaying these layers. Figure 12 shows the lithology of the study area.

Figure 12 Lithology

WATER LEVEL MAP

Leachate from the dumpsite mainly affects the quality of the groundwater. In order to consider the effect of

dumpsite on the groundwater, the water level map has been taken into consideration. The groundwater

level during month of April- May which is generally considered as the dry period is taken and is

interpolated to obtain the contour of water level with respect to mean sea level. From this contour the flow

direction through gravity can be assessed. It is found that this flow direction is in conjunction with the flow

direction simulated using groundwater model Visual MODFLOW. Figure 13 shows the water level map

for the study area.

Figure 13 Water Level Map


Municipality


SLOPE MAP

The slope map for the study area is obtained from the digital elevation model. Slope mainly influences the

runoff and hence it is considered as important factor while locating a solid waste dumpsite as it have

influence over leachate. Figure 14 shows the slope map of the study area.

Figure 14 Simulated Groundwater Flow Direction Using Visual MODFLOW

SIMULATION OF GROUND WATER FLOW DIRECTION

The groundwater flow direction was simulated using Visual MODFLOW. The model parameters such as

conductivity, specific yield, observation wells and pumping well details, boundary conditions and initial

head conditions are given as input and the model was subjected to run to obtain the groundwater flow

direction. The grid size of 50X50 has been provided and the number of layers in the study area was 3 based

on the bore log detail. The study area predominantly consists of hard rock terrain whose hydraulic

conductivity ranges between 0.0004 to 0.00004 m/day, the specific yield of the study area was found to be

0.015 and the storativity ranges from 9.6 x 10-5 -

4.3 x 10-2

. After successful calibration and validation the

model was subjected to run in a steady state condition. Figure 14 shows the groundwater flow direction for

Namakkal Municipality obtained through Visual MODFLOW.



OVERLAY ANALYSIS

Weighted overlay is a technique for applying a common scale of values to diverse and dissimilar input to

create an integrated analysis. For choosing the site for municipal solid waste dumpsite we are supposed to

assess things such as land use, soil, slope, and water level. This information exists in different rasters with

different value scales we cannot add a raster of soil to a raster of distance to utilities (meters) and obtain a

meaningful result. Additionally, the factors in the analysis may not be equally important. The weights and

rank for each thematic layer are listed in the Table 1. This weightage were assigned based on the

Questionnaire survey and the EPA guidelines. The Figure 15 shows the various layer overlaid in order to

obtain the final suitable site and Figure 16 shows the output of the overlay process. As a result of overlay

process about 148 possible sites for locating dumpsite has been obtained with the area ranging from 0.7

Acres to 75 Acres. The existing dumpsite has the area of 13 Acres. Hence from these possible sites the

most suitable sites for locating MSW dumpsite is selected based on the land requirement for dumping

which is governed by the population of the study area.

Table 1 Summary of Weightage Assigned to Different Layers

LAYER NAME CATEGORIES RANK WEIGHT

LandUse

Wasteland 1

20 Agriculture 2

BuiltUp 3

WaterBodies 4

Soil

Loamy Sand 1

20 Sandyclayloam 2

Clay, Clayloam, Siltyclay 4

Sandyloam, 3

Water Level

135-145 1

25 145-165 2

165-175 3

175-190 4

Slope

0-15 1

10 15-25 4

25-40 2

40-80 1

Lithology Charnockite 4

10 Gnesis Weathered 3

Roads Major Roads 2 5

Settlements Town(Urban) 3

10 Village(Rural) 2


Municipality


Figure 15 Schematic Diagram Indicating Overlay Analysis using Arc GIS

Figure 16 Final Possible Sites for Msw Dumping



POPULATION FORECAST

The population data for the Namakkal block has been obtained from Census of India. The data from 1961-

2011 is analyzed using three methods to know the growth rate of the study area. Using the result obtained

from these methods, forecast for next 20 years i.e. till 2031 is done. The population for the year 2031 has

been forecasted to be 784546 by Arithmetic increase method, 942927 by Geometric Increase method and

828404 by incremental increase method. The comparison of the methods of forecast has been shown in

Figure 17. The graph shows that among these three methods Geometric Increase method founds to be the

most accurate and reliable method. Hence the population of the study area by 2031 is forecasted to be

942927.

Figure 17 Comparison of Forecast Methods

SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION

The application of GIS and Visual MODFLOW ere combined together to identify a best dumpsite for

Namakkal municipality. The possible site for locating the municipal solid waste dumpsite is obtained as a

result of overlay process. Among those 73 sites the most suitable site are selected based on the size and

social land value aspect. The size of the dumpsite is fixed based on the population of the study area. The

existing dumpsite occupies 13 acres serving for the population of 602413 (as on 2011). The population of

the study area for next two decades is forecasted as 942927. Hence the waste generation is accounted to be

377.17 tonnes/day by 2031. Therefore, the site with area more than 15 acres is found to be more suitable

for the study area. The suitable site, its area are listed in Table 2. In order that the selected landfill to

perform in a better way sanitary landfill approach can be adopted instead of keeping the dumpsite open to

atmosphere and Decentralized approach in disposing the waste can be implemented in order to manage the

waste disposal more efficiently.

Table 2 Summary of Suitable Dumpsite

S.No AREA (IN Acres) SITE NAME

1 14.730 Kondichettipatti

2 19.359 Singlipatti

3 20.091 Melapatti

4 23.594 Kulandaipalayam

5 31.441 Thottipatti

6 35.354 Panneripatti

7 74.950 Chinna Veppanam


Municipality


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Documents

IDENTIFICATION OF SUITABLE MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE … · been a rise in the amount of solid waste being generated making its management and disposal problematic. The accumulation and