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IDENTIFICATION IDENTIFICATION
Medico legal Medico legal importance of AGEimportance of AGE
Criminal responsibilityCriminal responsibility Judicial punishmentJudicial punishment KidnappingKidnapping RapeRape MarriageMarriage Attainment of majority Attainment of majority EmploymentEmployment Impotence & sterilityImpotence & sterility Criminal abortionCriminal abortion Infanticide Infanticide
Judicial punishmentJudicial punishment
Juvenile offender- Juvenile offender-
BELOW 18 yrsBELOW 18 yrs
Juvenile courtJuvenile court
Rehabilitation schoolRehabilitation school
Criminal responsibilityCriminal responsibility
Sec 82 IPC- child < 7 yrs, no Sec 82 IPC- child < 7 yrs, no criminal responsibilitycriminal responsibility
Sec 83 IPC- child 7-12 yrs, liable Sec 83 IPC- child 7-12 yrs, liable for punishmentfor punishment
Indian Railways Act- child < 5 yrs Indian Railways Act- child < 5 yrs not liable for punishmentnot liable for punishment
Consent Consent
Sec 89 IPC- child < 12 yrs cannot give Sec 89 IPC- child < 12 yrs cannot give valid consent to suffer any harm which valid consent to suffer any harm which may occur from an act done in good may occur from an act done in good faith & for his/ her benefit.faith & for his/ her benefit.
Sec 87 IPC- child < 18 yrs cannot give Sec 87 IPC- child < 18 yrs cannot give valid consent( implied or expressed) to valid consent( implied or expressed) to suffer any harm which may result from suffer any harm which may result from an act not intended or not known to an act not intended or not known to cause death or grievous hurt. E.g. cause death or grievous hurt. E.g. wrestling contestwrestling contest
Kidnapping Kidnapping
Sec 361-366 IPC- offence of Sec 361-366 IPC- offence of kidnapping- girl less than 18, boy kidnapping- girl less than 18, boy less than 16 yrsless than 16 yrs
Sec 369 IPC- child less than 10 yrsSec 369 IPC- child less than 10 yrs Sec 366(A), 372, 373 IPC- less than Sec 366(A), 372, 373 IPC- less than
18 yr girl for Prostitution18 yr girl for Prostitution Sec 366(B)importing less than 21 yr Sec 366(B)importing less than 21 yr
girl for Prostitutiongirl for Prostitution
RapeRape
Sec 375 IPC – girl below 16 yrsSec 375 IPC – girl below 16 yrs Wife below 15 yrsWife below 15 yrs
MarriageMarriage
Child Marriage ActChild Marriage Act
Girl above 18 & boy above 21Girl above 18 & boy above 21
Attainment of majorityAttainment of majority
18 yrs18 yrs Adult franchiseAdult franchise Driving licenseDriving license
When guardian appointed by Court, When guardian appointed by Court, person attains majority at age 21person attains majority at age 21
Employment Employment
Child labour - below 15 yrsChild labour - below 15 yrs Adolescent labour- 15- 18 yrsAdolescent labour- 15- 18 yrs Adult labour- more than 18 yrsAdult labour- more than 18 yrs
Indian Factory Act- child below 14 Indian Factory Act- child below 14 cannot be employed in hazardous cannot be employed in hazardous jobs jobs
AMENDMENT: any child below the AMENDMENT: any child below the age of 14yrs cannot workage of 14yrs cannot work
InfanticideInfanticide
Killing of an infant (child below 1 Killing of an infant (child below 1 yr)yr)
CRIMINAL ABORTIONCRIMINAL ABORTION Viability- after 7 monthsViability- after 7 months Gestational age of foetus Gestational age of foetus
important in case of criminal important in case of criminal abortion in view of enhanced abortion in view of enhanced punishmentpunishment
Evidence in CourtEvidence in Court
118 of IEA - No minimum age118 of IEA - No minimum age
Sterility & ImpotenceSterility & Impotence
A boy is sterile before puberty , may A boy is sterile before puberty , may not be impotent before pubertynot be impotent before puberty
A girl is sterile before puberty & A girl is sterile before puberty & after menopauseafter menopause
Tattoo MarksTattoo Marks
Tattoo marks are designs made by Tattoo marks are designs made by multiplemultiple
small puncture wounds made through thesmall puncture wounds made through the
skin with needles or similar penetrating skin with needles or similar penetrating toolstools
dipped in colouring agents ( dye )dipped in colouring agents ( dye )
Derived from Polynesian “Ta Tau” = to Derived from Polynesian “Ta Tau” = to markmark
Commonly used dyes:Commonly used dyes: indigo, cobalt, finely indigo, cobalt, finely divided carbon, china ink, cinnabar, divided carbon, china ink, cinnabar, vermillion, prussian blue , etc.vermillion, prussian blue , etc.
Optimum depth of penetration:Optimum depth of penetration: superficial superficial layers of dermis.layers of dermis.
Permanency of tattoo marks:Permanency of tattoo marks: depends on depends on type of dye used, its depth of penetration & type of dye used, its depth of penetration & part of body tattooed.part of body tattooed.
Latent tattoo marks:Latent tattoo marks: Visible by using UV light, by rubbing the part, by Visible by using UV light, by rubbing the part, by examining with magnifying glass in strong light examining with magnifying glass in strong light
Natural disappearance of tattoo marks:Natural disappearance of tattoo marks: Vermillion, cinnabar – disappear after min of 10 Vermillion, cinnabar – disappear after min of 10
years.years. Black pigments ( Indian ink ) – permanentBlack pigments ( Indian ink ) – permanent
Artificial removal of tattoo marks:Artificial removal of tattoo marks:Surgical removal & skin grafting, electrolysis; applyingSurgical removal & skin grafting, electrolysis; applyingCarbon dioxide snow; derm abrasion; laser; caustic Carbon dioxide snow; derm abrasion; laser; caustic substancessubstances
Forensic importance of Forensic importance of tattoo markstattoo marks Identity: Identity:
Race, religion, nationality, occupation, name Race, religion, nationality, occupation, name of person or his beloved ones, date of birth / of person or his beloved ones, date of birth / marriage, etc. marriage, etc.
Mental make up / desire: obscene figuresMental make up / desire: obscene figures
Drug addicts (concealing site)Drug addicts (concealing site)
Homosexuals (blue bird on back or web of Homosexuals (blue bird on back or web of thumb)thumb)
SCARSSCARS
SCARSSCARS
Acquired defectAcquired defect Marker of identityMarker of identity Result of repair mechanismResult of repair mechanism Covered by epitheliumCovered by epithelium Devoid of pigmentation, sweat Devoid of pigmentation, sweat
glands & hair folliclesglands & hair follicles Gives info about nature of injury Gives info about nature of injury
& causative agent& causative agent
Photo & Video Photo & Video SuperimpositionSuperimposition
Photo superimpositionPhoto superimposition
Photographs of the skull are taken.Photographs of the skull are taken. Transparencies of skull photograph & Transparencies of skull photograph &
that of life-time photograph are that of life-time photograph are focused on the same sensitive printing focused on the same sensitive printing paper.paper.
After maximum alignment, a positive After maximum alignment, a positive print will be taken.print will be taken.
Attempt is made to study the matching Attempt is made to study the matching / non-matching of major anatomical / non-matching of major anatomical landmarks. landmarks.
Video superimpositionVideo superimposition
2 video images (one of 2 video images (one of photograph & other of skull) are photograph & other of skull) are mixed on one video display unit.mixed on one video display unit.
Negative matching – Skull is not that of the person in the photographNegative matching – Skull is not that of the person in the photograph
Positive matching – Skull could be that of the person in the photographPositive matching – Skull could be that of the person in the photograph
Facial reconstruction Facial reconstruction using clayusing clay
These methods use modeling clay These methods use modeling clay or plasticine to build up the or plasticine to build up the depth depth of tissueof tissue on the skull to that of a on the skull to that of a living individual. living individual.
Shape of the eyes, nose and Shape of the eyes, nose and mouth mouth cannot be confidently cannot be confidently predictedpredicted and are largely and are largely guesswork.guesswork.
Tissue depth markersTissue depth markers
Anatomical structures, which define Anatomical structures, which define the outer surface of the face are the outer surface of the face are pasted onto the skullpasted onto the skull
Temporalis, zygomaticus & masseter muscles, Temporalis, zygomaticus & masseter muscles, orbicularis orbicularis
oris, parotid gland, buccal fatty pad, fat pad of oris, parotid gland, buccal fatty pad, fat pad of chin.chin.
Adding clay using the tissue depth Adding clay using the tissue depth
marker guidelinesmarker guidelines
Finishing touches are applied Finishing touches are applied and tissue depth markers are and tissue depth markers are
coveredcovered
Painting, replacing polyfiber Painting, replacing polyfiber
scalp hair & eyebrowsscalp hair & eyebrows
1. Which of the following is NOT a 1. Which of the following is NOT a
criterion used in Gustafson's criterion used in Gustafson's
method of assessing age from method of assessing age from
teeth teeth
a) Attritiona) Attrition
b) Paradentosisb) Paradentosis
c) Secondary dentinec) Secondary dentine
d) Primary dentine d) Primary dentine
2.2.According to Section 89 IPC, a child According to Section 89 IPC, a child cannot give valid consent to suffer cannot give valid consent to suffer any harm which can occur from an any harm which can occur from an act done in good faith, if he/she is act done in good faith, if he/she is below below
a) 10 yearsa) 10 years
b) 14 yearsb) 14 years
c) 12 yearsc) 12 years
d) 16 yearsd) 16 years
3. According to Haase’s rule, the intra-3. According to Haase’s rule, the intra-uterine age of a foetus (up to a uterine age of a foetus (up to a crown-heel length of 25cm) can be crown-heel length of 25cm) can be determined by determined by
a) Calculating the square root of the a) Calculating the square root of the
crown-crown- heel length. heel length.
b) Dividing the crown-heel length by 5. b) Dividing the crown-heel length by 5.
c) Multiplying the crown-heel length by 5. c) Multiplying the crown-heel length by 5.
d) Doubling the crown-heel length. d) Doubling the crown-heel length.
4. Beyond a crown-heel length of 4. Beyond a crown-heel length of
25cms, the age of foetus can be 25cms, the age of foetus can be
determined by determined by
a) Age = length/ 2a) Age = length/ 2
b) Age = (length)b) Age = (length)22
c) Age = length/ 5c) Age = length/ 5
d) Age = length x 5 d) Age = length x 5
5.5.The minimum age for criminal The minimum age for criminal
responsibility according to the responsibility according to the
Indian Railways Act is Indian Railways Act is
a) More than 5 yearsa) More than 5 years
b) More than 7 yearsb) More than 7 years
c) More than 12 yearsc) More than 12 years
d) More than 14 years d) More than 14 years
6. A girl is sent to reformatory 6. A girl is sent to reformatory
school on being convicted of a school on being convicted of a
criminal offence, if her age is less criminal offence, if her age is less
than than
a) 15 yearsa) 15 years
b) 16 yearsb) 16 years
c) 17 yearsc) 17 years
d) 18 years d) 18 years
7.7. All the following are important All the following are important
medicolegal points with reference medicolegal points with reference
to the age of 18 years EXCEPT to the age of 18 years EXCEPT
a) Minimum age to enter government a) Minimum age to enter government services services
b) Attainment of majority (both sexes)b) Attainment of majority (both sexes)
c) Minimum age of marriage (females)c) Minimum age of marriage (females)
d) Minimum age for consenting to d) Minimum age for consenting to
sexual sexual actact
8. The study of incremental lines in 8. The study of incremental lines in
the enamel of tooth to assess the the enamel of tooth to assess the
age of a person is known as age of a person is known as
a) Haase’s rulea) Haase’s rule
b) Morissons’s Methodb) Morissons’s Method
c) Boyde’s Methodc) Boyde’s Method
d) McNaughten Rule d) McNaughten Rule
9. When a boy of 5 years kills an 9. When a boy of 5 years kills an
infant he can be awarded infant he can be awarded
a) Death Sentencea) Death Sentence
b) Life Imprisonment b) Life Imprisonment
c) Solitary confinementc) Solitary confinement
d) None of them.d) None of them.
10. To become a competent witness, 10. To become a competent witness,
a person should attain the age of : a person should attain the age of :
a) 12 yearsa) 12 years
b) 10 yearsb) 10 years
c) 8 yearsc) 8 years
d) 6 yearsd) 6 years
e) None of them e) None of them
THANK YOUTHANK YOU