Ideational Leadership in Germany Welfare

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c

h

a n g i n g

w

e l f a r e

s t a t e s Ideational Leadership

in German WelfareState Reform

Sabina Stiller

H P P I

T R I

A U P



ideational leadership in german welfare state reform



CHANGING WELFARE STATES

A k fi . A E U (EU) k -

, 1990, - ‘ ’. S . H, - k - , - , k , , , k , , - . T - j . H -k

? W , q , , - q , , , fi ? W E U - ? A , k j ? T q . I -k do j ( , ),

? W j - j , .

editors of the series

Gø E-A, U P F, B, S

A Hjk, N S C GP (Wjk R R − wrr)

K K, F U A, NK M, G W U, W, USARk V, E U, R, NJ V, U A, N



Ideational Leadership inGerman Welare State

Reorm

How Politicians and Policy Ideas

Transorm Resilient Institutions

Sabina Stiller



C : J.M.W. , War. Te Exile and the Rock Limpet , x- 1842, , 79,4 x 79,4 , B, L

C : Jk C bno, Vk / GL: V3-S, B

isbn 978 90 8964 186 1

-isbn 978 90 4851 174 7nur 754 / 759

© S S / A U P, A, 2010

A . W , k , , , (-

, , , ) k.



Table o Contents

Acknowledgements 7

1 Introduction 9

. S W S P . Mj W S R D O

. I L S R

. S Bk

2 Ideational Leadership: Key to Overcoming Welare State

Resistance to Change 21

. S IL A R Ex

. C L L

. C I L

. IL J C

. A, M E IL

. IL G I C

. C

3 A Bird’s-Eye View o the German Welare State 45

. G P Bk W S

. S R: P I P L . H H G G R P?

. G P C Mj P

. C

4 Transormation o Health Care Policy?

The Legacy o Minister Seehoer 75

. A Sk S H I E

. S H C R A . S’ R: A M ‘k Sk’

. H C R A



. R M S: F A

. C

5 Transorming Public Pensions: the Riester Pension Reorm 111

. R P: C, A P P . I L

. A R I L

. C

6 Transorming Unemployment Policy:

The Hartz IV Reorm 145

. R P: C, A P P

. I L . A R IL

. C

7 Conclusion 181

. F P: F F R

Wk F L

. Bk P

. N H W S E

List o Abbreviations 201

List o Interviewees 203

Notes 205

Bibliography 235

Index 249

TA BL E OF CONTENTS



Acknowledgements

k ( ) D- P S R U Nj. I , x

G . - , , K K, , ‘ schrijven is schrappen’: . - GSozialstaat I , .

I k k, I . I -

J V A Hjk ‘C W S’ AU P. A, I - ‘’. A I , k : , S.

W k k, fi k

I , Centrum voor Duitsland-Studies, D P S A- S R U Nj. L k , , . M k , M V, K K, B L , -, ,

k. M, I Mq L, K A, V S, H O .



ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

A x G N, I G: - Zentrum für Sozialpolitik (ZS) U

B. I k k I k - B, H, B, Fk, Dü, B, B,L N. A ZS, I k k G H--M , E S, H O,P B k G- .

I k k

k . A DG M C P B, B ‘ -’. M D : M G, - PD; G K-A, B V, A W ; N -Kk, LG A G ; E S S -

k.F, I k

I , ‘ k’.M, , I k .

Sabina Stiller September 2009



Introduction

‘P fl, , , j

ff – x, q k, -

k – q

G-’ .’

(Katzenstein 2005: 304)

F ’ , : j . D 1990, . W , ,

: - , . x j (P 1994, 1996), (E-A 1990, 1999). I , - - - E .

E , x q, k E 1990 . A, j – k k – . G , .

E F R G, - Sozi-alstaat , q

P K . k G x: , x par excellence -



INTRODUCTION

. I ’ , G Reformstau ( k). q x

. G - .

W - fl- -k . H, k

. I k, - k -k j , -. E, G . M , G, , fi k fi. I 2008, - Bk G Sozialstaat .

I , k. D- k , Gø E-A- P P, x j . M, k k , - . A , x G . Nx,

fl k x j fi , .. . F, k.

. Sources o Welare State Persistence

Esping-Andersen: Focus on Policy Substance

I k he hree Worlds of Welfare Capitalism (1990), GøE-A , -



SOURCES OF WELFARE STATE PERSISTENCE

, . T fi - .1 R ff x : , k

. I , k fi ( , , x ff q ). F, -fi, .. x k k (E-A 1990: 37). E-A’ k j - (E-A, 1990, 1996).

G - , ? , - j ( -). I , k - - . I , ’ (E-A 1996: 266-267). U 1990,

x -k ( P-’ ‘ ’ , ) ’ , . R, ‘ ’ (E-A-, 1999: 165). - - : ,

(P, 2001: 454). I ,E-A’ . I , , k P P’ x.

Pierson: Focus on Institutions and Reorm Process

I ‘ ’ , P P - - x . H



INTRODUCTION

k ‘’ (P 1994; 1996). F, q, ‘ - . N- -

. Mj q q - ’ (P 1996: 174). S, . S j . I . I , - k

. , . C ‘ -, ’ (1996: 175), , , . - ‘ ’, . P - k ‘-’ ,

k. O k , . - q , ‘ - “”’. q “k-” “k ”’(VK 2000: 23 ).

- -k. Mj , - P ‘ , - ’, , (P2001: 415). A ‘ ’ -k - , ‘ ’. R k,

, , , ‘ ’(P 1996: 176-178).



SOURCES OF WELFARE STATE PERSISTENCE

, - ,P q k . O , ,2 k

- E-A.

Institutionalist Approaches and Stability Bias

B x k 1990. - -

, , P’ , . , q x , .H, , k k , - . B - - , , : k

. , , k k .

I , k - (R 2000). A -k , -. P -

( , k, ‘’ , ‘ ’) . E--A --k, j . A , ‘ j x - ’ (E-A 1996: 265). I ,

, x .



INTRODUCTION

B , , k ‘’

(.. E M 2001;C F 2004; 2002, 2004; H 2004; Sk 2005; Sk 2009). - - - - -q- . A C 2, IL k x-

, Sk (2005).

. Major Welare State Reorms Do Occur

S - , - . D , E - -. S 1990, x

. A S ,S 1990(A 1998; L R 2004; A M2003); Dk (A- L 2002) ‘k’ k ( 1999; Cx 2001); N’ (H Kø2006). Lk A-Sx , j

U K (C 2005, 2005), N Z, A(G ’ H 2003; B, D, S J 1999), , x, U S (Hk 2002; Hk 2004).

E , x j, -. N , - ‘D ’ (Hjk V K 1997). M

, D : k - ( J 2006),



MAJOR WELFARE STATE REFORMS DO OCCUR

.3 E , D x -- ( J 2006) . I ,

k ’ () k, - .4 I F, ‘’ , - (P 2000; V 2004). E - I - E M U 1996 (F G 2000,2004). A A, -

- (B 2005).F, -

G, k (Bök W 2000; C 2005).5 I, : (.. - k 1990, C 4; - 2004 2006), ( -

2001, C 5), k (HC 2002/2003, 2003/2004, C 6). I G 1970, ‘’ (Sk 2009). R-G’ - ‘ ’

k ‘- , x -’ (2009: 61-62).

Germany: The Least Likely Candidate or Reorm

I j ,

G . G q. , -



INTRODUCTION

j x . A G , - ‘ q , ,

‘ ’ Reformstau (S2003: 202). Reformstau G , j . B , , - .6 F

Reformstau , G - . I , k q x G , - G ’ ( C 3).

’ - -x : - ; -

(- -) x (M S2000); (C 1998; C2004); - (Bök W 2001; OECD1996). N, -1990. P, , E , - ‘

G ’, ‘ - k ’ (P1996: 170), - .

k G x . - : - , x . G x

j .



IDEATIONAL LEADERSHIP AND STRUCTURAL REFORMS

. Ideational Leadership and Structural Reorms

A C 2 , (IL) ‘ ’. I x k

-k - (‘’), , - (‘’). K -k j , , , q . IL k --k , .

: x k - ; ; k’ ; k - - . I , - -. IL k - , . H k? -

k: ; -q; ; (W 2002). O , j - ’ . IL - -: , ( P)

- ( E-A P k).

U x j , : - ‘j’ . A, , q q, .7 S q (C C 2005; L L 2003; S

2003; Hjk V K 1997) (H 1993; H 2001; S Jk-S 1993).8 - –



INTRODUCTION

IL – j q , ‘ ’.

O x -. F, ‘’

, ( ), (B P 2000; P 2002). S, - x G (W 1988, 1989), , ‘- - , , ’(W 1989: 263-264, ). .

I x , j - . q , , .

S , , j , x. M, -

Table 1.1 Characterization o structural reorm

Structure Description Examples o structural shits

Financial Financing mode (taxation,

payroll contributions, insurance

premiums etc.)

(Who pays or the programme?)

Change rom insurance premium

to payroll fnancing o health care

services

Beneft Kind o beneft(s) and/or services,

including eligibility mode

(means-tested, at-rate, earnings-

related, contribution-related)

(What kind o benefts/services are

supplied, and by whom?)

Change rom a contribution-

fnanced to a means-tested

system o unemployment

insurance

Management/

Regulation

Management mode (state, social

partners, private actors etc.)

(Who makes decisions about the

management o programme?)

Trade unions get a say in the

management o ormerly state-

regulated (public) pension unds



STRUCTURE OF TH E BOOK

. P x ( ) j ( ).

A , k -k - q k x . I C 7, .

. Structure o the Book

C 2 (IL). I x -, - IL . C 3 k k - - G - -. M, x - , -

, , - -1970 ‘G C’ C Mk (2005-2009). C 4, 5, 6 x G . M S 1990, 2001 M R H IV M C

(2003/2004). q to what extent IL can be observed in the reform processes, how it relates to theadoption of structural reforms. x - IL. , k IL - : -k (q q) , .. -

x k - . I , x ( , , P-



INTRODUCTION

; , x k ; q ) 35 -- M 2004 F 2006.

k IL . F, C 7 , , , k k G 2009. H G x Bk ? W k ?



Ideational Leadership: Key to Overcoming Welare StateResistance to Change

W k k C 1, (IL). IL x , -k ( B B 1999; M-

2003: 46), (B 1978; ’ H 2000; B 1987;M 1995; H 2000; ’ H H 2004; G ’H 2003). W x G , x -– – - - . , (S 2.2), (S 2.3). S 2.4 IL

, k-: - k k .I , . S 2.5 x IL k - . F, S 2.6 IL

-à- .

. Situating IL Among Reorm Explanations

x , -

. S - , q, . M



IDEATIONAL LEADERSHIP: KEY TO OVERCOMING WELFARE STATE RESISTANCE TO CHANGE

‘ ’ - q -. x (

G-P H 2002). x, - - (H S 2001; C 2001), (H S 2001; A 2003; K2005); (B 2001; Sk 2001); -x (L 1999; R 2000; K 2001; G-P2001); , , x - (S 2002, 2002; Bé 2005; R

2000; Cx 2001).1

W x j G x. E x , -, - . I -, G k (1995), q.P- , ’ - , k

(K, 2001). Lk, q -- x - (L 1999) ’ (R2000). A x, V S RCx , , ‘-’ ‘ ’ k 2001. I , x . A F R

, - ( UK ) G x. , x - x q .

S (.. -) - (.. - ) x x j G x , x - ,

-k . I , , k



CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE LEADERSHIP LITERATURE

. , , - (IL), x . IL -k,

k j , - , .

. Contributions rom the Leadership Literature

S ,

IL . T - x -k.2

Concepts o Political Leadership

I , k J B (1978). F B, , .

x (), . I , ’ . I IL .W -x -k, ‘-’ x , -

- x.3 N B - ’’ ‘’,4 .

I , J B , - , ‘ ’ (B 1987: 182). H

, x - .5 B’k IL k




‘ ’, k IL. H , B, - , , IL . H, q

- .

Concepts o Leadership in Policy-Making

W B B - , q - . q, - .

x - k . M, -k’ k . : , , .6

P ‘k - x […]’ (Lk 2000:49). I k,

IL.7 q ‘ , - ’. . S , , ‘ , , -k, , k ’

- (Lk 2000: 52-53). , q , ‘- - - ’ (: 53). I , - , , , , (: 56-58).D ,

. F x, , x -k k ‘ [] , -



CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE LEADERSHIP LITERATURE

- ’ (Lk 2000: 49). IL. F, k ; k, ,

‘ ’ ’ .

M (1995) -, , --. , . O -,

, (M 1995: 3-4). - ‘ -k -k’. I ‘ ’. S , , - ‘(…) k - (…) ’. ‘ -

’ (M 1995: 2). E, - , q k. I , ‘ , q k ’ ‘ j k , ’(M 1995: 3). A , q

‘ k ’. W - IL, k : q .

F, - IL; k -

x (G ’ H 2003).

8

I , (’ H 2000), - -




. k q, - , ; - - .9 R

q: ; - j; ; (G ’H 2003: 237). . ‘A ’ – – . S, - . , ‘ -

, ’. F, ‘ -’. F, -, k , q (G ’ H 2003: 238-41). I , ‘- q , k ‘’ ,

’(: 237).10

C , - -- , IL , . A x q, , , - . k

, - . H, , k .

. I , k IL, 1) ‘k’ j

q, 2) , 3) k -. k- ,



CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE IDEATIONAL LITERATURE

j.

Limitations o Leadership Concepts in Explaining Policy Change

W , . S - . I , k . N ,

. , . W k - , k - .

W k

- , j . Nx, - -k.

. Contributions rom the Ideational Literature

- x - 1970 k 1980, -. I 1980, x -k, - .11 A , x

-k, S Jk-S(1988, 1993) K (1995) , (P 1995: 173). ,




k ( , -, x, , k ), . B x k , -

. x, P S Hk Jk-S’ ‘-

’ k, – – j . I ,

- (S 1999: 9). I , J K-’ ‘ ’ k, (K 1995). Mj k ‘ ’, - (, ) k (. S 1999: 9; K 1995). - k (. Bé2005).12 F q , k

(H 1974; H 1989, 1993; - .. V Hjk 1997; Hjk S2000). H’ -k ‘ j q q - j ’ (H 1993:278). M, ‘q j - , , x ’

‘ x ’ (Hjk S 2000: 131). , , .

Ideas and Social Policy Reorm

H k k -k

? I , ‘’ ‘-’. F , R Cx ‘




’ x Dk N, G (Cx2001). I , Cx ‘-’, ,

, . P - x . I ‘’, ‘ ’ .

G x, F R . - k

U S (R 2000). q ( ), . x x ‘’, ,, (R 2000: 173-176).H, , R , (: 188). W k -

x , x : x k ‘’ IL -.

x V S, , (S 2002, 2002). D - (

) ( ) (S 2002: 308-309). I R’ , S x - j. j (, ), x - x (‘’ . ‘-’ ) q -k

j. - , x ( ) .




D , ‘, ’ ‘ ’. I , , ‘ - ’ ‘

’ (S 2002: 256).I , - j ,13 (S 2002:309).

Building Blocks or IL rom the Ideational Literature

W k ? A , q k q -. , k IL.14

S, Cx R ’ - , .

‘k’, -k j . W k IL , - j - .

A -k’ . ’, k S, .A ( )

: ‘ ’ ‘ ’. 15 C- j ‘ ’ ‘ , , -, , - ’(S 2000: 218, 5.2). - k () -k. N

‘ ’ ‘ / ’ (.). , - j () ,




. IL, ‘ ’, : IL-

. , IL - ‘ ’. q .

k . F , k .

C, k- .16 A, , , -k. k k ‘’ ‘’; , – – ‘’ (G K 1993). - -k ,

, ‘’ ‘’ (B 1999: 13-14), MxW’ (W G M 1948: 61 .).17 I ,18 - ‘k’ .

q k : k IL . I x - , - - (.. - ) . IL,

) ,

19

, ) - .20 W




( , - ), , . I

IL k ‘ ( )’.

Limitations o Ideational Approaches

D , k. - . A

, x - . H, k k - -k (V K- 2002). V S, x, k , , : ‘F - , , , ,

k ’ (S 2002: 251). A . I , -k , . I -k , , , (. J 1994; R 2000). I (

) -k, - -k, ; - x - ( W 2003). O (C 1998).

, - . I



IL AS A JOINT CONCEPT

( k ), j . I IL k, k -k, , .21 I ,

- k ‘’ k .

. IL as a Joint Concept

IL . C-

k . -, . C, . W k . , , k

. F, q k , x ’ k .

I , IL ‘ ’.IL x key policy-makers who use strategies that are idea-based (‘ideational’), and purposively aim for the achievement of change, even

in view of reform resistance (‘leadership’). K -k - k x , x (, x ). j x (. 1994; C 2003). R , - , ( ,

k ).IL k -k ( )




. A , , 1) x k ; 2) k ( ), 3)

( , - ); 4) k - - . k . I -, IL : ,

( P’ k) -- ( E-A P). - x C 3.

. Aspects, Mechanisms and Efects o IL

IL -

, k- .22 H k ? k- . IL k-, -. , k , k-: ; -q; ;

(W 2002). O k- , , - . , ( ) . H, x , .23 IL

.



ASPECTS, MECHANISMS AND EFFECTS OF IL

k k- -, k-. I , -k , x . k : , k H H’ ‘’ (H 1974).24

’ , ‘ ’ (F G 2004).25 , , - k- . L IL .

Exposing Drawbacks o the Status Quo

, IL- k q , , . I , k x k -, , , k. A , ‘’ q .

-

k- k : - x .26

Figure 2.1 Distinction between causal mechanisms that link IL and structural reorm

Ideational mechanisms

) policy ailure or loss o eectiveness brings on the search or alternatives (and new

policy principles)

) creating insights into the logics o appropriateness and necessity behind the innovation

helps to lower switching costs and to re-defne old policy principles

Interest-related mechanisms

) reorm-critical interest groups are made to ‘ace the acts’ or to redefne (the perception)

o their interest, lowering switching costs

4) orging consensus based on policy-seeking and not power-seeking motives reduces

switching costs




k k (W 2002). x - . B ‘’ ,

IL- k q.Cq, q , - .

Legitimizing New Policy

S, IL- . -

, (’ H 2000; ’ H G2003), (M 1995). - , , ; , ‘’ ‘ ’. B - .

T -

. T k-, -k , , - . A, , x fi , (W 2002: 96-97).T ff -

– k fi x - – . Lk , , . R j - , k-.

Framing Reorm Resistance as Problematic

, IL- -k ‘’ , ( ) . q k (.. , -



ASPECTS, MECHANISMS AND EFFECTS OF IL

) - . k’ q q

( ) ; () , .27 ,IL- -k k’ ( k ) - k -k . IL - ‘’ ‘’ (B 1999) k k-

k . M, , , - .

, - . IL- -k, - , .B , , , -,

k-k, x.

Eorts at Political Consensus-Building

IL -k’ - -. I , - . R , --

, ‘ ’ (’ H 2000; G ’ H 2003) x -k (G ’ H 2003:241-242). O IL : ‘ ’, - IL - - . I , - k , ‘

’. A Lk, k ‘ - - , x ,




, ’ (Lk 2000:54-55). I - , -- , . W IL- ,

, - .

- . A , , . -

. k IL- - , . I -k k, , k-.

The Orientation o an Ideational Leader

W fi IL

, IL- k . P - . P - -k ‘-k’ ‘-k’ . P-k - , - ‘’ ( x, j).28 A ,

-k ffi -k , q - j ffi .29 IL- - ‘’ -. C j ‘ ’ ‘ , , , , - ’ (S 2000: 218, 5.2).T k

() -k. N- ‘ ’ ‘ fl/ff ’



IL AND TH EO RI ZI NG ON GRADUAL INSTITUTIONAL CHANGE

(.). T, j () , - . T IL,‘ ’, -

: IL- . T IL ‘ ’. H, . O , - - ( IL),

-k . I , IL- , k -, j , x - ff, fi .

, - IL- k . - - - , ,

. IL:

. IL and Theorizing on Gradual Institutional Change

W IL k x x , . F,

Figure 2.2 Conceptualization o IL

Communicative and behavioural aspects

) Exposing the drawbacks o the policy status quo and old policy principles

) Making consistent eorts to legitimize new policy and its underlying principles

) Engaging with reorm opponents by raming their resistance as ‘problematic’

4) Making eorts at political consensus building to muster support or a particular reorm

Orientation/motivation aspect

) IL-type policy-makers are more policy- than power-oriented




( ) , , , , . I ,

( x ). I , q - ‘’ x k . , q- (K 1988). - ‘ ’ (P 1998). I , x

. I , - x- (K 2004; H 2001;B ’ H 2000). P’ (1994; 1996).

( ) , , k x - . A C-

1, . O , W Sk K (2005) - ( ) - . A , k x . A k , Sk (2009) k

G , - ‘- ’ Sk .

I , k k Sk -. ‘x’, ‘’, ‘’, ‘’ ‘’. ‘Ex-

’ k , ‘’ - . ‘D’



IL AND TH EO RI ZI NG ON GRADUAL INSTITUTIONAL CHANGE

x ; . I , ‘’, x -

. F, ‘’ x - (2005: 31).

A . , q . - . ,

. – – , .

S, , Sk T’ k .30 T fi fl -. O fi , x

. x, , . W x , . A , x . I ‘’ ,

. A , - x. A , q x ff .

x Sk ? , k ‘ ’

(.. ) ‘ k’ . :




(…) , ‘’ (…)

, , -

(2005: 16).

W x ‘’ ‘’ k .F, - , , - . S, ( - q ),

. ( ) (2005: 19).

D k , , . I , – , –

. IL k k – k -k – - k . I - . P, IL k ‘- ’ , x . I , IL k -

‘’ .

. Conclusion

IL k

C 1: j . k k .



CONCLUSION

E k: - .B ‘’ IL k , ,

k. k j .

IL k - -. I -, , k- ’ . k x j -

, G. IL . I - : E-A. S IL k - , k . A , IL x , , x, k. I k

P’ -k’ - . E q - . I , -k k k . IL

. B , C 3 - G 1975.





A Bird’s-Eye View o the German Welare State

I , k k G . W - -

x - . W - Bk . S 125 Bk , - . - , , , . - ‘ k’ (E-A

1996). k IL . F, ‘k’ , . A C 2, IL ., - - , , - , ,

, (S2005; Ok 2004; - .. A 2001). , IL q . G , -

1975 (G S-K 2003; - B S-K 2004; 1998-2003 E, O, Zö 2003). I j



A BIRD’S-EY E VIEW OF THE GERMAN WELFARE STATE

- - - .

. Germany as Prototype o the Bismarckian Welare State

Welare State Principles

E-A’ k (E-A1990), , , , x

. A S D L , E-A , . - Bk 1880 .W x , - k .

F, C Bk - . ,

, x. (- -) - (k ).A , - ‘’ , - . I , , , x .

S, . , -. , x ,.. , : x k , , (.. S

), k (.. L ). S x x S



GERMANY AS PROTOTYPE OF TH E BISMARCKIAN WELFARE STATE

. . A , - ()

- (B P 2000).1 I k : , ‘ ’ - .

F, M S (2001: 63) , . -

q- , .. . A- , k - , (S 2002; P2002; Sk 2001). I , ’ , , . I ,

(M P 2001). C- G x, ‘’ – – . I j , - . P, x, x -

. C - x (L 2000).

A C , - G . D ‘G E’, , -1970, x - E-A. (B S-K 2004; S 2005), G -

- , q .




W- : . M, -’ -

, : k , - j, , , , -k- k, , ’ (Mk 1985 B S-K 2004:18). F , -

: ; ; , , / k ( ). W k, , .. x- -. j k - (

) (B S-K2004: 18-19).

F C : . ( x ), k -

, - -. - k k . S ’ ‘G E’, , ‘’. A C - G , k

k j C .




Pressures on Contemporary Welare States

B 20 , k-

, . -1990 (V K 2000). O C ( ) - -, , (: 21). , ’

: -F k, - , , , (E-A- 1996). , - , C - . S ;

, .2

F, , ( ) .I , . / ; q -

(L 2002). I , k () ‘ k’. S k k , , - , ‘k- ’, ff . N k , , -k k (B2005).

A k , , .




- (P 1998), -F ( -) k, , , ; x , -

, k (E-A 1993 ). q , ( ), - ( k) (P 1998: 544).

A, , ‘ ’. I , - , q q (I W 1998 P 1998: 544 ).

I , x - x, , x

. O , k . S - x .3 A, CDU/CSU-SPD G- k 2005, k 40 .4

F, . -

x - 65 .5

Reactions o Continental Welare States to Pressures:

‘Welare without Work’

W C -, -

( ) . , ,




k. I , - j C . A , - G ,

, x k, (C 1998). E G F R - , x x .

I ( - ), C

. I, k , , - k , .A k k ‘--’ k (E-A 1996: 78-79). Gø E-A :

(...) . U

x,

, , ; .

T x k -

‘’ -

’ (: 80).

-, -, . F ,

C , F S ‘ ’, ‘ k’ ‘ C ’ (S 2000: 219-221).6

‘ ’ ‘ k’ (Hjk, M, V K 2000). ,

k.

7

‘-’ k, ‘- ’ ‘ k’




C - , . q G , , . G-

k - . O x G’ , P M E S ‘ x’ j x k, G, (M S 2000). 8 ,

, k - . H, k x .

. Sources o Resilience: Political Institutions and Policy Legacies

The Political-Institutional Context

G - , B L 1949, - , - . H, , (S 2003: 347). G -k , , -k- . I , - x

. I ‘ k ’ ‘ x, ’ ‘ -q ’. H, ‘ , q , k ’ - ’ (: 371).

V G

, . ’ , , j j F C-



SOURCES OF RESILIENCE: POLITICAL INSTITUTIONS AN D POLICY LEGACIES

C, .10 I , x k (I 1992; B 2001).11 I , x- ( fi)

fl ( 1995, 1999).12 H, , , k k - ff . T, – – k . M, fl : ,

‘’ (Sk 2001 ; B P 2000), k fl , - k x .

I , -x - k -k. F S ‘j- ’, j Bundestag Bundesrat (S 1988);

‘ ’ (Lj 1984).S , ; .. (L- 2000).13 j Bundestag Bun-desrat ( 1990 ) q (-

Bundesrat ).14 ( - / -) ‘ ’ G (S 2003; 2005). H, , -, k - (M

2005).

15

F, G -k k -x j. k




, F C C, - ‘ j’ ‘ j’ (S 2003: 128). A

, G - . I - , , - , - (A 1994). A , ( ) -k,

(C 2003; Dö M 1997).G ’

, , M S (2003: 202) : ‘ G q , , , ‘ ’ Reformstau . -k ,

- x.

Welare State Institutions and Policy Legacies

R , j- . I ,

j -- , k - . PAYGO -q x ( P 2001: 411-416). I , - .

Old-Age Pensions

G - ( 2001) ( k k,




). - , q . S 1957, - k

( - ), x - (..; ). P x, - , 1992 .I 1980, 70 ( 45 ) , k , . A (2001),

(C 2005: 95-97).16

O, k , - , , j , - , , --- (PAY-GO) (N Rü 1993: 94-95).17

-

. D -, .. , . k . I , ,- , j : - , PAYGO

k . , , , - -- k . E, , -. - . I ,

- k . B k k :




- . E , k, PAYGO , - ,

, C 5 R -. k, , PAYGO .

A , - q- (S 2002: 63). S- x

-k . x - , , -. O , - - , Bk G , - j (S 2002). S, Bk . I , ,

k (M P 2001). A-, G , x .

I , ‘k’ fl - - . T G ( S- 3.1). A , x

, , - VDR (Verband Deutscher Rentenversicherer ), - - ff .18

Unemployment InsuranceU ,, Bk ,

. A, k , -




. U 2004, G - : ( q ) (

, ALG); , - x (, ALH) () ALG. 19 B F E A ( Bunde- sanstalt für Arbeit , 2004 Bundesagentur für Arbeit ), ( , ) j . A - , k -

. B BA . - : - , -k ; - -k , x; - - BA (R2005; C 2005, 1994).

C , - , - .R, ( ) . F , N S (2002) x, k -

. A ( ) - (.. N Z A), ( ) - , x - . G-’ S - A-Sx .

O ff , k

k – – . R ,




fl -k . S fi - k x - , - (Dö M 1995: 140

: Sö F 2004: 249). T x - - .I , , ’ , -, . P- : k , -

fl -k . I k ffi k x , x fl k’ - . I , fl , k (Sö F 2004: 251).20

Statutory Health Care Insurance G -

(SHI), 90 , . SHI , q ; k . C k- , -’ , , -1990, . Sk

, Kassenärztliche Vereinigungen, , , k . - k ( ) ( - G 2002; Rk G 2004).

I , PAYGO SHI (Sö F

2004: 249).

21

Bk 1883 k PAYGO SHI. S 1970,




k , ‘ ’ - - . H, k -k , k- ,

.. - - , SHI ().

W - fi , G . A, k- . O G SHI - ( -1990) ‘ x -

, q ’(Dö M 1995: 141).22 I , : ‘j ’, - (.. - - ), (Verbandslastigkeit), -k . W G- , x

. T -, ( ) - k ( C 4). I , k - ( - ). M, k , ,

k ’ (: 142-43). -

: , G -k - , (W- 1989). FDP, - ,

, k x (Dö M 1995: 144).F, FDP j -




- , ( C 7 1990). S, k Länder (

), - . , Länder k Bundesrat (: 144), k .

, - - k - k .

. How Have German Governments Responded to Pressures?

-k . W , - , , C 4, 5 6. q k (

) - ( ) . A, , , x G . ‘’ q . F , -

’ - , j . N .

The SPD-FDP Coalition (1969-1982): Expansion and the Beginning o

Consolidation23

F 1969 , S-D-L (SPD-FDP) - G x , k .24 A x



HOW HAVE GERMAN GOVERNMENTS RESPONDED TO PRESSURES?

x , k , x- , 1972 ( - S 2005: 94).

1974, , , -. -k , C W B H S 1974. 1975 - k , , , k , -. A 1976,

1977 1981 j : 1970 .25

I S 1982, , - SPD FDP -. - CDU/CSU FDP , , - . E, ‘ ’ . SPD-FDP

7.5 , 2 34 . O , x/GDP , 1975, k (S 2005: 98).

H j x? L k -- , ,

( 1975 ), - k : , , x (B S-K 2004: 51). F, ( k ), , -, :

(S 2005: 97).W - , j 1977 1978 j,




- j . O , - - ( F E A)

. O , S-D-L - , x (B S-K 2004: 68-69).

C , -1970 k - . , - x - - x . A 1977- , C A H C ( Konzertierte

Aktion im Gesundheitswesen) - (Dö1995: 387-388; R W 1990). ’ - .

The ‘Kohl Era’ (1982-1998): Consolidation, Expansion and ‘Restructuring’

CDU/CSU-FDP C K - , , -

. A q, -: k x, , , , (2005: 99). S K x - , : , 1982 1990 k , 1990 ,

(2005: 100-103).T fi x -

, k M L S AffN Bü.26 , - , .27 I -, - (Sozialabbau),

. W fi , 1980 ‘ ’ j E- (S 2005:11). H, -




, 1985 , ( ) x . T, fi -

. , ,

x . ( ), - , - , 1994.28 A - , K G q-

(Umbau). H, (arifautonomie) .29

H j ? I , . S k , 1980 ‘ ’ (C 2005: 64). I 1983 1984,

‘ , k, k’. B 1984 1987, ‘ ’ ‘ x-’ (.. , x - - ). S-q, k

(: 65). S, : -k k k (x k ). Ok, , , x . A ,

k x, (B S-K 2004: 56).




I , , ( k ; ALG [- ] ALH [ ] ; k ALH

ALG). , , 1995 , : , ( k - ), ‘’ . A , - k q ALH - , - ALG (C 2005: 69-70). A, k -

x , 1980 . W , k, x - (B S-K 2004: 61).

W - 1990, ? A, - , -1990 -

j. M , ‘ k - (...) x ’. , ’ - (C 2005: 105-106). J , 1989, - ( k 1992), - j , x

x (Sä1993, 1999 C 2005: 107).

- k j : - - . 1997 ‘ - k ’ (C 2005: 111-112): -

, , ‘ -’ ( k x x




). F , , - , K G k - , k

‘ q’ . , , , , q . O , - - , ‘ - -’ (B S-K 2004: 75).

F, , - ‘K E’. 1992 - - . I -: - x ( ); k ( ); - - (, , - ); - - (Rk

G 2004: 247-248). D 1980, - , 1985(B S 1998: 117). 1988 H C R A(GRG) -, (W 1989). F 1992 - 1998, , GRG -.

1992 S H C A (GSG) k . k - x x k ( k , , 1996 ): ‘ ’ (Rk

G 2004: 249-250). W GSG -- , jG , 1995 k




( 1996 1997) SPD . ‘K E’, , x, k (B 2003: 213).

The Red-Green Coalition (1998-2005): Cost-Containment

and Structural Change

E R-G - q -k - . W (

2002 2005) - - , . O , ( SPD ) ‘- x j’ G’ - (Standort Deutschland ). O , - , x/

GDP - : R-G , K G. S R-G -k, x- SPD- k(S 2005: 113). 1998 k

SPD , K G: ( , 1998 ), ; ; k ; . I , Sö G k

: x R ‘- x




- ’ ( ) k H IV ( ) (: 114-116).

W j ? L k k . Sö G

x k - j- ‘ q’ k (.. ). I 2001, - j- , - (C 2005: 72-73). F- 2002 H Sö’ Agenda 2010, 2003 ‘

’ ‘k ’ (: 75), H I, II III ( , j - []-) .

H IV -k H C k . I , - .30 R -

, B S-K -k k - . A k , K G, R-G . , - q . R- k , k

k , (B S-K 2004: 66).31

S k , - x - . A , -1998 - 32 , R -, 1999 2001.

k , . A ,




- , R - . -k -

- , L (S 2005: 116-118). I 2003, k x 2004 - . A - - 2004 ‘ ’ ( -

), j (:116-117). R-G ‘ - , , x- - ’. W , -

(B S-K 2004: 77).I , R-G -

- k: (SHI). - (G 2003: 7). I (1998-2000), - K G

2000 SHI R A: q SHI. I , 2001 2002, : x k-j . I , k-j k , ( 2007), k k -

SHI (B 2003: 218). W , , -




k ( H 2003: 266-268).A 2003, 2004 H C M A (GMG) q , .33

The ‘Grand Coalition’ o CDU/CSU and SPD (2005 – 2009):

Standstill or Giant Steps Forward?

D C Sö’ k , R-G -. I S 2005, SPD CDU/CSU

. A ‘G C’ CDU/CSU SPD, x . x ’ j P- k - ( q k ).H, ( 2009), C- Mk (M L S A Mü [ N

2007], O S [N 2007 – ] M HC U S) x.

I k , H - j . I , , H IV, . I ’ ,

, 6.5 4.2 2007 3.3 2008. A k : SPD , jj CDU/CSU . W SPD k 2007, q q

. N , x (P Wk A) . 34 I




O 2008, P .35

W - , ‘G C’ - 67

. k , Mk G k – , j – , . A , x , , , , .

I , Mk G j - , ‘’ - . A - , 2007 A 2007. , k , x 2009. - . H,

k : O 2008, x 15.5 ( 14.9 2008). - -, , k ’ .36 I , - -

– – . . I M 2008, Bundestag k- - 0.25 (1.95 ) .37 C, , j k k .38

I , x - CDU/CSU SPD, Mk G’ x -



GENERAL PATTERNS OF CHANGE IN MAJOR PROGRAMMES

. D q , , , . I , ‘G C’

, ( C 7).

. General Patterns o Change in Major Programmes

W - 1970. L k , -

1970, 1980, x . 1990 k , - . A 1998, ,, , k - j-k. W H C-’ k, k q-

j k j k. A , , x , ( -) .

- . A x 1970, x -

j 1990. I , x-, . A 1998, x - , 2001 -

. S , - k, .




F, . C 1970 -k, - 1990.

S 1990 (k ,-) , . I , , , x, k. k .

. Conclusion

x G - -. F, - , , , ,

. A k G - - k - - ’ . Nx, (-, --, ), ( -) k ,

( - ). A k Bk k, j - k . H, G - k .

F, x.

- x G -, , , j, -



CONCLUSION

k -k xk .A . ‘k’

, , , (-) -’ . U , - . I , , ( ) k q. H

: , , ’ - k -, , (-) .

F , - G j -, - .A - ,

( j) 2000. W , - : -k - . W , H IV , .

I , , ( k , - -) 1990. , --k k ’ , - .

G . G




. H, G . O , j - . O

, , x , , . q k - . A , G -k k ( ) - . H,

, . I , , C 2, .



Transormation o Health Care Policy?The Legacy o Minister Seehoer

‘I , I x-

. A -

, ,

. B -. W -

.’

(M Seehofer

DER SPIEGEL, 3 A 1992)

O 1990x : . W

j , M HH S, , . S, CD CSU, M C K 1992 1998. H k B CSU SS M L S A Bü. Wk

Bü - 1989 H R A, qk ’ . B M H, S, C K. D x , q - k .1

O k G -

, 1990. W k k S’j j: 1992 S H C A (Gesund-



TRANSFOR MATI ON OF HEALTH CARE POLICY? TH E LEGACY OF MINISTER SEEHOFER

heitsstrukturgesetz, GSG) 1997 S R A(1./2.GKV-Neuordnungsgesetz, GKV-NOG). F , - x, . B

. S’ , q - .2

. A Sketch o Statutory Health Insurance in the Early s

4.1 (SHI).

Table 4.1 Organization Structural Health Insurance (SHI)

Structure Actors

Financing Employers and employees

– fnance payroll contributions %/%, including coverage o

children; solidarity principle: contribution as percentage o gross

wage up to statutory wage ceiling

Sickness unds

– organized on the lines o occupational groups; primary and

substitute unds, administration o unds; redistribution o insured

risks via risk compensation scheme across unds

Care provision

(ambulant and

stationary)

Physicians represented by:

– Associations o Sickness Fund Physicians (KassenärztlicheVereinigungen, KVs) and its peak organization (Kassenärztliche

Bundesvereinigung, KBV)

– Federal Chamber o Physicians (Bundesärztekammer): obligatory

membership, representation vis-à-vis the state

– Hartmannbund/Marburger Bund: associations with voluntary

membership; visible in protests and during negotiations o

collective agreements, no ormalized inuence on state policy-

making

Hospitals (administered by religious organizations, municipalities,

regional bodies, private investors)– German Association o Hospitals (Deutsche Krankenhaus-

gesellschat, DKG) and its regional branches in the Länder



A SKETCH OF STATUTORY HEALTH INSURANCE IN THE EARLY S

Problems o the Sector in the Early 1990s

G . S -1970, -k - SHI ,

(G 2003: 6). Ex- k- ’ , , - - . (1992-1998), 1988 HC R A (GRG) M N Bü, k ( Beitragssatz- stabilität ). I

, x (S 1991 G 2002: 107). H, , - (W 1989), . A 1990, 1992, 13 ( 12.2 1991), x . Sk j

. x x- 1990. k

Pharmacists

– pharmacists’ chambers (Apothekerkammern), Federal Association

o German Pharmacists (Bundesvereinigung Deutscher

Apothekerverbände): little ormal involvement in health politics

and institutionalized arenas o consultation and negotiation

Regulation State

– regulation o sickness unds; providers and SHI (contributions,

income ceiling, beneft package, terms o cooperation between

physicians and sickness unds; implements rame legislation by

means o

Institutions o sel-governance

– KVs and sickness unds implement state measures through

agreements or collective bargaining; state reserves right to suspend

this mechanism in case o no compliance




x , , , , (G2003). I , -: ,

x; , x .3 , x - , k . W x- k , -

- K G. I k , x x (Solidaritätszuschlag ) ; , - . E, CDU , - . Eq, , CDU, , .

k -k, - 1994, . F , , Länder E , , - , x, k -, , (G 2002: 112). I , , , k

.

. The Structural Health Care Reorm Act

Reorm Goals and Measures

S’ j j k

SHI. k x :



TH E STRUCTURAL HEALTH CARE REFORM AC T

T -

- ,

ff . T S H C

A L A 5 S L C -

- , , . A , fi -

2000. B .4

- k-. ,

k, k .H 1993-1995 ; k - j ; ’ 20 .M, x SHI j - . P , -

, 1988 GRG, k .

M k, k x 1996 , k- . A , k-j , k - q k (A-

k B 2005; G 2002: 114-117). F - , ‘ x ,k , -’, -; ; x j k ; ; -k ; ’ - (G 2002: 114-117).

GSG , , -

x q ( BMG , 27 J 2006). I ,




k - ( ), - k k

( x, 9F 2006).

The Reorm Process

H S 6 M 1992, k G H-, A. S k k. M S

k j, k M CDU (Pk-H 1994: 258). I -M, - ’ x M , x k. F , qk M ( Referentenentwurf ) C A (: 259). A , Sx SPD ‘G C-’ . A

SPD , (K W CDU/CSU, Kk FDP). , k - Länder SPD B L. I x , 1 O 4 O-,

( SPD MP, 24 J 2006). D L k, S’ , k k ( Risikostrukturausgleich). SPD’ - , R D. W S , SPD k . A q, S -

k k (Pk-H 1994: 260). A L k, ,




, M. I , Bundestag N, .5 W

x , - x M . H , x, , , , - , q ( VA, 15 N 2005). I, Bundestag x (R 1993: 27 ). A , GSG ,

4.2 :

The Politics o the GSG

T GSG ‘x’ (H 1994; G- M 1999; B 2003). T GSG ‘ k ’, - x k - (G 2002: 111 ff.). F, ff - (Weichenstellung), (R 1993: 43). I

GSG k , . T GSG, , .

Table 4.2 Chronology o the GSG (BT= Bundestag, BR= Bundesrat)

Date Event

2 June 1992

14 July

12 August

1 – 4 October 5 November

9 December

18 December

1 January 1993

Announcement results rom Ministry talks

Ministry drat bill

Cabinet decision on bill

Lahnstein talks with SPDNew drat bill in BT

nd reading bill in BT and adoption

BR approves bill

GSG comes into eect




F , x- SPD GSG - . A ffi j-fi Länder j Bundesrat ,

, Pk-H (1994) . T - ff q -: k – k SPD k – . A SPD L k fi, S k - SPD- Länder Bundesrat, CDU/CSU FDP ( SPD MP, 24 J 2006). A

, S k - j k , :

L G, ,

x , I k

SPD Länder – . I k

ff. N -fi

. I k , k k

, . S ( , x

Länder ) -

, ffi

. I -

.6

C- M

, . S , , SPD - (Pk-H 1994). F M’ , , - , ( BMG , 27 J 2006). I , q S’

- : j S’ . W




x M’ .

T GSG M’ - k ( ff

- j ), . I , k k C K A ( , 10 N 2005). F S’ , k - , x , M- Bü, k 1988 GRG (W 1989). T , M

fl . I - GSG, , S , ’ ’ -, . W - , , FDP, , fl ff k . - , FDP ‘46 ’ -

( DKG , 22 N 2005). I 1992, - , KBV : ‘R , FDP. W -; ’ ( KBV , 16 N- 2005). T . M fi, ‘’, fl ( VA, 15 N 2005). F,

S G H A (DKG) . A Konzertierte Aktion für das Gesundheitswe- sen, k DKG xx ( DKG , 22 N- 2005). F, , -fi ,

(Pk-H 1994: 263).B , S




k: , x- SPD, . AJ 1992,

k , . P, k k (R 1993:26). W , -k x- GRG.W , , , GSG.

F, . , , , , , - . S, , x S Mk EU, x . F, - : -

x ( k), (G 2002: 111). W -k, , - , ’ - k (Pk-H 1994: 261-262). I ,

k GSG, S k . A , 1200 ( 10 ) ( SPD MP, 24 J 2006). - q .

T ff -fi (

, 10 N 2005 11 N 2005). I , M’ , M H k



SEEHOFER’S ROLE: A MINISTER ‘ TAKI NG ON THE SHARKS’

( BMG ffi , 27 J 2006). T S , ff , k fi ffi k :

T . I :

. W k fi 5.5 k 1991

x fi 10 k. T x

10 1991 -

, fi q 1992 (…)

L , . N

.7

R-k Länder , -k-

fi

fi Länder – :

. I

, . W -

. T . 8

S’ ,

q , IL, x . A , M SHI, , - x- ( SHI x ). F, M, ,

GSG.

. Seehoer’s Role: A Minister ‘Taking on the Sharks’

F S - . I ,

: - - . T M




q, x P SS M Bü ( , 11 N2005). Bü fl -

, ‘ ’, 1988 GRG. S k ’ , . A fi GSG , S k , ‘ NBü k’. B , M - ( j GSG), Bü, ,

.10

S . A x :

I, I S -

. H k,

k

k .(...)

F CSU k – x

- – k ( x, 9 F 2006).

S’ , , , x . A, M - KBV

( KBV , 16 N 2005). A - , DKG, S’ ‘ k’ : , , -q ( DKG , 22 N 2005).

O S’

-, , . H ‘k ,




’ ( , 11 N2005). F , ’ k R , M . R-,

: ‘I k .’ Ex M J 1992, .11 I , ’ k . I , k , S ( CDU/CSU , 23 J- 2006). F ’ , ‘

j-’ , , ‘ : -’ ( SPD MP, 23 J 2006). N , ‘ k j , , ’ ( , 23 N 2005). q k ‘- ’ k . F-

, ‘ ’: x GSG’ , k k -. H :

N , , k

, I :

! (…) I .

Tk

[

], k

(S, 9 D 1992, 10947).12

F S k,




q, , .

M k q k-

, - . H - x k - . x , - , k CDU/CSU 1998 (

CDU/CSU , 23 J 2006). H - M, , - ( x, 9 F 2006). M’ k GSG, x x IL. S , (x ), x

:

I k : G q -

; I k (…)

L , I q

. T

, , q,

fi SHI.13

M ‘ q x , , , q G ’. I - -q , , k ‘ SHI .

k , . ’.14 I , k :




S

q , I

(…). L

, fi

x -. P .15

A GSG, x , S , ‘ ’ ( ),‘ ’ ( -

j) ‘ j’ ( ).16

B , S k , x :

I j , ,

ffi x

, k

. I k -

k,

, .. - .17

A j :

I k -

(x SHI),

. I k , -q

q .18

S’ GSG k x- , x - .

W -, q : S x




. A , k - , , k . O - :

H SHI k

k , -

. T,

SHI ( x, 9 F

2006).

M , - SPD, SPD - x R D k- : ‘S- k k - – k -, k ’ (Pk-H 1994: 264). P L, S D - , k ( ), -

. M , M - , - M ’ -, S ( BMG , 27 J- 2006). ‘ k ’ ’ ( CDU/CSU , 23 J 2006). R

, - , S :

W -k , , k q

k (…). A -

, ,

, (…). T -

k (…). I

x k k , , k

.19




A , , ‘- , , , ’.20 S’

, k IL, k .

, x S’ - x GSG.S, , - ; q,

- , - ; k . E - IL. W x - , , IL ( q, , , -) S’ .

Was the GSG a Structural Reorm?

I j GSG , - q ( : , ). A , GSG x - , ; k (

); - k-j . x ?

, x . B (2003: 212), , ‘ ’ - , , , x

q .

21

Lk, k - -, Rk G (2004: 249) GSG ‘k , -




‘ ’ 2000 SHI , 21 ’.22 I , GSG j x :

‘ GSG , x […] I , GSG , ffi ’ (B 2006: 5). O k , GSG‘ x’, ‘ ’ (G M 1999: 977).23 F, GSG ‘ k k

x’ ‘ , ’’ - ’(H 1994: 132-133).24 T j fi GSG x 1990, .. , ff x - .25 W ?

B fi , GSG ff, . T ’ - fi-

fi , , -: , fi- . W , : x - , x k ff () .

B ,

k . Sk : , , . k k , k-j .

- k-k -.26 I , , , - . S--



TH E 7 HEALTH CARE REORGANIZATION ACTS

M’ , , . , - , - ( VA

, 15 N 2005). M , , - k, k GRG (G 2002: 114).

, GSG ’ -, ’ . B - k ,

: GSG, , , , , , ; , k- , .. ’ k , .W , k, . , -

S’ .

. The Health Care Reorganization Acts

Reorm Goals and Measures

I 1995, S M k ‘ ’ -

‘ q- fi ’. W , CDU/CSU M 1995 ‘k , - fi SHI ’, ‘ - flx ’.28 H, - -

, 1996, ’ q - .I CDU/CSU FDP ,




T (SPD B90/G) -

: fi

SHI; [ ] -

, - -

fi .29

B 1996, M H , C R A.30 I - : ; - - ; - ; k

; k 10 k . k 1996 0.4 J 1997, - 13.4 13.0 . 31

A C R A , ‘’ , GKV-WEG (GKV -Weiterentwicklungsge- setz ) ( Krankenhausfinanzierungsre-

form ). B Bundesrat , j 12 S 1996. A , S SPD G SPD- Länder ( - k L 1992) x - . H, q. SPD’ R D – – ’ :

T ff - - -

. T . B […]

q ff .32

S , k GKV-WEG , ( ) SHI R-

A NOG ( BMG ffi , 27 J 2006). IO 1996, fi NOG -




G’ : k - G. Rk, C R A P, NOG

A 0.4 J 1997. A fi k k - k ffi . A , fi NOG - k ffi k ’ -, k , . M,

‘ - , - , fi - k ’. T , ‘ - , k ff 1997’.33

I , NOG N 1996, - k ‘- k , -, ’.34 : -

; - ; ; -’ -; - , x .35

B . I ,

. F, k (k - ) q q q . S, k - x , x k. I , H M

, j .36




The Reorm Process

I qk , - k k 4.3 4.4.

Table 4.3 Summary o the legislative process o the Contribution Relief Act o 1996

(BT = Bundestag; BR = Bundesrat)

Date Event

24 May 1996

28 June

19 July

26 August

29 August

12 September

13 September

1 January 1997

st reading in BT

nd /rd reading in BT, adoption with amendments

Rejection by BR

Compromise decision Mediation Committee

BT rejects compromise decision

BR vetoes rejection

BT overrules veto by absolute majority vote

Contribution Relie Act comes into eect

Table 4.4 Summary o events in the legislative process o the GKV-NOGs

(BT = Bundestag; BR =Bundesrat)

1 GKV-NOG 2 GKV-NOG

Date Event Date Event

10 October 1996

15 November

19 December

12 March 1997

20 March

25 April

12 June

1 July

reading BT

/ reading and

adoption by BT

BR rejects bill

Compromise

decision Mediation

Committee

BT rejects

committee decision

BR vetoes rejection

BT overrules veto

(absolute majority)

.GKV-NOG comes

into eect

15 November 1996

19 November

20 March 1997

25 April

14 May

15 May

12 June

1 July/1 January

1998

reading BT

BR rejects bill

/ reading BT

and adoption

BR rejects bill or

the time

Recommendation

by Mediation

Committee

BT rejects

committee

decision + rea rms

adoption o the bill;

BR restates veto

BT rejects veto

. GKV-NOG comes

(phased) into eect




A - , - ( Bundestag ) k ( Bundesrat ) . P

CDU/CSU-FDP j Bundestag , Bundesrat SPD- Länder . W .

The Politics o the GKV-NOG Laws

I , NOG ‘ k’ ‘ ’ ( SPD MP,

23 J 2006). M , k L .37 NOG k , ’ ; - -, x -; k - x k x (G 2002: 124-126).A , S M -k 1996. W

NOG -, x GSG . M S x -.

, - SPD 1996/97 k. F - , - . F , 1994

CDU/CSU-FDP . FDP -à- . I - , SPD (G 2002: 129). A-, ’ L . A , ‘F FDP, L W, . k FDP MP

: “ ’ L ”’ ( SPD MP, 23 J 2006). , G




‘ ’, k - . Eq, NOG, - -

CDU’ . A q, (G 2002: 128).

I , SPD Ok L , R S, - , - (- , 10 N 2005). M, CDU SPD , 1995,

(B 2003: 213). ( ), ’ , k . I, , (‘- ’). SPD, , -.

x (‘- ’)(: 212-214). M, 1996/1997 1998 . k NOG - qk .38

M,

-- .A , 1996 k -1997 . O Bundesrat NOG, k . - ( , 10 N 2005 23 N- 2005). O

, ’ k .39 O ,




( k , 22 N 2005). E, NOG k , CDU/CSU- Länder : k

k , - - k.

A -k . W M GSG, -1992 . ,

1988 GRG, --k - , ( , 23N 2005). F , , KBV DKG , . S DKG, ( DKG, 22N 2005). Eq, KBV M

k ‘’ , , L, ‘’ ( KBV , 16 N 2005). - , KBV, ’ . S 1995, ‘ -’ (Vorfahrt für die Selb- stverwaltung ), . A , x , ’ . O

x , - , . k , k SPD, , M .40 I M :

T x fi ,

x P




. H, ,

x (-

BMG ffi , 27 J 2006).

N 1996/1997, - ff, . I 1992, -k, -1990, : - fi , G fi, . F M W - , E

: M fi k ff, . I -, EU q k- , ’ ( , 11 N- 2005). I , ‘P G S’, - ff ; x. T k

, . A q, M S fi , GSG x x kk .

. The Role o Minister Seehoer: Fighting Against the Tide

T , :

k (...). M

1995-1997, k -k-

(...). , S

ffi (

x, 9 F 2006).

G- S’ . M



TH E ROLE OF MINISTER SEEHOFER: FIGHTING AGAINST TH E TI DE

1996/97. A j , , - k ( , ), -k ( )

. W S , , M’ - .

, k , . S- , k 1992, , : -

. M j SHI , x, - , x ’ . , ( ), ( - ).41 M k

k , x . x (Sachverständigenrat zur Begutachtung der Entwicklung im Gesundheitswesen) 1997.42 A -q, -k ( CDU/CSU -

, 12 J 2006). I, - .43 FDP- - , SHI k ( NOG) q .44

F, - x ( ), 18 .




A S NOG , - 1992. NOG ,

k . U, M- x j NOG, , ( ), k GSG, q - .S - ‘ ’:

R ffi q k SHI

x -

, I

-. T x k x-

,

- .45

S - NOG

- SHI. I q , x - : -- x -- ( Härtefallregelung ). W ,

M , , , x SHI. 46 A S x, , k , - , , - . A , S ,

.

47

U , , - SHI:




W SHI’ x ,

, -q -

, (…) B SHI

(…)

, : . S

.48

D NOG x , ,

S

(....) H

, . I fi -

,

fi ( x, 9

F 2006).

A, M

. T , fi, ff k , ’ -, , x . T x fi , j GSG . I, k k ’ , k ffi ( CDU/CSU

, 12 J 2006; SPD MP,24 J 2006). S - NOG, , CDU/CSU , , (CDU/CSU , 12 J 2006).

, M ’ - j , -, 1996/1997. M-

, SPD’ NOG . A q ( )




M - , q Bundesrat , G.49

T M C K

(, , fi -). C, - q S . T , , x. K’q S - ( , 11 N 2005), - x - , GSG fi (

, 10 N 2005). T C fl - 1998 ; , S k SHI , k k ( x, 9 F 2006). A , ffi k ‘M- A’ ( , 11 N 2005), , G , M F.50

F, M’ .

S’ - GSG ; x . A q, - q , ( , 10 N 11 N 2005).A x S’ :

H k , ‘ ’: (...). T

fl , -

, k. H

ffi ,

( x, 9 F 2006).

A 1997, DER SPIEGEL

S ‘ ’ ‘k’ . W k , :




F, G I

. S,

fi , k

. F,

, .51

, S’ NOG , - . N S’ k, k (-, ),

. O, , k k, , . B S , - NOG K G ( CDU/CSU , 12 J 2006).

Were the NOG Laws a Structural Reorm?

A , C- R A NOG -, , -, , -1992 . H, , x ?

A j- ,52 , 1996/1997 GSG. D

? F , ’ , GSG j - , NOG. M j -, x - C- R A. H, , k . - ( x k ), -

, x . ‘’ SHI , . H,




( ), k, ( x, 9 F 2006).

S, ( ), x (Rk G 2004: 228). H, - , . E, .

F, ’ , -

, k - , .. -. T q x F C P- Sk F . F, x - (G 2002: 133-135). S, x k--

- : - x ( k k KV), - ( q k (B 2003: 214).

I , NOG - . k

-, - , . I, NOG - k - , R-G 1998.53 , - -’ k, : k ‘’ .

I 1996/1997 x , j ,



CONCLUSION

. B , C R A NOG - , GSG, .. k- . I -

. I , - , . W SHI, , SHI. F, - - : GSG. 1996/97

, k- SHI - . , , , , (G 2003: 127).54 W GSG k- SHI, 1996, - -, .. k , , .. (B 2003: 214). I

, GSG ( k ), - -, , NOG ( -). : , ‘’ -- - , , -1992 (

KV k ).

. Conclusion

O k j- M H H S. B 1992S H R A (GSG), 1997 H C R-

A (1. 2.GKV-NOG), k , , , k, M.




GSG : ( ); - k (

), - ( k-j . W GSG : -à- - ; k k - . , 1992, k -

q M H , k ( C 7 ).

S GSG. M’ SPD .H k, , j . M, ,

GSG’ , , . S’ SHI , q k, , , . -, , -

. I , GSG M’ x , , k . GSG IL : S’ .

F , NOG

k ’ -,k . I - -, k



CONCLUSION

x - . ’ -à- k ; - ; -

( - ’ -), - . NOG - GSG , - -, . B , k , , -

( C 7). O, SHI, k , - . -, . - k ( ) . I k ( NOG), ‘’?

x -k GSG, M’ .S , - . A- , , M , SPD Länder. D

C K , , . I , S - - . A S IL, . - - -.

M, NOG - : , - IL. S, M




q, . H, - M NOG - . S’

.M, - - k k C.

, S’ x. H - . A NOG -

, . W IL? M , -k IL . , IL , , .



Transorming Public Pensions:the Riester Pension Reorm

‘M : .

F , -k

. T -

.’

(Riester 2004: 135)

F , . U, k G 2001. A W R, M L

C Sö’ R-G , - . , R’ Sö G-. A , , G ‘-k’ (H 2003; H K 2003; L Rü 2004). S, G- ,

. D - , G : , .

I , - . , , : , -

x , x - ( q ). A , -



TRANSFOR MI NG PUBLIC PENSIONS: TH E RIESTER PENSION REFORM

-. . I , - - . F

, , , . F, R’ -, j . P k - , j . I , -

, - , - .

A, (IL), x- k k. W : , k x q, ., x IL x

M R, , , IL - . N q IL .

Main Reorm Provisions

R

, q . I x G- , - ( ) . k - q Bundesrat . , O-A P A ( Altersvermögens-

gesetz , AVG), O-A P Ex A ( Altersvermö- gensergänzungsgesetz , AVEG).1 , x ,



TH E REFORM PROCESS: CHRONOLOGY, ACTORS AN D POLICY POSITIONS

M 2001 M C Bundesrat . , k - , J 2001

Bundestag ; q Bundesrat . -

, x- . I -, , - . ( Entgeltumwandlung ). -

k , -, . I , ‘x ’ - . 70 2001 67 2020 64 2030.

, j , G, .

W M , .I , j , ; - , , x , .

. The Reorm Process: Chronology, Actors and Policy Positions

B k , 5.1 .2 N, k - : R’

1999, M 2001.




R’ . - - -k. , - . 5.2 .

Steps towards a Reorm Proposal

B 1998 , CDU/CSU-FDP G 1999 P R A, - ( 70 64 ), ‘ ’. H, - , Sö G qk -

. T, k k fi- , M S , ‘

Table 5.1 Important events in the reorm process 1999-2001

Date Event

17 June 1999 Presentation o cabinet decision on reorm concept by Ministry

o Labour and Social Aairs

21 June 1999 Obligatory character o private pensions is withdrawn

30 May 2000 Presentation o drat (Eckpunktepapier ) by coalitional working

group

June 2000 Government announces return to net wage indexation or

and presents pension reorm plans

October 2000 Break-down o extra-parliamentary compromise talks SPD-CDU,

FDP continues to work with the coalition

14 November 2000 reading o legislative drats

11-13 December 2000 Changes to drats ater parliamentary hearings, concession on

occupational pensions

26 January 2001 reading o legislative drats and approval o changes,

Bundestag adopts bill

February 2001 Bundesrat invokes Mediation Committee

May 2001 Further changes to the bill, Bundesrat approves bill on May




x SPD ’ (2005: 146). A , - 1999 G -

, x- . A , M R j fi . A , fi k 2.5 ; x-fi - x ; ; . T -

M 2000 - x . T x ,

Table 5.2 Main actors and policy positions

Actors Position on pension reorm

Minister Riester,

Ministry o Labour

Advocated major changes in pension arrangements: lowering

pension levels, introducing an obligatory second private tier

Governing coalition:

SPD and Green

parliamentary groups

SPD-let wing opposed privately fnanced pensions, SPD

‘modernizers’ backed Riester; Green party backed the plans on

most eatures

CDU/CSU

parliamentary group

Favoured a comprehensive reorm including cuts in statutory

pensions; critical o size o the private pension tier and regulations

concerning investments within the scheme, substantive interests

tied up with tactical (electoral) motives

FDP parliamentary

group

Favoured privatization o pensions; supported cuts in pension

levels i that would lead to lower contribution levels/taxation;

resisted basic pensions

Trade unions: peak

organization DGB and

constituent members

Favoured preservation o the statutory scheme and guarantee

o minimum pension levels; very critical o private schemes,

avoured greater role or occupational pensions in overall

pension provision and regulation through collective agreements;

individual unions split on approach: rom more conservative (e.g.

IG Metall ) to more reorm-minded (e.g. IG BCE )

VDR (German

Association o Public

Pension Insurers)

Supported preservation o existing pension scheme; rejected

compensation actor to lower pension levels




‘j ’ ( Ausgleichsfaktor ). T - 50 , 54 2050 70 .

Early Objections

M k , j . , - . M R ,

: G k k . F - ( ) - k - -1970, , q x . , K G

, E Län-der . F, j , x . x (S 2002:10-11). A , x - k . F ,

, , j EU 24 49 2045 (: 11), , - , k . N , M R , C D, , SPD’ j - , G. I , k

, J 1999, . S G, BILD, ‘ B’,




M , (R 2004).

Y, , M’ , S D,

, - . O , k , - - . O , , , .

A -

‘j ’ . A R’ , 2011 x 6 2030. 64 k 22 2030. 3 P - SPD, , VDR, CDU. , , -- .

F, - , , , CDU FDP, VDR ’ . , , - - ( - ) - . A , x

- . I , k -, . M R .

Ministerial Concessions

R’ SPD, G , CDU, .4 CDU, - Bundesrat ,




, . A , - , . I , G x -

( ) ’ . I CDU x : j .D x- k - , ‘’, x x. W R -

, x k 10 , x 20 2008.

F, CDU/CSU, FDP G (S J2007). W 2.5 2007, 4 2008.

-k , CDU. A , R-G , CDU/CSU -, R ‘j ’. M, , , , -

S D k ( ) 70 . E, ‘j ’ VDR- ‘x ’, - .5 64 2030.

I CDU, k

, , FDP, - ( CDU O 2000)




k. H, - - FDP’ x ( ),

’ . M , ..

SPD , SPD . M R k Bundestag ( k CDU ).C

‘j ’, ‘x -’, . : , j - , (S 2005:149). F, - -à- . -

. A ’ , , k . I 2000/2001 , - - .

, - k (S 2002: 170-171). , R, , , k’ ( IG Metall ) . I 1997, R - DGB ( Deutscher Gewerkschaftsbund) S

DGB - E-K q ( 2005:19). F, k DGB




, 67 ( Niveausicherungsklausel ).6 E, DGB , , -

, ’ .7

Securing Final Approval

D , CDU, M R, - . ,

- Bundestag , , Bundesrat, O-A P Ex A, . G A - CDU , k R-G j Bundesrat , k Länder , SPD. I J 2001, ,

k -, Bundesrat , .. O-AP Ex A, Länder, , Bundesrat , .. O-A P A (Dü F 2001: 271).

P, M Bundesrat . H, CDU Länder - SPD,

M C k Bundesrat M 2001 ( j ). A, G -, - - . O Länder x - ( ) ,

. E O-A P A ( J 2001) k ’ q



TR ACIN G IDEATIONAL LEADERSHIP

CDU (S J 2007). Sö R Länder B B- : ,

.

. Tracing Ideational Leadership

W IL : q; - ;

; .8

A M R k , . S IL , x G: IL x - , k - , . I IL ,

.

Turning Away rom Single-Pillar Pension Provision

C Sö’ W R M L . F, R Sö k- : - .

S, R. A M, ‘ , - “ ”; , k ’ (R 2004:70). k k- R’ k k , , , - ,

j q .F, :




L ’ , -

k q

(…). fi q,

,

M ffi ff (: 126).

I, R k - M, K G.H ‘ ’ (Tar-

iffonds) . D -, ( ,

, Die Zeit Süddeutsche Zeitung ), - , k - k. I , ‘’ -k :

G x x, fi, -

, , I -

. T K G k

,

k - (: 133).

R, - , q G . H, k q ?

T q, , k R k fi . R q . O M, ‘ k’ CDU FDP ( k 2000), .9 T, R x -

, , - . H ‘




x-fi ’. I , ‘ k fi ’

’. F , G’ , x-fi PAYGO , ‘ - ’. I M’ , - :

T -

k - . M ff- -

. B

x .

, R, k : ,

k . - q ’ , R x . I , M’ q , x , , .

D ,

, R k -. W , . N , M x , . H k - : ,

- ’ .10




I x ,11 M - . R ‘ ’ - - ‘ ’ ’ -

q , , ‘ ’, . N - , , :

W fi j,

x .

W k - -

.

A , , j- q.12 R - , M k ‘ - ’. H, R CDU , N

Bü, , 1990, ‘ ’ (‘ Die Renten sind sicher ’). R’ k ( -) k q, , -k .

D , 13 R k -

( k ). A , , - , - . N, j:

N , , -

x,

. W ,

fi .




x R’ q – – k - .

, , R IL j q.

Legitimizing the Reorm: Modernizing and Stabilizing Pension Provision

S, M R k x -

. A x SPD - N 1999.14 I , k k Sö G, M’ . A j, ‘ j x ’. H x j - ,

‘ ’, ‘ ’, ‘ ’, ‘ ’ ‘ ’. I , j SPD, . ‘ - ’ -

R’ x .

I 2000, M , x k . O , , x ,15 . A ‘ ’ G ,

, .I (




)R k . H . W

, x x . x, j, :

I

,

k x -. I fi. T

j . I

( 0.3

2011 6 2030). W ,

.16

A , R -

’ , (-) ( ’ ) . F , ‘ j - ’, ‘- - - ’, ‘ - ’, ‘ - ’, - ’ -

.17 O , M ’ ’ ‘ k - ’. 18 I, : k ( ) .

A q , R x : ,




, .19 F , , , ‘ j q -

’.20 ,

, M - x , . D ? O , R x k P -

. A - , , , . M k x . A , ’ j.

C , fi fi

ff . W - . I ,

. W j;

, ff. 21

, x , , - -

. O ( ) j, - . W k, M k ‘ ’ , . R , ‘ -k ,

’.A J 2001,22 M - (




, , q - , - ), . A j-,

Sö G, -, , ‘ , k -WWII ’. k R’ -. I 2001, x , :

T k -

, . W

, k

fi .23

W , x- ‘

- ’. W , R ‘ k k- x-’. A , k ( Reformstau) k .

M’ O-A Ex A M 2001 -

. R ( , ), :

W k q - ,

- -

. T ! 24




U , -, R P :

T k ;

k ff

; ,

k j

.

I , k, ,

‘ k “” ff - ’.25

, M’ -k x x / 2001 -. H k , k , . R

x - . A , M IL - .

Appeals against Reorm Resistance

W R, IG M , -

, - x-. E , k SPD . A , M ‘ k -k ’. F , - x,

k k M L (R 2004: 85).




L , M k . I 1999, ,26 k CDU/FDP ‘, k

’. A, x , R’ .

Lk x, M’ k x, -, q . k , , -

CDU- Bundesrat M - . W k , ( ) CDU x .27 k ’ - x CDU q, -q .

k x k .

F, O-A PA J 2001,28 M CDU - . I -, CDU . O j M-’ k C D

k k q k . A k CDU G’ , R k : - , , k - G, . M k , Bun-

desrat , ’ -:




A , . L G

, . , x-

. I I

.29

A , ’ k ‘ ’ FDP ‘k, - ’ C D. I , x . A k

, -k - , G -k (S 2002).

I , x M R . H IL . N , x , : ,

G-, .

The Importance o Political Consensus Building

- , R k. W ?A, M k ‘ ’

- (R 2004: 94-95). H, : , j . D 2000, R --

( ) k CDU ,




T . O

k U’ (.. C D) ‘

’

. T, , qk

- (: 154).

A , R ’ -. H k SPD , U S, . H,

VDR ‘j ’ R’ . k , SPD .

-k , k .I R’ , . W R

( ), R-G -, k . , -k .

A Policy-Seeking Politician

j R’ , M’ . W R - , - . A , k

k x k. H - ‘k’ k




SPD : M x P . R k -

- . H , ‘ - “ k” ’ (R 2004: 95). , , - k .

R R’ ‘ ’

, , , ‘ (…) […]. I , -’ (R 2004:96). A -k, :

I k -

. I – q –

. O

, I j x ff ff ,

(: 96-97).

A , ‘’ :

O q I

I , I , I . A

, (: 98).

R’ - , -, -k . H

‘ k’ , . H




? D R-’ ?

T k M R . O fi

k x x , , , x ff. T ‘’ R x- j , j. H ’ fi . T -

. R’ P k C D, IL. T IL, k .I , , R’ k . F, M-

’ - fi . I , fi M R 2001 . H, - ff . I , q - – IL – fl x .

. Assessing the Role o Ideational Leadership

A , q why - x R, , . F , -

R’ . A, G , R’ .



ASSESSING THE ROLE OF IDEATIONAL LEADERSHIP

The Government’s Strategies to Adopt the Reorm

I , G : ; k-

, . I , , x R.

, , - , G, x M R’ . H,

, SPD’ ( x, 22 A 2004, G , 16 J 2004, SPDMP, 15 J 2004), - k . M , M- SPD , ‘ ’ ( SPD , 28 J 2004), ( BMGS ,

16 J 2004), k ( G , 29 J 2004). O , ( -), G’ q ‘ ’ ‘’ .C , - j . H, -

- ( DGB , 14 J 2004 DGB , 28 J2004).

F , , k - , k. I , G, (

), SPD . A ,






, M k , .. ( SPD , 18 J 2004). C, - , q

, M - ( DGB , 28 J 2004). F, k , q Bundesrat - - j Bundestag - x .

O j , k

, , - , , M .30 H, -à- ( ) -à- SPD , - - . , k- , q .

I, , , Länder M C. I , - . N M’ ‘’ , k CDU,

SPD. D G’ -, - . B , - . , , . x ;R’ CDU -

-à- j ; Bun-desrat .




W k , - k, -k , k k M R-’ q.

Riester’s Role in the Reorm Process

W M R ? G IL, ? M . O M L M ‘

’ ( BMGS , 16 J 2004). H k - . H k, - , :

R , k . H

[…] P-

fl q

M (…). Y I k M

x […]. I , k

C ,

’

’ ( BMSG ffi , 16 J 2004).

R’ :

. , D 2000. W - x , B .I , ‘j -’ , SPD - M’ k. D

R’ , M, k CSö SPD ,






, R, k C Sö, M 2001.I , , , -

: CDU (R 2004: 170) -, k k , (: 144).

Decisive Factors in Getting the Reorm Accepted

A G

M’ , , - . D k - .

F, - . Sk x ( ‘N E ’), -

( x, 22 A 2004, G , 29 J2004, SPD , 15 J 2004, DGB , 28 J2004). I , , , k , , ( x, 22 A 2004, BMGS , 16 J 2004). A

x ‘ ’, -- ( SPD, 28 J 2004). S k ‘ ’ , ’ , - ( DGB , 28 J 2004).

, , ‘ , - ’ ( DGB , 14J 2004).




F, - G ( SPD MP, 15 J 2004, SPD , 28J 2004, x, 22 A 2004). I ,

x , CSö , ( x, 22A 2004). - -k .

Sq, k - x ( , .. OECD) G’

- ( BMGS ffi , 26 J 2004). I , --k’ – – E U’ ( - DGB ffi , 28 J 2004). A , - . T x k -

, k ( G ffi , 29 J 2004,CDU MP, 17 J 2004, SPD ffi , 15 J 2004). T ff , , ( CDU MP, 17 J 2004). T , k , M R’ -

j . N fi- ’ , , ‘ ’ .

F, - , , , M :

I k

k (




) - -

k fi ,

. A

k

( BMGS ffi , 16 J 2004).

R’ , - x- , k, . I , -

R’ .

Combining the Findings: the Impact o IL

H IL M R ? W IL -k . R , G, , M , . H, k-

SPD , - . k R IL .

M’ - , k , x,

. A , C’k, , j , . - , , , , , ’ .

A R’ , -k - M



CONCLUSION

C M 2001. . A , k- G ,

k , R x. P , IL -k . M -k . I , C . N, R’ -

, k ; , k . x k , k , . - M , -

.C k, R k .

. Conclusion

x 2001 , k M L WR. k - G , , - , , - . A , : , , .O -

– P – M R’ , M . D




, M ( SPD, CDU ),R 2001.

’ . A, k -k - , x . R k - G . A , , -

, k , Bk . W C7. I , x M R q , -: - SPD. , , , , , . A ,

R , k : - . IL . W IL, , -, R’ . H, - - , M – k C Sö – k

k.



Transorming Unemployment Policy:The Hartz IV Reorm

‘T , ,

G . T

fi fl;

k .’

(I SPD MP, 25 J 2005)

q G : k . Nx , G . I , x 4th

Law on Modern Services on the Labour Market, k ‘HIV ’.1 - SöG (2002-2005), W C-

, M E L. C, M-P N-R-W k SPD, Sö’ B ‘ ’. C k : C-’ G k - x 4 ., C’ k -

H C.W H IV k ? I - G ,



TRANSFOR MI NG UNEMPLOYMENT POLICY : THE HARTZ IV REFORM

- ( Arbe-itslosengeld) ( Arbeitslosenhilfe). F 1960 , (Sozialhilfe),

, ( ) k, . - , , - k (R 1998;Gk 2003).2

Table 6.1 Comparison o the three benefts beore the Hartz IV reorm (source:Reissert 2005)

Benet Unemployment

Insurance

Unemployment

assistance

Social assistance

Entitlement Ater months o

insured employment

during previous

years

Ater exhausting

entitlement to

unemployment

insurance when still

unemployed

All persons in need

irrespective o status

on labour market (i

household income

including benefts is

below minimum level,

gap is paid by social

assistance)

Financing Insurance

contributions

Taxes (ederal

government budget)

Taxes (local

government budgets,

but regulated by

ederal law)

Level Percentage o previous net earnings,

not taxed

Related to previousnet earnings + means

tested

Flat-rate amountor each member in

household + cost o

housing

Character Earnings related Earnings related +

means tested

Flat rate

Maximum

duration

Dependent on

length o previous

employment and age

Initially granted or

one year; in principle

indefnitely as long as

qualiying conditions

persist

Indefnitely as long

as individual need

persists



MAIN REFORM PROVISIONS

Main reorm provisions

H IV - ( Arbeitslosen-

geld II, ALG II), q . q - .3 , q . H IV q- - j . -

j ( x): j , .4 I , H I j , 5 H IV j , .6 ALG II j FEA’ ’

FEA’ (rägerschaft ). H IV k x

.7 F , j . I - - ( ALG II ), -. H IV : , ,

- . S, , : ALG II x- ( ), .H, - .8 I , - G . F, .

x FEA ( Arbeitsagenturen) ( Arbeitsgemeinschaften). A x x-




(Optionskommunen), FEA .

W , - ’ . Sq,

k k , W C, IL - . I , x xIL H IV - .9 W IL q .

. The Reorm Process: Chronology, Actors and Policy Positions

The Chronology o a Merger Project

I H IV - Sö G . R-G 1998 FEA - .

x j ‘M’, .10 I 2002, FEA’ j - Sö G k ’ . , P H, k FEA, k .

(x ) - (J 2004: 39). -’ A 2002, j - S, . C Sö , -, H ‘ -- ’ ( Eins-zu-Eins Umsetzung ). I ,

G’ , , 6.2 -, k ( A 2003) C .




B 2002 2003, x – – . A k C R C F(Gemeindefinanzreformkommission) k - , Länder -

H IV. B 2003, SPD , - . B , -

Table 6.2 Important events in the Hartz IV reorm process

Date Event

October 1998 Red-Green coalition agreement envisages ‘cooperation

between employment agencies and social assistant o ces’

February 2002 Scandal surrounding statistical reporting o Federal

Employment Agency (FEA)

March 2002 Hartz Commission takes up work

August 2002 Hartz Commission publishes fnal report; Chancellor Schröder

pledges to implement report ully in case o re-election in

September

September 2003 Red-Green coalition re-elected, Wolgang Clement becomes

head o newly created Ministry o Economics and Labour

March 2003 Schröder announces government programme Agenda 2010,

including the merger o unemployment assistance and social

assistance

April 2003 Commission on reorm o communal fnances presents fnal

report proposing a sub-group on fnancial implications o

merger project)

June 2003 Red-Green coalition working groups presents cornerstones or

concept bill

August 2003 Cabinet decides on concept bill

September - October 2003 Readings o the bill, bill agreed upon by the BundestagNovember 2003 Bundesrat adopts rival bill backed by CDU-Länder, Mediation

Committee begins work

December 2003 Compromise reached in the Meditation Committee, bill fnally

adopted by the Bundestag

January - June 2004 parliamentary process (Kommunales Optionsgesetz ),

culminating in another conciliatory process

August 2004 Popular protests (mostly in East Germany) against eects o

Hartz IV; some minor changes to the law

January 2005 Hartz IV becomes eective




‘ ’, C Sö - Agenda 2010 M 2003.

, k - k . M C’ Agenda 2010. Sq, k k M E LA (BMWA). D H C k

C R C F , P .

G’ -: ALG II ; j , FEA , , . C , j .

-k H IV , j :

T j 4 L M S L Mk

, - fi

k. I , -

k k fi . k

. T k

k -

k.11

I S 2003, , 80 90 x

k ( BMWA , 28 J 2005), . I N- 2003, Bundesrat ,




CDU- Länder , j G’ , - M C. A , j C-, , -

q H IV . , . I , , - .12 I ALG II FEA ( ). , ( Arbeitsgemeinschaften)

k . FEA ( ), k - ALG II. j ,13 G ; , x k j q .14

H, .O , q FEA . W , ‘-’ .G - , k x Bundestag - H IV, Kommunales Op-

tionsgesetz (KOG) 2 J 2004.15 , H IV , x , G - . C , x- ( x ) - - .I , G -

ALG II , .16




Further Reactions to Hartz IV

O , M - q 1 J-

2005. F ALG II, C ( Montagsdemonstrationen - E G- 1989), E G.A , A 2004, - k, . F, M C

P , ALG II ( ), . S, , M - , q . Cq, . A k:

T fi : M x k -

q . T,

jfi.

(I DGB ffi , 3 F 2005)

A SPD ‘ - H IV’,

J 2004, j . H ‘ F P Offi ’ H IV’ (, 25 J- 2005). I, M C , , fi H IV k ‘ , k’. O , C Sö

C - k , H IV.17 S qk C




M. D - - D 2003 J 2004 ( x ),

ALG II fi fi J 2005.

Principal Actors and Policy Positions

x , M, , . A - , H -

, . I q , - x k, j - x - (Bäk 2002):

• x : FEA , , , ;

• k ( - FEA );

• - k;

•

, ‘-’ (Verschiebebahnhöfe), , j - .

N, - . I , H IV

j .M C, k C Sö, - . j




Sö’ Agenda 2010. W Sö - H C - , C k, -

q k O 2002.

R-G k . S, k k (- ), FEA k , j .

W G , S D k. , - C Sö’ Agenda 2010 2003.

T ,

A 2010 , SPD, . W

- k

. (I SPD MP, 25J 2005)

A k, - S D .

C D (CDU/CSU) L (FDP) - G’ . I ,

k k ( ), x . A, ALG II , ’ - , k k. B - –

- k – x - (J 2004:42-43). F , C D- L .




CDU ( CDU P M H, R- K) Existenzgrundlagengesetz M’ . -

q: q M - . I , k j ALG II . x x .I , k DL ( Deutscher Land-kreistag ), ( )

G C E A (Sachverständigenrat zur Begutachtung der gesamtwirtschaftlichen Entwicklung ) (R 2003).A , k -

, Deutscher Städtetag (DS), Deutscher Landkreistag (DL), Deutscher Städte- und Gemeindebund (DSGB) - . q : - FEA, ( Land-

kreise) H IV k FEA , ( x, FHW B, 21 M 2005). A, k , DS DSGB, - G- Länder :

L k - -

fi

- .18

O , DL ( Landkreise ‘kreisfreie Städte’ ) - - - . I

, DL k .19 G -




- ( DER SPIEGEL j, 3 F 2005).

F, , k DGB,

k G H IV. - - - . I , j - -, . I , ( - 2003, -

) q, k -. W , DGB k - , j. , - , . A C ( DGB ), - -

, -. I , DGB’ , - - x.20 A- Agenda 2010 M 2003, DGB , H IV . A j k . I DGB,

: M k, , k ( DGB, 2 F 2005).

H IV , ( ) x ( Agenda 2010, ) -

, G . I, - : k




, G k . R k M’ - j - - k,

q H IV - .

. Tracing Ideational Leadership

I x , x IL : q;

; - ; j , . C M C H IV, . IL -, G (- ; k - - ; )

k M C .

Conronting Ine cient Structures and Bottlenecks

A 2002, q G k - ( M NRW,21 J 2005; SPD , 31 J 2005; x IAB, 8 M2005) k

. A k, , --k x k: -x . A :

J k ,

. T fi

fi , fi

( ). S




. T

x k. (I CDU/CSU ,

1 F 2005)

I , k j - , , , k. H C x k :

T x fi -

ff k fi ff. […] A

k ff -

j. I , - ff -

fi . (H C 2002: 125-127)

W - S 2002, C

q q . WM C M E L, H . Hqk , j k H IV. R - k , H k k

(I DER SPIEGEL j, 3 F 2005). D M, , q q k ?

C , x q Agenda 2010 CSö. I Bundestag H , j,

k H -:




T : J 2004

x

-

fi, H C.21

Ak x 2003, - , C , ‘ ’. S , -, , k 800,000 k -

.22

O , k Die Zeit F 2003, C ‘ : j’. k k: - x , .23 W k -, q:

I k :

k x q-

,

.

F Agenda 2010 M 2003, M-’ k

q , -x - - .24 O C’ , j G , C k - k :

I k

k . W k . W , , j,

k k. I,




, .25

L 2003, k k , C

, Zeit : ‘I j , 30 , k, . k ’.26 Eq, M’ Bundestag S 2003 , ‘ H C x - –

k – , k -’.27

I M’ , C j q:

T P –

H – Bundesa-

gentur für Arbeit ff -

k. T –

H IV – ffi x . W

fi , . W

x .28

A ’ , ,

k, ‘ , G, x x : , , - ’. S , k . , C, k j k.29 E -

, - Kommunales Optionsgesetz , C :




O

- k

ff

G, q . I -

, .30

C’ P H IV - k , ‘ – Optionsgesetz – ’. A, k ( -

) .31

x M’ j q x . A , M, H IV , C IL, ‘j q’. A M x ,32

q, .O R-G , : k .33 H-, C’ q - M’ ,

, H IV k.

Propagating ‘Fördern und Fordern’: Redefning Social Justice

D M C, - q, HIV ? H IV x ‘ Fördern und Fordern’ (

E x ‘ k’). A, k M’ ( BMWA , 28 J 2005). I -




- (‘Fördern’ ). A , x x , j , q

, j (‘Fordern’ ). I k - ( x IAB, 8 M 2005),34 C Sö Agenda 2010:

T - fi .

I ,

k […]. A , […] N

k . W

k – j –

.35

I x, q (-) , -k :

T H IV

q fi -

[…] T fi

k ’ k k […] B

I j ( )

j

k G. (I x IAB, 8 M 2005)

W

fi

k: fi

. (I SPD ,

31 J 2005)

I ‘ Fördern und Fordern’ x, H IV

j, k-k - x-.




S j - - SPD, k SPD , j . M -, R-G ’ k

.W M C ‘ Fördern und Fordern’

j? H - k j. I , q G’- k k, j ffi ‘ ’.

C x . A M 2003 Agenda 2010, x , , SPD . H j j :

T fi

k -

j . A, ,

. W - -x ffi

[…]. T –

– -

fi k.36

k k , ‘ k’ -

, , x . O , C - SPD Agenda 2010 , - ‘ j ’.37 A j, q ‘’ H IV:

W q fi -

qfi ‘’. M




q k

, , -

-. T

j ff .38

F SPD J 2003( C Sö G -), C - ‘ ’, , k , ‘, k ’.39 Ak - j k

x, M - :

W k k k -

. T

G. T C I

:

k , .. , ..

j. B k ,

. […] W - fi .40

D , C - k k ‘ k’ . H jk k k. F , -

q q ‘ Fördern und Fordern’ . F, j k , k ‘ G’, M. A , x : - k.41 Ak –

SPD- – M :




I , I

. W

k k

. T -, - , -

, j , j. T

.42

E D 2003, Optionsgesetz , ‘ k’ , ‘ x Fördern und Fordern ’ ‘ -

x, ’. H k ALG II q , q .43 I , :

P fi k k

k. W fi . T

, , ,

fi . W ‘ Fördern und Fordern’. A

.44

x ‘ k’ , j J 2004. I , C ‘ Fördern’ ( , , -

k k .) ‘ Fordern’ (- k, j k). H x j:

T ‘ Fördern und Fordern’ -

ffi q

k […]. A

k ff,

. S j - . q H IV fi j, I fi -

.45






H H IV , - ‘ - Arbeitsgemeinschaften ’.48 B

fi fi , - Optionsgesetz fi. T, M k G’ ff H IV :

I k

G: , ,

, -

. T .T . 49

R H IV, - Optionsgesetz , M’ :

I I

k . S,,

1 J 2005.

T q -

FEA

M C. 50

B M C ,

Bundesrat x , - , j P-. , C x , ‘k’, ‘ ’. H Bundesrat k ’

.

51

W Optionsgesetz - , M C- - H IV -




2004. A q , , :

T not H IV, - -

. I

. I -

j,

G, -

.52

M - k . (…) I

. T

fi j-k, -

.53

I , M- C . H -

, ’ k - . D , -’ , M’ .H :

.

Searching or Political Support While Saeguarding a Final Compromise

j M’ , k j. D k ?

C . – – k




‘ ’.54 B -, q -k x j . I , -- Hamburger Morgenpost , M k

. A ‘-’ , E L A, , k . - H IV .55 F SPD , , ‘ ’, k .56

M-P N-R-W, , j. I, M E A Jü - , – C’ – C Sö.57 Eq, j x – SPD F

Mü – , , - .58 I , C k Sö G , ( M C J 2004), ‘ -q’ H IV .59

S , , , ‘, -

, ’ ( B90/G, 3 F 2005), ‘, - , ’ (- CDU/CSU , 1 F 2005), ‘ , ’ ( DER SPIEGEL j ,3 F 2005). W , -, j , .60 T q - -- , H

IV, . A ,, , :




H – –

,

(…) A ’ ff

. (I SPD MP, 25 J 2005)

I M j- M . C :

C H

IV,

(…) B k M C ,

.’ (I DER SPIEGEL j,

3 F 2005)

M k ( ,SS), - k x S D . F ’ ( -

H C , 8 F 2005). I , M x : M’ -. I , C - - - .

W M’ , , - x -

? A , . O , C k k -, - . O , - j Bundesrat - . H IV k - . ,

, M x k .




, M C IL j q, , . C , . W C

G -à- ( ), - ’ : M k - - . O , - k , . I ,

C ( -) - . I , C IL. Cq, IL .

F, IL -. O k M k , M H IV. I x, C Sö H C

. C q, H C. H , q .Sx , Agenda 2010 , C k j - , H IV:

W k k - fi fi

. I k

ffi ,

k, . N I

, k,

ff fi . I k

k .61

I , C x C’ . W H C,




- -. B , - - k . S

, H C C’ q , k .

. Assessing the Role o IL

N q -

, x C .I q, - , G , C’ .

The Government’s Strategies to Adopt the Reorm

I -

, , . - ; - k ( NRW M , 21J 2005 B90/G , 3 F 2005). A ( FEA’ ),

– – M C ( SPD , 31 J 2005). E - k , , ( DGB , 2 F 2005). I , k ( CDU/CDU , 1 F 2005).

, k , . M - , j , , ,






, , Gemeindefinanzreformkommission , . G

- , G’ ( - ) - .

P , . A - , M , . O ,

, - , , Bundesrat k .N H IV , - Bundesrat . Cq, , . A , x (-)

, .

Clement’s Role in the Reorm Process

P , , -, M C j .

Option- sgesetz . A -k BMWA ‘ k ’ ‘ k ’ ( BMWA , 23J 2006). M, C ‘ – – H IV’ ( SPD MP, 25 J 2005),‘k ’ ( NRW M , 21 J 2005) ‘

j’ ( SPD , 31 J 2005). W , k ‘ ’ ( B90/G, 3 F 2005)



ASSESSING THE ROLE OF IL

‘ ’ k MC. M,

C’ , k

M , (.. D2003), Bundesrat

. (I BMWA ffi , 28 J 2005)

W q C’ , , , . M, S S, ‘-

’, ‘ SPD ’ ( BA , 4 O 2005). F-, M ‘ -’ ( FDP MP, 31 J 2005). S, j ‘ G’ ’ ( SPD MP, 25 J 2005). O C Sö M C - -à- ,

( IAB x, 5 M2005). A C’ - 2004:

H -

. T (…) ,

Deutscher Städtetag , fi. H -

, I q G - .

(I SPD , 31 J 2005)

Decisive Factors in Getting the Reorm Accepted

A M’ , , , - , ,

x . O k k -




k ( SPD MP, 25 J 2005). A, x . F , x ,

, j ( SPD -, 31 J 2005). C’ . O - , -k x. - k k -x

( FDP MP, 31 J 2005), H C, k - ( VD , 8 F 2005). F, , - k j , k ( DERSPIEGEL j, 3 F 2005).

N, M C

q H IV. I - j - k. q k Länder , ( DGB ,2 F 2005, B90/G , 3 F 2005). H, ‘--

’, , q ( BMWA , 19 A 2005, -k - x, 21 M 2005). I , q k ‘x ’ ( BA , 4 O 2005).F, ,

, H IV - , ( CDU/CSU , 1 F 2005, DER SPIEGEL j , 3 F-



CONCLUSION

2005). W M’ , G’ ( BMWA , 19 A 2005), ’ (.. k

) CDU ( BMWA , 28 J 2005).

Combining the Findings: The Impact o IL

, IL M C -k H IV . A ,

- - , - , : IL. I , M’ , . C , , k , D 2003. k ,

IL . A , , -k -k M C. k , - . H, q M C-

– --k – .Cq, IL -k - .

. Conclusion

W H IV , k q G - . I




- x G, .H IV -

. I ; -; q j; jk, , - F E A -. H IV, ‘ Fördern und Fordern’, , jk

. I - q . I , k j, M C - jk k -. k , Bk , C 7.

R , M C IL. W C’ - , k . IL k k k , . R, IL M-

’ . , . I k , M C C’ - k HC. Y, C (

x Sö) q k - ,



CONCLUSION

, Länder Bundesrat. M’ - -

.





Conclusion

O G .T x G . W

, - ff S-, R C. A , -k . S k S-D- k 1992 GSG . A ,R - . F, C ’ fi H IV j,

. T k C 2. T G -- : .

IL - k - . A ( ) , ‘’

k x . IL- ., , - (S 1997) - , -

x.F x - x, ,



CONCLUSION

. I k fi IL - F, I A, - Bk . S ( x- Rff Sk F, D P I,

Sü A) , , -, IL- - k G x. B , x IL - . W - -

, q IL- j . M, , . IL fi - ff k, , - , , q . I k - - k

. Eq, -’ k k - .

k k , (E-A . 2002), G . J

G - , - q . W , k Mk G. , - , , G . W

Bk ? H ?



FROM FAMILIALISM TO WARD S RECONCILIATING WORK AND FAMILY LIFE

. Family Policy: From Familialism Towards Reconciliating Work and

Family Lie

C -

-k . W k Bk - ? q, k - x . G , : - .1 W

G .

Entrenching the Male Breadwinner Model

D x , fi G . T-WWII x ,x -k , fi,

C D . E, - k. D - 1950 1960, () , k fi , ’ (S-K 2002). T - 1960, - -

. H, k ff . T fi /-- (H 2006). T S D-L (1969-1982) fi fi: - (B 2003). I 1975, x x fi

. D 1970, x , x- - k , - fi,



CONCLUSION

1979 (B S-K 2004: 79-80). T , - , k (K 2007:18). T, 1980,

G .

Broadening Family Policy under Centre-Right Governments (1982-1998)

C-L (1982-1998) x . A ( - ), -1980, ( x ),

SPD, , qx (C 2005: 155). 1985, , - - , k . A 1986 - . A k k

(B S-K, 2004: 83).I ,

x : E W. F , E Länder, , k , (-) . k x . U

1993, x 36 24 (C 2005: 159-160). EG M F A A Mk. I 1992, x , - x, 1996 ( - Länder 1999).

W – – - (: 160-161).



FROM FAMILIALISM TO WARD S RECONCILIATING WORK AND FAMILY LIFE

Expansion and Acceleration o Family Policy under Centre-Let

Governments (1998-2005)

R-G (1998-2002) x

- , - . x : , x -; , k x ; ; k k - (B S-K2004: 84-85). O , G

x q, EU FC C. O , EU 1996 q - q (Fk 2002 K 2007: 24). k k- ( 30 k), k (B S-K: 85-86). O ,

x 1998 C CR G x x-, 2000. x ( ) - (: 85).

R-G 2002. O , , G , - Länder . 2005, k 1.5 x ( 20 ) 4 ( 2003 2007) -

- (C 2005: 164). N, R-G G q



CONCLUSION

( SPD 1970), , k . E x – –

, (: 165).

Notable Innovations under the ‘Grand Coalition’ (2005-2009)

‘G C’ SPD CDU/CSU - . M F A- U L

j . D R-G - ( 2002) k , SPD , , - , CDU (B 2003: 205). A 2005, CDU’ SPD (K 2007:27), CDU’ , A Mk

.V L’ j, 2006, x-

x , . , k , k - ‘ ’ (K 2007: 31). S-, . I

, (Elterngeld) 67 1,800 ( x k ).2

I 2007, M , x --- 500,000 -. A , Länder, -

(x 750,000 ), 2013. F, M 2007 G , 2013 -





CONCLUSION

() , ’ ‘ ’ k . I Bk -, ‘

’ (M 2007: 635). O , Bk , - , , - -. O G : , - , x q - , -

(Kj O 2008: 13; Mk 2007: 77).

. Transorming Bismarckian Principles

x- , k .H

G ? A , ‘G C’ ( , x ) .

O Bk , , , , . I ,

‘’ ‘’ , ‘ ’, - . C , - k (S-K 2002: 27), x (x) . D ‘G E’ , , 1950 1960, .

O 1970, , (‘-’) , x, (K 2002: 425).



TR ANSF ORMI NG BISMARCKIAN PRINCIPLES

A , - , .

F 1980 , j , , ,

j . B j - , k . CDU/CSU ; , C D . I , SPD k- CDU’

(C 2005: 180). A , S D ‘ ’ ( 1970), - (B 2003: 201). O , - ( x - - ).

F 1990 ,

x ‘-’ : x -- , fi, -, - – k – j . S 2002, : - G - (C 2005: 179). T - ‘G C’ 2005 -

fi fi : - k .8

k , , q .S, , x - ,

- (E-A 1999). - ’ ( , ’) - . W ,



CONCLUSION

x - - x-- (B S-K, 2004: 87), , . I , k -

, -. S , . , , (S-K 2002: 35). B (

, ), -, x ‘’ . R- q, k - -x , k, - q , k , - ( ), -q

– – k .

. Towards a New Hybrid Welare State Edice

L G . , ,

. M-, . A , q x : W G ?A, , x- Bk , x Bk ?

C 1, - fl ,



TOWA RD S A NEW HYBRID WELFARE STATE EDIFICE

. C - q, - k x fi

. T , S’ 1990, R 2001 C’ - (H IV) 2003/2004.

Table 7.1 Summary o changes in policy principles

Health care reorms Pensions Unemployment

insurance

Policy status

quo

– ragmented and

restricted access

to sickness unds

()

– cost and

contribution

increases (,

)

– dominance o one

pillar (statutory

pension)

– de acto three-pillar

system

Cognitive

principles/

solutions

– liberalization o

access to insurers;

cost ceilings ()

– co-payments;

liberalization o

insurance contracts

and regulation

()

– private pension

pillar, occupational

pensions

– merging systems or

unemployed able

to work

– intensiying

placement activities

Normative

principles

– some competition

among insurers;

stronger state

supervision (since

)

– more sel-

responsibility (or

patients); more

competition

(among insurers);

more room or sel-

governance (since

)

– diversifcation

through statutory,

private, and

occupational pillars

– activation as

expression o social

justice (‘Fördern und

Fordern’)

– lower beneft levels

as incentive to take

up paid work



CONCLUSION

H 1990 k , - (k- ) x -. A

q x; - ( -); - . I , 2001 - - - . -

. F, H IV - . I - - k, . U - ‘-’, k : . I ,

Bk , .

A , - fi ; , x - ; () k fi . T - ff –

– k Bk . ,

k (B S-K 2004: 146-148).I , ; - , , -. M, x-, -

- . F, k j k -




- . A , k.

I , ff . W ()

x , fi x-fi- . H, . , - - ( R , , - x - ,

). M , 67 . I , k- . A , - k, k x - (B S-K: 2004)

fl, fi ‘-’

. I , - (2004: 148-149). U G, , () . I , fi: , - , (-) q-

fi G’ .M, , -à- : .

W Bk ? - - k , .

1990 , x . A , - , -



CONCLUSION

( , - k ) . I , - -à- , - 2006 , , -

- , k q- x-. A , k - .

k , Bk : G Bk . I q

, .I E-A ‘ ’ , q k G / - . H, I B S-K, G (2004: 152-153). F , - , k , , , – G – x

: () - - . F, , S- , - , : G x - k , k x . O , G

. H, ‘’ , Bk - .

Hybridization rather than Dualization

I , Bk

(P M 2007). I k, B P C M - Bk




1980. A , ‘ ’.I, x - Bk- ‘ -

x - j ’. R , P M ‘ - ’ (2007: 536). ‘’ Bk -, ‘ ’ ( - -, x- ) (, , , ).

, , ‘’ ‘’ . A P M, ‘Bk ’ -. A , , - (C 2007), , , / - ,

(M 2007).I , ‘’ ,

. S , G ? W k . ‘’ k all , . A (

k ), - , - . I , k k - , x - ,

- . L , ‘-’



CONCLUSION

, G . E P M : - ‘ ( ) q

E’, ‘ ’ (2007: 551).

A j ‘’ , k . I 1970 Bk . O ‘’ ‘-’ ( 1990) k

(P M 2007: 542-544). B - , x - q x ( ). A, - , Bk . E, - -

. S Sk k - , C2. H, k, - , , - , . A IL , , k k -

. I , , x , , k . G - .

I P M ‘’, G , q

. k : ’ G - -k . I – ‘’ –




. both remnants of the Bismarckiantradition and new elements stemming from the social-democratic and lib-eral regimes.

, x - , Bk . P - - , , , . - - j

. I , : q jk - - k , k- . - – G, – ‘ k’ -

, , k . k , x, x . k -. A q, - -, ‘’ -

-, - (E, Hjk 2007).S k- k- q . W Sk (2009) G , . H ‘k ’ 19-

k x k. ISk’ , k ‘







CONCLUSION

k - . ‘ k’ . C Mk’

‘G C’ - S 2009.14 I j k x G’ k.



List o Abbreviations

AOK A OkkkB’90/Gü Bü 90/D Gü (B’90/G P)BA B ü A (F E A)

BA B ü A (F A E-)BMFSFJ B ü F, S, F J-

(F M F A, S C,W Y)

BMGS B ü G S(F M H S A)

BMWA B ü W A (FM E A L)

BR B (G F C)B B (G P)CDU C D U (C D

U)CSU C S U (C S U)DIE LINKE LDGB D Gk (G U F-

)

DGSB D Sä- G (G F- M)

DKG D Kk (G H A-)

DL D Lk (G C A)DS D Sä (G A C)EU E UFDP F Dk P (F D P)

GSG Gk (S H C A)IAB I ü Ak- B (I E R)



LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

KBV Kä B (F A Sk F P)

KV Kä V (A Sk FP)

GKV-NOG G Kk-N(S H I R A)

KOG K O (M IA)

SPD Sk P D (G SD P)

VDR V D Rä (A- G P I)

VD V D (U SU)VA V A .V. (G

A R- P C)WIO W I AOK (AOK R I-

)



List o Interviewees

Health Care Policy under Minister Seehoer (-)

1) A x,

B, 10 N 2005.2) A / x, H, 11 N 2005.

3) F KBV, B, 15 N 2005.4) VA , B, 15 N 2005.5) DKG Das Krankenhaus, Dü, 22

N 2005.6) D WIO, B, 22 N 2005.7) P x, Fk-

, 23 N 2005.8) F SPD M P k -

, B, 24 J 2006.9) CDU/CSU , B, 12 J 2006.10) BMG , B, 27 J 2006.11) P G

Ex A B H C P, B, 7 F 2006.

Pension Policy under Minister Riester (-)

1) IAB x, N, 22 A 2004.2) DGB , D L, S C-D

L, B, 14 J 2004.3) M SPD M P,

B, 15 J 2004.

4) BMGS , B, 16 J 2004.5) CDU M P k , B, 17 J 2004.



LIST OF INTERVIEWEES

6) BA , DGB, B, 28 J 2004.7) SPD , B, 28 J 2004.8) B90/G , B, 29 J 2004.9) B90/G M P, , 16 J 2004.

Unemployment Insurance Policy under Minister Clement

(-)

1) M L A N-R-W ,Dü, 21 J 2005.

2) SPD M P, B, 26 J 2005.3) BMWA , B, 28 J 2005.

4) FDP M P, , 31 J 2005.5) SPD H C, L, 31 J 2005.

6) CDU/CSU , B, 1 F 2005.7) DGB , D L Mk P I

S P, B, 2 F 2005.8) J DER SPIEGEL, B, 3 F 2005.9) B90/G , B, 3 F 2005.10) VD H C, B, 8

F 2005.11) IAB k x, , 8 M 2005.12) P k x, -

, 21 M 2005.13) A BMWA P S S, B, 19 A-

2005.14) BA , N, 4 O 2005.15) F BMWA S S, B, 23 J 2006.



Notes

Notes Chapter

I , E-A’ -

A-Sx, S C . I k (P ), P

. H, x

‘ ’, ‘ -

’ - -

.

‘E M Pä B. D Nä

G’, Handelsblatt , O , .

C E P , N B E PA (C P, CPB), : ://..///-

///_/.; V G, A.J. () L:

‘Hj kk’, : ://

.-./WG..

A , -

k - -

. R, G -

(S ; S ). G,G U K,

N Dk,

and k . O -

, I M F (IMF),

-

k (IMF ()

Bök W ).

‘ ’ -

H’ B ,

k -





NOTES CHAPTER

‘ “” -k

’ (B :). N

;

, ‘’ ( ), ‘j’ (-

) ‘’ ( ). H, ,

j ( ) x (

)

(: ).

Lk’ k US x

-k, M’ -

x UK. F, ’ H’

A (’ H G- ).

k, ‘ -

’,

IL. F k , k

, ,

, -

, k , -

.

k, G ’ H () x .

I , ‘k

j ’ (G ’ H :

).

(

‘ ’ x):

q

x .S, x (..

) j . F,

, ,

, x. -

-

. C-

. C , ,

x ( ) ,

‘ ’ (’ H ).



NOTES

I k, ’ H ,

-, () :

) , ) , ) (’ H

H ). W -

, . R ’ H’

k , ,

k . C-

- ,

x

. S -

; ,

- (’ H : -).

R k ,

, (E ,

J M , H Jk-S , H , S-

; B ), ( )

, ‘’, ‘’, ‘-’ ‘k’.

q-

( ) -

. N-,, -Mx x

, , . -

x (B : -)

‘ ’ k

k (H ). B k -

, ‘ ’

. H ‘k’, -

, , k

(P :

).

O ,

‘’

x . O ,

, .. -k

(S : -).



NOTES CHAPTER

I , -

.

,

. F ‘’ ,

. I - , IL,

‘k q’ ‘

’.

N S’ ‘ ’ q

M O

k (). logic of appropriateness

,

. , , logic of consequentiality, ‘

x q’ (M

O : ). W M O

(: ), S

‘ ’.

B , ‘ ’ ( x )

S j ( -

) , -

. , ‘ ’ M O’

logic of consequentiality, -

q. Eq, S -k

- ( q) k

( ) .

A : -

k , ; (I K

: ).

B’ -

( ) .

‘C “” -

. , “ ”

“-”’ (B : ).



NOTES

(

k) q

( )

. I , -

k

-

.

O , .. ,

k, k-

- (H, J, M ;

; C ). O , , -

, -k (A-

).

W , ,

-

k (.. ),

- k,

,

. ‘’ x

. IL

k-, -

. H, -

IL ( ), ( -

). IL , but not equated with ;

, IL - : .

H,

k -k -

IL , ,

IL- k .

H’ -

-k: ‘P -

– . F

, , -

. G “” (



NOTES CHAPTER

); . P-k

’ ; k-

. M

x ’ (H : -).

A H’ , F G ‘’ ,

(F

G : -).

D x , H

, k -

, ‘ ’ (

), ‘P ’ ( H ). U -

q , (..

)

; , , -

: (K

k ).

S B -

k

(B ).

F -k, k Mx W

. I ‘ ’ (G M : ), -

‘ q : ,

, ’.

S k - . W-

, , - ,

- - x ‘’ - . H : ‘[ k]

k ’

(W : ).

C , x

: , -

(Mj ; L ; Sk ). I

,

(H , ; B , ),

-

(H , H , ; V Hjk ).



NOTES

O q -

x (C ,

L , H ). I ,

, x , , ‘ ’ (H

; S ).

Notes Chapter

F- k - -

- , , - - ’ .

- ( -) -

k - - . A

q , -

j

. , -/-

(P ).

,

x

E (V K : ). F

, . C

, x -

, .. -

, (

A ; G ). S, E -

( ‘E’) ; ,

. I ,

(S ; L P ; L ; F

; S ).

D -,

, -,

- (K

. :). I ,

( )



NOTES CHAPTER

(. ) ( .

) k k . x (-

) -k ( )

-

-. -k :

x, Agenda C

Sö -

.

C CDU/CSU-SPD N , ‘G ü

D – M Mk’, , : ://.-

./_/DE//k/M/

K,I=,=F./K- ..

W OECD

. , j

,

j ,

‘ ’ (OECD , P :

). G -

( ) .

. (S : ). G S O :

k

x ;

,

. . , G ,

, k

. A x ,

-; , k

(S B :

S : ). -

: ,

() ,

( -

);

. F

,

. GDP



NOTES

OECD , , . , -

x .

GDP (OECD P : -). A G

, GDP

(: .; . ; : .; . ; :

.; . ). I - , -

x/GDP . .

, . . W

, .

k : k

,

. O , -- -

- x- , x

. ,

‘C

-

’ (S

: ).

, , -

, -, k.

G Bk ’ ,

x. I , -

, -

-. ‘

’

, ,

k, k - (: ).

I G

, M

x k, -

k

k (M ). F,

k q

. S, ( )

-

x - .



NOTES CHAPTER

C x ,

k -

(C : ). F ,

, , k - , k -

(H S ). G

k (H Sk ),

, x

- -

, arifautonomie.

C G x, ‘

’ ( k k- - ), ‘, -

- “ ”, k

’. C G -

k’ k, k

G

UK (: -).

F

x , S J ().

x

(B ; I ). A

; x

, -

k .

fi ‘ ’ ‘ -

q’. H - ( ) (

). M, -

k x, ff

( ).

I j, q q--

Bundesrat k -

,

. B q ( Länder

),

, k



NOTES

k - . A ,

Länder , (j)

.

q ,

Länder.

A M, ‘ -

-

/’. F, -

G x, C D

S D

. E x G

, ‘ k , -

’ (: -).

F , k G

. S .. C (C )

S ().

N Rü () G

-

.

N Rü - -

’ ,

(: ).

A -

.

-

. ,

k , -: k ,

. B k,

, .

A q, k , k

k- q. A Sö

F, ‘

G; ,

’ (: ).

S ,

-



NOTES CHAPTER

PAYGO . PAYGO

(, , ) .

,

. - ,

.

Dö M - k,

x G SHI k j

q . k -

, : -

, ‘ -

, , -

(Ordnungsmodell ),

’ (: ). F k, I

‘ ’.

S

, C ..

Q :

. . ( );

x/GDP . .

. . x

, .

(S : ).

: j -

; - , -

k

;

. O ,

, . I

, SPD-FDP G

. S

, G -

.



NOTES

x/GDP

. . P

- ’ , -

.

- , , , ( x), -

( / -

) ( ,

j ).

( . . )

-

. x/GDP . ‘K ’.

,

- , x

(: ). F -, k

G , S -

(:-):

W G Länder (

); - ; x -

;

x-

( , : , )

H I

j ,

j ‘’.

‘’ H IV (S : -).

-

- k. I ,

k

j

k.

R-G -

K ( -

) . I

- -



NOTES CHAPTER 4

x .

I , . .

(C : -).

GMG, , , - - q - -

( Praxisgebühr )

. . O ,

, ’

j - , F C (Gemeinsamer Bun-

desausschuss), I Q E-

. D , GMG,

x SHI, : - SHI ,

. (B : -).

‘K ß M-G’, J , ., :

://..//k//, O-

.

‘D M Sö’, O , .

, : ://../k///x,

O .

Kkk , P’, O , ., : ://../fi///x,

N .

‘Pü R’, M , ., : ://

..//k//, N-

.

‘W k W ’, M , ., :

://..//k//, N-

.

Notes Chapter

A , S -k -

x CSU

. O

, , - H M A (GMG) , M H U

S (SPD). I , CDU/CSU -



NOTES

( ),

. F -, M A C

P Mk G k

. I O , M-P B.

I ’ PD (S ), ff

x , IL. T

-

x k: .

IL- -k ( x

x fi ), :

M q / ; M ;

M ;

M ( - -). M-

, M H, H S (-), A

F (-), M U S (-)

x G . S

. O IL-

, k , x , k ( S)

- - F,

-. I

x’ () k M’ (=

), -k , -

IL- :

M x

ffi . O , S -

( ) k . I

, F S’ -

x, k k

; fi ffi

. O ,

S fi.

U , , (

),

;



NOTES CHAPTER 4

. A

, k ,

x. A

, , q

(G : ). Bundesrat DS /, G B – E

G S Sk Kk-

(G-Sk ), A .

Bundestag H C,

L C -

’ k -

(Pk-H : ).

M S’ P GSG, Bun-destag /, S , .

M S’ , Bundestag -

/, J , .

M S’ GSG, Bundestag

/, S , .

S G ‘

k’, k

.

M S’ GSG, Bundestag /, S , .

‘W ü ä ’, SPIEGEL M H

S, A , : ://..//,,

,.

M S’ GSG, Bundestag -

/, D .

M S’ GSG, Bundestag -

/, D , . M S’ , Bundestag /, N

, -.

I., .

M S’ , Bundestag /, S-

, -.

I.

M S’ , Bundestag /, D

, .

M S’ , Bundestag /, N

, .



NOTES

I.

F B, - k

; k-j

;

( -); k ’ x

.

F, GSG

,

’ , ,

k -

.

W , G M ; k k-j

k ; x;

.

H -

,

k q ,

q .

x

GSG, GSG () : - -

(

, N ). O ‘’ (-

, N ), ‘

x’ ( , N )

k

. H, ,

, GSG . A -

x

‘’ . I

, .. -

( DKG , N

, KBV , N )

,

.

-



NOTES CHAPTER 4

( k , N , ,

N ).

S -

,

. N NOG , C R A,

NOG -k

.

‘L: K L’, CDU/CSU-Fk P-

, M .

‘N . S G – E Z GKV-

N’, MP W L CDU/CSU

FDP , N . C R A -

‘G E P’,

,

.

Bundestag DS /, M , G Fk CDU/

CSU FDP, E G E Bä -

Kk (B – BEG).

R D’ , Bundestag /, J ,

. Bundestag DS /, O , G Fk

CDU/CSU FDP, E E G N

S E Kk-

(.GKV-N – .NOG).

I , -

. I , x

- , x

j x F AC. , ,

.

Bundesrat DS /, N , G B-

, E Z G N S-

E Kk (.

GKV-N – . GKV-NOG).

L P S S B-P CDU/CSU

FDP , N .



NOTES

I , k M S

‘ Positivliste ’ ( GSG

SPD -

) G

. I , - -

: , -

, ,

. SPD -

NOG, , ,

CDU/FDP ( SPD MP,

J ).

I, , ‘ S Bundesrat ,

. (...) P, I

NOG ’ ( SPD MP,

J ).

SPD’ D ,

‘

’. H

SPD k j -

, k ( R D, Bundestag /, J ,

-).

M S’ , Bundestag /, M

, -.

Sä (), G D. Zk-

k W. B II: F, Wäk,

F Vü, : ://.-./S-

/S., A . A S

k ’ (

- ) CDU/

CSU ( , N ,

CDU/CSU , J ).

Sk -

, ,

: –

– (B :

).



NOTES CHAPTER 4

M S’ , Bundestag /,

M , .

‘Kk ü A ’, Süddeutsche Zeitung , N-

; ‘G-G ’, Frankfurter Allge-

meine Zeitung , D . S , .

S M S, Bundestag /, J

, .

O , M : ‘ q

- -

: NOG ,

Bundesrat .

Bundestag Bundesrat G C C,

q Bundesrat ’ ( BMG , J

).

A S ,

, -

j

.

‘E Dö’, Der Spiegel /, : ://../S/,,,..

C GSG,

k ‘ j’ ( , N ).

F ,

NOG, q ‘-’ (

VA N ). F ’ ,

NOG , -

k : x - k ,

SPD. , (-

GSG),

( KBV , N ).

Eq, NOG

- ,

k (

DKG, N ). W

, .



NOTES

- C R A,

NOG.

-

. NOG ,

k -- . O ,

x

( /).

Notes Chapter

A R k, ,

D (B, D )

: fi

.

S (), -.

.

. A, .

x . S Bundestags-Drucksache

/. E G R R- Fö kk Aö-

(AVG), N .

I R CDU

. O

, ,

SPD.

Bundestag-Drucksache /. E G R -

R Fö kkAö (AVG). B B

A . A S, J .

, ,

(F J S :).

DGB-B, ISA / Reform in der Altersvorsorge, J

, .

N IL, ‘k -

’ k

.



NOTES CHAPTER

‘K Pö Rük jü G’, Frankfurter

Rundschau, M .

‘S ü Ä, B ü Jü’,

W R, Ifo-Schnelldienst , /,, -.

I W R, Einblick , O ; : ://.k..///x.; O

‘H, R-Z: Z E’, Gewerkschaftliche Monatshefte,

/, : ://...//j//L/

_R--, O .

‘E k R’, Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung,

A .

W R’ SPD , ‘D Zk

S’, N , : ://...///x_., O .

‘K Pö Rük jü G’, Frankfurter

Rundschau, M .

I, .

‘S ü Ä, B ü Jü’, Ifo-Schnelldienst ,

/, , -.

I W R, Einblick , O ; : ://

.k../// x.; O .

O.., . I W R, Einblick , O ; : ://

.k../// x.; O .

W R’ P, N , Bundestag

/, .

W R’ P, J , Bundestag

/, .

‘E k R’, Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung,

A . W R’ P, M , Bundestag -

/, .

I, .

W R’ SPD , ‘D Zk

S’, N , : ://...///

x_., O .

I W R, Einblick , O ; : ://

.k../ //x.; O .

W R’ P, J , Bundestag

/, .



NOTES

W R’ P, M , Bundestag -

/, .

O

( ),

x, ‘ x’ . I,

G, -

x.

Notes Chapter

P H, Vk AG, -

C M L Mk S

. H C

( H I H IV),

D D .

S -, x

, ,

x.

(R ). I , ,

(Gk ).

W Länder E Länder , -

. x -

. O x -

(

),

. x -

, x . I

.

S k, BGBI I N.

(), S., § ().



NOTES CHAPTER

P, FEA j

. H I

: j

q

. F x, ALG II j

- ;

q ( x ).

R’

G ().

BA H (). Aktualisierte Übersicht der Neuregelun-

gen zum SGBII, J , : ://.k./

k/k/_///____..

F M W C -

. F, -

j k

H IV. F ,

H IV x ,

, D k -

( , N N ).

P ‘D G A (SGBIII)’, R IIB G SGBII, BMWA, B, J .

L BMWA G A

G , J .

H III- (

FEA),

,

, x, ..

x . B , -

k ‘ -

, k,

’.

.

B V, Bundestag-DS /,

D .

BA H. (). Kommunales Optionsgesetz - Zusammen-

fassung, J , : ://.k./-

k/k/_///____..



NOTES

G’

. -

G: I

. , -

. . ‘Sö: C ü E H IV ’, Frankfurter

Allgemeine Zeitung, D , .

L Deutscher Städte- und Gemeindebund Deutscher Städtetag

P. B R, FHW B, J .

Deutscher Landkreistag : A- S

L ! P, J , : ://

.k..

S – DGB-A Ak A S, Einblick /, A , : .k.

..

M C’ H I

II , N , : .k./Ak-

/N/P/, M .

I M C, Welt am Sonntag , J .

I W C, Hamburger Zeit Matinee , J

, : ://../x/k/__.

BMWA (), U A B W A: A- S ü, -, :

://.k./k/k/_/-

//___..

‘W A’, M C , Der Spiegel,

/.

‘D Z D , ,

’, M C, Die Zeit /.

Bundestag-DS /, S , . M C’ H IV , Bundestag

/, S , .

M C’ H IV

, Bundestag /, O , .

M C’ Optionsgesetz , Bun-

destag /, A , .

M C’ Optionsge-

setz , Bundestag /, A , -.

-x

SPD- G k .



NOTES CHAPTER

Ex CDU/CSU ’ -

k k [L, K.-J. () CDU/CSU-Fk, A-

ü : W S]

Bundestag M [FDP-Fk(), Fü -

Zü A- S, Bundestag-DS /].

, , , -

.

k ,

‘ ’ ( SPD MP, J ).

R k k k

k -

. P- I O F G () Agenda

– Mut zum Frieden und Mut zur Veränderung ,

Bk G Sö, M , -.

M C’ SPD ‘A

ü W A’, A , B.

I.

‘W A’, M C, Der Spiegel /.

‘J J ’, M C, Die Zeit , :

://../x///C. ‘C: A M’, Deutschlandfunk In-

terview, A , : ://..///-

_//.

M C’ H IV

, Bundestag /, O , .

I M C, agesspiegel , N .

M C’ Kommunales Optionsge-

setz , Bundestag /, A , . M C’ Kommu-

nales Optionsgesetz , Bundestag /, A ,

.

M C’ BMWA ‘E

V H IV’ J , B.

M C’ H IV , Bundestag

/, S , .

M C’ Kommunales Optionsge-

setz , Bundestag /, A , .

I, .



NOTES

M C’ B, Bundestag

/, A , .

I, .

M C’ Bundesrat ‘K-

O’, M , B, : ...///--, D .

I M C, Deutschlandfunk , A , :

..///_/.

‘W C: . J ü L’, Die Welt , A-

.

‘W W C?’, agesspiegel , M .

‘D ü R’, sueddeutsche.de , S , : .-

.//k/-k/. ‘S K’, Spiegel Online, M .

‘S-R ä H U’, Agence France

Presse – German, A .

‘W W C?’, agesspiegel, M .

‘C – R’, agesanzeiger , J .

‘W W C?’, agesspiegel, M .

G C G Sö , ‘ A –

M F M Vä’ M , Presse- und

Informationsamt der Bundesregierung (), -.

Notes Chapter

S , ,

B S-K : -, C , C .

I F ,

, M . R , , . . I ,

M

. ( . ). BMFSFJ, F ‘E

J: D E k’, : ://.j./j/-

/Pk/,=., : M .

Sü Z J , -.

B . F, S, F J (BMFSFJ)

P F . ‘E B-

’, : ://.jj.//K/ P/

,=., M .



NOTES CHAPTER 7

‘E A Kk ’, Süddeutsche Zeitung

, S , : ://../-

k///x, O .

‘F G k’, Süddeutsche Zeitung J , .

B . F, S, F J (BMFSFJ)„Fö E ü F: K ß F-

’, O , : ://j./j//

Pk/,+. ; O .

. A

, SPD-CDU/CSU ’

three , , ‘

, - k , q- x- ’ ’ ( Bundestagsdruck-

sache /, S ).

R ‘G R’, F-E-S, B,

: ://..//Dk/_G__R-

_k..

‘U K’, FAZnet O , :

://..//RBADBAFEE/D~EB

FBCFDCFDDCEB~A~E~S.;

O . ‘H S ö H IV L, SZ online, A ,

: ://..//k///, -

O .

‘S K D ä’, Süddeutsche Zeitung , J , .

I ,

. -

q- DIE LINKE - ,

SPD G H. H,

N

k k.

O S , G ‘G C-

’. A j Bundestag CDU/CSU -

FDP, A Mk

.





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Index

j 116, 117, 118, 119,126, 132, 138

Agenda 2010 67, 150, 154, 156, 158,

159, 162, 163, 171, 198, 199, 213,231, 233 ALG II 147, 150, 151, 152, 153, 154,

155, 165, 229A-Sx 14 Arbeitsgemeinschaften 147 Armutsbericht 198

Beitragssatzstabilität 77

Bk 46B, J 23Bü, N 83, 86, 124B, J 23

Bk 193 193

193 G

194 192

30, 38 19 14 13

47Cx, R 22, 28

- 11- 98 114

50, 116,123 Deutscher Landkreistag 155 Deutscher Städtetag 155, 175 Deutscher Städte- und Gemeinde-

bund 155DGB 119, 156 28, 29DKG 83, 86, 99

DL 155D, R 90, 94, 225 195

’ 117E-A, Gø 10, 51

46, 188

183 CDU/CSU-FDP -

184 CDU/CSU-SPD -

186 R-G

185 S D-L

183FDP 83, 101



INDEX

FEA 147, 148, 150, 151, 153, 154, 155,166, 167, 172, 229, 230

140 50

Fördern und Fordern 161, 162, 163,164, 165, 178

28, 29

Gemeindefinanzreformkommission 149, 174

j 127, 134G C E

A 155G j 52 Bk 20 16 Bk

47CDU/CSU-FDP 62CDU-SPD 69

- 190

198 58 196- 199 54 16, 52

j51

16

15 60SPD-FDP 60SPD-G 66

190 57

52Gesundheitsstrukturgesetz , GSG

76GKV-Neuordnungsgesetz , GKV-

NOG 76GKV-NOG 94, 97, 98, 99

105 S 102, 103, 105

GRG 77GSG 79, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85

91 S 87, 88, 89

92GSG GKV-NOG 107

H C 15, 67, 71, 145,148, 150, 154, 158, 160, 170, 171,172, 176, 178, 204, 228

H IV 145, 147, 148, 153 Agenda 2010 154

147 177 152 198 C Sö 171 C 161, 166, 168,170, 174

172 H C171

H, P 148

CDU/CSU-SPD - 70

CSU/CSU-FDP -

65 R-G 68 SPD-FDP 62



INDEX

72H, H 35 9

-k 27 27

32 17

k- 34 k -k 33

40

- 17 33 39 33 k

30 35, 36 33 M C 171

M R 134 M S 91

x 113, 118, 119

14, 40 31

31

Jk-S, Hk 28

K, P 9KBV 83, 86, 99K, J 28K, R 155K, H 62, 75, 104, 109

Kommunales Optionsgesetz 160,202, 230, 232. See Options- gesetz

Konzertierte Aktion für das Ge- sundheitswesen 83

Krankenhausfinanzierungsreform 94

k CDU/CSU-FDP - 64 CDU/CSU-SPD -

69 R-G 67 SPD-FDP 61

71L, Ok 98L 97L k 80, 82

25 -k 24 24 23

25

27 153,

155, 174, 176Lk, J 24

M 100

183 46M, P 52M, C 194M C 113, 120,

137, 143, 151, 167, 170, 172, 175,176, 177

Mk, A 19, 69, 200

Montagsdemonstrationen 152M, J 25Mü, F 169



INDEX

‘N E ’ 140NOG 95 30, 38 19

OECD 141O-A Ex A 128O-A P A 112, 120,

130O-A P Ex A

112, 120 141

Optionsgesetz 161, 165, 166, 167,173, 174, 231Optionskommunen 148

P, B 194 186, 187- 11, 12

CDU/CSU-FDP -

65 CDU/CSU-SPD -

70 R-G

67 SPD-FDP 61

71

112, 113, 119, 136,

193 112, 116, 118, 125

81, 83, 93,226

79, 81, 82, 83, 86, 99P, P 11

25, 28, 30, 35-k . -k38

22 32 13

41 13

Prekariat 198

85 j 162,

178 k-

82 k- 87

k 99, 101

k 190

Reformstau 10, 16, 54, 128

k- 83

84, 100R 111, 112,

113, 115 111

142

R 125, 129, 131, 132,138

135

Risikostrukturausgleich 80R, F 22, 29

S, P 28

Sachverständigenrat zur Begut-achtung der Entwicklung imGesundheitswesen 101



INDEX

S 14S, F 51, 53S, R 98S, M 47, 114

S, M 54S, U 69, 132, 220, 221S, V 22, 29, 32S, O 69Sö, G 69, 111, 121,

138, 140, 141, 144, 148, 150, 152,153, 154, 158, 162, 164, 169, 175,213

S, E 52k 14, 15, 58, 59, 60,65, 68, 70, 72, 73, 77, 80, 82, 84,91, 92, 93, 95, 99, 101, 102, 103,106, 107, 108, 192, 193, 195, 221,222, 223, 225, 226

S, N 57 46 135,

156, 174, 231- 49Solidaritätszuschlag 78 85Sozialstaat 9 58, 76Sk, W 40, 197

18

188

x 118, 128’ H, P 25, K 40 137 33, 46, 47, 54, 56, 58,

59, 62, 66, 99, 112, 116, 117, 119,122, 131, 132, 135, 137, 138, 140,142, 144, 153, 156, 170, 173, 174,

182, 216, 217, 227, 231, Jü 169

VDR 117, 118, 132 L, U 186

9 18

x 22- 14j 18

11 13

49



CHANGING WELFARE STATES

previously published

J V A Hjk, A Dutch Miracle. Job Growth, Welfare Reform and Corporatism in the Netherlands, 1997(isbn 978 90 5356 271 0)

Documents

Ideational Leadership in Germany Welfare