Idea Relationships I and II and Making Inferences the manner in which the author organizes his or her information. Sequence Pattern (time) List pattern (addition) Compare-Contrast Pattern Cause /Effect Pattern Definition/example pattern (illustration) Drawing Conclusions Sequence Pattern(time)- The ideas presented by the author must be in order. List Pattern ( addition)-In this pattern, the author organizes his/her information by making a list. This list does not need to be in any order. Definition Pattern ( illustration) -In this pattern, the author defines a particular term, idea, or concept and follows it with examples. Cause Effect Pattern -The author explains the reason why something happened or the results of something. (the cause happens first!) Compare-Contrast Pattern -This pattern shows how two things are alike and how they are different,or both. One way to figure out the pattern is by the use of: Transitional words Look at the following items. Which one is easier to read and understand? 1. One way to lose friends is to talk but not listen. A way to end friendships is to borrow money and not pay it back. 2. One way to lose friends is to talk but not listen. Another way to end friendships is to borrow money and not pay it back. The second item is easier to understand. The word another makes it clear that the writer is adding a second way to lose friends. Transitions are words or phrases (like another) that show relationships between ideas. They are bridge words, carrying the reader across from one idea to the next: 70: 80: Page : page 212 Mark It! characteristics, elements, features, types, ways letters (a, b, c) or bullets to list information Comparison: how 2 things are alike Contrast: how they are different Cause Effect Why?results Reasonconsequences Explanation Many students find it difficult to make the transition from high school to college. In high school, teachers often treat students like children. For instance, teachers may require homework to be done in a certain color ink, or they may call parents when children misbehave. On the other hand, college teachers treat students as adults. No one other than the students themselves is expected to take responsibility for learning. Also, adjusting to greater independence can be a challenge for many college freshmen. Students in high school usually live at home. In college, however, many students live on their own and have no one to answer to or depend on but themselves. 1 Psychologists use several theories to explain different sides of human behavior. 2 Best-known is the psychoanalytic theory, which holds that people are driven largely by needs and desires that they are not aware ofthe so-called subconscious mind. 3 Another theory, behaviorism, suggests that peoples actions are based largely on past experiences of reward and punishment. 4 We do things that brought us pleasant results in the past and avoid things that brought unpleasant results. 5 Yet another theory, gestalt psychology, emphasizes the role of overall patterns in our thinking. 6 For example, we find it much easier to remember a tune than a series of unconnected musical notes. 1 One reason tabloids publish untrue stories about celebrities, even though they know the celebrities might sue, is free advertising. 2 If there is a lawsuit, it will make the news, and the tabloid gains the publicity. 3 Furthermore, in a lawsuit the burden of proof is on the celebrity, not the paper. 4 Also, such lawsuits are both expensive and time-consuming. 5 A court delay, for example, can prevent a movie star from beginning work on a new project. 6 And the chances of collecting a significant amount of damages are slim. 7 Finally, tabloids publish untrue stories for the obvious reason: whether it is true or not, people love celebrity gossipand it sells papers. 1 Projection is an unconscious process of seeing ones own shortcomings in others. 2 For example, a greedy shop owner may cheat many of his customers, yet consider himself a pillar of the community and a good Christian. 3 How does he justify to himself his greed and dishonesty? 4 He believes that everyone who enters his store is bent on cheating him any way he or she can. 5 In reality, few, if any, of his customers share his motives, but he projects his own greed and dishonesty onto them. 1 When a persons position in society is derived primarily through inheritance, we call this ascribed status; that is, a persons position in society is fixed (or ascribed to him or her by others) on the basis of family background or genetic inheritance. 2 Racial, ethnic, and religious differences, as well as gender, often serve as the basis for ascribed status. 3 The caste system in India has long been an extreme example of a social structure based on ascribed status. 4 Each level in society is known as a caste. 5 Everyone is born belonging to a specific caste. 6 The caste of the parents thus generally determines the status of their children, regardless of ability or merit. About 5% of all babies born alive, or 175,000 babies per year, have a significant defect. Such birth defects account for about 15% of deaths among newborns. Recall from the genetics chapters that birth defects may be caused by genetic as well a environmental factors, or by a combination of the two. According to the selection, which of the following is a result of birth defects? a.Fifteen percent of newborns die b.Five percent of babies born alive have significant birth defects c.Poor social development results. THEA SAMPLE Drawing Conclusions Making Inferences Means discovering ideas in writing that are not stated directly. Use hints and clues from the passage to read between the lines Always make sure to underline the hint or clue that gave you your answer. If you have nothing to underline, your answer is wrong! All answers must be based on what was in the passage!! Among the heroes of history are animals. One was a canary named Bibs. Bibs was the pet of an elderly woman, Tess, who lived alone. Tesss niece lived nearby. One day the niece heard a tapping at her window and discovered Bibs. The niece quickly went to her aunts house and found Tess had struck her head on something and fallen over. Bibs died after alerting the niece. What do you know is true? A. Bibs knew where the niece lived. B. Bibs was always kept in a cage. C. Bibs was never caged. Several years ago, Father Bernard Pagano, a Roman Catholic priest, went on trial for a series of armed robberies of small shops. Newspapers labeled the gunman the gentleman bandit because he always was well groomed and displayed perfect manners. Seven eyewitnesses positively identified Father Pagano as the robber. Yet, at the last minute, another man, Ronald Clouser, confessed to the robberies. Clouser knew details of the crimes that only the real bandit could have known. Only then were charges against the priest dropped. A. Father Pagano really did commit the robberies. B. Father Pagano looked somewhat like Clouser. C. If Clouser had not confessed, he would have been caught anyway. Patients under anesthesia were reassured in the operating room that their surgeries were progressing nicely. The patients were unconscious and later had no memory of the words of encouragement. Nevertheless, they were likely to experience faster, better recoveries than those patients who received no words of encouragement. A. Even though unconscious, patients under anesthesia understand on some level what is being said to them. B. Being talked to during surgery is the single most important factor affecting a patients recovery. C. Words of discouragement to unconscious patients would not affect their recovery at all. Coney Island, a strip of land on Long Island, New York, is best-known as a center of amusement parks. It was first settled by the Dutch in the mid 1600s. The word coney is an old-fashioned term for rabbits. Nowadays, roller coasters and hot-dog vendors are what most people think of when they hear the name Coney Island. A. The Dutch settlers probably settled more of New York than any other European group. B. The Dutch probably found many rabbits on Coney Island. C. It is very likely that the hot dog is a Dutch food. Waving a red flag at a bull is an expression meaning to deliberately provoke someone to anger. And bullfighters do wave red cloaks as they taunt the bull in the ring. But does the color red really anger a bull? Experiments at the University of California concluded that bulls and other cattle are pretty much colorblind. They more quickly notice bright colors than dark ones, but thats about it. Red is naturally an attractive color for bullfighters to use, both because it is the color of blood and audiences find the color exciting. But waving a cloak of any color at the bull would probably annoy it just as much as a red one. A. The experiments at the University of California included bullfights. B. Bulls are not really annoyed when they charge at a bullfighter. C. A bull would pay more attention to a white cloak than to a gray one.