ID Quiz Postcard

8/7/2019 ID Quiz Postcard

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Instruction and Instructional Design:Past & Present

Farnoush H. Davis

© 2009, Ed Tech Department, BSU



Table of Contents:

3-4 History of ID5-6 Definition of ID

7-8 Notion of "Systematic"9-10 Use of Models

11-12 The Gentry ID Model13-14 The Smith and Ragan ID Model

15-16 The Seels and Glasgow ID Model17-18 The Bergman and Moore Model19-20 The Morrison, Ross and Kemp ID Model

21-22 The Newby, Stepich, Lehman and Russell ID MOdel23-24 Constructivism

25-26 Empiricism

27-28 Behaviorism29-30 Information-Processing Theory

31-32 ID and Ed Tech Relation33 APA Refrences





History of Instructional Design (ID)

According to A History of Instructional Designarticle (Reiser, R.), the instructional designprocess came to exist in World War II. During this time, American military employedexperienced educators and psychologists to research and improve tr aining for the militaryservices. For this purpose, tr aining materials developed based on ³instructional principles´and followed by psychological testing to evaluate tr ainees¶ tr ained skills which decreased

the f a

ilure r a

te inm

ilita

ry service perfor ma

nce. Therefore, tr a

ining becam

ea

system

whichneeds analysis, design, and evaluation.

The image implies that the modern (new) structure of the ID is a reflection of itsbackground.

http://bit.ly/MoSqD





Definition of ID

Instructional design is an organized plan in which learning and teaching procedure ±including materials, instruction process, learning activities, and testing - developsmethodically.

The image implies that designing an instructional plan is like weaving a rug, the more

knots(details) in it the better it is.

http://bit.ly/JuKsl





Notion of Systematic

Systematic means an organized and methodical structure from basic to complex order.There are advantages in using systematic ID such as learner-center instruction, improvedesigner and instructor cooper ation, and outline to solve probable learning problems.(Smith and Ragan)

The arrangement and symmetric order of the drawing and the way it pieces together tomake a united image implies to me a systematic format.

http://bit.ly/10K13D





Models

Models simplify and identify the concept of the instructional plan and assist theinstructional designer to apply appropriate instructional tools and techniques (Gustafson &Br anch).The image implies that model is a sample of a reality around us.

http://bit.ly/d01wC





The Gentry Model

Instructional Project Development and Management (IPDM) is a systems-oriented modelwhich is created by Gentry (1994). IPDM focuses on ³what´, the concept, and ³how´, theprocedure, of the ID process. (Gustafson & Br anch, p.69)





The Smith and Ragan Model

Smith and Ragan created a systems-oriented model which is popular in the field of instructional technology. The importance of this model in ID process is for its perspectivein cognitive psychology. (Gustafson & Br anch, p.77)





The Seels and Glasgow Model

ISD Model 2 is a product-oriented model presented by Seels and Glasgow. Based on thismodel, instructional design happens in the context of project management (Gustafson &Br anch, p.63).





The Bergman and Moore Model

Bergman and Moore published this product-oriented ID model which focuses onmanaging the instruction process through inter active multi-media products. Basically, thisID model is suitable for today¶s high technology inter active tools (Gustafson & Br anch,p.52).





The Morrison, Ross and Kemp Model

This popular ID model is a classroom-oriented model, created by Morrison, Ross, andKemp. The focus of this model is on curriculum planning and students¶ needs (Gustafson& Br anch, p.48)





The Newby, Stepich, Lehman and Russell Model

The Newby, Stepich, Lehman and Russell presented PIE model which is a classroom-oriented ID model. PIE is an acronym for Planning, Implementing and Evaluating. PIE hasa learner-centered environment in which the learner¶s role for each phase of PIE isdefined. Using media and technology tools to assist learners is considered (Gustafson &Br anch, p.44).





Constructivism

The philosophical notion of the constructivism is ³r ationalism´, means, reason is thesource of knowledge and also there is not a certain reality to discover, but for the number of each individual there is a personal reality (Smith and Ragan, p.19).E ach pieces of a jigsaw puzzle are individuals but in collaboration with others they make abetter picture.

http://bit.ly/rzndV





Empiricism

Empiricism or Objectivism is another philosophical approach which states that reality isobjective and knowledge is obtained through experience. Empiricism is also char acterizedby ³reductionism´, that tries to simplify complex components, and ³associationism´, thatrelates ideas which experienced repeatedly (Smith and Ragan, p.22).E mpiricism is about experience and makes me think of chemestry laboratories wherethey discover new facts through experience and trial-and-error mode.

http://bit.ly/581mp





Behaviorism

Behaviorism was the dominant school of thought for about 50 years. It believes thatbehavior is an observable experience that should be studied. This learning theoryemphasized on environment impact on learning process (Smith and Ragan, p.25).The flood re-form the shape of the rocks, this implies to me the influence of behaviorism inhuman's behavior.

http://bit.ly/PwpnC





Information-Processing Theory

Infor mation-processing theory explains the cognitive development in the process of learning. The result of learning should make changes in the infor mation-processingsystem of human, e.g. memory improvements (Smith and Ragan, p. 30).The infinite concept of cognitive approach implies to me the endlessness of the sky whereyou think it goes on forever.

http://bit.ly/4bLhjr





ID and Ed Tech Relation

The procedures of analysis, designing, developing, implementing, and evaluating (ADDIE)prepares an instruction design to identify learner¶s needs and also provide solutions for learner¶s problems. In the process of learning, educational technology tools ± includingelectronic devices, new methods and techniques, etc ± are integr ated to f acilitate andenhance learning. Since technology tools have become part of the education system, thecoordination between instructional design (ID) and educational technology (Ed Tech) isessential for an effective and productive learning process. The emerging mode of today¶stechnology applications requires a closer collabor ation between ID and Ed Tech for a more supportive and systematic educational environment, because both componentsattempt to meet learner¶s needs and goals.

This image visualizes technology to me which is less face to face interactions and more

machine involvements in all aspects of life.

http://bit.ly/sM6Fa



References:

Gustafson, K.; Br anch, R., (2002), Survey of Instructional Development Models.

Reiser, R., A History of Instructional Design and Technology: Part II: A History of Instructional Design.

Smith, P.; Ragan, T.,(2005), Instructional Design.

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ID Quiz Postcard