Icttb8 Eng

Standard VIII

Government of KeralaDepartment of General Education

Prepared by IT@School ProjectFor State Council for Education Research and Training (SCERT), Kerala

2010

Information & Communication Technology

The National AnthemJana-gana-mana-adhinayaka, jaya heBharatha-bhagya-vidhata.Punjab-Sindh-Gujarat-MarathaDravida-Utkala-BangaVindhya-Himachala-Yamuna-GangaUchchala-Jaladhi-taranga.Tava subha name jage,Tava subha asisa mage,Gahe tava jaya gatha,Jana-gana-mangala-dayaka jaya heBharata-bhagya-vidhata.Jaya he, jaya he, jaya he,Jaya jaya jaya, jaya he!

Prepared by:

IT@School Project, Poojappura, Thiruvananthapuram-12, KeralaWebsite:www.itschool.gov.in E-mail : [email protected] State Council of Educational Research and Training (SCERT)Poojappura, Thiruvananthapuram - 12, KeralaWebsite : www.scertkerala.gov.inemail : [email protected] : 0471-2341883, Fax: 0471-2341869First Edition 2010Typesetting : IT@School Project, Poojappura© Government of Kerala, Department of Education, 2010.

PLEDGE

India is my country. All Indians are my brothers and sisters.

I love my country, and I am proud of its rich and varied heritage.

I shall always strive to be worthy of it.

I shall give respect to my parents, teachers and all elders and treat everyonewith courtesy.

I pledge my devotion to my country and my people.

In their well-being and prosperity alone lies my happiness.

Dear learners,

Information and Communication Technology (ICT) has, within a very short span of time, turnedout to be one of the basic building blocks of modern society. Many countries now considerunderstanding ICT and mastering its basic skills and concepts as part of their core educationpolicy.

While there have been many new technologies being introduced from time to time, with everincreasing rapidity, nothing has made as far reaching an impact as Information Technology.Today, students require strong technology skills to succeed in every sphere of their endeavour.Moreover, Information Technology is endowed with a platform for student inquiry, analysis andconstruction of new information.

Children, you have been interacting with the computer from the primary classes. The goal wehave set here is not restricted merely to Information Technology alone but it’s also meant toexpand the boundaries of your creativity through the use of advanced computing and telecom-munications technology. The process of classroom learning can become significantly richer asstudents gain access to new and different types of information.

Numerous software available today facilitate graphic displays and controlled experiments inways never before possible through which students can communicate their results andconclusions to their teacher, students in the next classroom or even to the students around theworld in a variety of media. Each chapter in this book packs a lot of information to captivate andmore importantly to motivate you and ultimately take you towards greater learning!

This book is a journey through the processes like drawing, composition of a news magazine andvarious games. Getting familiar with computer software like spread sheet to tabulate thecollected details, make attractive multi-media presentation and IT based information inconnection with the core subjects like Mathematics, Social Science, Basic Science and Geogra-phy that will engage the students more fruitfully in their learning process is also included in thisjourney.

Networked computers with internet connectivity can increase learner motivation as it combinesthe media richness and interactivity with real people and to participate in real world events. Asyou are surrounded by all the other applications of the technology, you will get an opportunity tohandle the computer effortlessly. The activities designed in each chapter are based on varioussubjects that will enhance your knowledge. Make a voyage through this ocean to enrich yourinformation.

Hope this textbook will steer the students’ path towards higher education and will prepare themfor a productive career path. May you freely soar high up in the boundless world of technologyand use the new technology to your best advantage!

With warm wishes,

Prof. M.A KhaderDirectorSCERTThiruvananthapuram

Sri. K.V. SanakaradasDistrict Co-ordinatorIT@School Project, Malappuram

Sri. V.J. ThomasDistrict Co-ordinatorIT@School Project, Wayanad.

Sri. N. JayakumarDistrict Co-ordinatorIT@School Project, Kottayam.

Sri. K.O. RajeshMaster Trainer Co-ordinatorIT@School Project, Kuttanad

Sri. Muhammed Abdul NazarMaster Trainer Co-ordinatorIT@School ProjectKozhikode

Sri. K. ShanavasMaster Trainer Co-ordinatorIT@School Project, Palakkad

Prof. S. KrishnankuttyHead, Department of IT,Barton Hill Govt. Engg College, Tvm.

Sri. V.K. AadarshLecturer, Yunus College of Engineeringand Technology, Kollam.

Sri. Joseph AntonyDistrict Co-ordinatorIT@School Project, Ernakulam

Sri. S. SambasivanDistrict Co-ordinatorIT@School Project, Thiruvananthapuram.

Sri. V.N. PradeepDistrict Co-ordinatorIT@School Project, Pathanamthitta.

sri. Muhammed AslamDistrict Co-ordinatorIT@School Project, Alappuzha

Illustrations Co-ordinatorSri. E. Suresh Sri. T.A. RavisankarCartoonist, Pallikkara Academic Officer (ICT)Kozhikode IT@School Project

Text Book Committee Members

Text Book CommitteeInformation Technology VIII

Chairman AdvisorSri. K. Anvar Sadath Dr. Achuth Sankar S. NairExecutive Director Honorary DirectorIT@School Project Center for Bioinformatics

University of Kerala

Expert CommitteeDr. B. Ekbal Sri. Sunil PrabhakarFormer Vice-Chancellor ‘Suprabha’, Ezhikkara P.O.University of Kerala N. Paravur, Ernakulam

Dr. Mahesh Mangalat Sri. T.V. SijuAssociate Professor ‘Guruchandrika’Department of Malayalam Azhikode, KannurGovernment College, New Mahe, Pondichery

TranslationSri. Sajith Sukumaran Smt. Parvathy Venkiteswaran Sri. Sunil Naliyath10 B1; Samridhi Retreat, HSA English, Samooham HS 19, Ullas NagarMuttada. P.O, N. Paravur. Thekkumbhagam,Thiruvananthapuram Tripunthura

Contents

1. Sketches and Colours...................................................... 1

2. Understanding Time Zones ............................................. 7

3. A News Magazine for Us .................................................. 13

4. Knowledge at your finger tips ......................................... 25

5. Chemistry made interesting............................................. 33

6. Games that Matter ............................................................. 41

7. Geometrical Constructions .............................................. 47

8. Tabulate and Analyse ....................................................... 57

9. Beyond Calculations ........................................................ 67

10. Map Reading ..................................................................... 72

11. Effective Presentation ...................................................... 77

12. Far out in the Sky.............................................................. 82

CONSTITUTION OF INDIAPart. IV A

FUNDAMENTAL DUTIES OF CITIZENS

ARTICLE 51A

Fundamental Duties - It shall be the duty of every citizen of India :

(a) to abide by the Constitution and respect its ideals and institutions, theNational Flag and the National Anthem;

(b) to cherish and follow the noble ideals which inspired our national strugglefor freedom;

(c) to uphold and protect the sovereignty, unity and integrity of India;

(d) to defend the country and render national service when called upon to doso;

(e) to promote harmony and the spirit of common brotherhood amongst allthe people of India transcending religious, linguistic and regional or sectional diversities; to renounce practices derogatory to the dignity of women;

(f) to value and preserve the rich heritage of our composite culture;

(g) to protect and improve the natural environment including forests, lakes,rivers and wild life and to have compassion for living creatures;

(h) to develop the scientific temper, humanism and the spirit of inquiry andreform;

(i) to safeguard public property and to abjure violence;

(j) to strive towards excellence in all spheres of individual and collective activity so that the nation constantly rises to higher levels of endeavour andachievement.

(k) who is a parent or guardian to provide opportunities for education to hischild or, as the case may be, ward between age of six and fourteenyears.

Sketches and Colours

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1. Sketches and Colours

“Crowded by thickets in bloomSoaked in emerald greenLay the captivating countrysideIn its pristine beauty and elegance”

How do you find theillustration of the landscape thatChangampuzha, the celebratedMalayalam poet, described inhis famous poem Ramanan?(Picture 1.1) It was created on acomputer. Do you like it?

Poetic narratives appear as imagesin our mind, don’t they? Wouldn’t youalso like to create such images using acomputer?

You are already familiar withsoftware assisted drawing. Try torecollect the features that you used insuch software. Let’s now familiarise

ourselves with a similar software withmore features.Where to draw?

Now let’s prepare a space to drawa picture. For this, go to the ‘File’ menuof the GIMP software, and click ‘New’.Click ‘OK’ in the new window that popsup. A window for drawing a pictureopens (Picture 1.5). The white rectanglein the middle is the area for you to draw.

Pic. 1.1 A picture made using GIMP


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The paintings that won the first and second places in the paintings competition using GIMPas part of the State School IT Festival 2009.

Pic. 1.2

Pic. 1.3

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Pic. 1.4 GIMP -The main window

GIMP

GIMP is the acronym forGNU Image ManipulationProgramme. It is a free softwareused for drawing, image editing,preparation of logos, andanimation. It is ‘GIMP Version 2.2’that is used in this chapter. Inorder to open the software, go to‘Applications’ menu, select‘Graphics’, and click on the tab‘GIMP Image Editor’. The mainwindow in GIMP appears withtools in it (Picture 1.4).

Pic. 1.5 GIMP - The drawing Window


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Pic. 1.6

See the main window ofGIMP software. Severaltools that help us indrawing and painting aregiven there. The name ofeach tool can be displayedby bringing the mousepointer over the tool. Tryusing the numbered toolsin Picture 1.6, one by one.Then fill up the followingtable with the name anduse of each tool.

Tool Name of the Tool Use the Tool

1. Pencil Tool Use to draw like a pencil

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

Now that you are familiarwith the tools used indigital drawing, let’s startdrawing a picture.

Select ‘brush’ tool, choosea colour, and use it to draw apicture. Draw whatever comesto your mind. Use ‘fill’ or‘bucket’ tool to colour it. Seehow the picture comes up. Ifyou are not satisfied, trydifferent colours. Tools in thissoftware are like pencil andpen. Use them again and again.

Knowing to use a pen


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Saving Pictures

Pic. 1.7 ‘Save Image’ Box

While saving a picture,in addition to the filename, we have to specifyan ‘extension’ as well.The ‘extension’ signifiesthe file format. GIMP canhandle various formats.However, its own formatis ‘xcf’.

In order to save a picture in GIMP, select ‘Save’ from the ‘File’ menu. In thewindow that opens, type file name in the ‘Name’ box, select ‘xcf’ by clicking onthe ‘Select File Type’ tab, and click ‘Save’.

Clone Tool

‘Clone’ tool is used for copying a picture exactly from one part of the drawingspace to another. (Clone tool is marked ‘8’ in Picture 1.6).

♦ Select the brush of appropriate size from the brush window.♦ Bring the mouse pointer to the picture to be copied. Click on the picture

while keeping the ‘Control’ key pressed.♦ Take the mouse pointer to the place where you want to copy the picture.

Move the mouse while keeping the left mouse button pressed. Bydragging the mouse pointer adequately, the picture can be copied fullyor in part as required.

alone does not make one a writer. Penis just a tool. One needs to havecreativity and imagination to become awriter. Similarly, if you want to becomean artist, you should be able to use thetools in GIMP to express your creativity.Keep experimenting with tools. That’show you will become capable ofexpressing your creativity using thetools. Capable of creating pictures inyour own style.

You have created a picture andsaved it as a file. Now let’s consider afew activities.

Activities

1. Do the following using GIMP fora digital magazine for your class.

(a) Make a painting of a sea shorein the evening

(b) Prepare the cover page for themagazine

(c) Prepare illustrations and pagelay out for the poems in themagazine

2. Redo the illustration used forthe poem Kannikkoithu in yourMalayalam textbook usingGIMP.


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Pic. 1.8 Pic. 1.9 The window for making logos

3. Visualise the sunrise in theWestern Ghats and draw it inGIMP.

Creating a logo in GIMP

By now, you must haveunderstood how to make drawings andpaintings using GIMP. We can use thissoftware to create beautiful titles andlogos as well. Let’s see how these canbe done.

Open GIMP software, click ‘File’menu, select ‘Xtns’, then select‘ScriptFu’, and click on ‘Logos’ (SeePicture 1.8). You can now see a list oftitle types in various styles.

Now select one of the title types.For instance, suppose you have selected‘ScriptFu:3D Outline’. Type your namein the tab marked ‘Text’ in the windowthat opens. You can make title types inMalayalam also using GIMP.

Remember the way we saved thepictures in GIMP? Similarly we can save

the titles and logos in ‘xcf’ format. Thereare other formats such as ‘png’ and‘jpeg’ in which these can be saved. Inorder to do this, click ‘Save’ afterselecting the appropriate format byclicking the tab ‘File Type’ in the ‘SaveImage’ dialogue box. The size for thesame file is much lower in ‘png’ and‘jpeg’ formats compared to ‘xcf’.Activities

• Prepare a title for the science wallmagazine of your class usingGIMP.

• Prepare a poster on theimportance of water conservationusing logos in GIMP.

• Prepare a poster advertising theenergy conservation campaign ofthe Energy/EnvironmentConservation Club in your schoolusing logos.

Understanding Time Zones

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2. Understanding Time Zones

Help 2.1Use the following sequence to openthe Sunclock: Applications →Education → Sunclock

You know how to use computersfor different purposes. You have alsoused them to learn other subjects. Let’ssee how we can enhance ourunderstanding of some of the topics inSocial Science using computers.

Read the following matter anddiscuss the reasons behind them :

• Inaugural match of the last footballworld cup was held in Munich on9th June 2006, at six o’clock in theevening. We saw the live telecast ofthe same match at 9.30 in the nightthe same day.

• The killer waves of the Indian oceantsunami of 26th December 2004

originated off the Sumatra Island at9 AM, Indonesian time. These wavestravelled through the sea for twohours and hit the Kerala coast at 9.30AM, Indian standard time, killinghundreds of people.

Don’t you think it is worthunderstanding this time difference inmore detail? ‘Sunclock’ is a free softwarethat would help you in this.

Remember the activities relating

to ‘time zones’ suggested in your SocialScience text. Now be prepared toengage in those activities, using‘Sunclock’. Directions given in Help 2.1will help you in opening the ‘Sunclock’.

Sunclock

Sunclock is a software application that delineates the countries experiencingday or night at a given time on a world map using light and shade. Numerousfacts including time differences across countries, distances between regions,and longitudes and latitudes of various places are available on Sunclock.Sunclock offers geographical information including positions of the sun andthe moon at a given time on a given day.


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Pic. 2.1 Sunclock Window

Help 2.2

Use the following sequence to see theworld map showing countries:F button → vmf → Countries. vmf

Pic. 2.3 The window for selecting various maps from

Help 2.3

Use the following sequence to see theworld map delineating land and sea :F button → vmf → landwater.vmf

In order to access ‘Sunclock ToolBar’, click anywhere inside the‘Sunclock’ window (Picture 2.2). Bringthe mouse pointer over the buttons onthe ‘Sunclock Tool Bar’ and see thefunction of each tool.

Days and Nights

Take a close look at the map in the‘Sunclock’ window. Some countries are

covered by a shade while others areclearly visible, as if in sunlight.‘Sunclock’ uses this representation toshow countries that have night and dayat a given point of time. The countriesthat are visible are the ones in day, those

Pic. 2.2 Sunclock Toolbar

under the shade are passing through thenight.

Use the steps in Help 2.2 to opencountries.vmf and see the world mapshowing the various countriesdelineated by boundary lines.


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Pic. 2.4 World Map

Towards West Towards East Longitude Day Time Longitude Day Time15º Monday 7 am 15º Monday 9 am30º Monday 6 am 30º Monday 10 am45º 45º60º 60º75º 75º90º 90º105º 105º120º 120º135º 135º150º 150º165º Sunday 9 pm 165º Monday 7 pm180º 180º

Take a closer look at the worldmap. Do you dream of a world in whichpeople’s love and respect towards oneanother transcend all manmadeboundaries? A world in which there areno boundaries at all?

Can you prepare a list of countriesthat experience night while India is inbroad day light? Try clicking the ‘N’button in the ‘Sunclock Tool Bar’continuously (Picture 2.4). Whathappens if you keep pressing the ‘N’button even after the night fades awaycompletely? Can you find out?

Use the directions in Help 2.3 tovisualise the world mapthat shows the land andthe sea separately. Canyou assess the proportionof area covered by theland and the sea?

Time Zones

As a first steptowards studying timezones, click the ‘W’button on the ‘SunclockTool Bar’. Time zone mapappears in the ‘Sunclock’window (Picture 2.5).• Find out the time

difference for eachshift by 15 degreestowards west from thezero degree longitude,ie., from the primemeridian.• What is thedifference betweenIndian Standard Time(IST) and GreenwichMeantime (GMT)? Canyou explain this

difference using the longitudinaltime difference of one hour for every15 degrees?

Help 2.4

• Open Sunclock zoom window byclicking on ‘Z’ button (Picture 2.6)

• Note the vertical and horizontalscale bars on the screen. Bydragging the mouse pointer on thescale bars, we can select an areathat we want to see in detail.Select African continent using thismethod.

• Click the ‘+’ button to zoom inonto the selected area.


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Pic. 2.5 Time Zone Map

• Can you compute the time at thelongitudes given below, at 8 AM,GMT?

• How many hours would be the timedifference between 180 degrees Eastand 180 degrees West?

As shown in Help 2.4, it is possibleto select a place and zoom in to watchmore clearly.

Can you zoom in onto the Africancontinent and see how many time zoneshas the continent been divided into?(use suggestions in Help 2.4).

Discuss the issues if India wasdivided into more time zones?

Latitude

Lines of latitude, also called‘parallels’, can be seen on the time zonemap as directed in Help 2.5.

Locate the following lines of latitude.• Tropic of Cancer

• Equator

• Tropic of Capricorn

• Arctic circle

• Antarctic circle

Prepare a list of countries throughwhich the Equator passes.

Help 2.5♦ Show the time zone map by clicking on ‘W’ button♦ Double click on ‘T’ button to see lines of latitude♦ Double click ‘P’ button to see lines of latitude with 10 degree gaps♦ Double click ‘Y’ button to locate the longitudinal positions of the sun and

the moon♦ Click on ‘U’ tab to see the location of cities on the time zone map. See the

information displayed below the window when you bring the mouse pointeron a city’s location.


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Pic. 2.6 Zoom-in-window

Using Animation

‘Sunclock’ atlas captures thechanges commensurate with everysecond of earth’s rotation. In place ofevery second, we can adjust the speedof change in the atlas for every minute,day, week, or month. ‘G’ tab helps youto do this. Animation can be activatedas shown in Help 2.6.

Shadow Clock

All of us know that the night doesnot set in at the same time allthroughout the year. There are seasonaldifferences. By arranging the dates onthe ‘Sunclock’, it is possible to see the

change in timing in the setting in of thenight. Please use Help 2.7.

Does the night commence at thesame time in Kerala and Delhi, on agiven day?

Set the time difference at oneminute and see the time lapse betweensun rise across the various parts of India.Set the Time Zone Map to March 23,September 21, and December 22 andactivate animation. See the difference intiming of sunrise and sunset in differentparts of our country.

We have seen the position of the

Help 2.7

♦ Click G button to set the timedifference as required.

♦ Use A button to set the timeforward

♦ Use B button to set the timebackward

Help 2.6

♦ Click the G button to set the re-quired time.

♦ Open the window by clicking 'O'button. Activate animation byclicking on tab.'


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sun using animation. Based on this,observe the change in the position of theshadow in the Shadow Clock. Seek thesupport of your teachers if required.

More Activities

• By observing the Sunclock TimeZone Map, find out the time atwhich people in India actually sawthe live telecast of the inauguralceremony of Sydney Olympics heldat 8o’clock in the morning,Australian time.

• Identify the time zones in Russiausing Sunclock.

• ‘When the solar time is 4.10 eveningin Kolkota, the same would be 3.08in Mumbai’. Use sun rise timings tosee whether this statement is true.

• Spot countries in African andEuropean continents which lie in thesame time zone.

When you flip through the textbooks, colourful magazines and

Pic 3.2

3. A News Magazine for Us

daily newspaper, have you ever won-dered how they are brought out? Thenews stories and features that reach youare printed with the help of machines.Two such printed pages in Malayalamare given here. One is from an old In-dian history text book while the otheris a recent newspaper report onChandryan.

Pic 3.1

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The matter in the first picture was com-posed through manual type setting, amethod used in the past, the newspa-per shown in Pic.3.2 was printed usingmodern technology. Printing technol-ogy has undergone a sea change withthe advent of computers.You know how to prepare a documentusing computer? What are the differenttypes of software that help you preparea document? Prepare a list of such soft-ware.• G Edit• Open office writer••How to open these software applica-tions?

G EditApplications → Accessories...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

Open office WriterApplications → Office..............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................Most of the magazines are colourful andeye-catching. How are they made so at-tractive? How is a paragraph in yourtextbook created? What are the featuresof a paragraph in your textbook? Whatall have been done to make paragraphsmore attractive? Write down thosepoints.

Equal space between the linesSame font sizeThe lay out made attractive by adding pictures

Compare the pictures 3.1 and 3.2. Analyse the peculiarities of the print in both.Pic. 3.1 Pic. 3.2

Old age printing................................ ...............................................................

......................................................... ...............................................................

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••••••

A News Magazine for Us

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Let’s make a news magazine

You are already familiar with develop-ing handwritten magazines in yourschool. Now, let us make a news maga-zine using computer. This news maga-zine can also be printed later. Let’sprepare it by using your own stories,poems, essays and pictures. The work

After typing the message structure itinto a beautiful paragraph to enhanceits appeal..................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

Select the typed paragraph and click onthe Paragraph Tab in the Format Menu.What are the Tabs you view in thewindow that opens? Try to makechanges using the facilities in the Tabs.Make list of the use of the Tabs that youget in the window.

begins with the collection of poems, sto-ries and pictures of your friends. If nec-essary, get the help of your teacher toget suitable pictures from the internet.The first step is to discuss the contentsto be included in the magazine. A mes-sage from the headmaster can be typedfirst. Type this message in yourcomputer.

Printing – an amazing development ininformation technology

Imagine a world with no written words. Speech was the only medium ofcommunication for our ancestors to convey their ideas and share theirknowledge. Later, with the information being stored in palm leaves, onecould preserve and transfer knowledge to the future generation withoutlosing its accuracy. With the invention of printing press one could exchangeinformation to a large section of the society. With computers replacingmanual type setting, quality of printing took a giant leap forward.

MessageWow! Turning pages of this magazine is like seeing a rainbow - I am amazedat the variety of your creativity and also the hard work you have put in com-piling this magazine. I see many sparks of innovative ideas, which have thepotential to lead the thoughts of the society in the future. I wish and hope thatyou will now work towards making these a reality.Best wishes.


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How to make a paragraph look beautiful

To make the paragraph look beautiful one has to set space between the lines,between paragraphs, borders and background colour. To modify a paragraphselect that particular paragraph and click on the Paragraph Tab in Format Menu.A window opens with ready-to-serve tools.

Pic. 3.3

1. Background: To change the background of the paragraph

2. Indent spacing: Spacing betweenlines and paragraphs

3. ............................................................4. ............................................................5. ............................................................

a. Before Text: Space from marginb. After Text: ........................................ c. Above Paragraph: .........................

...........................................................d. Below Paragraph: ...........................

............................................................e. First Line: ........................................

............................................................

You have just been introduced to theTab that helps to modify a paragraph.Try to modify the headmaster’smessage.

Type the stories and poems inMalayalam

You have already learned how to typeMalayalam letters in computer. Getready to type the stories and poemscontributed by your friends. Find outthe Malayalam letters that you get whenyou press the English alphabets in thekey board. Start typing with the help ofthe key board (Pic 3.4)


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Pic. 3.4Editor’s Letter

Ajayan has been elected as the Editorof your school magazine. The editor’swords should appear in the secondpage introducing the Magazine. Forthis, a new page has to be added. Whatare the methods available for doing it?

The pictures 3.5 and 3.6 explain themethod of adding new pages to yournews magazine. Type the editorial fol-lowing the methods you have learnedand make the paragraph more attrac-tive.

New pages can be easily added in the Open Office Writer file. The cursorautomatically moves to the next page after the completion of the existingpage. If not, bring the cursor at the end of the completed page and proceedwith the Manual Break in the Insert Menu to add more pages.

From the Editor’s Desk

We have pleasure in presenting the creative works of the young, budding tal-ents ,,,,,,,,,,,,, ....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

.................................................................................................................................................................................

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Pic. 3.5

Pic. 3.6


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............................................................3. ............................................................

............................................................4. ............................................................

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Sreekutty’s English Story

Sreekutty has contributed an English story to your magazine. Include it in thenext page. Type the story and follow the methods of paragraph setting.

Prepare a list of the Tabs used.

1. Drop Caps2. ............................................................

Observe the paragraph given below. Find out the Tabs used to make the follow-ing paragraph attractive.

THE MICE THAT SET THE ELEPHANTS FREE

There was once a ruined village. The mice were the old settler there.They occupied the chinks in the floors of the houses and temples with theirchildren and grand children. They found happiness in a variety of festivities.In to this scene came an elephant king, whose retinue numberedthousands. He, with his herd, had started for the lake in search of water. Asthey marched through the mouse community, the elephants crushed the faces,eyes, heads and necks of many.

While typing the story you would have noticed red lines under a few words.Why? Discuss the matter with your peer group and teacher.

A Dictionary inside the Computer

A dictionary is included in the IT@school/gnu/linux of your computer. Thiscomputer dictionary compares each typed word with the similar words in thedictionary and a red underline appears if there is an error. The red line alsoappears under the words that are not in the computer dictionary. (Eg: The namesof persons and places of our local area). These words can be included in thedictionary, if needed.

THE LION AND THE BULLS

Once three gient bulls lived in a jungle. They were great friends. A lion de-sired to kill them and eat them. But every time he went after the bulls, theyjointly attacked the lion and drove him away.The lion therefore knew that he had to destroy the friendship and unity of thebulls. So he called a fox and asked him to make them quarrel among them-selves. He promised that he would reward the fox handsomely.The cunning fox went to work. He told each bull false stories about the oth-ers. Within a short time the bulls began to quarrel among themselves. Theystarted going about and grazing separately. Te lion easity killed and ate themall one by one.


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The incorrect words in the story ofSreekutty can be corrected. To do so,bring the mouse on the red underlinedword and right click. What do you seenow? A box appears with a few wordssimilar to the underlined word. Selectthe correct word from it and clear theerrors.

Notes of Saleena

Each unit in your English text has the de-tails of the writers and poets. Saleena hascollected more details of these writers aswell as profiles of other prominent au-thors from the internet with the guidanceof her teacher. Include this information

in your magazine. Let’s find out themethod to include pictures now.When you click the Insert Picture fromFile, a browser window opens. Select apicture from the window. The Pic 3.8

Pic. 3.8

Pictures alongwith articles

Pictures can be included along withthe article using the Open OfficeWriter.Insert → Menu → Picture from Fileis the pattern for navigation.

Pic.3.7

shows the way to select Picture 1 fromthe desktop folder Image 1. After select-ing the picture click Open and the pic-ture appears in the page where yourarticle has been typed.


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Follow the pattern demonstrated here to add the profiles of the writers that Saleenahas compiled from the internet.

Pic 3.9

Pic 3.10

Pic 3.11

WILLIAM SHAKESPHERE

The greatest poet andplaywright in EnglishLiterature was born atStratford-upon-Avon inWarwickshire, England

N. KUMARAN ASAN

N.Kumaran Asan alsoknown as MahakaviKumaran Asan, the pre-fix Mahakavi awarded byMadras University in theyear 1922 means “Great Poet”.

Pic 3.12

(1564-1616) (1873-1924)

Tables can be included in the articles

In the article written by Ratheesh on Water Conservation, a table has to beincluded. Now let’s see how to add this table to the article.


22

Sources Those who use Those who use Those who usewell water rain water tap water

Drinking 10 5 15

Cooking 15 7 18

Washing 40 0 10

Bathing 42 0 8

Other pupose 30 0 20

Bring cursor to the place where theTable has to be included. Click the In-sert Table in Table Menu and a new

Pic. 3.13

window opens. Click OK button afteradding the required number of columnsand rows. Now insert details.


23

How to make Tables attractive

There are various techniques to makethe table attractive. The backgroundcolours, columns or rows, dimensionof the columns, font size etc can bechanged. The columns and rows can

be altered using the mouse pointer.There are tools in the Table Menu tobring about more changes. Find out thevarious tools in the Table Menu. Iden-tify their applications and note them inthe table below . Remember to selectappropriate cells before using the tools.

Pic. 3.14

Tools Uses

InsertRows

Column

Table

Delete Rows

Column

Table Table

Select Rows

Column

Cells

Merge Cells

Split Cells

Prepare a table for the magazine with the details of students in each class. A modelis given below and you can use it with necessary changes.


24

....................................................................................................................... School

..........................................................................................................................................................Statement of Students

Class Previous Year - No. of Students Current Year - No. of Students

Boy Girl Total Boy Girl Total

I

II

III

IV

V

VI

VII

VIII

IX

X

Total

Numbering the magazine pages

Each page in your text book is num-bered. How is this possible? And howcan your magazine be numbered? Fornumbering a page, at first one has to adda Header or Footer to the page. For thisclick the Header/Footer in the InsertMenu. Drag the mouse pointer to the

area where the number has to be placedand click Insert Field → Page Number.Notice the change occurred in the se-lected position. All pages can thus benumbered.Make the news magazine more attrac-tive by including all the contributionsof your friends.

Knowledge at your finger tips

25

4. Knowledge at your finger tips

Pic. 4.1 Pic. 4.2

1. Computer Network

You must have kept the pictures,letters, and documents that you haveprepared by saving them in your foldersin the computers at your school.Whenever you want, you can openthem, use them, and modify them ifneeded.

It would be convenient if yourfriends can see your documents andpictures on their computers, and help

you in editing or improving them.Similarly, it would be handy if youcould also help your friends by workingon their documents and pictures on yourcomputer. Being able to shareinformation across computers would bea major advantage while working oncommon assignments.Activity 1.1

Let’s draw a picture together

You already know how to drawpictures in ‘XPaint’ window. Let thefriends using the first computer in thecomputer lab draw the followingpicture in the window and save it inyour group’s folder on their desktop.


26

Pic. 4.4

Pic. 4.3

Can the friends using the secondcomputer open this picture on theircomputer and make changes in it?

Open the picture that the friendsin the first group drew with the help ofyour teacher, on your computer. Now

you may add one more figure in thepicture as shown in Picture 4.3. Pleasedo save the file in the group’s folder.

The third group can further add afigure. Now what you have is shownin Picture 4.4. Save it. Let other groupsalso open the picture and modifyaccording to their imagination.

How is that we are able to open apicture saved in one computer andwork on it on another computer?

• ...................................................................

• ...................................................................

Can you use the same method toshare the work of the digital magazineand work on it collectively fromdifferent computers?

• ..........................................................................................................................................................................................

• ..........................................................................................................................................................................................

• ..........................................................................................................................................................................................

Activity 1.2

What are the advantages oflinking computers together?

Activity 1.3

All of you have saved the picturesthat you have made using ‘GIMP’software in your folders in thecomputer. Share the pictures amongyour friends through computers. Openthe pictures made by your friend inyour computer, modify it, and save themodified copy in your folder.2. A journey through Greenland

Remember the letter from astudent in Greenland given in the firstchapter of the Social Science text? Thatwas where we read about time zonesand climate zones. You must havewished to see thatbeautiful place whilereading that letter. Can you imagine the

Pic 4.5


27

Types of Computer Network

♦ For computers to share information, they have to be networked.♦ There are two types of computer networks.♦ When the computers in a room or a building are networked, it is called

a Local Area Network (LAN). The computer network in your school labis an example of LAN.

♦ Wide Area Network (WAN) are networks that connect computers overa very large area. The computer networks used by banks to connecttheir branches and ATMs and the all India tickets reservation system ofthe Indian Railways are examples of WAN.

InternetInternet is a global computer net-work. We can access Internet by con-necting our computer to it.

Opening Web Browsers

Click on the menu/tab in the fol-lowing order :Applications Internet MozillaFirefox /Isewessel

In order to open websites on theInternet, open any of the we browserssuch as Mozilla Firefox, Icewessel orOpera. Type down the address of theweb site you are looking for in theaddress bar (Eg. www.greenland.com)and press ‘Enter’. We should know thenames of the web sites to visit themon Internet.

probable differences betweenthegeographies of Kerala andGreenland?

Polar bears, penguins, snow-toppedmountains...if only we could visit thatplace!

But Greenland is so far away. Let’s

try to enjoy its landscape a bit by seeingpictures and films about it on ourcomputer. This cannot be as good asactually experiencing it, still let’s try.

It is possible that some of thecomputers in your school lab havepictures and films of Greenland. SomeCDs may be available as well. In thatcase we can make use of them. But whatdo we do if nobody in the school hasgot anything on Greenland with them?

Pictures and video documentarieson Greenland must be available innumerous computers in several placesin the world. Can we access them? Canwe connect to those computers in otherparts of the world and accessinformation? May be we should try.Activity 2.1

Let’s open a web site onGreenland in a computer connected to

Saving a picture

Bring the mouse pointer abovethe picture to be saved, and click theright button. A menu appears. Select‘Save image as’ option from themenu and save the file on yourdesktop.


28

Pic. 4.6 The homepage of the official website of the Government of Kerala

Internet in the school lab. We have touse a ‘web browser’ for this.

What are the scenes that you seeon the computer screen? Mountainscovered in snow, polar bears roaming

around, penguins moving in a row...very similar to what that friend fromGreenland had written in his letter. Lookfor more details in the window.

A few official Websites

Government of Kerala - www.kerala.gov.inDirector of Public Instruction - www.education.kerala.gov.inIT @ School Project - www.itschool.gov.inUniversity of Kerala - www.keralauniversity.ac.inDepartment of Tourism, Kerala - www.keralatourism.org Local Self-Government Department - www.lsg.kerala.gov.in

Note down what you have seen:

1 .................................................................

2 ................................................................

3 ................................................................

Can that student in Greenlandunderstand about our country and itsgeography using computers?

You have seen pictures and got

several information about polarregions. Can you save one of thesepictures in your computer? Try savingany picture.Activity 2.2

Remember the letter from astudent in Indonesia in your SocialScience text? Can you collectinformation on Indonesia from theInternet?


29

Activity 2.3

Visit the web site of theGovernment of Kerala and note downthe important information available.

....................................................................................

.....................................................................................

Searching on Internet

We rely on ‘search engines’ tosearch and find information on theInternet. In order to search using thesearch engine ‘Google’, type in the key

Pic. 4.7 - Google homepage

words of the information that we needin the search box in Google’s homepage. We can search for information inalmost all the important Indianlanguages. Remember to provide spacebetween words if you are usingmultiple keywords.

Activity 2.4

Remember what you havestudied on our digestive system in the13th chapter of the Science textbook. Aspart of your studies, can you search forpictures on human digestive systemfrom the Internet? Lot of information onthe human digestive system is available

Saving an Information

You can copy the information tobe saved and paste it in a writerwindow or text editor and save thefile.

Search EnginesSearch engines help you to find

information even if you do not knowthe exact address of the web sites.Some of the important search enginesare www.google.com, www.yahoo.com,www.msn.com, www.altavista.com,www.excite.com, www.bing.com. Allthese are available on Internet.


30

History of Internet

♦ An experimental computer net-work called ARPANET was es-tablished on 2nd September 1969.

♦ It was a scientist named PaulBaran who played the key role inthe development of ARPANET.

♦ When Winton Surf took over asthe chief of ARPANET, the Projecttook a different path. He is knownas the father of Internet

♦ India got connected to Internet on15th August 1995.

Searching for Pictures

You can search exclusively forpictures by selecting the ‘images’ tabtypically provided on the top portionof the web site’s home page.

on Internet. Do we need to know thenames of all the concerned web sites toaccess information?

Let’s try searching for informationon the human digestive system on theInternet.

Pic. 4.8. Article on Sree Narayana Guru in Malayalam Wikipedia

Activity 2.5

You have been asked to prepareprofiles of Sree Narayana Guru,Ayyankali, and Chattampi Swamikal byyour Malayalam teacher. Can you useInternet to access information on thesegreat persons and prepare their profilesin Malayalam?

Wikipedia (http://wikipedia.org)is an independent and freeencyclopedia on Internet. Its Malayalamversion (http://ml.wikipedia.org) haslot of articles on various subjects.3. Email

You have read the letter from astudent in Greece in your Social Sciencetextbook. Can you write and send a


31

Pic. 4.9 Gmail homepage

reply?There is a facility in Internet to

send messages in the form of text,pictures, voice, and motion-pictures toanybody sitting in any corner of theworld. This facility is called email orelectronic mail. There are several websites that offer email facility andaddresses free of cost.Examples: www.gmail.com

www.yahoo.comwww.rediffmail.com

We need an address to receive and

send letters. Similarly we need emailaddress for receiving and sendingemails.Activity 3.1

An Email address for you

Go to any web site providing freeemail service. Register an email addressby providing your name and otherinformation required.Activity 3.2

Collect the email addresses ofyour friends and send the emails. Pleasedo read their replies as well.

Mode of commuication Advantages Limitations

LettersTelephoneMobile phoneEmail


32

Conduct a discussion on variousmodes of communication and writedown their features in the followingtable.Internet danger zones!

We saw how effectively we canuse Internet to access information andcommunicate. Doesn’t it look like analtogether different world ofinformation and communication? Butwe should be aware of its flip side also.

Indiscriminate use of the Internet mayland us up in trouble. There are lots ofmisleading information available onInternet. You may find information andpictures that may allure you tounacceptable tasks and routes.Therefore, use Internet in the presenceof your teachers or parents, andaccording to their directions.

Using Internet for spreadingwrong or obscene information on othersis a punishable offence. In addition tothat, using Internet for any attempt todestroy or damage the computers orsoftware is also a punishable offenceunder the Cyber Act passed by theIndian parliament.

Password Security

Password is your secret key toInternet. Keep it confidential.

Sure you will instantly recognisethese two men in the photographs. Abillion hearts beat in ecstasy when theystood on the victory stand flauntingthose cute little things called Olympicmedals. They created history winningindividual medals in the topmostsporting event in the world. The eventsin which they won the medals, years,

5. Chemistry made interesting

Pic. 5.1 Pic. 5.2

33

and the types of medal that they gotmust be etched in your memories.

Have you ever thought of thematerials which were used to makethose medals? What are the metals and

alloys that you notice in day to daylives?

We have studied about numerous‘elements’ in our chemistry texts. Whichelements among them are the ones thatyou are the most familiar with? Howmany elements have you seen ortouched?

• Aluminium• Silver••


34

Pic. 5.3

Element observed Atomic Number Physical State Colour

The Model of Observation Table

There are elements that we seemostly in the science laboratory. Canyou remember some of them?

• Magnesium• Mercury••We are not familiar with several

important elements. We understandthem from photographs and

information available on them. What arethe usual methods through which weaccess information on elements?

There are several softwareapplications that help us understandelements. Let’s try to use one suchsoftware called Kalzium, which isavailable on GNU Linux platform.

Every element has its own specificproperties. Often it is possible tounderstand some of these just by

observing them. See the element shown in the picture.Activity 5.1

In ‘Kalzium’, click on the symbols of elements, observe them and preparenotes on their properties.

Chemistry made interesting

35

Pic. 5.4

We can access information by clicking on ‘Miscellaneous’ after selectingthe symbol of an element in the ‘Kalzium’ software.

Click on ‘Time line’ on the side bar. We can set the year by moving thebutton below the ‘year’ tab.

Click on ‘State of matter’ on the side bar. We can change the temperatureby moving the button below the temperature tab.

Open ‘Kalzium’ software application by clicking ‘Applications’ →‘Education’ → ‘Kalzium’. Click on the symbols of elements and see theirpictures.

We have understood that differentelements have different properties. Wealso realise that this wonderfuluniverse has been formed by elements.Water, plants, snow, mountains, andthe celestial objects are all formed byvarious compounds of elements.

Elements are behind the nature anddiversity of this universe. How manyof such elements have already beendiscovered? Who discovered them?When? We can learn all these and moreusing ‘Kalzium’ software application.

Activity 5.2

Find the following using‘Kalzium’ software application.• Which were the elements that our

forefathers knew in pre-medievaltimes?

• Which was the first element to be

discovered? When was it?• Who discovered Silicon? When?• How did mercury get the symbol

‘Hg’?• Which were the elements discovered

in the eighteenth century?• Find out the change in the physical


36

Pic. 5.5

state of elements at differenttemperatures.

You know the symbols used forrepresenting elements and theirrelationship with the names ofelements. Based on the informationavailable in ‘Kalzium’ software,prepare a note discussing the wayelements got their names and symbols,with examples.

Atom Model

You know the elementaryparticles that form an atom. They areprotons, neutrons, and electrons. Thedifference in the number of suchparticles and the way they areconfigured in atoms determine theproperties and peculiarities ofelements.

Picture 5.5 shows the electronicconfiguration of an atom. Let’s examinethe electronic configuration of a fewother elements as well.Activity 5.3

Fill in the following table byfinding out the properties of a fewelements with relatively large atomicnumbers using ‘Kalzium’.

Element Atomic Mass Electronic ConfigurationNumber.

p n e K L M N O

No. ofElementaryParticles

Activity 5.4

Find out the elements with morethan five isotopes from the ‘IsotopeTable’ in ‘Chemical Data’. Compare thenumber of electrons, protons, andneutrons of isotopes.

Open ‘Kalzium’ software application.Click on an element. Access informa-tion by clicking on ‘Atom model’,‘Chemical data’ etc.


37

Pic. 5.6

The way I made a molecular structure

Prepare a presentation on the information you have collected on an elementfrom software applications such as ‘Kalzium’ and ‘GPeriodic’. Make a presentationto the class.

Molecular Model

Sugar, water etc., are substancesof daily use. Can you imagine how themolecules of these substances wouldlook like? Have you ever been able tosee them?

We know that molecules areformed by atoms. But the structures of

Pic. 5.7 -Sugar Pic. 5.8 - Punnamada lake

such molecules are too small to see.Therefore we make models ofmolecular structures to enhance ourunderstanding. How will you makesuch models? Write it down in yournote book.


38

Pic. 5.9 - Ammonia molecule Pic. 5.10 - Water molecule

Pic. 5.11

To find elements

Pictures 5.9 and 5.10 showmolecular structures developed usingsoftware. Observe these molecular

structures.Let’s also try to make models of

molecular structures.

Activity 5.5H2O NH3 CaCl2

CO2 NaCl CH4

Aren’t you familiar with themolecules shown above? Now trydeveloping models of their structures.

How do we develop models ofmolecular structures?

Open the appropriate softwareapplication.• Select atoms of required elements

(See Picture 5.11)


39

Pic. 5.12 - Oxigen Atom

To insert Atoms

• In order to bring the atom to the screen, click ‘Draw’ buttonfirst and then click at a desired spot on the ‘camera view’screen. See Picture 5.12.

In order to represent a bond between atoms, click ‘Draw’ Select the bond type

Pic. 5.13


40

Several software applications are available for making models ofmolecular structures. ‘Ghemical’ included in IT@School GNU Linux is onesuch software. Open the software and select an element by clicking on‘Elements’. Bring the required number of atoms to the ‘camera view’ screenby first clicking ‘Draw’ button and then on any spot on the screen. Select ‘BondType’ button. Place the mouse pointer on an atom and drag to the other toconnect. In order to optimise the molecular structure, place the mouse pointeron the molecule, click the right button, select ‘Computer’→’GeometryOptimization’ → ‘OK’. In order to save the molecular structure, place themouse pointer on the molecule, click the right button, select ‘File’ → ‘SaveAs’, select the folder to which you want the structure to be saved, give a filename, and press ‘OK’.

Pic. 5.14

button, and place the mouse pointer onone of the atoms and drag to the other.

For optimising the molecular

structure, place the mouse pointer onthe molecule, click the right button,select ‘Computer’ → ‘GeometryOptimization’→’OK’.

• Try using the tools forviewing a moleculefrom different angles.Use also the tool forshifting the position ofthe molecule.

• Save this molecularstructure in yourfolder and keep it.

• Make more models ofmolecular structures,demonstrate them inyour group anddiscuss.

Games that Matter

41

6. Games that Matter

41

Pic .6.1

You must be familiar withcomputer games, and must haveplayed several of them. Which are thegames in IT@School Linux that you haveplayed?

Shall we start a new game? Youalready know how to find games inGNU/Linux. Find the game titled‘Kaliyalla Karyam’ and start playing‘Design a dream home’. The sketch of ahouse (Picture 6.1) appear on the screen.

Not only that, there are also buildingmaterials available! You just have tobuild your dream home now!

Everyone goes through a differentexperience while trying to build theirdream home. What is your experience?Try writing it down.

1. The house got demolished.

2. ..........................................

3. ..........................................

4. ..........................................

5. ..........................................

Remember the activitycalled ‘Hybridization’ in theResource CD? You had donethat while learninghybridization in the chapter‘Agriculture: a way of life’ inthe Science textbook. What


42

Pic. 6.2

Activity 3 Help

Method 1 Method 2 Method 3

Length (l) = 20Breadth (b) = 10Area = length x breadth

Code Copy

Back

Variable Content

were the various steps of hybridization?

1. ................................................................

2. ................................................................

3. ................................................................

4. ................................................................

5. ................................................................

6. ................................................................

Let’s start playing ‘Hybridization’ in thegame ‘Kaliyalla Karyam’. The softwaretells you how to play when you bringthe mouse pointer on the ‘Help’ button.Please remember to note down yourobservations.

1. ................................................................

2. ................................................................

3. ................................................................

4. ................................................................

5. ................................................................

Remember the activities relatingto coconut production that you did forthe topic ‘Averages’ in mathematicstext? Let’s try doing that through agame. For this, start playing ‘Average’in the game ‘Kaliyalla Karyam’.

1. .................................................................

2. .................................................................

3. ....................................................................

4. ....................................................................

5. ....................................................................

Similarly you can also play‘Difference of Squares’, and ‘CalculatingSpeed’. Have all of you been able tocomplete the games successfully? Whatall did you discover playing thesegames?

1. In the game ‘Design a dreamhome’, we are able to completethe house only if we build thebasement, walls, and roof in thatorder.2.In the game ‘Average’.......................................................................3. …..............................................4. …..............................................5. …..............................................

There are different waysto calculate the carpet area of aclassroom. Try doing it throughthe game ‘ComputerComputation’ (Picture 6.2). Use

Games that Matter

43

Pic. 6.3

the ‘Help’ button in Activity 3.Note that there are two different

methods shown for calculating thecarpet area of a classroom. Press ‘Code’button and you will see a third method.What are the differences across thesemethods?

1. …............................................................

2. …............................................................

3. ...................................................................

‘Code’ is a computer programme.It is with the help of programmes thatcomputers understand the ways ofdoing calculations.

Now let’s try this programme.Click ‘Copy’ to copy the programme.You may note that the third method hasbeen selected. Copy it to a text editor,save and run. Please remember to adda tag ‘.py’ to the file name while saving.Example: If the file name you havegiven is ‘area’, then the file has to besaved as ‘area.py’.

Now let’s see how to run the‘area.py’ file.

Open the terminal by selectingmenus/tabs in the following sequence:‘Appl icat ions ’→ ‘Accessor ies ’→‘Terminal’. As shown in Picture 6.4, type‘Python’ followed by file name indouble quotation marks. In this case,

type the following.Python “area.py”Press ‘Enter’ and you get the

carpet area of the classroom.


44

The language of Computer

We speak Malayalam language. You know that there are several otherlanguages such as Kannada, Tamil, and Hindi spoken in various parts ofIndia.

Similarly, there are some languages that computers understand.‘Python’, ‘C’, ‘C++’ are examples. If you can handle these languages, youwill be able to make computers perform the tasks that you want them to.

‘Open Office Writer’, ‘Open Office Calc’, ‘Impress’, ‘Blender’ etc., belongto the category of ‘application software’. These application software aredeveloped using different computer languages such as those mentionedabove. The application software ‘Blender’ has been developed using ‘Python’language.

Pic. 6.4

If you have to measure the carpetarea of another classroom of size, say,25’X20', what are the changes that youwill have to make in the programme“area.py”?

1. Change l = 20 to l = 252. ….............................................

If you wish to display ‘AREA =’before the carpet area, you will have to

add ‘AREA =’ to the command. Thenthe command will be

print “AREA=”, a instead of print aNow let’s run the programme for

finding the perimeter of the sameclassroom using Activity 3.

In the window that opens (Pic.6.5), input the variables for length andbreadth in the boxes below the title‘Variables’. Type the values in thecorresponding boxes on the right side.Similarly type the variable representing

perimeter in the third box and theformula to calculate perimeter in thebox on the right side. Input the variablefor which the value has to be found inthe last box, which has the shape of aparallelogram. Now press ‘Code’button. Copy and run.

But if we write programmes likethis, for every class room with a differentlength and breadth, don’t we have toprepare a new programme each time?

Games that Matter

45

The computer language 'Python'

‘Python’ is an easy-to-learn computer language. This language usesonly fewer symbols than languages such as ‘C’ and ‘Java’. It was Guido vanRossum who designed ‘Python’. As ‘Python’ is a software with open sourcelicence, everybody can use this for free.

Pic. 6.6

Pic. 6.5


46

Activity 4

Press ‘Help’ button and see theexample. Run the programme in theterminal. Several activities similar to thegiven example can be performed usingthis game.

Write down the differences thatyou have observed between Activities3 and 4 in your note book.

1. Difference in activity

...................................................................................

...................................................................................

..................................................................................

...................................................................................

2. Difference in code

...................................................................................

...................................................................................

...................................................................................

...................................................................................

Try solving the following problemsusing Activity 3 and 4.

1. Finding the average of two numbers

2. Calculating the speed of a vehicleusing the distance travelled and thetime taken to travel.

What all other programmes can beworked out using Activities 3 and 4?Now try these by typing in the texteditor and running it without the helpof the game.

Programming languages like‘Python’ are used for developing all thesoftware applications that we use suchas ‘Writer’ and ‘Calc’.

''How convenient it would be if wecould use the same programme for

different length and breadth!''

" voW !!

I made the computer workwithout the help of any software ! "

Geometrical Constructions

47

7. Geometrical Constructions

GeoGebra

GeoGebra is a mathematicaleducational software applicationoriginally developed by MarkusHohenwarter of the University of

Salzburg in 2001.Warter, now at theUniversity of Florida,is still working onimproving thea p p l i c a t i o n .GeoGebra is a freesoftware. Anybodyinterested in it is free

to learn, improve, and distribute it.

47

Markus Hohenwarter

You are familiar with softwareapplications for drawing and paintingusing computers. Recollect the toolsused in the software. Is it possible todraw geometric shapes using thosetools? No, because geometric shapesrequire a different set of tools. Thestandard set includes ruler, setsquare,and protractor.

There are software applicationsthat provide the tools for drawinggeometric shapes. What are theadvantages of doing geometricdrawing on computer? Suppose youhave drawn a rectangle and now wantto change the lengths of sides or size ofangles. If the rectangle is drawn onpaper, the only way is to draw a newrectangle.

This is not necessary when youdraw on a computer. Try andexperience the difference.GeoGebra

GeoGebra is an educationalsoftware application used for drawing

geometric figures and for observingtheir properties.

In order to open GeoGebra, clickApplications→→→→→Education→→→→→ Geogebra


48

Pic. 7.2 - Geogebra Window - Tools

In the openingwindow, there areplanar axes and apanel on the leftside. These are notrequired fordrawing. These canbe deactivated byclicking View →→→→→Axes View →→→→→Algebra view in themenu.

Tools forGeometricconstructions

The tools inGeoGebra have beenclassified into Groups. We will familiarise the tools in each Group as we moveforward.

Constructions

What is the fundamental constructin geometry?

A Point.A point can be marked anywhere

on a plane. Examine the second tool inthe tool box. Use it to mark a point on

the plane.Let’s now draw a line. First we

have to decide the location of the lineon the plane. We also have to decideon the direction of the line. In order todecide these, we need to fix two points.Let’s mark two points first. ExamineGroup III in the tool box. Start drawing

Pic. 7.1 - GeoGebra Window


49

Other mathematical softwareapplications

You have familiarised thesoftware application called Dr.Geolast year. It is used for analysinggeometrical problems. There are alsoother software applications such as ‘KInteractive Geometry’ and‘CaRMetal’.

Squares within squares

lines, joining the points, using the tool.

When you keep drawing lines, youwould realise that many of them areintersecting. How do we mark thepoints of intersection? There is a toolfor this in Group II. Select the tool andbring it over the intersecting lines.

When two lines intersect, theyform angles. Let’s now learn to measurethese angles.

How many angles do twointersecting lines form? How do wespecify the angle that we want tomeasure?

See Picture 7.4. An angle isdetermined by three points. Select thetool for measuring angles, select threepoints which determine the angle thatwe want to measure. The measurementof the angle gets marked in the pictureitself.

Suppose we select three points in

the opposite direction to the above,which angle will be marked formeasurement?

Mark all the four angles in thepicture. Look for the angles that are inopposite directions to each other. Whatis special about the size of theseopposite angles?

Pic. 7.3 - GeoGebra - Lines


50

Pic. 7.4 - GeoGebra - Measures of Angle

Draw several intersecting linesand see whether the above observationsare true for all of them. Greeks were thefirst to make these observationscenturies back. They recorded them onclay tablets. Now you have got notebooks, so note down your observationsin a note book.

Instead of drawing different sets oflines, can’t we just change the locationsand directions of the points? In fact, thisis the advantage of computer assistedgeometric constructions. We use thetool ‘Move’ from Group I for this.Parallel Lines

Suppose you want to draw twoparallel lines. Once you draw the firstline, you can draw any number of linesparallel to it. But, you intend to drawjust one parallel line. You have todecide on where do you want to drawit. Once you decide, just mark a pointand draw a line parallel to the first onethrough that point.

Now let’s try using the tool inGroup III of the tool box to draw parallel

lines.Construction I

Two lines, parallel to each other.Another line intersecting these two.Mark the angles in similar positions onboth the parallel lines. Measure them.Do you find anything special about theirsizes? Will these properties remain evenif the lines have been changed inposition and direction?Properties of Lines

What are the properties of lines?Mathematically it has just one property– length. However, when we draw lineson a paper, we usually consider severalother properties. For example, we maydraw a thick line (which is not a linemathematically), may give it somecolour, we may also name it (This wedo in geometry as well), and write thename at some appropriate place. Wecan do all these and more in the ‘contextmenu’ of lines.

Check the properties of the linethat you have drawn. Change the colourof the line and see.


51

Geometric Constructions

Geometry is avery old branch ofmathematics. Thefirst lessons ofg e o m e t r yevolved along thegreat river of Nilein Egypt. It has itsroots in the

dispute settling mechanisms used bysmall farmers cultivating on the Niledelta. Disputes were common as thefloods would wash away theboundary lines of their fields. Thesedisputes on land rights were the firstproblems that geometry addressed.You may know that the wordgeometry means measurement of theearth. It was Greek philosophers whoconsolidated and presented thediscoveries of Egyptians. Euclid ofAlexandria consolidated numerousdiscoveries of that time in his classic‘Elements’ (300 BCE). In ‘Elements’,Euclid considered those objects thatcould be made of lines and circlesalone. (Can you guess why?). We areliving in an age of softwareapplications such as GeoGebra whichcan be used to draw anything that wecan think of. Still, the constructionsexplained in ‘Elements’ will continueto have its historical relevance.

Yuclid

In order to measure the length ofa line, there is a tool (for measuringdistance or length) in Group VIII. Trymeasuring the length of a line using thistool.Names of Objects

GeoGebra assigns names to allobjects that we create using thesoftware. We would need these namessubsequently for further work. Let’sexamine the names of the points that wemarked and the lines that we drew.

The name assigned to the line thatwe drew here is ‘a’. Draw more lines,mark more points and check theirnames. Do you see any pattern in theway names are assigned? Could therebe a naming convention used in this?Mid Point of a Line

We may quite often need to locatethe mid point of a line. The method tolocate the mid point is available in ToolGroup II.

Remember the way we drewparallel lines. It is also possible to drawa line perpendicular to another line.Construction 2

Draw line AB at 8 cm length anddraw a line perpendicular to it from itsmid point. In order to draw a line of 8cm, it is the tool ‘Segment with givenlength’ that is to be used.Constructing a Triangle

Triangles are formed when threelines intersect. Draw a triangle usingthree lines. Now let’s try to name it. Goto the context menu of the vertices ofthe triangle and check mark ‘ShowLabel’. How do we change the nameonce given?Construction 3

You know what Thales’

experiment was. Draw a picturedepicting it. Try moving the Thalespoint. See what happens. Write downyour observation in a note book.


52

Construction 4

Draw an isosceles triangle (Howto draw it?). Remember the observationin your mathematics text that thealtitude drawn from the vertex angle ofan isosceles triangle bisects the angleas well as the base. (Or in other words,the altitude drawn from the vertex angleof an isosceles triangle is a median aswell as an angle bisector).

Check whether this is true for alltriangles.Polygons

A polygon is a closed plane figurebounded by three or more linesegments. Triangles and squares areexamples. In Group V of the tool box,there is a tool to draw polygons. Trydrawing a triangle. When you draw,please remember to complete the figureby reaching back to the point from

where you started drawing. Mark themeasurements of the sides and theinterior angles.

All polygons have a boundedarea. How do we measure that area?Don’t you remember the tool that weused to measure the length of sides? Seewhat is the next tool in Group VIII. Trymeasuring the area of the triangle usingthis tool.

You can change the size of thetriangle using the ‘move’ tool. Select thetool and click on one of the vertices anddrag. See the changes in the lengths ofsides, angles, and area.Construction 5

Construct a parallelogram. Thisrequires two pairs of parallel lines.Which are the opposite angles of theparallelogram? Is there anything specialabout the sizes of these angles? Change

Pic. 7.5 - GeoGebra - Object name


53

the angle sizes and observe the changes.Construction 6-Circle

Mark a circle on the plane. All thepoints equidistant from this pointwould form a circle. The distancebetween the first point and the otherpoints is called the radius.

If you provide the centre and theradius of the circle that you intend todraw, we can draw the circle usingGeoGebra. The tool ‘Circle with radiusand centre’ in Group VI can be used forthis.

Construct a circle with centre at ‘O’.Mark any point as ‘A’ on the circle. Drawa diameter. Remember, diameter is anychord that passes through the centre ofthe circle. Mark the point at which thediameter touches the circle at the otherend as ‘B’. Mark a third point ‘P’anywhere on the circle. What will be the

size of the angle <APB? Will the size ofthe angle change according to theposition of point ‘P’ on the circle? Writedown your observation in the form of astatement.

A sequence of areameasurement

Draw a square. Mark themidpoints of all sides.

Now draw another square withthese midpoints as its corners. Youcan use the ‘polygon tool’ for this.Mark the area of both the squares andcompare. What is your observation?Repeat the same steps further on thesecond square. Does the pattern ofchange in area remain the same? Inwhich other rectangle type can youobserve the same property?

Construction 7

A Circle Containing a Triangle

Construct a triangle and measureits angles. Draw a circle that passesthrough the three vertices of thetriangle. The tool used is from GroupVI, ‘Circle with three points’. Try tolocate the centre of this circle.Importing Pictures toGeoGebra

GeoGebra can be used for learningsubjects other than mathematics as well.In such cases we may need picturesother than geometric constructions.Suppose we intend to use the softwarefor Geography. We may need maps.

Keep a map of India saved in yourcomputer’s home folder. We can importthis map to GeoGebra using the tool‘Insert picture’. First decide the locationwhere you want to have the map. Clickthere and select by browsing in thedialogue box that appears.Inserting Titles and Captions

‘Insert text’ in Group X can be usedto include titles, captions, andexplanations for the pictures drawn inGeoGebra. Select the tool and click atthe spot where you want to have the titleor caption.

A window opens. Titles andsentences can be typed in there.Check Boxes

Suppose we have to markMumbai port on India’s map.

You may use a symbol torepresent the port. A typical symbol isa ship. It is possible to mark this in sucha way that it appears only when thatparticular spot on the map is clicked.

We can use ‘check box’ for this.One of the tools in Group X helps in


54

Seek your teacher’s support toarrange it in such a way that the shipand ‘Mumbai’ appear only whenclicked on that spot.Construction 8

Insert the picture of a plant cell inGeoGebra and mark the nucleus andmitochondrea.Sliders

If the figures that we draw moveaccording to our instructions, won’t thatbe interesting? ‘Sliders’ are used for this.These are available in Group IX.

Select the tool and suggest thelocation for inserting the ‘slider’. Thewindow that opens is shown in Picture7.8. It shows that point ‘a’ can be movedfrom -5 to 5. This is the default setting.We can change it as we want it to be.For instance, replace -5 by 0 and 5 by10. Click ‘Apply’. Slider appears on theplane.

We can now draw a circle, theradius of which keeps changingaccording to the values that we assignin the slider.

For this we should use the tool‘Circle with centre and radius’ fromGroup VI.

Select the tool and click at theplace where you want the centre of thecircle to be. A window opens where youcan provide the radius (Picture 7.9).

Now that the circle is drawn, checkwhether its radius varies with the valueof ‘a’ in the slider. Change the value andsee. Use the ‘move’ tool from Group Ifor this.Changing Angle Size UsingSlider

Slider can also be used to modifythe size of angles. For this, in the slider,

setting up the check box. Use this, findthe name of the check box and note itdown in your note book. Then type inthe text that has to appear when thecheck box is clicked on.

Pic. 7.6 - GeoGebra - Checkbox.1

Pic. 7.7 -GeoGebra - Checkbox.2

Open the ‘properties’ window.Select ‘Advanced’ tab and enlist‘Conditions to show object’. What is thecondition in our case? The condition iswhat we decide as a prerequisite forexhibiting the label/sentence. Here itshould be ‘While clicking the check boxabove’. Select that and provide the namethat you had noted down in your notebook.


55

Pic. 7.8 - GeoGebra - Slider 1


select ‘angle’ instead of ‘number’.(Picture 7.8). The size of the angle ‘α’on the slider can be anything between 0to 360 degrees.

Now let’s see how we canmanipulate the interior angles of atriangle. Activate the slider. Use the tool‘angle with given size’. In the windowthat opens, input the new anglemeasure in the ‘α’ tab on the left side.We can also decide whether we want tomeasure the angle in clockwise or anticlockwise direction.

Now you can see the value of ‘α’marked as the proposed angle measure

(the size you want to change to). Sidesof the angles will have to be drawn byjoining the new point that appears andthe vertex. Now remove the slider andsee. You can see that the angle size hasbeen changed. Draw the third side andcomplete the triangle. See that thetriangle has been changed.Construction 9

Draw a circle that passes throughthe vertices of the above triangle. Markthe centre of the circle. What happensto the centre of the circle when youremove the slider?

Do you find the two lines passing


56


through the centre making the figure abit too crowded? You may hide theselines. For this, go to ‘properties’ anduncheck the ‘show object’ option.Extra Activities

1. We know that the interior angles ofa triangle add up to 180 degrees.What will be the sum of the anglesof a rectangle? What about that of apentagon? Do you think there is anyrelationship between the number ofsides and the sum of angles? Lookfor the tool to draw polygons withequal sides in the tool groups. Thenyou can try out more polygons.

2. Construct a square. Mark themidpoints of all the four sides.Draw a circle through three pointsamong these. Note down yourobservation. Is it possible tosimilarly draw a circle if it was anyrectangle in place of the square?What all types of rectangles will

allow drawing such a circle?3. Draw a rectangle. If the two pairs of

opposite angles are equal, what willyou call it? Can you explain yourobservations to another person bykeeping two opposite anglesconstant while changing the otherpair of opposite angles.

4. Draw a rhombus. Draw both itsdiagonals. What would be themeasures of the angles formed bythe intersection of these diagonals?Write down your observation as astatement in your note book.

Animated Pictures

Let’s try out a slider. Values canbe from 2 to 5. Let the slope be 1.Now try out the value of slider in thetool for constructing ‘regularpolygons’. If you select ‘animation’in the ‘properties’ window, whatwould be the output that you get?

Beyond Calculations

67

Pic. 9.1

9. Beyond Calculations

Haven’t you heard the folk tale inwhich a man safely crossed the riverwith a fowl, fox, and a sack of grains,carrying two of them at a time on a smallboat?

We can try it out in the game‘Shore to shore’ which works on GNU/

Linux. How do you start the game? Is iteasy to win? If not, what are the reasons?.........................................................................................................................................................................................................

In order to successfully completethis game, we haveto carry beasts andthings from oneshore to the other,subject to certainconditions. Whatshould we carryfirst? Next? Inwhich order tocarry?

........................................

...........................................

..................................

..................................

....................................

Information & Communuication Technology

68

Pic. 9.2

How do we give instructions withsuch conditions to a computer? Is itpossible through ‘Python’ language?Let’s see.

Open the simple computer gamecalled ‘Magic number’ by clicking in thefollowing sequence: ‘Application’ ’!‘Education’ ’! ‘Kaliyalla Karyam’. Click on‘Beyond calculations’. This is the gameto get your lucky number (Picture 9.1).

Type in your name in the box

provided for it. Click in the box marked‘A’ and type in a single digit number(magic number). Click ‘Enter’. See thechange in the boxes C and D. When does‘Congratulations’ appear in box ‘D’indicating success?

Suppose you succeeded ontyping ‘5’, what would be the statementamong the following, lying hidden inbox ‘B’?

• If the number typed in ‘A’ is ‘5’, thenlet ‘Congratulations’ appear in box‘D’ (A=5).

• If the number typed in ‘A’ is greaterthan ‘5’, then let ‘Congratulations’appear in box ‘D’ (A>5).

• If the number typed in ‘A’ is smallerthan ‘5’, then let ‘Congratulations’appear in box ‘D’ (A<5).

For the right answer, click on thequestion mark in box ‘B’ (Picture 9.2).

Note that it is when A=5 that‘Congratulations’ appear in box ‘D’.

You can also develop games likethis. Try Activity 6 (Picture 9.3).

Write down the first few steps asstatements as we have seen earlier.

Beyond Calculations

69

• Instruct to type in name• Instruct to type in a single digit• If the digit is ‘5’

° Show ‘Congratulations’ as outputelse° Show ‘Try again’ as output

In order to execute a programmeas per the above statements, we needthe following.• ‘Character input’ for typing in name

• ‘Number input’ for typing in a digit• A ‘decision’

Go to the tool list on the left handside, click on the buttons ‘Character

Pic. 9.3

Number Input and Character Input

If a programme has to accept numbers as inputs, the tool ‘number inputs’ willhave to be selected from the tool list. For the programme to accept charactersas inputs, the tool ‘character inputs’ has to be selected from the tool list.

Information & Communuication Technology

70

If the typed number is 5, confirmyour success in D.

… … … … … … … … … … … …

………………………………..

If s < 5 Instead of s=5

……………………………………

If n, congratulations instead of con-gratulations………………………...................

… … … … … … … … … … … … …

Table. 9.1

Pic. 9.4

Find out the changes that takeplace in the working of the game whenthe following changes are made in thecontent of each box.

Click the ‘code’ button in the gameand see the computer languagecorresponding to the above changes.Save it and activate.

inputs’, ‘Number inputs’, ‘Decision/comparison’ in that order. Type invariable and content as shown in Picture9.4, and click ‘Code’ button.

You can see computer language(Python) appearing on screen as shownin the Picture. Paste it in ‘text editor’,save, and run.

Beyond Calculations

71

input

raw_input

=

==

<

>

print

if

Table. 9.2

Try writing down the functions ofthe statements and symbols in thecomputer language (Python).

Make adequate changes in thegame using the buttons ‘variables’,‘input’, ‘output’, ‘comparison’ and dothe following activity.

Accept the distance travelled andtime taken for travel by two vehiclesand find the faster vehicle.

Will you try finding moreactivities like this from your textbooks?...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

Recollect the computer games thatwe played, and the various computerapplications that we used (Sunclock,

Marble, Calc etc.). Think about howthese applications must have beenworking. For the ‘Sunclock’ to show thetime differences across countries,statements like the ones used abovemust have been used. It is codes(programme) like this that help Calcprovide the sum of the digits in twocells in a third cell. It short, it is theworking of several programmes like theone we made in Python that workbehind software applications such as‘Sun Clock’, ‘Marble’, and ‘Calc’.

Tabulate and Analyse

57

Pic. 8.1 Spreadsheet window

8. Tabulate and Analyse

How many books do you have inyour school library? There must be

books on several subjects by severalauthors. How do you figure out thetitles and authors available? The libraryregister might provide you with the re-quired information.And what if you are to assess the physi-

cal fitness of students? It can be donebased on various tests. Likewise, we cancollect information on different topicsfrom different sources. How do we putsuch information to the best use? Wehave to analyse them and draw infer-ences.Suppose you want to conduct a cam-

paign to check theheight andweight of eachstudent in con-nection with theincreasing obe-sity in teenagers,what are the de-tails to be col-lected?........................................................Based on the in-formation col-lected classifyand analyse them


58

Pic. 8.2

first to arrive at a conclusion. It will con-sume more time and effort if you are toclassify such information of all the stu-dents in your school.But with the advent of computers suchexhaustive and time consuming taskscould be executed very easily andswiftly.You are now familiar with the applica-tion software called Spreadsheet. TheOpenOffice.org Calc is a Spreadsheetsoftware that enables you to carry outsuch activities. Write down the stepsto open the Open Office .org Calc.

Applications …………….

What are the special features of thespread sheet window?

1. A sheet of paper with rows andcolumns.

2. … … … … … … … … … … …

3. … … … … … … … … … … …4. The small rectanugal boxes cross

are called cells.5. ……………………………….

Each row and column has a name bywhich it can be identified. Locate theplace where it is indicated.

The columns are named on top bythe English alphabet A,B,C……..etc,and each row is numbered on the leftby 1,2,3,……,etc.

Click the mouse pointer on any cell.Look at the left top above the columnheader for indication.You have now identified the cell ad-dress. Write down the name of the shad-owed cells as shown in the picture 8.21…........, 2…........, 3……..,4……..., 5…..…., 6….….,7…….., 8………


59

Pic. 8.3 Table

Activity

Imagine that you are preparing afamily budget for the families in yourvillage. Let’s go through the particularsthat are essential to prepare the budget.You should be aware of the existingexpenditure. Collect details of the pre-vious month’s expenditure from eachfamily.Select 10 houses and collect the detailsof expenses on the following items :

1 Food2. Clothes3. Conveyance4. Education5. Miscellaneous

From these find out the answers to thequestions given below:1. Which family has spent the most?2. For what purpose did they spend

the highest expenditure?

3 What is the average expenditure ofa family?

4. Which family has spent moreon clothes?

Now, let us enter the details collectedin the spread sheet and sum up the ex-penses of families to prepare a modelbudget.You have collected only the number ofhouses and the expenses. Suppose youwant to enter the name of the houseowner along with other details, just in-sert another column in between housenumber and food.You have included the name of thehouse owner in the spread sheet. Nowinsert column on the left for the serialnumber.Type ‘Monthly Expenses’ on the top ofthe table by inserting a row.


60

To insert a coloumn / row

1. Put cursor where the row / column is to beinserted

2. Click on Insert - Column/row

Pic. 8.4

Pic 8.5 shows the columns with the House owner and serial no.

Now, how will you include the serialnumbers in the selected column? Doyou know any easy method to includethe serial numbers in the column? Seekthe help of your teacher if required. Inorder to make ‘Monthly Expenses’ thatyou have typed in the first row, select

the cells there and merge them into one.Merge cells with the help of directionsgiven in the box.How to delete any of the rows or col-umns from the table? Seek the assis-tance of your teacher.


61

Pic 8.6 with typed title

Pic. 8.7 Merged title of the table


62

There are many methods to find out thetotal expenses. Use any one of the meth-ods to get the total expenses of eachfamily.Find out the average expenditure ofeach family. The formula is known toyou It’s the sum divided by the num-ber of entries.How will you find out the family thathas spent more? It is easy to find outthe details of ten families by verifyingthe table at a glance. Suppose you haveincluded all the houses for this project,how would you find out an answer to

the above question? Verifying the long,detailed list is a difficult task. To makeit easier the software spread sheet hasa method called SortingPictorial representation enhances un-derstanding of the subject. The graph

Merging cells

1. Select the cells for merging.2. Click in the following order:

Format Merge Cells Mergeand Center Cells/Merge Cells.

For the merging of cells in thecentre, use the option Merge andCentre.

To find the sum total

Method 1 –Auto Sum1. Select the cell to insert the total2. Click the icon in the formal bar3. Press the enter key.4. To obtain the sum

a) Select the first cell (the cell that display total sum)b) Bring the cursor on the right corner of the cell.c) When the cursor assumes the form of + sign, press the mouse

button and drag to the bottomd) Sums will be obtained in the required cells below.

Method 2a) Select a cell to insert the totalb) Type = sign in that cell.c) Click on the first cell to find out the sum. You can view the ad

dress of the cell on the right part of the sign ‘=’d) Type + sign.e) Click on the next cell. Make sure that you have included the

addresses of all the cells and press the enter key

How to delete row

1. Select the row to be deleted2. Edit Delete cellsSame procedure is applicable fordeleting the columns

To find out Average

♦ Select the cell to insert the average

♦ Type ‘=’♦ Select the cell where the total

marks is inserted.♦ Type the sign ‘/ ‘of division♦ Type the numbers of details.♦ Press the Enter key.


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Pic. 8.8 Table showing sums

Pic. 8.9


64

Pic. 8.10

or diagram based on any information reaches the minds clearly and vividly.Let us prepare a graph for the project on ‘family budget’To draw a graph

1. Select the facts to be included. (Pic. 8.9)

2. Click on Insert Chart

3. Select Chart type

Pic.

8.1

1Pi

c. 8

.12

Method of Sorting

1. Select the table as a whole.2. Data - Sort3. Select the column to be

sorted in the Sort by4. Select from the option

as cending/descending5. Click OK


65

Year Male Female Total1977 --˛80 139 1

1980˛82 135 5

1982˛87 136 4

1987˛91 132 8

1991˛96 132 8

1996˛2001 127 13

2001˛2006

2006˛2011

Year Kerala % India %1961 55.08 28.03

1971 69.75 34.45

1981 78.85 43.57

1991 81.81 52.21

2001 90.92 64.84

4. Examine the range of the data included. You are free to make necessary changes.5. Insert, if necessary, the title x-axis or y-axis on the tab Chart Elements.6. Specify the place to insert the chart.7. Click the Finish key.

More Activities

1. A table given below shows the total number of MLAs in the KeralaLegislative Assembly for the last few years. Find out the total number ofMLAs using the Open Office.org Calc.

2. The literacy rates of Kerala and India during various years are given below.Prepare a graph showing the literacy growth of Kerala by usingOpenOffice.org Calc

3. Given below are the scores awarded by various judges for the participantsof digital painting competition in the sub district level IT Fest 2009-10. UsingOpenOffice.org Calc calculate the total score of each participant and find outthe winner. Also draw a graph showing the level of participants.


66

Participants Judge 1 Judge 2 Judge 3 Total

A 60 42 51

B 59 51 48

C 72 68 69

D 52 48 49

E 69 59 71

4. The table below gives you details about the temperature of important citiestelecast by Doordarshan News bulletin. Find the average temperature ofthree cities.

Maximum Minimum Cities Degree Celsius DegreeCelsius Average

Thiruvananthapuram 32 22

Kochi 33 26

Kozhikode 25 17


72

Pic. 10.1 Globe

10. Map Reading

72

Can you think of learninggeography without globe and maps?Why do we use them? Can you notedown the types of information that weget from globe and maps?

Of late, software applicationsused for reading maps have becomevery popular. ‘Marble’ is a simplesoftware in this category. It is basicallya desk top globe.

Map Reading

73

Map Reading

73

Activity Corner

♦ Click the tabs in 'View' menu and see the changes in the globe.♦ Click the tabs 'Navigation'. 'Legend', 'Map view' given on the left side

panel of the 'Marble' window and observe the changes.♦ Click on 'home', 'arrow', 'zoom' tabs and see the changes in the globe.

Watching the Globe

Open the ‘Marble’ window in the‘Education’ menu and see the globe.

Complete the activities suggestedin Activity Corner below.

Watching Kuttanad

Zoom in onto the arearepresenting the Vembanad lake inKuttanad and observe it.

Can you prepare a list of theplaces around Vembanad lake?Longitude and Latitude

Zoom in to your place on the‘Marble’ globe and see the places. Bringthe mouse arrow above those placesand see their longitudes and latitudes.

Can you locate the meridianopposite to the prime meridian andwrite down its longitude?Measuring Distance

What is the distance betweenThiruvananthapuram and Delhi? Wecan find this out from ‘Marble’ globe.

Zoom in to Thiruvananthapuram.Click the right button of the mouse.From the menu that opens, select the tab‘Add measurement point’ by clickingthe left button of the mouse. Similarly,zoom in onto Delhi, and select the tab‘Add measurement point’. See thedistance that the software shows. Pleasenote that what is shown is the aerialdistance between the two places. Rail

or road distances will be more thanthat.

By tracing the sea route fromPortugal to Kozhikode by means ofmouse clicks, can you estimate thenautical miles that Vasco Da Gamatravelled in 1498 to reach Kappad?Content of Maps

Prepare a note on the types ofinformation that globes and mapsprovide.

Let’s now run the ‘Marble’window in ‘Legend mode’ for accessinginformation. See the list of legendsshown in the box on the left side. Selectthe following legends from the list byclicking on the check boxes.

• Cities• Water bodies• Ice and glaciers• Relief• Coordinates• Grid• Scale barObserve the changes on the globe

now. ‘Uncheck’ the check boxes and see


74

Pic. 10.2 Legend Tool bar

Pic. 10.3'Marble' maps

the difference. (Picture 10.2).Different Types of Maps

Geographers use various types of maps for differentpurposes. Observe different maps using the ‘View’ tab in‘Marble’. (Picture 10.3).Xrmap for Map Reading

Maps are essentially repositories of geographicinformation. They may also contain information on variousmatters such as roads, buildings, administrativeboundaries etc. Digital maps are capable of containingmuch more information than the ordinary maps used inclass rooms. Open ‘xrmap’ provided in the ‘Education’menu and observe the types of information stored in digitalmaps (Picture 10.4).Scales of Maps

We know that maps are prepared in different scales.Open ‘xrmap’ and see a map in a small scale. Press ‘+’ keyto see map of a larger scale. Observe the difference betweenthe two. Which one provides more details?

Map Reading

75

Pic. 10.4 Xrmap window

Click on the red marks on the map andsee the features available in the tool bar.Find out the use of these features bypressing ‘Z’ key (Picture 10.6).

Mark your school on online maps suchas ISRO, Bhuvan, and WikiMapia.


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Pic. 10.4 Xrmap toolbar

Pic. 10.6 Xr Keyboard Shortcuts

Effective Presentation

77

11. Effective Presentation

All of you love watching movies,don’t you? But have you ever

thought that the movie you watch onthe screen is the outcome of several daysof hard work and that it is the productof combined effort of many people? Thedevelopment of Information and Com-munication Technology hasrevolutionised the way films are pro-duced. Don’t you want to present astory effectively in front of an audience?How will you stir the emotions of theaudience?For effective presentation a lot can bedone by utilising the techniques of ICT.The ICT can make your learning pro-cess more effective and motivating. TheICT can be used to cover many such ar-eas of your learning activity.What all ICT techniques do you knowto make your presentation more effec-tive and attractive?♦ Pictures♦ Sound♦ ……...............................................♦ ……...............................................

♦ ……...............................................♦ ……...............................................You have already understood that thepresentation software helps you topresent your ideas using sound andimages.

Impress in Open Office.org is a pre-sentation software that works inIT@school Gnu/Linux.

Note down the preparations to be madeto make an effective presentation usingthe materials that you have collected aspart of your learning activity.

♦ Decide on the key points to be presented before the audience.

♦ Decide where the visuals and soundwill have to appear.

♦ ……...............................................♦ ……...............................................♦ ……...............................................♦ ……...............................................


78

A storyboard is a visual layout ofthe images and text you want toappear on each slide.

Slide 1 Water, the elixir of lifeAn image of a fresh water sourceFont Size ...........................................Font Colour .......................................

Slide 2 Total amount of water onearth, Pure water - a table

Font Size ...........................................Font Colour .......................................

.............................................................

Slide 3 Availability of water inour area - a study

The information you collected duringthe project can be given here as ahyperlink

Slide 4Environmental factors thatlead to water contamina-tion.

The video and pictures showingwater contamination ..............................

Slide 5The images on proper usesof water

Collect photographs of water recy-cling with the help of your teacher orphotograph it from your area (if avail-able). Use them here.

Slide 6Water Conservation -Important Points

Suggestions for educating public onpreservation of water should appearhere ..............

Suppose you want to create a presenta-tion on a topic ‘Importance of WaterConservation’ based on the 16th chap-ter of Basic Science textbook in connec-tion with the awareness campaign. Anincomplete story board is given below.Complete it to create an effective storyboard.Suggestions should appear here on youraction plan to preserve water.The completed story board can be usedto create a presentation on the topic. Letus see how presentation can be pre-pared on the topic with the aid of

OpenOffice.org Impress.Record the details to be included in theslides and complete the story board inyour ICT note book. A discussion in thegroup will help you to improve thematter.You can even make necessarychanges in the story board while youprepare the presentation.From the 'Tasks' on the right side of the


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To include pictures

Select the slide to add the picture. To add a picture Click the mouse in the fol-lowing order. Insert → Picture

→

From File.

Pic. 11.1

slide, choose a suitable lay out for thepresentation. Type the required detailson the selected slides.You have now typed the matter in eachslide as stated on the storyboard. Let

us see how to make the slides attrac-tive, using the infomation given below.You can seek your teacher’s help, ifneeded.

How to include a movie file or asound file

Select the slides to be added. Click theMovie and Sound in the Insert Menu toadd animation and sound files. (Pic.11.2)How to give Hyperlink

Select the words in the slide to behyperlinked. Click on Hyperlink and awindow opens. Click on Document onthe left side of the window (Pic. 11.3)Click on Folder icon on the right side ofthe window and browse the file to beconnected to the slide. Type the wordsselected from the slide in the space ofText and click the Applybutton.

How to animate the slides

Select the words or pictures to be ani-mated. Click in the following order:Slide Show

→

Custom Animation (Pic.11.4) Now suitable animation can beadded to the slide by clicking the Addbutton in the Tasks pane appearing onthe right side of the slide.We have learned how to make theslides attractive by adding animationand sound to it. The presentation ofslides also deserves equal importance.One has to decide on the order of itsappearance. It should never be shownin quick succession as that can distractthe viewers. For an effective presenta-tion, the slides have to be in logical or-


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Pic. 11.2

Pic. 11.3

der and will have to be properly con-nected to each other. Many differentslide transitions are available in OpenOffice Impress. Slide Transitions areone of the many finishing touches to apresentation. Wait until you have theslides edited and arranged in the pre-ferred order before setting. You might

have noticed the order and emergenceof each scene in a movie. Do it likewise.Click Slide Show and then Slide Transi-tion respectively.Find alternate method if any and record.1 … … …2 ……....

3 ……..

4 ……..

5 ……..

6 ……..

7 ……..

8 ……..


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Pic. 11.4

Don’t forget to save the presentation inyour folder. Try to do the activitiesgiven below using Impress and presentit during the Free Software Day.Activities

1. Prepare a presentation on Kerala’smineral wealth.

2. Prepare a presentation on the ‘Structure of Cell’ that appears in the Unittitled ‘The Casket of Life’ in Basic Science.

3. Prepare a chart in a Spread Sheet onthe production of crops in India andthe total cultivable land during thelast few decades. Prepare a presen

tation on “The Agricultural Scenario– After Independence“and insert thespread sheet as hyperlink.

4. Prepare a presentation on WilliamShakespeare highlighting the storyMacbeth in your English CourseBook

5. Prepare a visual presentation of thepoem “The Enchanted Shirt” inEnglish Course Book.

6. Prepare a presentation with amplepictures highlighting the traditionalagricultural rituals of Kerala in connection with the lesson titled“Arisree’ in your MalayalamCourse Book.


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12. Far out in the Sky

Pic. 12.1

Boundless and enigmatic as they areThe incredible ways of the Planet EarthLittle could a man sitting in a remote cornerGrasp its fathomless depth and form

We watch the sky during the dayand night. When do you think the sky

looks the most wonderful? You musthave observed several changes

happening in the sky.Watching the sky withhundreds of stars,planets, moon, and thesun must besomething dear toyour heart.

When was it thatyou have watched thesky seriously in therecent past? Were youlooking for somethingspecific? Did you findany problem inwatching the sky?

Try writing

Far out in the Sky

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Open Kstars software application and set our place using ‘Settings ’!Geography’. If our name is absent in the list, click ‘clear fields’. Set ‘city’, ‘state’,‘country’, ‘longitude’, ‘latitude’, and ‘UT Offset’ (the time difference betweenGreenwich mean time and our local time). Click ‘Add to list’ to include placename. For example, in order to include the place name Alappuzha, providethe following: Alappuzha, Kerala, India, 76 23, 09 30, 5.50.

Pic. 12.2 ‘Pic. 12.3

Open Kstars software application and set ‘Time’, ‘Date’, and ‘City’. Click‘Pointing ’! Find object’. Press ‘Enter’. You can see the moon closer by clicking‘Zoom in’ button. Click ‘Time → Set time’ to set date and time.

Observe Moon

down your experience in sky watching.

•

•

•

‘Kstars’, ‘Stallarium’ etc., aresoftware applications that help us watchand understand the sky better.

Have you observed the changesthat the moon undergoes, starting as acrescent the next day after the newmoon and progressing towards the full

moon? We can observe these changesin the shape of the moon using Kstarsoftware.Activity 12.1

Refer the calender and figure outthe dates of new moon and full moonthis month. Use Kstars to observe thechanges in the shape of the moonthrough the cycle.

Have you seen solar eclipse?

Set the ‘place’ in Kstars softwareapplication. Set the ‘date’ as 15thJanuary 2010. Set the appropriate timein the ‘Adjust time step’ option in theTool bar. Click the ‘Start clock’ button.Sky Watching in DifferentMonths

Picture 12.5 shows the sky on aday in February. Observe the sky on


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Pic. 12.4

‘Pic. 12.5

different days in other months.What all celestial objects haveyou seen while watching thesky?

• Stars• Planets••

Let’s See Star Constellations

If you watch the sky every monthregularly, you will notice constellationsof stars in different parts of the sky. Ourancestors have joined them byimaginary lines and have attributedcertain shapes to them. These shapesare mostly of animals or people. Theseconstellations are known by theseshapes.

Far out in the Sky

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Type ‘Orion’ in the ‘Pointing → FindObject’ window. Press ‘Enter’.(Picture 12.6)

We can use Kstars to locate theseconstellations. Let’s take theconstellation which has the shape of ahunter (Orion).

Try to observe the following whilewatching the stars:• How many stars are there in the

‘Orion’ constellation?

Pic. 12.6

• Which is the brightest star amongthe Orions?

• What is the relationship betweenOrion constellation and directionsas we understand them on Earth?

• Repeat the observations on differentdays and months

Gemini, Aries, Cancer, and Leoare constellations of different shapes.Observe each constellation, count thestars, look for the brightest star and seethe shape of the constellation and relateit to its name.

Pic. 12.7 Pic. 12.8

You know the composition of thesolar system. You also know the timethat the earth takes to revolve aroundthe sun once. But do you know the timethat Saturn takes to revolve around thesun once? What about other planets?


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Pic. 12.9

Activity 12.2

Open the Kstars software. If youselect ‘Tools’ and click ‘Solar system’,the window shown in Picture 12.9opens. First set the time in the tabprovided for that. Now click on thebutton on the left side and start

observing the planets. Note down yourobservations. Set a different time andrepeat the activity.

Set the time on the computer andclick the ‘Today’ button and see whathappens.

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