+

ICS 139WCritical Writing on Information TechnologyLecture 2Emily Navarro

Duplication of course material for any commercial purpose without the explicit written permission of the professor is prohibited

+Today’s Lecture

Oral presentation techniques Oral presentation review guidelines “Influencing Policy” assignment Group work – PowerPoint articles

+Oral Presentation Techniques

+Oral Presentations

Important part of your education, future career, and your personal growth as an effective communicator

Public speaking: number one fear, over death Nervousness should abate over time with practice

+Some Examples

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YivQYeI0vys https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kql-pvnid0s https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ck5vVU8qQWA https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BBthvuOQpKc

+Dimensions of Oral Presentation

Linguistic behavior Non-verbal behavior Organization Visual aids

+Linguistic BehaviorDO DON’T

Rate of speech Slow downUse pauses

Speed through

Intonation Speak upUse inflections

Be monotone

Verbal mannerisms(um, you know, like)

Vary your transitional phrases

Use them

Response to audience questions

Listen and thoughtfully respond

Be dismissive

+Non-Verbal BehaviorDO DON’T

Gestures Use them to add emphasis

“Death grip” the lectern

Movement Vary your position

Be “frozen”

Facial expressions, mannerisms

Practice and watch for these

Use distracting mannerisms

Eye contact Focus on individuals for a few seconds at a time

Pass your gaze over the room

Apparent comfort Try to appear comfortable

Let them see your nervousness

+Organization

Structure in sections Go through main points before during and after

Use effective redundancy Finish with a satisfying conclusion

+Visual Aids

Effective slides are visual

If something can be made a picture, then do it use bullets, not full sentences

Each item no more than two lines use a consistent layout use minimal text have plenty of white space

+Visual Aids (II)

A presentation is about what speaker has to say, not what can be read from slides

Slides should help audience understand material, not remind speaker of what to say

+Visual Aids (II)

A presentation is about what speaker has to say, not what can be read from slides

Slides should help audience understand material, not remind speaker of what to say

Do not simply read your slides!

+When preparing slides…

It is generally not good practice to create long strings of text in complete sentences and then either read them to the audience or expect the audience to read the text and listen to you say different words at the same time. They will end up either reading the slide and tuning you out, or tuning both out because text processing is sequential. If all of the information is on the slide, then they don’t need you anyway.

Use brief bullets to illustrate points Talk to fill in the needed information

+When preparing slides

Use large, clear, readable fontUse large, clear, readable fontUse large, clear, readable font Use large, clear, readable font Use large, clear, readable font Use large, clear, readable font Use large, clear, readable font

+What is wrong with this slide? Clases in UML appear as rectanlges with multiple sections. The first section

contains its name (defines a type) and the second section contains the class’s attributes the third section contains the class’s methids.

Classes can be related in a variety of ways: Inheritance, association (with multiplicity optional), whole-part (agregation and composition), qualification, and interfaces.

In inheritence, one class extends another and it is notated by a a white triangle points to the superclass. The subclass can add attributes and it can also add behaviors or override existing ones.

With asociation one class can reference another and this is shown by a straight line drawn between classes. Also, roles can be asociated with the classes that take part in an association, shown by text on the line close to the boxes. Associations can be labeled in order to convey semantic meaning to the readers of the UML diargam. In addition to roles and labels, associations can also have multiplicity annotations, which indicates how many instances of a class participate in an association. Associations can indicate the number of instances involved in the relationship. This is known as multiplicity. An association with no markings is “one to one.” An association can also indicate diretcionality. If so, it indicates that the “knowledge” of the relationship is not bidirectional. Asociations can also convey semantic information about themselves. In particular, agregations indicate that one object contains a set of other objects. Agregation is indicated with a white diamond attached to the class playing the container role.

A clas can indicate that it impliments an interface. An interface is a type of class definition in which only method signatures are defined. A class implementing an interface provides method bodys for each defined method signature in that interface. This allows a class to play different roles, with each role providing a different set of services. Interface is denooted by a hollow triangle shape on the interface end of the dashed line that connects it to one or more implementers.

+Better

Classes in UML appear as rectangles with multiple sections First section: class name Second section: class’s attributes Third section: class’s methods

Class NameAttribute : Type

Operation (parameter) : Return Type

Attribute : Type

Operation (parameter) : Return Type

Operation (parameter) : Return Type

+Colors

Use visible colors Use colors for emphasis Contrast with background Avoid light on light Avoid dark on dark

+Animation

Use animation sparingly, if at all Distracts from your talk Should add something to your talk

+Other Important Points

Know your material Know your audience Be yourself Practice Don’t apologize Expect nervousness

+Oral Presentation Review Guidelines

+Oral Presentation Review: Purpose Two ways to become a better writer:

Practice Critique others’ work

Each time we have oral presentations, we will also peer review them

+Oral Presentation Review: Logistics During/after presentation, write down comments After presentation, give comments to speaker After speaker reads them, give them to TA Comments count toward your participation grade

Comment on at least 3 speakers per presentation class session

Next lecture: oral presentations on system changes

+Oral Presentation Review Guidelines Linguistic behavior

See earlier slide

Non-verbal behavior See earlier slide

Organization and content Can you follow the speaker’s train of thought? Are the speaker’s facts accurate? How well does the speaker appear to understand the topic? Do you agree with the speaker’s conclusions?

Visual aids (when used) How effective are the slides? How does the speaker interact with the slides?

+Oral Presentation Reviews – Other Points Point out what part(s) of the presentation went well Provide constructive criticism

+“Influencing Policy” Assignment

+Basic Idea

Learning to write persuasively Improves your critical thinking Improves your reasoning/logic Improves your ability to weigh evidence and make

decisions

Write a persuasive letter to a policy maker about changing policy Take a position Recommend some action Back it up

+Topic

Choose an issue: that involves technology that you care about that you know about

Ideas Email “spam” Privacy Objectionable material on the Internet Internet sales tax

+Recipient

An appropriate policy maker New law / support or oppose proposed legislation

Member of congress

Executive branch action Head of appropriate branch (e.g., Justice Department

regarding an antitrust suit)

Move public opinion President (veto legislation), editor of newspaper

Address your letter properly

+First Steps

Write a five- to ten-line outline List the supporting points and conclusion like a syllogism Turn this in with each revision

Write your letter Based on the outline

+Syllogism

A three-part logical argument Major premise

“All birds are animals.” Minor premise

“All parrots are birds.” Conclusion

“All parrots are animals.”

Each part expressed as “Some/all/no A is/are [not] B” Privacy example

Collecting data on peoples’ search engine usage is unconstitutional. Google collects data on peoples’ search engine usage. Google’s practices are unconstitutional (and they should therefore be

banned from collecting this data.)

+Valid or Fallacious?

Some cats are black. Some televisions are

black. Some televisions are cats.

+Valid or Fallacious?

Some cats are black. Some televisions are

black. Some televisions are cats.

FALLACIOUS

+Valid or Fallacious?

All Texans are Americans. No Californians are Texans. No Californians are

Americans.

+Valid or Fallacious?

All Texans are Americans. No Californians are Texans. No Californians are

Americans.

FALLACIOUS

+Valid or Fallacious?

No lazy people pass exams.

Some students pass exams.

Some students are not lazy.

+Valid or Fallacious?

No lazy people pass exams.

Some students pass exams.

Some students are not lazy.

VALID

+Valid or Fallacious?

No healthy food is fattening.

All cakes are fattening. No cakes are healthy.

+Valid or Fallacious?

No healthy food is fattening.

All cakes are fattening. No cakes are healthy.

VALID

+Valid or Fallacious?

The evidence says one thing.

The conclusion says another.

The evidence is false.

+Valid or Fallacious?

The evidence says one thing.

The conclusion says another.

The evidence is false.

FALLACIOUS

+Counterarguments

Anticipate and discuss them! Generate them point by point

Imagine what an opponent might say to each Do your research Talk with others

Present them fairly and objectively Goal: to convince the reader that your arguments are

stronger

+Audience

Special consideration for persuasive writing! Ensure tone, style, and form of address are appropriate Describe the action you want them to take in the first

few sentences Make the letter “sendable”

+Due Dates

4/15 Outline + good draft Joint editing in class

4/22 Revised outline + revised draft Editor’s comments

5/6 Final letter + outline All previous versions

+PowerPoint Articles Reaction

+Group Assignment

Get into groups of four or five Come up with a position about the “evilness” of

PowerPoint Majority rules (or just choose a side) You must participate and argue for your position, whether

you agree with it or not

At the end of class, turn in A thesis statement summarizing your position A list of three or more supporting points, structured as

syllogisms

+Next Time

Discussion (tomorrow) Using each other’s instructions to build systems Bring THREE copies of your instructions

But only one set of your building components

Lecture (Thursday) 1-2 minute oral presentations on system change proposal