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Country study: South Korea

by Taesang Kim

ECO-CITY & LOW-CARBON CITY

PROGRAMS AND NETWORKS IN EAST ASIA

ICLEI Global Reports

S T U D Y E C O - C I T Y

Eco-city and low-carbon city programs and networks in East Asia - Country study: South Korea

The publication shall be cited as: “ICLEI, 2014, Eco-city and low-carbon city programs and networks in East Asia - Country study: South Korea, ICLEI Global Report”

Authors: Taesang Kim

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ICLEI is the world’s leading association of cities and local governments dedicated to sustainable development. ICLEI is a powerful movement of 12 mega-cities, 100 super-cities and urban regions, 450 large cities as well as 450 medium-sized cities and towns in 86 countries.

ICLEI promotes local action for global sustainability and supports cities to become sustainable, resilient, resource-efficient, biodiverse, low-carbon; to build a smart infrastructure; and to develop an inclusive, green urban economy with the ultimate aim to achieve healthy and happy communities.

Eco-city and low-carbon city

programs and networks in East Asia

Country study: South Korea

(As of February 2014)

by Taesang Kim

4 Financing the Resilient City

Introduction

Learning more about eco-cities and low-carbon cities in East Asia

Cities worldwide have profiled themselves as “sustainable cities”, “environmental cities”, “green cities”, “ecological capitals” and “eco-cities” over the last decades. Already in the year 1990, environmentally minded cities joined together and formed ICLEI, which has meanwhile become the largest network of cities and local governments for sustainability. Today, projects of eco-city development, eco-districts and eco-industrial parks in East Asian countries draw the world’s attention.

Laying a strong focus on sustainable urban development in East Asia, the economically most vibrant region of the world, ICLEI has accepted an offer by Seoul Metropolitan Government in South Korea and opened an East Asia Secretariat.

The East Asia team has been aware of eco-city and low-carbon city projects in the various countries. It felt, however, that it would be useful to gain a systematic overview of relevant programs and networks in the region.

ICLEI East Asia has therefore commissioned country studies on eco-city and low-carbon city programs and networks in P.R. China, Chinese Taipei (Taiwan), Japan and South Korea. The findings shall be shared with all those interested in sustainable urban development through three publications, which contain the studies for Greater China, Japan and South Korea. I thank the authors – Mr. Mingshun Zhang, Mr. Tze-Luen Lin, Ms. Michie Kishigami and Ms. Naoko Ikeda as well as Mr. Taesang Kim – for their work.

The publisher is interested in learning more about eco-city and low-carbon city programs and networks in East Asian countries and will welcome any hint and information from the readers of this booklet.

Konrad Otto-Zimmermann

Founding Director East Asia Secretariat , ICLEI – Local Governments for Sustainability

Eco-city and low-carbon city programs and networks in East Asia4

Financing the Resilient City

The author

Taesang Kim

Taesang Kim prepared this country study on South Korea’s eco-city and low-carbon city programs and networks during his office at ICLEI East Asia Secretariat from March 2013 to July 2014, where he worked as Program and Policy Officer and was responsible for low-carbon city related program research and development. He is currently serving at the United Nations Development Programme in Cambodia as United Nations Volunteers (UNV) Climate Change Knowledge Management Officer.

Taesang started his career at the Korea Foundation, a public diplomacy agency under the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Korean government. Later, he joined the Korea Institute of Development Strategy, where he was engaged in various international development cooperation projects of the Korean government in Indonesia, Myanmar, Pakistan and Peru.

Taesang studied International Cooperation at the Graduate School of International Studies, Seoul National University in South Korea, and holds a Bachelor degree in Police Administration and International Studies from Dongguk University, South Korea.

Country study: South Korea 5


Content

1. Introduction 8

2. Background

2.1 Definition of Low Carbon Green City 9

2.2 Brief history 9

3. Programs and Network profiles

3.1 Projects & networks led by the national government 15

3.1.1 Climate Change Adaptation Model City Project 15

3.1.2 Eco-city Project 16

3.1.3 Ubiquitous Eco City (U-Eco City) Research and Development Project 17

3.1.4 Gangneung - Low-carbon Green City Demonstration Project 19

3.1.5 Low carbon green village project 20

3.1.6 Sustainable new town (Sindosi) planning criteria 21

3.2 Local Governments Initiatives 21

3.3 Initiatives by non government organizations 24

4. Synopsis 26

5. References 28


7Financing the Resilient City A demand-driven approach to development, disaster risk reduction, and climate adaptationCountry study: South Korea 7

List of tables

Table 1 Three key strategies and ten policy directions of South Korea’s five-year plan (2008-2013)

10

Table 2 Local Green Growth Plans of 16 metropolitan cities and prov-inces in South Korea

11

Table 3 Local action plans for green growth of 16 metropolitan cities and provinces in South Korea

12

Table 4 Major projects and cooperative projects by Korean cities participating in Climate Change Adaptation Model City Project

15

Tabl3 5 List of U-City Pilot projects 18

Table 6 Current status of low-carbon green village by local governments

20

Table 7 Planned areas for sustainable new city development 21

Table 8 List of EcoRich Cities 2009-2012 22

Table 9 Korean cities reporting to the carbonn Climate Registry 25

8 Financing the Resilient CityEco-city and low-carbon city programs and networks in East Asia8

1 Introduction

In 2009, South Korea announced the plan to reduce its greenhouse gas emissions by 30% compared with its business-as-usual level in 2020; this target was later included in the National Green Growth Strategy 2009. To achieve this goal in promoting green growth and sustainability, the active involvement of local governments is crucial. As pointed out in Urban Policy Review Korea 2012 by the Organization of Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), South Korea, with an exponential growth rate of urban population from 28% in 1960 to 83% in 2010, is one of the most densely populated and urbanized countries in the world.1 Therefore, it is without doubt that local governments and cities play an integral part in achieving the ambitious mitigation target set by the national government.

During the five-year term between 2008 and 2013, the national government actively pursued green growth strategy, however, it seems that South Korea still lags behind in terms of developing eco-city and low-carbon city. It was not until 2007 that the central government started to initiate low-carbon city development such as the Climate Change Adaptation Model City Project. Most of these initial low-carbon city programs are still in the stages of planning or concretization, it is hard to find a complete and established city case.2

In general, eco-city and low-carbon city development in South Korea has been initiated and driven by the central government, who adopted pilot projects in designated or selected cities as its major development strategy. It is expected that successful cases will be replicated by other cities at a later stage. Two ministries, including the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transportation (hereinafter “MLIT”) and Ministry of Environment (hereinafter “MOE”), are the primary bodies responsible for promoting eco-city and low-carbon city development.

Besides initiatives led by the central government, some local municipalities also made some notable efforts. While some of these initiatives are led by local leaders such as mayors from Seoul metropolitan city, Changwon-si, Suncheon-si, Suwon-si and Jeju-do; others started their efforts in low-carbon city development by joining pilot projects. In most cases, the role of local governments has been to comply with the directives of the central government to implement local projects with considerable financial support from the national government.3 Given the low level of self-reliance of subnational governments, securing additional funding for their own low-carbon city projects remains one of the greatest challenges for local governments to go beyond the initiatives driven by the central government.4

This country study provides an overview of the existing eco city and low-carbon city programs and networks initiated by the national government, local municipalities or cities and non-government organizations in South Korea.

1 OECD, 2012. Urban Policy Review Korea, OECD, Paris.

2 Kim, Tae-Ho, et al, 2013. “Promoting Strategies and Case Study of Development for Low Carbon, Green Growth”, Journal of Civil Engineering 61(4), P.1.

3 Kamal-Chaoui, L., et al, 2011. “The Implementation of the Korean Green Growth Strategy in Urban Areas”, OECD Regional Development Working Papers 2011/02, P.39, OECD Publishing.


9Financing the Resilient City A demand-driven approach to development, disaster risk reduction, and climate adaptation

2 Background

2.1 Definition of Low Carbon Green City5

In general, eco-city and low-carbon city in South Korea are referred to as “Low Carbon Green City”, which describes a city that pursues low-carbon development and green growth at the same time. “Low Carbon” refers to the lowering of greenhouse gas emissions to an appropriate level through reducing the consumption of fossil fuels, expanding the use and supply of clean energy, research and development of green technology, and securing carbon sinks.6 “Green Growth” refers to growth that efficiently uses and conserves energy and resources, and reduces damages to the environment. Driven by research and development of green technologies, green growth creates new jobs, and ensures harmony between the economy and the environment through clean technology.7

The term “Low Carbon Green City” became more commonly used after the MLIT established the urban planning guidelines in 2008, which was influenced by the country’s new vision in low-carbon green growth. Besides this term, other names such as green city, carbon neutral city, eco city, etc., are also being used alternatively.

2.2 Brief history

National vision and strategy for low-carbon eco city

Since signing the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change in 1993 and the Kyoto Protocol in 1998, South Korea has started formulating and implementing comprehensive plans to countermeasure climate change.8 It has also recognized the need to harmonize greenhouse gas reduction with the country’s direction of long-term economic development.9

Although comprehensive plans on countermeasures to climate change have been formulated since 1999, the initial plans lacked concreteness and only provided general policy directions. The first plan (1999-2001), for instance, briefly mentioned the implementation of environment protective traffic policy, urban planning and the pursuit of energy-saving urban infrastructure. It was until the third plan (2005-2007) was announced that city-specific plans were introduced. Based on research conducted by the government on how to activate municipalities’ response to climate change in 2004, the third plan mentioned

5 Eco-green city. URL: www.eco-greencity.or.kr/greencity/greeninfo/greencityage/e_greenconcept.jsp (Accessed in February 2014)

6 Ministry of Government Legislation, 2010. Article 2, Clause 1 of Framework Act on Low Carbon, Green Growth.

7 Ibid.

8 South Korea had formulated and implemented the following Comprehensive Plans on Countermeasures to Climate Change since 1999: 1st Comprehensive Countermeasures to Climate Change Convention (1999 - 2001); 2nd Comprehensive Countermeasures to Climate Change Convention (2002 - 2004); 3rd Comprehensive Countermeasures to Climate Change Convention (2005 - 2007); 4th Comprehensive Basic Plan on Countermeasures to Climate Change (2008 - 2012)

9 As of 2001, South Korea is the ninth GHG emitter following USA, China, Russia, Japan, India, Germany, UK, and Canada.

Country study: South Korea 9


resource-efficient new city development policy, and the assistance to municipalities in counter-measuring climate change.

Putting further emphasis on comprehensiveness, and extended from three years to five years so as to harmonize with the first commitment period of the Kyoto Protocol, the fourth plan included policy directions on various aspects of low-carbon city instead of solely focusing on counter-measuring climate change. Some of the relevant points in the plan include:

• Implementation of various pilot/demonstration projects to realize low-carbon city

• Efforts to reduce greenhouse gas and incentive grant to local governments

• Formulation of city’s climate change adaptation model and guidelines

• Establishment of cooperation network in combating climate change among the central government, local governments and the private sector

• Capacity building for cities in response to the climate change

On 15 August 2008, former President Lee Myung-bak announced “Low Carbon Green Growth” as the new national development paradigm to create new growth engines and jobs with green technology and clean energy. With this new vision, South Korea became the first among OECD countries to vigorously formulate national strategy that explicitly focuses on low-carbon green growth, and to take actions to realize low-carbon society and sustainable development at the national level. Subsequently, the National Strategy for Green Growth (2009-2050) and the Five-Year Plan (2008-2013) were announced in 2009. Table 1 outlines the three key strategies and ten policy directions mentioned in the Five-Year Plan (2008-2013). Some components such as environment-friendly land use, green transportation, resource recycling, use of renewable energy, etc., are related to eco-city and low-carbon city development. With these policy directions, local governments could apply them in their own green growth plans and climate adaptation plans.

Table 1: Three Key strategies and ten policy directions of South Korea’s five-year plan (2008-2013)

Three key strategies and ten policy directions of South Korea’s five-year plan (2008-2013)

Adapting to climate change & enhancing energy

independence

Securing new growth engines

Improving living standards & enhancing national status

1. Effective mitigation of greenhouse gas emissions2. Reducing fossil fuel use and enhancing energy independence3. Strengthening the capacity to adapt to climate change

4. Development of green technologies5. Greening of existing industries and promotion of green industries6. Advancement of industrial structure to increase services7. Engineering a structural basis for green economy

8. Greening land and water as well as building green infrastructure9. Bringing the green revolution to daily lives10. Becoming an international role model for green growth


To provide legal and institutional basis for the country’s green growth strategy, the Framework Act on Low Carbon, Green Growth (hereafter referred to as the Framework Act) and its enforcement decree were enacted in January 2010. In July 2011, the Korean Government announced specific sector-based targets aiming to reduce 30% of its greenhouse gases by 2020 compared to its business-as-usual level.

The Framework Act called upon local governments to cooperate closely with the state to implement green growth strategy. For metropolitan city and provincial governments (Do), the Framework Act required them to establish and implement local action plans for green growth in conformity with the national strategy. For lower-level governments (at the Si, Gun and Gu levels)10, they are encouraged, but not required to take similar steps; they are also encouraged to take green growth impacts into account when formulating and executing plans and projects.11 Table 2 shows the green growth plans and key actions by 16 metropolitan cities and provinces in South Korea.

Table 2: Local Green Growth Plans of 16 metropolitan cities and provinces in South Korea12

Metropolitan city or province (Do)

Name of green growth plan Lower-level tiers of government (Si, Gun and Gu) that have established green growth plans

Seoul Five-year Green Growth Plan 4 out of 25 Gus (Jung-gu, Seongdong-gu, Dongjak-gu, Seocho-gu)

Busan Green Growth Strategy and Five-year Implementation Plan

Nil

Daegu Green Growth Implementation Plan

2 out of 7 Gus and 1 Gun (Nam-gu, Dalseo-gu)

Incheon Green Growth Implementation Plan

Nil

Gwangju Five-year Green Growth Plan 1 out of 5 Gus (Gwangsan-gu)

Daejeon Green Growth Implementation Plan

Nil

Ulsan Five-year Green Growth Plan Nil

Gyeonggi-do Comprehensive Green Growth Implementation Plan

15 out of 27 Sis and 2 out of 4 Guns (Ahnyang-si, Ansan-si, Dongducheon-si, Gimpo-si, Gunpo-si, Hanam-si, Hwaseong-si, Pyeongtaek-si, Namyangju-si, Osan-si, Siheung-si, Suwon-si, Uijeongbu-si, Yangju-si, Yangpyeong-gun, Yeoju-gun, Yongin-si)

Gangwon-do Five-year Green Growth Plan 2 out of 7 Sis and 2 out of 11 Guns (Cheolwon-gun, Taebaek-si, Wonju-si, Yeongwol-gun)

Chungcheongbuk-do Green Growth Implementation Plan

1 out of 9 Guns and 3 Sis (Cheongwon-gun)

Chungcheongnam-do Green Growth Strategy and Implementation Plan

3 out of 7 Sis and 8 out of 9 Guns (Buyeo-gun, Cheonan-si, Cheongyang-gun, Dangjin-gun, Geumsan-gun, Gyeryong-si, Hongseong-gun, Nonsan-si, Seocheon-gun, Taean-gun, Yesan-gun)

Jeollabuk-do Five-year Green Growth Plan 2 out of 6 Sis and 8 Guns (Kunsan-si, Namwon-si)

10 Si is an administrative district with more than 50,000 inhabitants and Gun with less than 50,000 inhabitants (county level). Gu belongs to Metropolitan city or Si with more than 500,000.




Jeollanam-do Five-year Green Growth Plan 2 out of 5 Sis and 5 out of 17 Guns: (Damyang-si, Gokseong-gun, Gwangyang-si, Hwasung-gun, Jangseong-gun, Jindo-gun, Yeosu-si)

Gyeongsangbuk-do Low Carbon, Green Growth Implementation Plan

4 out of 10 Sis and 3 out of 13 Guns (Ahndong-si, Bonghwa-gun, Gimcheon-si, Goryeong-gun, Gumi-si, Pohang-si, Uiseong-gun,)

Gyeongsangnam-do Green Growth Implementation Plan

2 out of 10 Sis and 3 out of 10 Guns (Changyeong-gun, Gimhae-si, Hadong-gun, Sancheon-gun, Tongyeong-si)

Jeju -do Low Carbon, Green Growth Five-year Plan

Nil

Table 3 summaries the key action plans by 16 metropolitan cities and provinces in South Korea. As shown in the table, most local action plans focus on greenhouse gas emissions reduction and include plans to increase energy efficiency through introducing smart grid systems and green building retrofits, expanding public transportation networks, fostering the development of emerging green technologies, greening existing industrial sectors and developing eco-tourism sites.

Table 3: Local action plans for green growth of 16 metropolitan cities and provinces in South Korea.13

Metropolitan city / province (Do)

Key actions

Busan metropolitan city • Develop a smart grid cluster at the new port• Reinforce climate-friendly ocean management• Green traditional industries (i.e. automobile industry)• Establish open space networks

Chungcheongbuk-do • Promote solar-powered houses, targeting 5,000 households by 2012• Support restoration of the Han River and the Geumgang River• Support the development of the solar energy industry• Increase the use of biomass energy

Chungcheongnam-do • Reduce greenhouse gas emissions from four thermal power plants• Develop four green technology clusters• Support five leading industries, including green cars, solar fuel cells and LED• Reinforce health care to prevent the spread of infectious diseases

Daegu metropolitan city • Select and support seven green technologies• Green existing industries• Increase energy efficiency in the building and transportation sectors• Enhance sustainable forest management

Daejeon metropolitan city

• Develop Environment-Energy complex town• Reinforce disaster response system• Expand the subway system with the construction of a new line• Expand the supply of renewable energy

Gangwon-do • Reduce CO2 emissions from cement factory• Construct photovoltaic power generation sites• Maintain Korea’s eastern coast• Reduce the use of chemical fertilizer

Gwangju metropolitan city

• Promote the recycling of waste• Reinforce standards for disaster prevention facilities• Green existing industries• Implement a pilot carbon emissions trading scheme among public

administrative agencies



Gyeonggi-do • Develop an eco-industrial district, including green energy, eco-friendly vehicles and R&D

• Construct three GTX (Great Train eXpress) lines around the capital area• Introduce a program to plant 100 million trees• Green the university campus

Gyeongsangbuk-do • Restore the Nakdong River• Green agriculture and fishing industries• Develop Ulleung-do as carbon-zero island• Construct a hydrogen highway along the eastern coast of Korea

Gyeongsangnam-do • Select and foster 10 green technologies, including smart ships, wind power and energy storage facilities

• Construct hydrogen fuel cell generation facilities• Develop 20 low-carbon green cities• Restore the Nakdong River

Incheon metropolitan city

• Establish green foundations• Increase forest area within the city• Construct a tidal plant

Jeollabuk-do • Develop a low-carbon, green village demonstration project• Build a green technology/R&D complex and eco-industrial complex• Establish an eco-tourism site• Reinforce local resiliency to potential disasters associated with the river

Jeollanam-do • Develop an eco-friendly transportation network• Reinforce the management of costal areas to protect against rising sea levels• Build 50 eco-friendly agricultural complexes• Promote eco-tourism

Jeju-do • Implement a smart grid pilot project targeting 6,000 households• Expand renewable energy supply• Introduce a light rail system• Develop a carbon-free tourism site

Seoul metropolitan city • Introduce a smart grid network• Improve the energy efficiency of public buildings• Select and support “ten green technologies”• Reinforce the climate change monitoring system

Ulsan metropolitan city • Develop Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) projects• Develop an eco-industrial complex• Support the greening of the automobile, ship, petrochemical, technology

industries• Establish an open space network

Besides the Framework Act, the central government also developed guidelines and directives to guide local governments to formulate and execute their own green growth strategy. Although these guidelines are not binding, they helped articulate concrete urban planning strategies for reducing emissions at the local level, and helped local authorities to incorporate such strategies into their local planning goals. Some of the guidelines include:

• Guidelines for local municipalities to respond to climate change (February 2008, MOE)

• Urban planning guidelines for low carbon green city (July 2009, Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transportation)

• Guidelines for local GHG emissions inventory (September 2010, MOE)


To date, all of South Korea’s 16 metropolitan and provincial governments have their own climate change adaptation plan. Since it is necessary for all the lower-level governments (Si, Gun and Gu) to formulate tailored local adaptation plans for the actual implementation of the adaptation plan set by the metropolitan and provincial governments, the Ministry of Environment (MOE) has designated 16 lower-level governments as model areas in 2013. MOE is now in the process of supporting them to prepare detailed action plans for local climate change adaptation.14 An overall evaluation on the establishment process of the climate change adaptation plan of all the metropolitan and provincial governments has been done in 2013 by Jin-ah Kim under the advice of Professor Soonjin Yoon of Seoul National University.

14 Water Journal, “Current status of the climate change adaptation policies and the challenge that the new administration faces”, 6 March 2013. URL (in Korean): www.waterjournal.co.kr/news/articleView.html?idxno=16276 (Accessed in February 2014)


3. Programs and Networks Profiles Several pilot projects aiming at promoting the development of low carbon green city have been implemented by the national government. These projects have very similar objectives and are designed to encourage local authorities to develop and implement their own tailored local climate actions, which can be useful for testing innovative urban planning strategies and green technology development. The following section introduces six low carbon green city projects initiated by the central government in South Korea.

3.1 Projects/ networks led by the national government

3.1.1 Climate Change Adaptation Model City Project

Considering the important role of cities in executing the national strategy on the ground, and their lack of institutional capacity in responding to climate change, MOE has implemented the Climate Change Adaptation Model City Project with 9 municipal governments from late 2007 to 2009.The project aimed to utilize various policy instruments such as carbon point system and emissions trading scheme for public institutions, to encourage local governments to develop their own tailored mitigations programs, and to establish a cooperative network between the central and local governments.

Jeju-do was the first participating city to sign the Memorandum of Understanding (MOU) with MOE in July 2007, this was followed by Gwacheon-si, Changwon-si, Busan metropolitan city, Gwangju metropolitan city, Ulsan metropolitan city, Yeosu-si and Wonju-si. The MOU elaborates the voluntary setting of the greenhouse gas reduction target by city, development of major and cooperative projects to achieve the target, etc.

Table 4: Major projects and cooperative projects by Korean cities participating in Climate Change Adaptation Model City Project15

Name of city/ Date of MoU signing

Major project Cooperative projects

Busan metropolitan city (January 2008)

Emissions trading scheme for public institutions

• Designation of mass transit zone• Increasing carbon sinks• Environment- friendly traffic policy (e.g. fuel

conversion for small vessels)

Changwon-si (November 2007)

Building green transport-centric city

• Introduction of a system vitalizing bike use • Establishment of eco-town • Production of waste to energy (e.g. using

remaining heat) and promotion of waste reduction

Gwacheon-si (August 2007)

Personal carbon trading scheme • Increasing carbon sinks• Installment of PVs to the environment

fundamental facilities• Establishment of bike-friendly urban

foundation • Introduction of rainwater harvesting system

Gwangju metropolitan city (April 2008)

Carbon bank • Solar model city project• Citizen participation program on mitigation

(e.g. training CO2 coordinators)

15 Ministry of Environment, Press Release, “Evaluation Reporting Seminar on the Climate Change Adaptation Model City Project”, January 2009. (in Korean)


Jeju-do (July 2007) Development of climate change impact, forecasting & assessment, and adaptation program

• Establishment of Asia education center• Laying the foundation to vitalize bike use• Switch to environment-friendly fuels like bio

diesel in public vehicles

Ulsan metropolitan city (April 2008)

Public carbon fund and CDM • CDM projects development to secure carbon allowances

• Greenhouse gas inventory• Implementation of carbon point system

Wonju-si (December 2008)

Carbon neutral city • Environment-friendly and energy self-sufficient model village project

• Low carbon house accreditation• Establishment of a comprehensive climate

change adaptation plan

Yeosu-si Model eco-city to tackle climate change

• Developing the Yeosu Industrial Complex into a low-carbon industrial cluster

• Construction of non-CO2 emitting buildings on the Yeosu Expo site

• Developing a model for responding to climate change in ocean and fisheries

Despite the initial grand vision and ambitious goal, the project was not implemented in an effective and systematic way. MOE only provided partial financial support to the participating cities, as the initial budget totaling a sum of 3 billion Korean won was reduced to 2 billion in the following years. The ministry also failed to provide systematic policy advice to local governments, which made it difficult for the participating cities to continue to implement the projects without enough support. After Cheonan-si joined the program in April 2009, no additional model city has been designated.

After the project was finished, MOE investigated the greenhouse gas emissions of all local governments (2009 to 2010) in South Korea, and supported the 16 metropolitan and provincial (Do) governments to develop their local green growth plans that align with the national green growth strategy in 2009.

3.1.2 Eco-city Project

According to the definition of MOE, eco-city sees the city itself as an organic system. Therefore, it tries to plan and design its various activities and structure as close to the nature’s ecosystem as possible, so as to have a diverse, independent, stable and circular system in harmony with the environment and the people.16

The Eco-city project was initially designed to provide economic opportunity to the local governments as well as preserving the environment. Started with Gapyeong-gun in 2007, MOE later selected three cities (Bucheon-si – Gogang new town, Ansan-si and Goseong-gun) for the pilot project. In October 2008, the basic project plan for each city has been established. A cross-ministerial meeting was held to promote the project in January 2009. In the same year, detailed plans were established for Bucheon-si – Gogang new town and Goseong-gun. Later, two more cities (Suncheon-si – Suncheon Bay, Jeungpyeong-gun) were selected to join the pilot project in 2009; their basic plans were established in 2010.17 The project is currently under construction and is expected to be completed by 2020.

16 Ministry of Environment, Eco-city model in the environmentally regulated area, April 2007.

17 Ministry of Environment, Suncheon eco-city basic plan, December 2010.


Among the selected cities, Suncheon-si plans to lay the foundation to activate the local economy and culture by linking the plan to the Suncheon Bay Garden Expo 2013.18 It also plans to build more infrastructure for eco-tourism while preserving the ecological receptive capacity of the Suncheon Bay.

3.1.3 Ubiquitous Eco City (U-Eco City) Research and Development Project

U-Eco City is defined as the future high-tech and eco-friendly city that creates innovative and creative urban environments, and endless urban value based on the extended link of ubiquitous IT technology and eco technology like the circulation function of ecosystem to the people, nature and space.19

The U-Eco City R&D project was initiated to respond to the changing urban development paradigm, and to address the current issues faced by the future city projects initiated by MLIT in consortium with the Korea Agency for Infrastructure Technology Advancement and the Korea Land and Housing Corporation in 2007. In 2008, the Korean government enacted the U-city construction act to implement the project, to secure key technologies and to lead the development of future competitive technologies in U-City.

The visions of U-Eco City model are: an intelligent city well equipped with information communication, a convenient city with well-functioned public service, a healthy city with amenity and amiable life, a secure city with effective complex operating system, and an environment-friendly city. The project is consisted of five task groups and 17 theme blocks, the total investment budget amounts to 140 billion won (government fund: 95.9 billion won; matching fund: 44.1 billion won).20

The major accomplishments of the U-Eco City project over the past six years are summarized below: 21

• U-City infra realization technology has improved the efficiency of urban operation management and enhanced security. It enabled systematic responses to urban situations such as traffic accidents, crimes and localized torrential rain that take place simultaneously.

• The research on U-Space building technology has increased the efficiency of facilities management by building eco-friendly road construction technology and safety management system for the buildings. It laid the foundation for creating a convenient urban environment based on the intellectualization of the existing urban analogue equipment and urban sculptures such as LED street light and censors, and helped manage these equipment in an integrated manner.

• Equipped with systems for monitoring and analyzing ecological information of the environment, the Green technology development of Eco-Space has enabled functional

18 Suncheon Bay Garden Expo 2013, URL: http://eng.2013expo.or.kr/ (Accessed in February 2014)

19 Ubiquitous and Ecological City R&D Consortium. URL (in Korean): www.ueco.or.kr (Accessed in February 2014)

20 Kim Yeon Mee, et al, 2009. “Ubiquitous Eco-City Planning in Korea. A Project for the Realization of Ecological City Planning and Ubiquitous Network Society”, 14th International Conference on Urban Planning and Regional Development in the Information Society in Catalonia, Spain, 22-25 April 2009.

21 Etnews, 2013. URL (in Korean): www.etnews.com/news/home_mobile/public/2726248_2568.html


support for the low-carbon green city by developing eco-city planning assistance system.

• The research on the development strategy and vitalization ways for U-City has resulted in the standardization of relevant technologies and the construction of the accreditation system of U-City. It has also established guidelines for U-City global networking and export model by holding academic conferences and seminars such as U-City World Forum, U-City Overseas Roadshow, and Technology Fair.

• u-Eco ISMP (Integrated Service Management Platform), a key component for running U-city total management centers, has been developed successfully in 2012 for the first time in the world. u-Eco ISMP was designed as a connecting hub to process, store, analyze and disseminate information collected from different systems installed within u-cities.22

From 2009 to 2012, MLIT has designated 12 cities such as Busan metropolitan city, Gangneung-si, Songdo in Incheon metropolitan city and Yeosu-si for U-City demonstration project, and has provided them with administrative, financial and technical support. Table 5 shows the list of U-City pilot projects implemented during 2009-2012.

Considering Korea’s strength in information technology (IT), the U-City concept was initially developed based on the country’s expertise. Although the ecological aspect was also considered, the project still maintained a strong emphasis on the technical aspects of U-city, such as disaster management, crime prevention, traffic control and the provision of convenient public services to the citizens through IT.

Table 5: List of U-City Pilot projects:23

Year Local Governments Contents of the U-City project Amount (Hundred Mil. KRW)

2009

Songdo, Incheon Intelligent crime prevention service based on context awareness, public parking space service.

20

Busan Integrated platform for U-disaster prevention, remote control system for drainage pump station

20

Mapo-gu, Seoul U-community center in A-Hyeon new town, U-park avenue, U-street

20

2010

Songdo, Incheon Intelligent crime prevention service based on context awareness, U-mobile service

15

Busan U-citizen service based on smartphone, extension of infra base 12

Mapo-gu, Seoul U-Mapo security zone, U-information security system, integrated management system

6

Yeosu-si u-Bike public bike system 5

Gangneung-si Establishment of ubiquitous urban development plan 2

22 The Korea Times, 2012. “Korea as A Global U-City Standard Setter”, 17 May 2012. URL: http://www.koreaittimes.com/story/21502/korea-global-u-city-standard-setter

23 Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and transportation, 2012. 2013 U-Pilot City Implementation Plan, November 2012.


2011

Songdo, Incheon Child care service, extension of IFEZ (Inchoeon Free Economic Zone) smart application

10.2

Eunpyeong-gu, Seoul

Smart management of disaster prone area and emergency alert service in disaster

7.8

Ansan-si Tangible U-city service by citizens, Smart broadcasting of children events

15

Naju-si Establishment of pilot management center of green smart city 10

Namyangju-si U-security service, U-integrated civil complaint handling & communication service

2

Yeosu-si Yeosu-market portal service, U-parking information system, etc. 2

Busan Establishment of U-disaster monitoring system for areas prone to flooding

2

2012

Songdo, Incheon Etablishment of profitable public-private partnership model to secure management costs

2

Busan U-hillside road renaissance project for urban regeneration 7

Jeonju-si Establishment of U-angel village pilot city 7

Namyangju-si Citizen driven U-city establishment for old city center renovation

10

Yeongju-si Urban regeneration and U-welfare community creation by applying U-technology

10

Yangsan-si Establishment of people centered U-eco green city 6

Total 191

3.1.4 Gangneung24 - Low-carbon Green City Demonstration Project

Gangneung - Low-carbon Green City Demonstration Project is the first and most representative Low-carbon Green City project led by the central government in South Korea. The project was originally initiated by former President Lee Myung-bak during the Gangwon Regional Development Forum in February 2009. In May, the Development Plan for Gangneung Low-Carbon Green City Demonstration was reported subsequently to the President; in July, the MOU was signed among the relevant authorities, including MOE, MLIT, Gangwon-do and Gangneung-si.

The specific project area is Gyoung-po of Gangneung city, which has an area of 18.3 km2. In total, 1 trillion won ($870 million) was expected to be invested during the implementation period 2011-2020 depending on the implementation readiness and feasibility. The project implementation period is divided into three stages: short-term (1st stage by 2012), mid-term (2nd stage by 2016) and long-term (3rd stage by 2020).

With the vision to make Gangneung a global premium city, the project aims to create a city of ecosystem and nature, a city of culture and tourism, and a city of low carbon green growth through five strategies:

• Create clean environment by preserving and remediating the natural environment• Develop the city in a creative way by utilizing traditional assets, cultural assets and local

resources• Verify domestic technology and serve as a test bed for cutting edge green technology• Introduce low carbon options for transportation, housing and energy• Facilitate participation of citizens and encourage green lifestyle

24 Gangeung is a coastal city in Gangwon Province with around 230,000 inhabitants.


At the early stage, the project has been a controversy among the various stakeholders including MOE, MLIT, and local government of Gangwon-do. First, MOE and MLIT disagreed on the project concept due to their different priorities: while MOE focused on the environmental protection aspect of the project, MLIT was more concerned about the development process and the maximization of return on investment. Second, there were also conflicts between the two ministries and the municipalities. While Gangwon-do wanted to expand the scope of the project, expecting as much financial support as possible from the central government; the central government only intended to conduct the project in a phased process and wanted local governments to provide as much local funds as possible. The MOU signed in 2009 seemed to have settled many controversies, but challenges such as the consolidation of spatial and environmental policies and securing budget still remain.25

3.1.5 Low carbon green village project

The Low-carbon green village project aims to establish energy self-reliant villages by installing renewable energy-generating facilities (biomass, wind and water) in rural areas to provide power to the villages. The green villages are expected to generate employment and boost local economies, meanwhile reducing energy consumption from fossil fuels. By 2010, four ministries and government agencies (MOE, Ministry of Security and Public Administration, Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs, and Korea Forest Service) had launched separate demonstration projects, which included feasibility studies and public hearings. The pilot projects will be assessed by the government to help determine the next phase of the program and the responsibilities of each ministry in the future. Currently, the projects are financed by the national government, with varying amounts of financial support from local governments.26

Table 6: Current status of low-carbon green village by local governments27

Area Authority Amount of Financial Support

Detailed contents

Wal-am village in Gongju-si, Chungcheongnam-do

Ministry of Security and Public Administration

4.8 billion KRW Production of 50 tons of biogas using livestock manure, food waste and by-products

Seongchon village in Gwangju metropolitan city

Ministry of Environment

5.5 billion KRW Achieving 100% energy self-sufficiency by providing district heating and greenhouse with biogass

Deokam village in Wanju-gun, Jeollabuk-do

Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs

14.6 billion KRW Biogass (10,000 pigs), solar power, energy-saving boiler, 2 units of micro-hydropower, 2 units of wind power (10kw)

Seobyeok village in Bonghwa-gun, Gyeongsangbuk-do

Korea Forest Service

5.0 billion KRW Centralized heating system using wood waste and house retrofits.

25 Wang, K.I., 2009. “A Low-carbon Green City Project in Korea”, proceedings of the United Nations Project Office on Governance Session in the 5th Initiative Conference: Governance Strategies for Pro-environmental Urban Policies in Developing Countries, Jeollabuk-do, 6 July 2010.


27 Ministry of Environment, 2010. Study on the guidelines and evaluation indicators to establish low-carbon green city.


3.1.6 New town (sindosi) development based on the Sustainable New Town Planning Criteria

Based on its sustainable new town planning criteria adopted since 2008, MLIT has been developing six new towns. Table 7 shows the location and details of the sustainable new towns.

Table 7: Planned areas for sustainable new city development28

Region Project period Detailed contents

Tangjeong new city in Asan-si 2011- • Development of low carbon green village to improve energy efficiency in buildings and to introduce renewable energy

• Introducing decentralized rainwater management system against climate change

Dontan new city in Hwaseong-si 2008-2012 • Establishment of public transport-centered land use plan in the face of high oil prices

• Active trial of carbon neutral city structure utilizing ITS rented bike system and renewable energies

Geomdan 2 area in Incheon metropolitan city

2011- • Development of low carbon green village

• Establishment of smart transportation system that allows less than 10 min access to the public transportation by bike or on foot so as to reduce the use of energy for delivery

Happiness centered multifunctional city in Sejong-si

2010-2016 • Carbon neutral cities networking with the world’s best environment-friendly cities

• Securing 52.3% green space and more than 50% biotope of the planned development area

• Planting 40 million trees countervailing 6% CO2 emissions

• Providing 15% of the total electricity and heat energy that Happiness city will consume through the introduction of renewable energies

• Establishing cutting-edge transportation system to reduce car usage to less than 30% and increasing bike usage to the level of 20%

• Establishment of environment-friendly public transportation system only based on buses using CNG and hybrid system

Heukseok new town in Seoul metroplitan city

2010-2015 • Establishment of green city by increasing green space substantially.

We-rye new city (2nd stage) in Seoul metropolitan city, Seongnam-si, Hanam-si

2008-2015 • Development of low carbon green village

3.2 Local Governments Initiatives

Local governments in South Korea have made efforts in various ways to become low-carbon. Some of the representative examples can be found from the cities of the Presidential Prize winners of the EcoRich City (Saengsaengdosi) organized by the Presidential Committee on Green Growth from 2009 to 2012. The EcoRich City program evaluated each applicant city based on seven areas: green energy, green transportation, hydrologic cycle, resource

28 Ministry of Environment, 2010. Study on the guidelines and evaluation indicators to establish low-carbon green city.


recycling, green industry, ecological axis and green civilian movement. Table 8 shows the list of winner cities of the EcoRich City program.

Table 8: List of EcoRich Cities 2009-201229

Category Prize 2009 2010 2011 2012

Overall Presidential Prize

Suncheon-si Daedeok-gu of Daejeon metropolitan city

Suwon-si Changwon-si

Prime Minister’s Prize

Changwon-si, Namhae-gun, Seo-gu of Gwangju metropolitan city,

Jeju-si, Yeongju-si

Jeungpyeong-gun, Seo-gu of Daejeon metropolitan city

Anseong-si, Geochang-gun

Chairman’s Prize

Cheongju-si, Heongseong-gun, Namwon-si, Nam-gu of Gwangju metropolitan city

Gapyeong-gun Seogwipo-si Gangdong-gu of Seoul metropolitan city

Green energy Minister’s Award

Icheon-si, Gwacheon-si

Bonghwa-gun Boeun-gun Boeun-gun

Green transportation

Sangju-si Changwon-si Siheung-si Siheung-si

Hydrologic cycle

Cheonan-si, Geumjeong-gu of Busan metropolitan city

Uiwang-si Jangheung-gun, Songpa-gu of Seoul metropolitan city

Jangheung-gun

Resource recycling

Dong-gu of Daegu metropolitan city, Jangsu-gun

Namhae-gun Ulju-gun of Ulsan metropolitan city

Songpa-gu of Seoul metropolitan city

Green industry Jeungpyeong-gun

Seogwipo-si Buk-gu of Gwangju metropolitan city

Ulju-gun of Ulsan metropolitan city

Ecological axis Seocho-gu of Seoul metropolitan city, Yeosu-si

Gochang-gun Tongyeong-si Buk-gu of Gwangju metropolitan city

Green civilian movement

Songpa-gu of Seoul metropolitan city, Tongyeong-si

Namyangju-si Gangdong-gu of Seoul metropolitan city

Tongyeong-si

Some key programs and actions taken by cities awarded with the Presidential Prize from 2009-2012 are highlighted below:

Suncheon-si (Winner of the 2009 Presidential Prize) Suncheon-si was highly acclaimed based on their efforts in maintaining the Suncheon Bay, one of the world’s five most well-preserved coastal wetlands registered in Ramsar. In 2013, the city hosted the 2013 Suncheon Bay Garden Expo to build a cluster for the world’s best high-strength magnesium bike industries and for creating green jobs through Suncheon Bay preservation activities. The city planned to integrate the 2013 Suncheon Bay Garden

29 Presidential Committee on Green Growth, 2012. Press release on the results of 2012 contest for the EcoRich City”, December 2012. (in Korean)


Expo into their urban planning even after the end of the Expo.

Daedeok-gu of Daejeon metropolitan city (Winner of the 2010 Presidential Prize) Daedeok-gu has 60.1% of its total land area as green belt. With Daecheong lake and Gyejok Mountain, this green belt is retained largely as an undeveloped and wild area. It also includes agricultural land surrounding or neighboring urban areas. Daedeok has been awarded for its successful model in green growth based on its conservation efforts and its success in promoting citizens’ participation through various activities.

Suwon-si (Winner of the 2011 Presidential Prize) Suwon-si hosted the world’s first EcoMobility Festival in September 2013, an innovative experiment that has turned one neighborhood no-car for one month. The city is also the first in the country to implement car-sharing pilot project. Besides, Suwon has successfully restored the Suwoncheon stream in an ecological way, improved the quality of water and linked the urban ecological axis. These efforts have been recognized internationally and have been awarded by the International Water Association. To create a people-oriented green city, Suwon has been engaging citizens through various projects such as the citizen-driven Urban Planning 2030 and the Village Renaissance project.30

Changwon-si (Winner of the 2012 Presidential Prize) Under the vision of “The 2020 World’s Environment Capital”, Changwon-si has started building related infrastructure since 2006. The four main goals of the vision is to build a city where the water and wind circulate, where various living species live, where energy and resources circulate, and where the environment is in harmony with citizens. To attain clear sky and clean air, the city has created ecological stream, distributed safe water, established greenbelt network with vitality, created natural city space, switched to greening traffic system, established management system for recyclable resources, distributed sustainable energy, and created the ECO-Community. Changwon has also successfully launched its public bike system “Nubija” and has chaired the EcoMobility Alliance of ICLEI since 2012.

In addition to the cities listed in table 8, other Korean cities have also embarked on low-carbon city development. Some examples include: new Songdo city of Incheon metropolitan city, Seoul metropolitan city which has introduced the One Less Nuclear Power Plant31 program to save and generate energy equivalent to the capacity of one nuclear power plant; and Jeju Island, which has launched its smart grid pilot project to enhance energy-efficiency at the local level.32

30 The International Awards for Liveable Communities. http://www.livcomawards.com/2012-awards/documents/Suwon.pdf (Accessed on February 2014)

31 ICLEI, 2013. Seoul: ‘The “One Less Nuclear Power Plant” initiative’, ICLEI Case Study 154, Bonn.



3.3 Initiatives by non-government organizations

ICLEI – Local Governments for Sustainability

ICLEI – Local Governments for Sustainability is the world’s leading association of cities and local governments dedicated to sustainable environment. As of November 2014, it has 50 member cities in South Korea. ICLEI Korea office supports this network of low-carbon pursuing cities by facilitating dialogues, exchange and advocacy.

Korea GreenClimateCities program (GCC)

In order to support local governments to become low-carbon, ICLEI Korea Office has launched the Korea GreenClimateCities program. This program is the South Korean chapter of ICLEI’s global program GreenClimateCities(GCC), a comprehensive climate change mitigation program for local governments to reduce their greenhouse gas emissions. In the context of Korea, the program aims to enhance the efficiency of local climate policies and energize low-carbon city focused local climate actions within and beyond city administration. In 2013, the program was implemented in Gangneng-si and Pyeongchang-gun in Gangwon–do; the latter will be the host of the 2018 Winter Olympic Games.

In 2014, Wonju-si has launched the GCC project. Under the project, the participating city calculated GHG emissions in different sectors and established mitigation plans. In collaboration with ICLEI Korea Office and Wonju Local Agenda 21, Wonju-si has run the Climate Change Education & Research Center and Promotion Center, the aim of which was to formulate effective GHG reduction plan with the participation of citizens. ICLEI Korea Office also helps GCC participating cities to report to carbonn Climate Registry (cCR).

carbonn Climate Registry (cCR)

carbonn Climate Registry (cCR) is the world’s largest database on local and subnational climate actions. Managed by ICLEI, cCR helps local governments enhance transparency, accountability and credibility of climate actions. At the UN Climate Summit in September 2014, the registry has been designated as the central repository of the Compact of Mayors. As of 2014, there are 13 Korean reporting cities with 332 climate actions.

In order to promote the registry and increase the number of reporting cities, ICLEI Korea Office invites ICLEI Korean Member cities to participate in WWF’s internationally acclaimed Earth Hour City Challenge (EHCC) every year. Run by WWF in collaboration with ICLEI and the Swedish Postcode Lottery, the EHCC celebrates cities and towns who are taking innovative actions towards creating a greener, cleaner and more sustainable city to live in, while inspiring other cities to do the same. The EHCC has been successful in motivating Korean cities to report their climate actions to cCR. In the EHCC 2013-2014, five Korean cCR reporting cities (Seoul, Suwon, Yeosu, Gangneung, Pyeongchang) participated and Seoul was selected as the Earth Hour National Capital with honorary award for its ambition, scale, impact and commitment in expanding renewable energy with specific goals such as ‘one less nuclear power plant’.

For the 2014-2015 edition of the EHCC, the number of participating Korean cities has increased from five to seven, including new participating cities Wonju and Changwon. To


encourage and celebrate climate actions taken by small and medium-sized cities, which are comparatively less well-known, ICLEI Korea Office has launched the ‘EHCC Korea Award’ in collaboration with WWF Korea. ICLEI Korea Office is helping Korean cities in their reporting to cCR in an on-going basis to promote their climate policies and responses to climate change.

Table 9: Korean cities reporting to the carbonn Climate Registry

cCR Reporting cities (13) Mexico City Pact Signatories (8) WWF EHCC 2014-2015 Participants (7)

Anyang-si √ x

Changwon-si x √

Dobong-gu x √

Gangneung-si √ √

Jeju-do x √

Osan-si x √

Pyeongchang-gun √ x

Seongbuk-gu x √

Seoul metropolitan city √ x

Suwon-si √ x

Wanju-gun √ x

Wonju-si √ √

Yeosu-si √ x


Climate Change Adaptation Model City Project

Eco-city Project Ubiquitous Eco City R&D Project

History Initiated in 2007 Initiated in 2007 Initiated in 2008

Initiator MOE MOE MLIT

Goals and objective

Encouraging development of locally tailored mitigation programs.

Diffusion of successful city cases.

Providing economic opportunity with a goal of preserving the environmentally regulated area

Constructing a future-oriented sustainable city in which city management technologies based on ubiquitous infrastructure and the ecological system are combined

Current status Completed in 2012 To be completed by 2020

Completed in 2013

Participating cities 9 cities: Jeju-do, Gwacheon-si, Changwon-si, Busan metropolitan city, Gwangju metropolitan city, Ulsan metropolitan city, Yeosu-si, Wonju-si, Cheonan-si

5 cities: Bucheon-si – Gogang new town, Ansan-si, Goseong-gun, Suncheon-si – Suncheon Bay, Jeungpyeong-gun

12 cities: New Songdo city of Incheon metropolitan city, Busan metropolitan city, Mapo-gu and Eunpyeong-gu of Seoul metropolitan city, Yeosu-si, Gangneung-si, Ansan-si, Naju-si, Namyangju-si, Jeonju-si, Youngju-si, Yangsan-si

Results An evaluation reporting seminar took place on 19 Jan 2009 in Busan

Not available Final report is available on the website, but access is limited.

Website Not available Not available www.ueco.or.kr/ (in Korean)

4. Synopsis


Gangneung - Low-carbon Green City Demonstration Project

Low carbon green village project

Sustainable new town planning criteria

Korea GreenClimateCities program (GCC)

Phase 1: 2009 to 2012; Phase 2: 2013 to 2016; Phase 3: 2017 to 2020

Different implementation period

Initiated in 2008 Initiated in 2013

President Lee Myung-bak

MOE, Ministry of Security and Public Administration, Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs, Korea Forest Service

MLIT ICLEI Korea Office

Making Gangneung a global premium city in climate change adaptation

Establishing energy self-reliant villages

Developing a new city in harmony with nature in a sustainable way

Enhancing policy effectiveness through increasing stakeholders participation; developing local- global connection.

Ongoing – Phase 2 Completed in 2012 Ongoing Ongoing

Gangneung-si 4 villages: Wal-am village in Gongju-si, Seongchon village in Gwangju metropolitan city

6 cities: Dontan new city in Hwaseong-si, Happiness centered multifunctional city in Sejong-si, Geomdan 2 area in Incheon met-ropolitan city, We-rye new city (2nd stage) in Seoul metropolitan city/Seongnam-si/Hanam-si, Tangjeong new city in Asan-si, Heokseok new town in Seoul metroplitan city

3 cities: Gangneung-si, Pyeongchang-si, Wonju-si

Not available Not available Not available Final report is available on the website.

http://greencity.gn.go.kr/ (in Korean)

Not available Not available www.icleikorea.org/ (in Korean)


5 References


ECO-GREEN CITY, 2014. URL: www.eco-greencity.or.kr/greencity/greeninfo/greencityage/e_greenconcept.jsp (Accessed in February 2014)

ETNEWS, 2013. URL (in Korean): www.etnews.com/news/home_mobile/pub-lic/2726248_2568.html

KAMAL-CHAOUI, L, et al, 2011. “The Implementation of the Korean Green Growth Strategy in Urban Areas”, OECD Regional Development Working Papers 2011/02, OECD Publishing.

KIM, TAE-HO, et al, 2013. “Promoting Strategies and Case Study of Development for Low Carbon, Green Growth”, Journal of Civil Engineering 61(4).

KIM YEON MEE, et al, 2009. “Ubiquitous Eco-City Planning in Korea. A Project for the Realization of Ecological City Planning and Ubiquitous Network Society”, 14th International Conference on Urban Planning and Regional Development in the Information Society in Catalonia, Spain, 22-25 April 2009.

ICLEI, 2013. ‘Seoul: ‘The “One Less Nuclear Power Plant” initiative’, ICLEI Case Study 154, Bonn.

MINISTRY OF ENVIRONMENT, 2007. Eco-city model in the environmentally regulated area.

MINISTRY OF ENVIRONMENT, 2009. Press Release, Evaluation Reporting Seminar on the Climate Change Adaptation Model City Project.(in Korean)

MINISTRY OF ENVIRONMENT, 2010. Study on the guidelines and evaluation indicators to establish low-carbon green city.

MINISTRY OF ENVIRONMENT, 2010. Suncheon eco-city basic plan.

MINISTRY OF GOVERNMENT LEGISLATION, 2010. Framework Act on Low Carbon, Green Growth.

MINISTRY OF LAND, INFRASTRUCTURE AND TRANSPORTATION, 2012. 2013 U-Pilot City Implementation Plan.

OECD, 2012. Urban Policy Review Korea, OECD, Paris.

PRESIDENTIAL COMMITTEE ON GREEN GROWTH, 2012. Press release on the results of 2012 contest for the EcoRich City, December 2012. (in Korean)

SUNCHEON BAY GARDEN EXPO 2013, URL: http://eng.2013expo.or.kr/ (Accessed in February 2014)

THE KOREA TIMES, 2012. “Korea as A Global U-City Standard Setter”, 17 May 2012. URL: http://www.koreaittimes.com/story/21502/korea-global-u-city-standard-setter

THE INTERNATIONAL AWARDS FOR LIVEABLE COMMUNITIES. URL: www.livco-mawards.com/2012-awards/documents/Suwon.pdf (Accessed on February 2014)


UBIQUITOUS AND ECOLOGOCIAL CITY R&D CONSORTIUM. URL (in Korean): www.ueco.or.kr (Accessed in February 2014)

WANG, K.I., 2009. “A Low-carbon Green City Project in Korea”, proceedings of the United Nations Project Office on Governance Session in the 5th Initiative Conference: Governance Strategies for Pro-environmental Urban Policies in Developing Countries, Jeollabuk-do, 6 July 2010.

WATER JOURNAL, “Current status of the climate change adaptation policies and the chal-lenge that the new administration faces”, 6 March 2013. URL (in Korean): www.waterjour-nal.co.kr/news/articleView.html?idxno=16276 (Accessed in February 2014)


31Financing the Resilient City A demand-driven approach to development, disaster risk reduction, and climate adaptation


ICLEI is the world’s leading association of cities and local governments dedicated to sustainable development. ICLEI is a powerful movement of 12 mega-cities, 100 super-cities and urban regions, 450 large cities as well as 450 medium-sized cities and towns in 86 countries.

ICLEI promotes local action for global sustainability and supports cities to become sustainable, resilient, resource-efficient, biodiverse, low-carbon; to build a smart infrastructure; and to develop an inclusive, green urban economy with the ultimate aim to achieve healthy and happy communities.

ICLEI East Asia Secretariat

14/F, Seoul Global Center Building, 38 Jongno, Jongno-gu, Seoul, South Korea (110-110) Phone: +82-2-3789-0496 Fax: +82-2-3789-0497 Email: [email protected]

World Wide Web www.iclei.org/eastasia

This publication has been financially supported by Seoul Metropolitan Government as part of their hosting of the ICLEI East Asia Secretariat.

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