Ichthyology

(Zoology 1450)

Dr. Craig S. KasperRoom BHUM 111

History of IchthyologyHistory of Ichthyology

Introduction: Ichthyology the ScienceIntroduction: Ichthyology the Science

HistoryHistory

• 384-322 B.C. Aristotle384-322 B.C. Aristotle

——first scientific description of fishfirst scientific description of fish

(118 spp.)(118 spp.)

Introduction: Ichthyology the ScienceIntroduction: Ichthyology the Science

• 1500 Guillaume Rondelet—1500 Guillaume Rondelet—De Piscibus MarinumDe Piscibus Marinum (244 spp.)(244 spp.)

• 1686 George Markgraf's1686 George Markgraf's

——Naturalis BrasilaeNaturalis Brasilae (100 spp.) (100 spp.)

Introduction: Ichthyology the ScienceIntroduction: Ichthyology the ScienceHistoryHistory

• 1686 John Ray & Francis Willoughby 1686 John Ray & Francis Willoughby Historia PisciumHistoria Piscium (>400 (>400 spp.).spp.).

• Carolus (Karl) Linnaeus “father of taxonomy”(1670-1738) Carolus (Karl) Linnaeus “father of taxonomy”(1670-1738) develops develops binomial nomenclaturebinomial nomenclature (two name, (two name, genus speciesgenus species) )

GenusGenus SpeciesSpecies

Oncorhynchus mykissOncorhynchus mykiss

Common name: Rainbow troutCommon name: Rainbow trout

A Fish OddityA Fish Oddity::

Peter ArtediPeter Artedi “The father of ichthyology"—a student of “The father of ichthyology"—a student of Linnaeus who identified five orders of aquatic and marine Linnaeus who identified five orders of aquatic and marine animals (including cetaceans) and divided those into animals (including cetaceans) and divided those into generagenera. .

In 1732 both left Uppsala: Artedi for England, and Linnaeus for In 1732 both left Uppsala: Artedi for England, and Linnaeus for Lapland; before parting they reciprocally bequeathed to each Lapland; before parting they reciprocally bequeathed to each other their manuscripts and books in the event of death. How other their manuscripts and books in the event of death. How fortunate for them! In an untimely demise, Artedi got drunk fortunate for them! In an untimely demise, Artedi got drunk

and drowned in Amsterdam canal! and drowned in Amsterdam canal!

Linnaeus published his manuscripts Linnaeus published his manuscripts

posthumously.posthumously.

“So, dead men do tell “tails”...apparently!

More History...• 1780s Marcus Elieser Bloch—Ichthyologia as a series of volumes of

plates. Johann Gottlob Schneider pub. M. E. Blochii Systemae Ichthyologiae (1,519 spp.)

1800s Georges Cuvier's—Regne animal distribué d’après son organisation (key step forward for fish classification). Cuvier also worked with his student Achille Valenciennes to produce the 22-volumeHistoire Naturelle des Poissons (never completed) yet 4,514 spp.

• 1800s Albert Günther— Catalogue of the Fishes

of the British Museum >6,800 d (another 1,700 mentioned).

• 1859 Charles DarwinOrigin of the Species,

animals placed within a common genus shared

ancestral lineage.Charles Darwin, 1854Charles Darwin, 1854

• ~1900 David Starr Jordan (greatest ichthyologist at the time)—wrote 650 articles and books on fish.

He was also president of Indiana and Stanford Universities.

Still more history...• 1896-1898 B.W. Evermann—Fishes of North America described

ALL fish known in N. America and Panama at the time (4 volumes).

• 1947 Leo Berg—Russian paleoichthyologist who combined study of fish and fossil records, Classification of Fishes, Recent and

Fossil. First introduced the concept of “iformes” to endings offish orders, eliminated confusion.

• 1966 Greenwood et al.—produced the first modern classification of the majority of present day fishes.

• 1994 Balon et al.—compilation of contributions to ichthyology by women scientists.

Resources...

• Many resources for fish information.• Texts: Moyle and Cech 1996, Bond 1996, Bone 1994.• Journals: Copeia, Transaction of the American Fisheries

Society, North American Journal of Fisheries Management, Aquaculture, Journal of the World Aquaculture Society, North American Journal of Aquaculture, Journal of Fish Biology, Journal of Ichthyology, etc...

• Internet: www.fishbase.org, www.aquanic.org, www.afs.org (You can find almost anything out there, but read CAREFULLY!! Some stuff is still trash!)

What is a fish??What is a fish??Classic definition:Classic definition:

-Any of numerous cold-blooded aquatic vertebrates of the-Any of numerous cold-blooded aquatic vertebrates of the

superclass Pisces, characteristically having fins, gills, and asuperclass Pisces, characteristically having fins, gills, and a

streamlined body and including specifically, and...streamlined body and including specifically, and...

-Any of the class Osteichthyes, having a bony skeleton, and...-Any of the class Osteichthyes, having a bony skeleton, and...

-Any of the class Chondrichthyes, having a cartilaginous-Any of the class Chondrichthyes, having a cartilaginous

skeleton and including the sharks, rays, and skates. skeleton and including the sharks, rays, and skates.

Although this is all accurate...we will find that fish areAlthough this is all accurate...we will find that fish are

considerably MORE!!considerably MORE!!

Fish similarities...Fish similarities...

• Vertebrate (or chordate)Vertebrate (or chordate)

• Gills Gills

• PoikilothermicPoikilothermic

• FinsFins

• ScalesScales

• Always exceptions!Always exceptions!

Fish DiversityFish Diversity

>30,000 species (spp.) of fish today>30,000 species (spp.) of fish today

(note: fish is singular, (note: fish is singular, fishes fishes more than one spp.)more than one spp.)

• 41% freshwater41% freshwater• 58% seawater58% seawater• ~1% both (neither)~1% both (neither)

Where Do Fish Live?Where Do Fish Live?

• Great environmental diversity = many fish spp.Great environmental diversity = many fish spp.• Earth’s surfaceEarth’s surface

~70% oceans, part of remaining 30% freshwater.~70% oceans, part of remaining 30% freshwater.

Fish can live three miles above sea level (15,000 feet)...

...to nearly 35,000 ft down....to nearly 35,000 ft down.

Fish live in sub-zero temperatures in Antarctica...Fish live in sub-zero temperatures in Antarctica...

... to hot spring water of more than 100ºF.... to hot spring water of more than 100ºF.

Water QualityWater Quality

Properties of Water*Properties of Water*

AqueousAqueous TerrestrialTerrestrial

OxygenOxygen 0-14 mg/L0-14 mg/L 21% 21%

TemperatureTemperature ++ 10˚C 10˚C ++ 40˚C 40˚C

DensityDensity Variable Variable Constant Constant

-max density 4-max density 4ººCC

-high specific heat-high specific heat

-alters light penetration-alters light penetration

CompositionComposition VariableVariable Constant Constant““Universal solvent”-Universal solvent”-

gas, salts, liquidsgas, salts, liquids

*References: (1) Boyd, C. 1990 (2) Lawson, T.B., 1995*References: (1) Boyd, C. 1990 (2) Lawson, T.B., 1995

• Eat (Sleep)Eat (Sleep)• BreatheBreathe• Excrete wastesExcrete wastes• ReproduceReproduce• Take in and lose saltsTake in and lose salts

Q: Why is water quality Q: Why is water quality important??important??

A: Fish perform ALL A: Fish perform ALL bodily functions in water!bodily functions in water!

Fish Shapes: Form is FunctionFish Shapes: Form is Function

Fish vary in morphological Fish vary in morphological cross-section drastically.cross-section drastically.

REM: Form & function REM: Form & function go hand in hand here.go hand in hand here.

Next time:Next time:Systematics Systematics

Quiz 3Quiz 3, Chapter 2 , Chapter 2 (Helfman, Collette & Facey)(Helfman, Collette & Facey)

Photo: Craig S. Kasper (2003)

Dr. Craig S. KasperDr. Craig S. KasperAquaculture Program ManagerAquaculture Program ManagerHillsborough Community CollegeHillsborough Community College10414 E. Columbus Dr.10414 E. Columbus Dr.BHUM 111BHUM 111Tampa, FL 33619-7856Tampa, FL 33619-7856Phone: 813-253-7881Phone: 813-253-7881FAX: 813-253-7868FAX: 813-253-7868Email: ckasper@hccfl.eduEmail: ckasper@hccfl.edu