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iceid 2002.ppt 1
iceid 2002.ppt 2
Emergence/Resurgence of Epidemic Vector-Borne Infectious Diseases
ï Newly Recognized Diseases
ï Expanding Geographic Distribution
ï Increased Epidemic Activity
iceid 2002.ppt 3
Epidemic Vector-Borne Parasitic Diseases, 1990-01
Malaria MalariaMalaria
LeishmaniasisMalaria Leishmaniasis
African Trypanosomiasis
Malaria MalariaMalariaLeishmaniasis
iceid 2002.ppt 4
Reported Cases of Malaria in India, 1961 - 1997
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
1961
1965
1970
1975
1980
1985
1990
1995
1997
Cases* Data from NMEP
iceid 2002.ppt 5
Tularemia
Lyme DiseaseTBRF Ehrlichiosis
PlaguePlague
Plague
Lyme Disease, Tularemia
Louse-Borne Typhus
Epidemic Vector-Borne Bacterial Diseases, 1990-01
Plague
Plague
PlaguePlague
Louse-Borne Relapsing Fever
iceid 2002.ppt 6
Countries reporting plague, 1970-2001
Probable Sylvatic fociCompiled from WHO, CDC, and country sources
Brazil -1982
NM/AZ - 1984
Peru - 1993
Botswana - 1989
Madagascar ñ1990 - 1999
Tanzania ñ 1990-19911994-1999
Zaire - 1993
Uganda ñ 1993, 1998, 2001
India ñ1994 Vietnam - 1993
Myanmar - 1992Yunnan - 1990
(Recent Human Plague Outbreaks)
Global Distribution of Plague
Ecuador - 1998Congo ñ 1991-1995
1998-2001
Java ñ 1992, 1997Mozambique ñ 1997-1999
Zambia ñ1997, 2001
Malawi - 1999
iceid 2002.ppt 7
Potential Spread of Pnuemonic Plague
India
Delhi
Calcutta
MadrasBombay
iceid 2002.ppt 8
BF - Barmah Forest MAY - Mayaro VEE - Venezuelan Equine EncephalitisCE - California Encephalitis MVE - Murray Valley Encephalitis WEE - Western Equine EncephalitisChik - Chikungunya ONN ñ Oínyong-nyong WN - West NileCCHF - Congo-Crimean Hemorrhagic Fever ORO - Oropouche WSL - WesselsbronDEN - Dengue RVF - Rift Valley Fever YF - Yellow FeverEEE - Eastern Equine Encephalitis RR - Ross RiverJE - Japanese Encephalitis SLE - St. Louis EncephalitisKFD - Kyasanur Forest Disease SIN - SinbisLAC - LaCrosse Encephalitis TBE- Tick-Borne Encephalitis
DEN
DEN DENDEN
DEN
DEN
DEN
DEN
DEN
DEN
DEN
DEN
DEN
DENDEN
DEN
DEN
DEN
DEN
DEN
DEN
JE
JE
JE
JEJE
JE
CHIKCHIK
CHIK
CCHF
CCHFCCHF
CCHF
MVE
RRBF
SINSIN
TBE
TBE
CE
WN
WNWN
WN
WN
WNWN
WN
WN
WN
WSL
ONN
RVF
RVF
RVF
RVF
KFD
YFYF
YF YFYF ORO
ORO
OROMAY
VEEVEE
VEE
EEELACSLE
Global Resurgence of Epidemic Arboviral Disease
iceid 2002.ppt 9
Resurgent/Emergent Vector-Borne Viral Diseases of Humans
ï Dengue Hemorrhagic Feverï Yellow Feverï Japanese Encephalitisï West Nile virusï Kyasanur Forest Disease Virusï Venezuelan Equine Encephalitisï Epidemic Polyarthritisï Barmah Forestï Rift Valley Feverï Oropoucheï California Encephalitis ï Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever
iceid 2002.ppt 10
The Emergence of Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever in the Americas
Prior to 1981 1981-2001
iceid 2002.ppt 11Data: PAHO
Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever in the Americas by Decade (1970 - 2000)
0
10000
20000
30000
40000
50000
60000
1970's 1980's 1990's
Decade
No. Ca ses
iceid 2002.ppt 12
World Distribution of Dengue - 2002
Areas infested with Aedes aegyptiAreas with Aedes aegypti and dengue epidemic activity
iceid 2002.ppt 13
iceid 2002.ppt 14
200120001999
Spread of West Nile Virus in the U.S.
Humans
iceid 2002.ppt 15
iceid 2002.ppt 16
Factors Responsible for Increased Epidemic Vector-Borne Diseases
ï Population Growthï Urbanizationï Air Travelï Agricultural Practicesï Changing Life Stylesï Climate Change?
iceid 2002.ppt 17
Vector-Related Research Accomplishments
ï Molecular Biological Techniques and Approachesï PCRï Population Geneticsï Mapping of Loci that Condition Vector Competenceï Population Genomicsï Taxonomy of Vectors ñ Molecular Systematicsï Mosquito Genomicsï Tools for Characterizing Mosquito GOIs
ñ virus expression systemsñ transformation
iceid 2002.ppt 18
Vector-Related Research Accomplishments
ï Determinants of Pathogen Vector Interactionsï Proof of Concept of Molecular Reduction of Vector Competenceñ dengue and malaria
ï New Targets for Interrupting Pathogen Transmissionñ transmission blocking vaccinesñ vector killing vaccines
ï Perturbing Salivary Potentiation of Transmissionï Determinants of Host Seeking; e.g., Odorant Binding Proteins
ï New Targets for Vector Control
iceid 2002.ppt 19
Vector-Related Research Accomplishments
ï Field Studies ñ Determinants of VectorialCapacity
ï Population Genomics ñ Marriage of Field and Laboratory
ï GIS
ï Modeling
iceid 2002.ppt 20
Vector Research Needs
ï Enhance the Armamentarium for Vector Control ñ development of new, improved, environmentally sound pesticides
ñ Exploit novel strategies to prolong the use of existing pesticides (e.g., negative cross resistance)
ñ chemical pesticides augmented in IPM programs with other control measures, including biopesticides and biocontrolagents
ï Develop New Control Agents/Techniquesï Develop New, Efficacious Repellants
iceid 2002.ppt 21
Vector Research Needsï Understand the Biological Determinants of VectorialCapacity -- Field Research
ï Develop New Vaccine Strategies to Control Vectors and Interrupt Vector Pathogen Transmission and Human Infection
ï Enhance Surveillance for Prediction, Prevention and Control ñ Immediate Concerns
ï Enhance Surveillance for Prevention and Control ñLong Term Goals
ï Trainingï Into the Future