Министерство общего и профессионального

образования Российской Федерации

Российская Экономическая Академия

имени Г.В. Плеханова

Центр международных образовательных программ

Международная программа IBS-Plekhanov

МЕТОДИЧЕСКИЕ УКАЗАНИЯ К

ИЗУЧЕНИЮ ГРАММАТИКИ

АНГЛИЙСКОГО ЯЗЫКА

Часть 1

Москва 1998

Plekhanov

IBS

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Составители: Л. П. ТИМОШЕНКО М. С. ЦИЛИКОВА Методические указания к изучению грамматики английского языка / Сост. Л. П. ТИМОШЕНКО, М. С. ЦИЛИКОВА. М.: Рос. Экон. Акад., 1997. Ч.1. Методические указания включают тренировочные упражнения по грамматике английского языка. Предназначены для студентов 1 курса факультета IBS.

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Part 1 Tenses

Exercise 1. State verbs in the continuous. Write a sentence which follows on. Choose from these

sentences. 1) I think it’s going to suit me. 2) I’ve never wanted to change it. 3) It’s too expensive to buy.

4) And I’ve still got a chance to win it. 5) It uses a lot of petrol. 6) I play it every weekend.

Example: I enjoy the game. - I play it every weekend. 1. I’m enjoying the game. _______________________________________________________ 2. The car costs a lot of money. __________________________________________________ 3. The car is costing a lot of money. ______________________________________________ 4. I’m liking my new job. _______________________________________________________ 5. I like my job. _______________________________________________________________ Exercise 2. Complete the following dialogues by putting the verbs in brackets into the correct

form. Use only the present continuous or the present simple. Where there is also an adverb in the brackets, decide the correct position in the sentence. The first one has been done for you.

I. A: How (a) do you work (work) this photocopier? I (b)__________ (think) I (c)_________(do)

something wrong. B: Yes, you (d)________(press) the wrong button. That one (e)__________(enlarge) the copies.

You (f)_________ (need) to press this one. A: Oh, yes. It (g)________(work) properly now. Thanks. II. A: I (a)________ (see) the price of petrol (b)__________ (go) up again. B: Yes, I (c)_________ (know). I (d)____________ (seriously consider) selling the car. It's so

expensive, and we (e)_____________ (not often use) it. A: What (f)___________ your wife __________ (think) of that idea? B: She (g)_____________(agree) with me. She (h)____________ (not like) driving anyway. III. A: Good-morning. Is Mr Cranshaw in? B: Yes, he is, but he (a)_______ (see) someone at the moment. He (b)__________ (expect)

you? A: Yes, I (c)____________ (have) an appointment with him at 10.30. My name's Phillips. B: Ah, yes, Mr Phillips. I’m afraid we (d)__________ (run) a little late this morning, but I

(e)___________ (not expect) Mr Cranshaw will be long, if you (f)__________ (not mind) waiting.

IV. A: Why (a) __________ we ________ (wait)? B: John isn't here yet. I (b)_________ (expect) he (c)_________ (have) trouble with his car

again. A: Oh! That car (d)___________ (always go) wrong! Well I (e)____________ (not wait) any

longer. I (f)___________ (not want) to miss the start of the match.

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(g)__________you________ (come) with me, or not? V. A: What (a)_________ you________(make), Pamela? It (b)___________ (smell) really nice. B: Well, I (с)_________ (try) a recipe my mother-in-law gave me. It (d)_____________(sound)

really easy. You (e)___________ (cut) up the meat and vegetables and then you (f)_________(just add) a few herbs. When she (g)______(make) it, it (h)_________(taste) really delicious. But I'm not sure about this. It (i)___________(not look) quite right.

VI. A: What (a)_____ you _________(think) of that new girl, Jacqueline? B: Well, frankly, I (b)__________(find) her terribly annoying. She (c)______________(always

make) silly remarks and she (d)_____________ (never listen) to anything you say. A: I (e)____________(know) what you (f)____________(mean), but I (g)__________(feel) a

bit sorry for her, actually. I (h)_________ (think) she (i)___________ (try) to hide her shyness by being funny, but she (j)_________ (only succeed) in getting on everyone's nerves!

Exercise 3. Choose Present Simple/ Present Continuous. 1. I only __________ (speak) French when I'm on holiday in France. 2. He __________ (constantly - rush) me off my feet, although he knows how much I dislike

this. 3. __________ (You - recognize) this sound? No, I haven't the slightest idea. 4. We __________ (read) quite a lot these days. 5. She __________ (go) to the shopping center almost every week. 6. This liquid __________ (give) off a strong smell. 7. Many guards __________ (treat) prisoners inhumanly nowadays. 8. They __________ (perpetually - say) that I'm involved in the burglary, but I have a perfect

alibi. 9. We __________ (go) there pretty regularly. 10. Jim simply __________ (delight) in arguing his opponents down. 11. She __________ (forever - find fault) with me, whatever I do! 12. They __________ (give) due attention to this matter at present. 13. Where do you get the technical details for your book? I __________ (frequently - consult) my

friend Alex. 14. The factory __________ (turn out) bottles at the rate of several thousands a day. 15. __________ (He - believe) what he reads in the papers? 16. He __________ (always - boast) of his achievements, although his success is entirely due to

the circumstances. I wish he would stop his boastful talk. 17. We have sent for the doctor. The fever __________ (get) worse by the hour. Exercise 4. I have been doing or I have done?

Put the verb forms in these conversations.

A: I feel really tired. B: It's because you ’ve been doing (do) too much. A: Well, at least I ’ve finished (finish) that report now, and I can have a rest. A: Someone (1) __________(leave) the ladder outside, look. B: I expect that's Brian. He (2) ___________ (clean) windows. I don't think he's finished yet. A: You’ve got grass on your shoes.

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B: I (3) ___________ (mow) the lawn. A: Yes, I (4)___________ (see) it. It looks a lot better. You (5) ___________ (cut) it nice and

short. Exercise 5. Complete the dialogue. Put in the verbs in the present perfect continuous or simple. Linda: What are you doing, Jeff? Jeff: I (1) _________ (clear) out this cupboard most of the afternoon. There’s a lot of old stuff in

here. I (2) ___________ (find) this, look. Linda: You (3) ____________(read) this book for the last five minutes. I (4) _____________

(watch) you. Jeff: It’s my old diary. I (5) ____________(not see) it since I was ten. It (6) _______ (be) in here for years.

Linda: And is that old tennis racket yours? Jeff: No, it must be yours. I (7) ______________(never have) a tennis racket. Exercise 6. Present and Past.

Complete the sentences. Use the words in brackets. The verbs can be present continuous (is doing), present simple (does), or present perfect (has done).

Example: We bought this picture many years ago. We’ve had it for ages. (We—have—it) 1. Colin’s car phone is very useful. _____________ all the time. (he—use—it) 2. Joanna doesn’t know where her watch is. ______________. (she—lose—it) 3. We’re in the middle of decorating our kitchen. Meals are a problem. ______________ from a

take-away restaurant this week. (we—get—them) 4. Robert is on a skiing holiday. ___________ very much, he said on the phone. (he—enjoy—it) 5. This color is absolutely awful. _____________. (I—hate—it) 6. I hope these figures are correct. _____________ several times already. (I—check—them) 7. Ed and Kay like Scrabble. _____________ at the moment. (they—play—it) 8. These flowers are dying. _______________ for ages. (you—not water—them) Exercise 7. Past continuous or simple.

Put in the past continuous or past simple. Kim: I hear the lights went (go) out last night. Charles: Yes, I was watching (watch) television at the time. The program (1)

_____________(get) interesting, too. But the electricity (2) ____________(come) on again after about ten minutes. I (3) _____________(not miss) very much of it.

Angela: Sarah (4) _________ (come) down the stairs when the lights went out. She almost (5) __________ (fall) over.

Jessica: Tom and I (6) __________ (play) table tennis at the time. Peter: I (7) ________ (work) at my computer. When it (8) __________ (happen), I (9)

___________ (stop) work and (10) ____________ (go) to bed. Exercise 8. I’ve been or I was.

Complete the letter. Put in the present perfect or past simple of the given verbs.

I was (be) angry and sad to hear that someone plans to knock down the White Horse Inn in Brickfield. This pub has been (be) the centre of village life for centuries. It (1) _________(stand) at

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our crossroads for about 500 years. It (2) ___________(be) famous in the old days, and Shakespeare once (3) ___________ (stay) there, they say. I (4) ___________ (live) in Brickfield all my life, and I know all about it. We (5) ___________ (know) for some time of the danger to our pub. There (6) _________ (be) some talk a year or two ago about knocking it down. But all the villagers are against the plan. We will stop it, you’ll see. Exercise 9. Past continuous or simple. Find the second part of each sentence. Put each verb in

brackets into the past continuous or past simple. * I (dream) * When Mary (see) the question, 1. The train (wait) 2. Ella (have) a puncture 3. When I (try) the pudding, 4. When Karen (lift) the chair, 5. When the gates (open), 6. I (read) a library book

she (feel) a sudden pain in her back. when she (drive) on the motorway. when I (find) a $10 note between two pages. the crowd (walk) in. * she (know) the answer. * when the alarm clock (ring). I (like) it. when we (arrive) at the station.

Example: I was dreaming when the alarm clock rang.

When Mary saw the question, she knew the answer. 1. ______________________________________________________________________________ 2. ______________________________________________________________________________ 3. ______________________________________________________________________________ 4. ______________________________________________________________________________ 5. ______________________________________________________________________________ 6. ______________________________________________________________________________ Exercise 10. I have done or I did.

Put in the correct verb form. Example: I have done (have done / did) all the housework. The house is clean.

A young couple bought (have bought /bought) the house. But they didn’t live there long.

1. Our visitors _____________ (have arrived / arrived). They’re sitting in the garden. 2. Susan ___________ (have repaired / repaired) the television, but then it broke down again. 3. I __________ (have lost / lost) my purse. I can’t find it anywhere. 4. The match _____________(has started / started). They’re playing now. 5. Joanne ____________ (has run / ran) away from home. But she came back two days later. 6. James ___________ (has earned / earned) some money last week. But I’m afraid he’s already

spent it all. 7. We ____________ (have planted / planted) a tree in the garden. Unfortunately it’s died. 8. Prices ___________ (have gone / went) up. Things are more expensive this week. 9. Someone ____________ (has turned / turned) on the hi-fi. I can hear it. 10. I ___________ (have phoned / phoned) the office at eleven. Helen isn’t there today, they said. 11. I ___________ (have made / made) a cake. Would you like a piece. 12. The runner Amos Temila ___________ (has broken / broke) the world record for the mile in

Frankfurt. Then two days later in Helsinki Lee Williams ran the mile in an even faster time.

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Exercise 11. Present perfect or Past simple. Put in the verbs. Craig: Have you heard (you hear) the news about Cathy? Nicola: No, what (1) _______________ (happen) ? Craig: She (2)_____________ (have) an accident. She was running for a bus when she (3)

____________ (fall) down and (4) ___________ (break) her leg. Nicola: Oh, how awful! When (5) _______________ (this happen) ? Craig: Yesterday afternoon. Sarah (6) ____________ (tell) me about it last night. Nicola: Last night! You (7) _____________ (know) last night, and you (8) ___________ (not

tell) me! Craig: Well, I (9) ______________ (not see) you last night. And I (10) _____________ (not

see) you today, until now. Nicola: I hope she’s all right. She (11) __________ (have) lots of accidents, you know. She (12)

__________ (do) the same thing about two years ago. Exercise 12. had done, had been doing or was doing?

Put in the correct form of the verbs. Example: Steve could hear shouts from the flat next door. His neighbors were arguing (argue). 1. Lucy went into the living-room. It was empty but the television was still warm. Someone

___________ (watch) it. 2. I ___________ (play) tennis, so I had a shower. I was annoyed because I ___________ (not

win) a single game. 3. The walkers finally arrived at their destination. They _____________ (walk) all day, and they

needed a rest. They _____________ (walk) thirty miles. 4. When I saw Ben last week he said he ____________ (stop) smoking. But when I saw him two

days later, he ____________ (smoke) a cigarette. He took the cigarette from his mouth and looked rather ashamed.

5. Harry found a note from Graham in Celia’s coat. That’s how Harry found out they ____________ (have) an affair. In fact they ___________ (see) each other for months. Graham’s wife ____________ (know) about it all the time.

Exercise 13. Present and past.

Complete the conversations. Put in a pronoun and the correct form of the verb. Use the past continuous (was doing), the past simple (did), or the present perfect continuous (have been doing).

Example: I rang at once, but you weren’t in your office. — No, I was having (have) lunch. 1. You look tired. — Well, ___________ (work) all day. 2. Is Helen still here? — No, ____________(leave) about half an hour ago. 3. I haven’t finished this letter yet. — It must be a long letter. _________ (write) it since lunch

time. 4. Someone’s living in that house now. — Yes, a young couple. __________ (move) in last

month. 5. Did Kirsty drive you home? Yes, __________ (stop) and gave me a lift while ___________

(wait) for a bus outside the cinema.

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Exercise 14. Choose Past Simple/Continuous or Present Perfect Simple/Continuous. 1. How the government __________ (fight) inflation without lowering the standard of living in

the mid-fifties? 2. There __________ (not – be) a famine here for centuries. 3. Jill __________ (begin) to open out, when she started work at the factory. 4. Lunch is not quite ready yet, although she __________ (cook) all morning. 5. He __________ (tie up) all his money in stocks and shares, so he has nothing in the bank to

pay his debts with now. 6. The police __________ (recapture) the prisoners who __________ (escape) yesterday. 7. The European court __________ (already – indicate) its view that wine and beer are indeed

competitive products. 8. Mankind __________ (know) these facts since the Middle Ages. 9. After so many disappointments I __________ (stop) asking people for help. 10. Many countries __________ (suffer) from a depression during the pre-war years. 11. This practice __________ (exist) since the fifteenth century. 12. I __________ (only – know) about that event for a few days. 13. While the car __________ (approach) the village, the driver __________ (slow down). 14. They (try) to improve the situation for a great many years, but until now without success. 15. The governing coalition, which __________ (have) no clear majority in parliament lately,

__________ (announce) some modest spending cuts last month. 16. I wonder why he __________ (walk out) on his job as well as on his wife. 17. Sales __________ (fall) alarmingly of late. There is too much competition. Exercise 15. Choose Past (Simple/Continuous) or Present/Past Perfect (Simple/Continuous). 1. You __________ (finish) already? — No, not yet, in spite of the fact that I __________ (be) at

it for hours now. 2. It was not until a short time ago that people __________ (begin) to realize what impact the

revolution __________ (have) on their ancestors. 3. Friends who __________ (talk) with him in the past few weeks, say he has changed. 4. We __________ (look) for opportunities everywhere in the past few months. 5. Nobody __________ (come) to see us since we bought these bloodhounds. 6. While the American car industry’s output __________ (slide) into the recessions of the 1970s

the plant’s sales __________ (fall) abruptly. 7. After he __________ (sit) on several examination boards, he __________ (decide) to resign. 8. After many discussions we __________ (come) to a decision. 9. From the early 1980s onwards we __________ (witness) a steady decline in industrial activity. 10. In the course of the cold war period the administration __________ (arrest) people suspected

of communist sympathies all over the USA. 11. We arrived just after the party __________ (begin) to warm up. 12. We __________ (do) business with them for a great many years, when suddenly without a

plausible reason they turned to our competitors. 13. You __________ (neglect) some of your customers for several months now, so that you need

not be surprised if you lose them at all in the end. 14. After the police __________ (find) the murder weapon, the facts of the case suddenly began

to add up. 15. I’m sorry, I __________ (forget) where she lives. Exercise 16. Choose the Correct Tense (Present/Past).

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1. Our next-door neighbor __________ (just - move in). 2. We __________ (never - pass) on our concern about this issue to the people at the top until

now. 3. He discovered that the committee __________ (exclude) him from the examination. 4. Now that we __________ (start) this project, we will have to see it through. 5. I wonder what you __________ (do) in the past few years. I __________ (not - see) you much

of late. 6. It is sometimes said that the caveman __________ (start) along the path of civilization after he

__________ (utilize) the energy for heat. 7. He __________ (study) the case for a long time, before it dawned on him that he __________

(look) in the wrong direction. 8. My associate __________ (have) an attack of bronchitis a month or so ago, but he

__________ (get on) fairly well now. 9. Encouraged by higher prices Chinese farmers __________ (double) their incomes in the past

five years. 10. She __________ (hang) around here for the last three hours and I don't know why. 11. A company spokesman stated at the hearing that the chairman __________ (lie) in his reply to

a question about several financial issues. 12. We __________ (sit) up the greater part of the night, before she __________ (come) back

home from a party. 13. Most of the refugees from Uganda __________ (settle) in Britain so far. 14. After he __________ (visit) many auctions all over the country, he __________ (find) the old

master. 15. I __________ (try) to throw off this cold for days now. 16. The article used sources that __________ (already - prove) to be unreliable on several

previous occasions. 17. It __________ (rain) heavily all morning, before it __________ (suddenly - clear) up. Exercise 17. Choose Past Simple/Past Continuous. 1. When the aircraft __________ (operate) at 600 m.p.h., a violent gust of wind __________

(blow) it off course. 2. I saw that he __________ (scribble) a few notes in the course of the interview. 3. Last week the youngest member of the family __________ (agree) to give his stake to the

others. 4. In the first half of this month the unions __________ (decide) to lay down tools. 5. While the talks __________ (go on), the army __________ (intervene) to end the deadlock. 6. When they __________ (sign) the treaty of Rome, few people __________ (realize) the

difficulties that __________ (lie) ahead. 7. During his lifetime he __________ (continually - search) for a breakthrough in biochemistry. 8. In the second .half of last year our sales __________ (slowly - rise), although this __________

(not lead) to a further upswing in that period. 9. The extensive study which __________ (appear) last spring showed how complicated the

matter was. 10. While the demonstration __________ (proceed) peacefully, an unexpected incident

__________ (occur). Exercise 18. A woman has been accused of shop-lifting. Complete the following extract from her

trial by putting the verbs in the brackets into the correct form. The first one has been

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done for you. Prosecution: Mr. Williams, you (1) were (be) the security officer on duty at Malgo Department

Store on July 28 th. Please tell the court what (2) ___________ (happen) that afternoon.

Williams: Yes, sir. I (3) __________ (be) particularly interested in the cosmetics department, because the company (4) __________ (lose) a lot of money through shop-lifting earlier in this year. So, I (5) ___________ (watch) the customers on the security screen when I (6) _________ (notice) a woman behaving rather suspiciously.

Prosecution: What exactly (7)___________ she _____________ (do)? Williams: Well, she (8) __________ (seem) rather nervous and she (9)___________ (keep)

looking round as if she (10)____________ (want) to make sure that no one (11)__________ (watch) her.

Prosecution: (12)_________ you ever ________ (see) the woman before that afternoon? Williams: No, sir. She (13)________ (not be) one of our regular customers. Prosecution: I see. Please go on. Williams: Well, then she suddenly (14)__________ (pick) up a bottle of perfume and

(15)___________ (put) it in her shopping bag. Prosecution: And she (16)____________ (not pay) for the perfume, I presume? Williams: No, sir. And then she (17)__________ (leave) the store. Prosecution: So what (18)____________ you ____________ (do)? Williams: I (19)______________(follow) her and (20)__________ (ask) her to return to the

manager’s office. When she (21)_________ (empty) her bag, we (22)___________ (find) that she (23)____________ (take) a lipstick and some mascara as well.

Prosecution: And she (24)____________ (not pay) for any of them? Williams: No, sir. Prosecution: Mr. Williams, how long (25)____________ you __________ (work) at Malgo

Department Store? Williams: For about three years, sir. Prosecutor: And (26)____________ you _____________ (catch) many shop-lifters in that time? Williams: Quite a few, sir. Shop-lifting is a problem in any big store. Prosecutor: Quite. So you always know when someone is about to take goods without paying? Williams: Not always, sir. But over the years I (27)__________ (learn) to recognize the

signals. Prosecutor: Thank you, Mr. Williams. That is all. Exercise 19. be going to or will?

Complete the conversation. Decide which is best for the context, be going to or will.

Anita: What about your plans, Carlo? Are you going to return (you return) home after the exams?

Carlo: I expect I’ll go (go) back home at some time in the future, but first I (1) ____________ (spend) six month in the USA.

Anita: Oh, that (2) __________ (be) interesting. Carlo: I’ve fixed up a job. I (3) ____________(work) for a chemical company in California. I’m

looking forward to it. I’m sure it (4) ___________ (be) good experience. Anita: I don’t know what I (5) _________(do). At the moment I’m trying to revise for the

exams. But I don’t know enough. I (6) ___________(fail). Carlo: I’m sure you (7) ____________ (not fail).

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Exercise 20. be going to or will? Complete the news report. Decide which is best for the context, be going to or will. Sometimes either is possible.

We have learnt this week that Brimley Town Council has plans for Westside Park. The Council is going to sell (sell) the land to a builder, A. Forbes and Son. ‘The plans are all ready. We (1) __________ (build) fifty houses,’ said Mr Forbes. ‘In two years everything (2) ___________ (be) finished. I’m sure people (3)___________ (like) the houses. Some of them (4)___________ (be) for young families.’ But people living near the park are angry. ‘This is a terrible idea. We’re against it. We (5)___________ (have) a protest march on Saturday,’ said Mrs Alice Marsh. ‘I expect everyone in Brimley (6)___________ (be) there. We want to make our intentions clear. We (7)____________ (stop) this plan.’ Exercise 21. The Future. Choose the correct verb form from the phrases in brackets. 1. How’s your flat? — Well, the rent is very expensive. __________ (I’ll move / I’m going to

move) to a new place. I decided last week. 2. I can cycle home. — Have you got lights? ___________ (It’ll be / It’ll have been) dark, don’t

forget. 3. I’d like a photo of Adrian and me. — Well, __________ (I’ll take / I’ll going to take) one with

your camera then. 4. Have you booked a holiday? — Yes, __________ (we go / we’re going) to Spain. 5. Look at the car! _____________ (It’ll crash / It’s going to crash!). 6. Can I borrow your bike on Monday, please? — Oh, I’m afraid __________ (I’ll be using / I’ll

have used) it. I always cycle to work. Exercise 22. What do these people say? Pay special attention to the underlined words. Example: Maria is predicting a win for Italy in their next match.

Maria: Italy will win their next match.

1. Bob intends to get up early tomorrow. Bob: I _____________________________________________________________________ 2. Steve’s train timetable says ‘Arrival 10.30’.

Steve: The train _____________________________________________________________ 3. Louise has arranged to see her bank manager tomorrow.

Louise: ____________________________________________________________________ 4. Dan will leave in the very near future.

Dan: ______________________________________________________________________ 5. Sarah’s next visit to her aunt is on Sunday, the day she usually visits her.

Sarah: _____________________________________________________________________

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Exercise 23. Complete the conversation. Look at the context and choose the best form of the verb in brackets to express the future. Sometimes more than one answer is correct.

A: Hello. Where are you going? B: To my evening class. I’m learning Swedish. And I (1)__________ (speak) it for real this

time next week. I (2)__________ (go) to Sweden for three weeks. I (3)__________ (leave) on Friday evening. I (4)___________ (visit) friends there.

A: Oh, that (5)_____________ (be) nice. B: Oh, it’s nearly half past. My lesson (6)____________ (start) in a minute. A: Well, have a good time. I (7)___________ (see) you next month. B: Thanks. I (8)___________ (tell) you all about it when I (9)___________ (get) back. Exercise 24. Choose the best words (a, b, c or d) to complete the sentence. Sometimes more than

one answer is acceptable. Example: Right, I c you up at 7. 30, if that’s convenient. (a) am going to pick (b) am picking (c) will pick (d) pick 1. What __________ to Sandra’s party on Saturday? (a) are you going to wear (b) are you wearing (c) will you wear (d) do you wear 2. We’d better hurry up. The train __________ in half an hour. (a) is going to leave (b) is leaving (c) will leave (d) leaves 3. He __________ sociology at university in the autumn. (a) is going to study (b) is studying (c) will study (d) studies 4. I’m just going to the bank. I __________ long. (a) am not going to be (b) am not being (c) won’t be (d) don’t be 5. I’ve got an appointment with the dentist tomorrow. I expect he __________ something wrong.

He always does! (a) is going to find (b) is finding (c) will find (d) finds 6. There’s a good film on television tonight. What time __________ ? (a) is it going to start (b) is it starting (c) will it start (d) does it start 7. We __________ to the States to spend Christmas with our son. (a) are going to fly (b) are flying (c) will fly (d) fly 8. You’ve got plenty of time. The plane __________ off until 4.30.

(a) isn’t going to take (b) isn’t taking (c) won’t take (d) doesn’t take 9. That really makes me angry! This time I __________ to him about it!

(a) am going to speak (b) am speaking (c) will speak (d) speak 10. If you give me that letter now, I __________ it on my way home. (a) am going to post (b) am posting (c) will post (d) post Exercise 25. Complete the following letter by putting the verbs in brackets into the correct form.

Occasionally there is more than one possible answer. The first one has been done for you.

Dear Debbie, Thanks very much for your letter, which (1) arrived (arrive) more than six weeks ago! I (2)__________ (mean) to reply to it for ages, but I just (3)_____________ (not have) time. As you (4)__________ (know), I (5)____________(start) a new job at the beginning of the month and I (6)_____________ (work) incredibly hard ever since. It is quite interesting and I (7)____________ (like) my new boss, but I (8)____________ (not finish) until six o’clock and when I (9)____________ (get) home, I’m too tired to do anything! Anyway, I (10)____________ (tell) you

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all about it another time. I (11)______________ (take) a week’s holiday very soon and I (12)____________ (think) of coming to London the weekend after next. My sister (13)____________ (invite) me to stay with her for a few days because her husband (14)___________ (go) to France on business for a week. (15)__________ you ___________ (make) any plans for that weekend? If not, (16)_________ (meet) for lunch on the Saturday or Sunday. It’s ages since I last (17)____________ (see) you and I (18)_________ (have) lots to tell you. Anyway, I (19)__________ (phone) you during the week to see if you’re free. With love, Alison. P.S. (20)__________ (give) my regards to Chris. Exercise 26. Choose Present/Future. 1. You __________ (paint) your study at the moment? No, I __________ (start) painting next

week. 2. I __________ (write) replies to everybody the entire day tomorrow. 3. Shifting production overseas __________ (not — guarantee) profit as Volkswagen has

repeatedly found in South American countries. 4. Don't despair. I'm sure everything __________ (work) out all right in the end. 5. Tomorrow at 8 p.m. the President __________ (address) the nation, as arranged. 6. He __________ (constantly — fish) for information to the annoyance of all the people

present. 7. I hope the plan __________ (not — fall) through a second time. 8. You __________ (inform) me when the rates are overdue? 9. In Japan NEC __________ (hold) around 6% of mainframe market. 10. In the fiber sector the Rhone-Poulec group __________ (account) for almost two-thirds of

France's textile output. 11. Roger __________ (spend) a lot of money on cars. 12. We __________ (see) each other one of these days. 13. I fear he __________ (near) his end. The doctors have given him up. 14. I __________ (do) nothing but talking to applicants all next week. 15. Oil __________ (account) for half of Indonesia's export earnings. 16. Water __________ (freeze) when the temperature falls below 0 degrees. 17. I'm afraid I __________ (look) through these reports next week. 18. We have arranged that David __________ (come) with the luggage tomorrow. 19. The workers __________ (press) for another ten percent rise at the moment. 20. We have agreed that we __________ (discuss) the plans in Oslo next month. 21. We __________ (furnish) our rooms next week, as we have already agreed. Exercise 27. Choose the Correct Tense. 1. Our local newspaper __________ (come out) every weekend. 2. I see they __________ (find) a solution and it is about time too because he __________

(discuss) matter for quite some time. 3. At last year's congress the trade unions __________ (reject) the government's policy. 4. The wage system, introduced six years ago, __________ (guarantee) Norway's lowest-paid

workers hourly wages equal to 85% of average industrial wages. 5. He __________ (dash) off a note to his wife when he saw that the meeting would last longer

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than expected. 6. The newspapers reported that the movement __________ (make) earlier attempts on his life. 7. The factory __________ (step) up production since last week, because it cannot keep up with

the sudden flood of orders. 8. Two masked men __________ (set) upon him, while he __________ (go) down a dark side

street. 9. There __________ (be) a fuss about this, when the facts become known. 10. He __________ (always - stir) up trouble among the members of the staff. 11. The introduction of word processing into the secretary's department __________ (prove) to be

an undoubted success despite initial troubles. 12. We __________ (chase) the manager up for a week but he is never in. 13. Before the first atomic bomb __________ (explode) over Nevada, most people __________

(never - think) about its enormous power. 14. Economists __________ (not - solve) any major problems since the start of the current .

recession. 15. I __________ (search) for this stamp for years on end. 16. I __________ (wait) for her for several hours, before she __________ (turn up). 17. I'm afraid you cannot borrow my yacht, because I __________ (do) extensive repairs on it

over the next few weekends. 18. We __________ (discuss) this item at the committee's quarterly meeting next week in

accordance with the agenda. Exercise 28. Choose the Correct Tense. 1. To our amazement he __________ (drop) out of the race, after he __________ (run) for only

five minutes. 2. The police __________ (clear) this cathedral, before the spire __________ (collapse). 3. The management __________ (estimate) that their company __________ (suffer) substantial

losses for a considerable time. 4. I didn't want him to know that I __________ (study) the plan carefully, before the council

__________ (bring) it to my notice. 5. He __________ (abuse) his powerful position for quite some time until the Board of Directors

__________ (call) him to account. 6. When he finally __________ (make) up his mind to accept the proposal, it turned out that this

unexpected opportunity __________ (already - pass). 7. Our Managing Director __________ (engage) forty employees, after this multinational

__________ (place) a considerably greater order than anybody could ever have expected. 8. Last April the British Government __________ (disclose) that Britain, France and the United

States __________ (make) protest about Soviet airforce exercises in Germany time and again. 9. Before the demand for this equipment __________ (arise), the Dutch Government

__________ (already - develop) a special aircraft with a good alternative. 10. The doctors __________ (give) him up, when he __________ (surprise) them all by taking a

turn for the better.

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Exercise 29. Read the following story about a man who found a leak (a small hole in a water-pipe) in his bathroom. Then complete the story by putting the verbs in brackets into the correct form. The first one has been done for you.

Richard Barnes (1) had just come (just come) home from work when he (2)___________ (find) a leak in the bathroom. Water (3)___________ (drip) from the ceiling for some time, and there (4)__________ (be) a large pool of water on the floor. As soon as he (5)____________ (see) the leak, he (6)___________ (call) the plumber. The plumber’s wife (7)___________ (answer). ‘I’m afraid he (8)___________ (go) out an hour ago and he (9)____________ (not come) back yet. I (10)_____________ (tell) him to phone you when he (11)_____________ (come) in. I (12)____________ (not expect) he (13)____________ (be) long.’ Richard (14)______________ (hang) up and (15)______________ (sit) down to wait. Two hours later the phone (16)_________ (ring). ‘This is the plumber. I (17)_____________ (believe) you (18)____________ (call) earlier.’ ‘Where on earth (19)_________________ you _____________ (be)?’ (20)______________ (demand) Richard angrily. ‘I (21)________________ (wait) for two hours! What (22)____________ you ______________ (do) all this time?’ ‘I’m terribly sorry, sir,’ the plumber (23)_____________(answer) nervously. ‘I (24)_______________ (have) a breakdown while I (25)___________ (drive) along the motorway. I (26)_______________(only just get) home. I (27)____________ (not even have) my dinner yet. My wife (28)_________________ (get) it now.’ ‘Well, I'm sorry about your breakdown,’ (29)_______________ (say) Richard in a more friendly voice. ‘But (30)______________ you ____________ (repair) my leak tonight or not?’ ‘(31)__________________ (not worry), sir,’ (32) ____________________ (reply) the plumber. ‘I (33) ___________________ (have) my dinner and then I (34) ____________________ (come) straight round.’ Richard (35)_____________ (put) down the receiver and (36)_____________ (go) back into the bathroom. The water (37)____________ (still drip) slowly into the bowl he (38)_____________ (put) under the leak. He (39)_______________ (empty) the bowl again and then (40)________________ (sit) down to wait. Two hours later he (41)______________ (pick) up the receiver again. Just as he (42)_____________ (dial) the number, the doorbell (43)________________(ring). ‘I'm terribly sorry, sir,’ (44)______________ (say) a small, dark-haired man apologetically. ‘I (45)____________(think) I (46)__________ (have) to get a new car!’ Exercise 30. Translate the sentences into English. 1) Насколько я знаю, она еще не вернулась. Я не знаю, где она сейчас. 2) “Что она вам только что говорила?” — “Ничего особенного.” 3) “Вы давно живете в этом городе?” — “Шесть лет.” — “Где вы раньше жили?” — “В С.- Петербурге.” 4) Входите, пожалуйста. Мы вас давно ждем. 5) Вы очень давно не видели мою сестру. Приходите к нам сегодня вечером. 6) Мы идем уже шесть часов и очень устали. 7) Я не была у своих друзей

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уже месяц. Завтра я собираюсь навестить их. 8) Мы с ним знакомы уже больше года. 9) Мы с Джеком учились вместе в школе, и с тех пор мы большие друзья. 10) “Ваши гости уже приехали.” — “Я знаю.” 11) “Я пою, танцую и играю в скетчах,” - сказала она. — “Вы талантливая женщина. Вы это делаете всю свою жизнь.” 12) Я здесь с утра жду вас. 13) Нас не было дома несколько месяцев, и они еще не знают, что мы приехали. 14) “Мама, в чем дело?” – спросила Дженни, — “У тебя красные глаза. Ты плакала?” 15) Я в этом городе уже пятнадцать лет. Наша семья переехала сюда, когда мне было 10 лет. 16) “Кто-нибудь живет в этой квартире?” — Я покачала головой и ответила: “Она заперта с тех пор, как я переехала сюда.” 17) Я очень много думаю о вас в последнее время. 18) Я их не видела с тех пор, как переехала в этот город. 19) Я читаю и пишу в течение трех дней и очень устала. 20) “Где же Аня?” — “Она наверху. Мы только что с ней разговаривали.” 21) О нем весь город говорит с тех самых пор, как он уехал. 22) Мы ищем эту книгу уже неделю. Exercise 31. Translate the following sentences into English concentrating on the use of tense-

aspect forms. 1) Энн, Марта возвращается. — Я полагаю, что она остановится у своей сестры. 2) Она заперлась и не сойдет вниз, пока они не уйдут. 3) Я увидел, что момент, которого он ждал, наступил. 4) Он взял картофелину и осторожно положил ее обратно туда, где мы ее нашли. 5) Привет, Джек. Где ты был и что ты делал все это время? 6) Пока он ждал, он слышал, как внизу в саду играют дети. 7) Я знаю имена всех в деревне. Я живу здесь всю свою жизнь. 8) Она совсем не была робкой: она попросила меня называть ее Сэлли, когда мы еще не были знакомы и десяти минут. 9) Я не был тебе таким уж плохим мужем все эти двадцать лет, что мы женаты. 10) Я решил не поступать в Кэмбридж. В течение шести месяцев я почти не заглядывал ни в одну книгу по математике. 11) Мы оба позаботимся о том, чтобы ты с ним не встретился здесь. 12) Я не пробыл на борту и часа, когда он пригласил меня на лэнч. 13) Рой много работал и плохо спал все это время, и вид у него был усталый. 14) Я почти закончил книгу. 15) Ты даже не знаешь, что ты со мною сделал. 16) Я почти ни разу не поел как следует, с тех пор, как я приехал в Лондон. 17) Он не придет. Я только что разговаривал с ним по телефону. 18) Что ты собираешься делать в воскресенье? — Я еще не знаю. 19) Филипп отнес свой чемодан в вагон и курил на перроне. 20) Я видел твою сестру в театре. 21) Как, ты еще не готова! Что же ты делала? 22) В течение двух лет она была лучшей ученицей в классе. 23) Ты знаешь, в следующем семестре профессор Леннон будет читать лекции по Ренессансу. 24) Жарко и уже больше месяца нет дождя. 25) Куда же я положил свою зажигалку? 26) Я получил большое удовольствие от балета. Почему ты не пошел с нами? 27) Поезд отправляется без четверти два. Если мы не отправимся на вокзал тотчас же, то мы опоздаем. 28) Мы прожили в деревне два месяца, когда мой брат приехал навестить нас. 29) Мы прожили у Харрисонов два дня и вернулись в Лондон поездом. 30) Когда я встал, я подошел к окну. Хотя дождя уже не было, но везде были большие лужи. 31) Джон проверил сочинения своих учеников и читал книгу, которую он купил утром по дороге в школу. 32) Я никогда в жизни не чувствовал себя так хорошо, как сейчас. 33) Завтра я уезжаю в город на две недели. 34) После второго завтрака я обычно занимаюсь в библиотеке два часа. 35) Не успел я дойти до угла, как услышал чьи-то шаги сзади. 36) Я дам вам знать, какие меры я приму. 37) Погода в тот день была мрачная. Холодный ветер, дувший с утра, прекратился, но дождь все еще моросил. 38) Едва я успел попрощаться с ними, как поезд тронулся. 39) Анна сложила свои вещи и ждала такси. 40) Я велю ему принести ключ, когда он осмотрит дом. 41) Мы ехали около часа и потом увидели небольшое озеро. 42) Я бродил по лесу около часа, когда увидел маленький домик. Так как я никогда не бывал в этих местах, то я не знал, кто в нем живет. Дом стоял среди деревьев, и тропинка, по которой я шел, вела к дому.

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Exercise 32. Translate into English using the Present Indefinite, the Present Continuous, the

Present Perfect or the Present Perfect Continuous. 1) Они второй день играют ту же партию; они сделали уже 75 ходов. 2) Дирижер еще не вышел, а оркестранты уже на своих местах и настраивают инструменты. 3) Неужели эта книга все еще у него? Сколько времени он ее читает? 4) Он закончил первую главу диссертации и пишет вторую. Он работает над диссертацией уже два года. 5) Он наш тренер, с тех пор как я играю в этой команде. 6) Они уже приняли резолюцию по первому вопросу? — Нет, они все еще спорят. Они обсуждают этот вопрос уже два часа и еще не пришли ни к какому соглашению. 7) Уже двадцать лет, как я живу в этом городе, а в сентябре исполнится ровно девять лет, как я преподаю здесь в институте. 8) Теперь, когда мы проработали столько времени и приобрели достаточный опыт и знания, мы видим, чему нам еще нужно научиться. Exercise 33. Translate into English using appropriate tenses. 1) Студенты пишут контрольную работу уже почти два часа. Время подходит к концу, а пока только двое сдали работы. 2) Он проработал с нами только месяц, но доказал, что он опытный работник. 3) Утро было солнечное, но с одиннадцати часов погода изменилась, и теперь идет дождь. 4) Шел очень сильный снег, и я не мог разобрать номера троллейбуса. Когда я проехал уже несколько остановок, я понял, что ехал не в том направлении. 5) Я упорно звонил вам с 4-х часов, и ваш номер был все время занят. — Я говорила все это время с Санкт-Петербургом. 6) Художники работают с утра, так как мы хотим повесить стенную газету еще сегодня вечером. 7) Река всегда угрожала населению деревни наводнением, пока не была построена плотина. 8) Две недели шли дожди, пока, наконец, три дня назад не установилась хорошая погода. 9) Пруд замерз; мальчишки уже катаются на коньках. 10) На реке лед уже растаял, а в лесу кое-где еще лежал снег. 11) Мальчики быстро разобрали велосипед, почистили все части, но собирали его так долго, что у них в этот день не осталось времени кататься. 12) Мальчики уже больше двух часов собирали велосипед, когда пришел отец и сказал, что им придется все снова разобрать, так как они неправильно его собрали. 13) Что вы делали с тех пор как мы расстались (как мы не виделись)? 14) Пока мы шли со станции, он успел мне рассказать обо всем, что произошло со времени моего отъезда. 15) Мы дружим, с тех пор как работаем вместе. 16) Сергей приехал? — Да, он здесь уже два дня. Он приехал еще в пятницу. 17) Я решил, что пока живу на даче, буду каждый день совершать долгие прогулки. 18) Обед уже был готов; все давно проголодались, но двоих гостей еще не было. 19) Певец окончил свое выступление, в зале гасли огни, а публика все еще не расходилась. 20) Уже прошло пять лет, как мы работаем над этой проблемой. 21) Когда я пришел, он уже вернулся и сидел перед камином, перелистывая журнал. 22) Меня просили передать вам, что вас известят, как только ваша просьба будет рассмотрена. 23) Мы еще не отошли от леса, когда нас догнал наш старый знакомый охотник. 24) 14 июля 1789 года парижане штурмом взяли Бастилию — крепость, в которой в течение многих веков короли держали неугодных им людей. 25) К 1867 году — году парламентской реформы — английский рабочий класс уже в течение 30 лет боролся за право голосовать. 26) Суриков писал свою картину “Степан Разин” с 1901 по 1907 год.

Questions Exercise 34. Jenny is going to stay with Anne in Edinburgh. Read the following telephone

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conversation and write down the questions Jenny asks. The first one has been done for you. There may be more than one acceptable answer.

Jenny: (1) Which station do the Edinburgh trains leave from? Anne: King’s Cross. Jenny: (2) _____________________________________________________________________ Anne: I think there’s only one train an hour. Jenny: (3) _____________________________________________________________________ Anne: Every hour, on the hour. Nine o’clock, ten o’clock and so on. Jenny: (4) _____________________________________________________________________ Anne: Well, I think the Flying Scotsman’s the best train. It goes at ten o’clock. Jenny: (5) _____________________________________________________________________ Anne: It takes about four and a half hours. Jenny: (6) _____________________________________________________________________ Anne: I’m not sure exactly. I think a return’s at least Ј60, but it’s probably more. Jenny: (7) _____________________________________________________________________ Anne: Meet me outside the station. I’ll come and pick you up. I’m borrowing Peter’s car for the

day. Jenny: (8) _____________________________________________________________________ Anne: Peter’s. Jenny: (9) _____________________________________________________________________ Anne: Peter? Oh, sorry. He’s a friend of mine. You’ll meet him while you’re here. Jenny: (10) ____________________________________________________________________ Anne: Oh, he’s got a blue Maxi. Jenny: (11) ____________________________________________________________________ Anne: Don’t bring anything special. Just a pair of jeans and some walking shoes. Jenny: (12) ____________________________________________________________________ Anne: Well, it depends on the weather, but I thought we might go to Loch Ness. Exercise 35. Write the question which relates to the underlined words. Example: She finished her interview two hours ago.

When did she finish her interview?

1. Output has increased by 7.5%. ___________________________________________________________________________

2. Betamix became a public company in 1994. ___________________________________________________________________________

3. The departmental meeting is held once a month. ___________________________________________________________________________

4. We’ll get back to you very shortly. ___________________________________________________________________________

5. It cost in excess of 2 million dollars. ___________________________________________________________________________

6. A consultant was called to look at our recruitment policy. ___________________________________________________________________________

7. I prefer the second solution. ___________________________________________________________________________

8. There were at least 500 enquires. ___________________________________________________________________________

9. It’s my ticket.

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___________________________________________________________________________ 10. The bank is about 100 meters from here. ___________________________________________________________________________ Exercise 36. Who and what as subject and object. Ask questions with who or what. Example: Something has happened. — Oh? What has happened? I’ve invited someone to tea. — Oh? Who have you invited? 1. Somebody is having a party. — Oh? ______________________________________________ 2. I was laughing at something. — Oh? _____________________________________________ 3. I‘ve learnt something. — Oh? ___________________________________________________ 4. We should do something. — Oh? _______________________________________________ 5. Someone is looking for you. — Oh? ______________________________________________ 6. I’m looking for someone. — Oh? ________________________________________________ 7. Jill is planning something. — Oh? _______________________________________________ 8. Somebody has moved in next door. — Oh?

________________________________________ 9. Something is worrying me. — Oh? _______________________________________________ 10. I want to meet someone. — Oh? _________________________________________________ Exercise 37. Which and whose as subject and object. You don’t quite hear what someone says.

Complete the questions. Example: The children’s rabbit is missing. — Whose rabbit is missing? I made that table, you know. — Sorry, which table did you make? 1. We can use these tennis rackets here. — Sorry, which rackets _________________________ 2. That painting has won first prize. — Sorry, which one of them ________________________ 3. I like the blue suit best. — Which one____________________________________________ 4. I’ve borrowed Simon’s car. — Pardon? Whose car __________________________________ 5. Andrew’s uncle has died. — Whose uncle _________________________________________ Exercise 38. What or which? Isabel is moving into a new flat in London. Jerry has come to see

the flat and help her move in. Complete his questions. Put in what or which. 1. __________ number is this house? — Forty-two. 2. __________ floor is the flat on? — The first floor. 3. Oh, it’s a nice flat. __________ room will be your living-room? — This one here, I thought. 4. __________ colour are you going to paint it? — Oh, I don’t know yet. 5. __________ time is your furniture arriving. — Three o’clock, they said. 6. __________ way is the nearest tube station, right or left? — It’s left at the end of the street. 7. __________ station is nearest, Earls Court or West Brompton? — Earls Court, I think.

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Exercise 39. Who, what or which? Two detectives are investigating the murder of Lord Weybridge at his country house. Put in who, what or which.

A: (1) __________ of the guests in this house is the murderer, do you think? (2)________ one put the cyanide in Lord Weybridge’s coffee?

B: I don’t know yet. Someone did it. But (3) __________ had the opportunity? (4) __________ of the guests had the chance to do it?

A: (5) __________ happened after dinner last night? That’s what we’ve got to find out. B: There must be a reason for the murder. (6) __________ reason could the murderer have? A: Love or money, one or the other. (7) __________ of them is it, I wonder? B: (8) __________ did Lord Weybrige leave his money to? That’s the question. Exercise 40. Fill in which or what. 1. __________ are the reasons for declining sales? 2. __________ is better, purchasing or leasing? 3. __________ is your occupation? 4. __________ are your payment terms? 5. __________ do you call this in English? 6. __________ Mr Jones do you mean? The stores clerk or the manager? 7. __________ countries produce oranges? 8. __________ of them are European countries? Exercise 41. So and neither. Felix has just met Vicky at a party. They are finding out that they

have a lot in common. Put in the sentences with so and neither. Felix: I haven’t been to a party for ages. Vicky: Neither have I. I hate crowded rooms. Felix: So do I. I’m not a party-goer, really. 1. Vicky: _________________________. I can’t make a conversation. 2. Felix: _________________________. I’m a quiet sort of person. 3. Vicky: _________________________. I live alone in a bedsitter. 4. Felix: _________________________. I haven’t got many friends. 5. Vicky: _________________________. And I would really like a good friend. 6. Felix: Oh, _________________________. Exercise 42. So and neither. Look at the table and complete the sentences.

Mike Lorna Paul Marie Swimming x x Tennis x x Cycling x x Chess x x

Example: Mike can swim, and so can Lorna.

Marie isn’t keen on tennis, and neither is Mike.

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1. Paul doesn’t like swimming, and _______________________________________________ 2. Marie has got a bike, and ______________________________________________________ 3. Mike can’t play chess, and _____________________________________________________ 4. Lorna isn’t keen on cycling, and ________________________________________________ 5. Paul plays tennis, and _________________________________________________________ 6. Marie is a chess player, and ____________________________________________________ Exercise 43. All of the following are grammatically wrong. How should they be rephrased? 1. Do you can help me? __________________________________________________________ 2. Does she have completed the survey? _____________________________________________ 3. Why she is angry? ____________________________________________________________ 4. Did they sold the subsidiary? ___________________________________________________ 5. What means ‘price / earnings ratio’? _____________________________________________ 6. When it must be finished? ______________________________________________________ Exercise 44. Mr. Hardwick, a driving instructor, is giving a driving lesson to seventeen-year-old

Gary. Complete the following dialogue with the correct question tags. The first one has been done for you.

Instructor: Now, you remember what you learned last lesson, (1) don't you? Gary: Yes, of course. Start the engine, into first gear, and we're off. That was all right, (2)

____________? Instructor: Not really. You didn't indicate, (3) _____________? Gary: Oh, sorry, I forgot. Still, it doesn't really matter, (4) __________? Instructor: That's where you're wrong, Gary. I'm afraid it does matter. Gary: Well, I can't be expected to remember anything, (5) __________? It's only my third

lesson after all. Instructor: OK, Gary. Anyway, watch your speed. You're going too fast. Gary: But I'm only going thirty-five m.p.h. Instructor: I know, but this is a built-area, (6) __________? And there's a thirty m.p.h. speed

limit. Gary: But look at everyone else. They're all going faster then thirty m.p.h., (7)

____________? Instructor: That doesn't make any difference. You haven't passed your test yet, (8) ___________?

Now, turn right at the next corner and — Gary, be careful! Gary: Oh! I shouldn't have done that, (9) ___________? Instructor: No, you certainly shouldn't have! You just weren't concentrating, (10)

_____________? Now, for goodness sake, pay attention! Gary: You don't really like teaching me to drive, (11) ______________, Mr Hardwick? Instructor: It's not a question of liking or disliking, Gary. It's my job. But if you want to pass the

test, you'll just have to learn to concentrate, (12) ______________? Now, let's try again.

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Exercise 45. Question-tags. Add the correct tag to each of these statements. Example: You'll go, _________ You'll go, won't you? (Negative tag) You won't talk about it, _________ You won't talk about it, will you? (Positive tag) 1. You'll have some more tea, ___________ 2. We'd better wait for her, ___________ 3. He has tea for breakfast, ___________ 4. She might be there, _____________ 5. He needn't do that, ____________ 6. You had a swim yesterday, _____________ 7. He used to live here, ______________ 8. I shan't be long ____________ 9. He hasn't meet you before, _____________ 10. He made you do it again, _____________ 11. You never used to smoke, ______________ 12. He had his door painted, _____________ 13. He'll fall down, ____________ 14. He has a lot of money, _____________ 15. I ought to help him, ____________ 16. You don't see the point, ____________ 17. He never lived there, ____________ 18. We didn't ask you, _____________ 19. She needn't stay, _____________ 20. You have no money, _____________ Exercise 46. Translate into English. 1) Когда вы купили этот радиоприемник? 2) С кем вы ездили на юг? 3) О ком вы разговариваете? 4) Кому вы дали ваш словарь? 5) Сколько у вас английских книг? 6) Какие вы видели фильмы в Москве? 7) Кто говорил вам об этом? — А. 8) Кто преподает вам английский язык? 9) Сколько человек участвовало в этой экспедиции? — Около ста человек. 10) Кто директор вашего института? — А. 11) Кто ваш брат? — Он врач. 12) Кто этот молодой человек? — Это мой брат. 13) Каковы ваши планы на лето? 14) Каково ваше мнение по этому вопросу? 15) Каковы ваши условия платежа? 16) Что собой представляет этот город? Exercise 47. Translate into English. 1. Он очень умный человек, не правда ли? — Да, умный. 2. Он не вернулся еще в Москву, не правда ли? — Нет, вернулся. 3. Он будет завтра в институте, не правда ли? — Да, будет. 4. Вы не говорили с директором по этому вопросу, не правда ли? — Да, не говорил. 5. Он не знает французского языка, не правда ли? — Да, не знает. 6. Она еще не окончила университет, не правда ли? — Нет, окончила. 7. Он не сможет сделать эту работу в такой короткий срок, не правда ли? — Нет, сможет.

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Exercise 48. Translate into English.

1) Кто оставил словарь на столе? 2) Кто из вас оставил словарь на столе? 3) Кого из них вы спрашивали об этом? 4) Кого вы ждете здесь? 5) Кому вы дали свой словарь? 6) Какие книги вы купили? 7) На каком этаже вы живете? 8) На какой стороне улицы ваш дом? 9) Что мы будем писать сегодня: диктант или грамматические упражнения? 10) Что вы купили? 11) Что вам купить: масла или сыру? 12) Какой месяц самый холодный в Москве? 13) Кто знает адрес А.? 14) Кто из студентов нашей группы написал диктант без ошибок? 15) Кому из них вы хотите дать этот словарь? 16) Какой язык вы знаете лучше: английский или немецкий? 17) Что вы предпочитаете: чай или кофе? 18) О чем вы разговаривали, когда я вас встретил? 19) Кто эти молодые люди? 20) Какова цена на олово? 21) Каковы цены на каучук? 22) Какие товары готовы к отгрузке? 23) Что готово к отгрузке? 24) По какой цене вы предложили этот товар? 25) Каково население этого города?

Passive Voice Exercise 49. Passive verb tenses. Complete the paragraph. Put in a passive verb in the correct

tense. Barford Hall The building at the top of the High Street is Barford Hall. It was built (build) in 1827 and today it (1)______________ (regard) as the finest Georgian building in the county. A number of changes (2)____________ (make) since it was built, but the front of the building (3)_______________ (not change). Today the Hall (4)________________ (own) by Bardale Council, and for the last ten years it (5)______________ (use) as a home for Barford Arts Centre. At the moment a small art gallery (6)________________ (build) behind the Hall. Exercise 50. The future and modal verbs in the passive. A press conference is being held. Put in

the correct form of the verbs. Example: Reporter: Can this new drug prolong human life?

Professor: Yes, we believe that human life can be prolonged by the drug.

1. Reporter: Are you going to do any more tests on the drug? Professor: Yes, further tests _________________________

2. Reporter: What ____________ the drug _________________________? Professor: It will be called Bio-Meg.

3. Reporter: Can people use the drug now? Professor: No, the drug _________________________ yet.

4. Reporter: Who will produce the drug? Professor: It _________________________ by the Bentrix drug company.

5. Reporter: Do you think they should sell it to anyone who wants it? Professor: Yes, I think it _________________________ freely.

6. Reporter: And what quantity could Bentrix produce? Professor: We believe the drug _________________________ in large quantities.

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Exercise 51. The passive with get. Look at these newspaper headlines and tell your friend what’s in the news. Use the passive with get in the present perfect (e.g. has got) or the present continuous (e.g. are getting).

Example: POST OFFICE LOSES IMPORTANT DOCUMENT An important document has got lost. THIEVES STEALING MORE BICYCLES, SAY POLICE More bicycles are getting stolen. 1. HEAVY LORRIES DAMAGING MOTOR WAYS

The motorways ______________________________________________________________ 2. VANDALS KNOCK WALL DOWN

A wall _____________________________________________________________________ 3. STORM BLOWS OFF ROOF

A roof _____________________________________________________________________ 4. COMPANIES PAYING INDUSTRIAL WORKERS HIGHER WAGES

Industrial workers ____________________________________________________________ Exercise 52. Active or passive verb? Put the missing verb forms into this news report. Millions of pound worth of damage has been caused (has caused / has been caused) by a storm which (1)_____________ (passed/was passed) across the north of England last night. The River Ribble (2)____________ (burst / was burst) its banks after heavy rain. People (3)________________ (rescued / were rescued) from the floods by firemen, who (4)_______________ (received / were received) numerous calls for help. Wind speeds (5)________________ (reached / were reached) ninety miles an hour in some places. Roads (6)_____________ (blocked / were blocked) by fallen trees and electricity lines (7)______________ (brought / were brought) down, leaving thousands of homes without electricity. Everything possible (8)______________ (is doing / is being done) to get the situation back to normal,” a spokesman (9)______________ (said / was said) Exercise 53. Complete the following news items by putting the verb in brackets into the correct

form. The first one has been done for you. 1. Two men are being questioned (question) at Marylebone Police Station tonight in connection

with last week’s armed robbery in Luton, in which Ј25,000 (1)_____________ (steal) from a Securicor van. Another man (2)______________ already ___________ (arrest) for the crime.

2. Four people (1)___________ (take) to hospital after a fire at their home in Tottenham early this morning. They (2)__________ (send) home after treatment for minor burns. Police believe the fire (3)_____________ (start) deliberately.

3. Disc jockey Paul Asherton (1)____________ (ban) from driving for two years. The court (2)______________ (tell) that it was the third time Asherton (3)___________ (stop) for speeding in six months. Asherton admitted driving at more than 125 m.p.h.

4. Missing schoolgirl Sheila Patterson, aged eleven, (1)______________ (find) alive and well in Leicester. Sheila, who disappeared two days ago, said she had left home to join a circus. Her parents are travelling to Leicester tonight. Meanwhile, Sheila (2)_____________ (look) after at Leicester Police Station.

5. Lorry-driver Albert Whittaker had a lucky escape this afternoon when a concrete block, which (1)_____________ (load) on his lorry, fell off and landed inches from his feet. Mr Whittaker (2)___________ (treat) for shock.

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Exercise 54. Complete the second sentence so that it means the same as the first, using by or with only where necessary.

Example: The police believe that someone used a master key to open the door. The police believe that the door was opened with a master key. 1. Adrian Holt, the well-known composer, is writing the music.

The music __________________________________________________________________ 2. Apparently, someone used a knife to kill her.

Apparently, she ______________________________________________________________ 3. The police have arrested a 39-year-old mother of three for shop-lifting.

A 39-year-old _______________________________________________________________ 4. Ice on the road almost certainly caused the accident.

The _______________________________________________________________________ 5. I haven’t got my car at the moment. The garage is repairing it.

I haven’t got my car at the moment. It ____________________________________________ 6. The supermarket manager was afraid that someone had injected poison into some of the food.

The supermarket manager was afraid that some of __________________________________

Exercise 55. Active or passive sentence? Use the notes to write sentences about American history. Put the important underlined information at the end of the sentence.

Example: Britain — rule — the American colonies The American colonies were ruled by Britain.

The colonies — win — their independence — 1783 The colonies won their independence in 1783.

1. Washington — become — President — 1789 Washington __________________________________________________________________ 2. buy — Louisiana — from France Louisiana ____________________________________________________________________ 3. discover — gold — California ___________________________________________________________________________ 4. the North — win — the Civil War ___________________________________________________________________________ 5. black people — want — equal rights ___________________________________________________________________________ 6. shoot — Kennedy — 1963 ___________________________________________________________________________ Exercise 56. Read the following extract from an adventure story. Then complete the extract by

putting the verb in brackets into the correct form. There may sometimes be more than one possible answer. The first one has been done for you.

Jake felt sure that the secret plans were hidden (hide) somewhere in the room. He began searching carefully. Behind a picture on the wall he found a small metal safe. ‘They (1) __________ (keep) in here,’ he thought. Suddenly, he (2) __________ (push) violently from behind. He felt, hitting his head on the stone floor, and everything went back. When he came round, he found that he (3) __________ (take) to a small room. His hands and feet (4) __________ (tie) with rope and he felt as if he (5) __________ (drug). He also had the strange

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feeling that he (6) __________ (watch). A few minutes later the door (7) __________ (unlock), and two men walked into the room. Jake immediately recognized one of them. It was Boris Mariovitch, the mad scientist! ‘So, my friend,’ said Boris, smiling coldly, ‘what made you think the plans (8) __________ (keep) in the safe? You fool! They (9) __________ (hide) where no one will ever find them!’ ‘What are you going to do with him?’ asked the second man, pointing at Jake. ‘Him? Nothing for the moment. No doubt he (10) __________ (kill) in the morning!’ The two men left. The door slammed shut and (11) __________ (lock) from the outside. Jake looked desperately round the room. The door (12) __________ (make) of metal and (13) __________ (not break). The windows (14) __________ (not open) from the inside. What was he going to do? There was no escape! Jake (15) __________ (trap)! Exercise 57. to be done and being done. An immigrant has arrived in Britain. This is what he is

saying. ‘I’m asking the government to allow me into Britain. I am worried about them refusing me entry. I am afraid of your officials sending me away. I don’t want you to misunderstand me. I hope someone in Britain will offer me a job. I don’t mind them paying me low wages. I am willing for my employer to re-train me. I would like Britain to give me a chance.’

Report what the man says. Use the passive to-infinitive or ing-form. Example: He is asking to be allowed into Britain. He is worried about being refused entry. 1. He is afraid of _______________________________________________________________ 2. ___________________________________________________________________________ 3. ___________________________________________________________________________ 4. ___________________________________________________________________________ 5. ___________________________________________________________________________ 6. ___________________________________________________________________________ Exercise 58. Active and passive forms. Some workers are protesting about not being paid enough.

Put in a to-infinitive or ing-form. Some forms are active and some are passive. Example: We want to be paid (pay) better wages. 1. We don’t enjoy ________________________ (use) as cheap labour. 2. We’re tired of ________________________ (work) for low wages. 3. We expect ________________________ (treat) like human beings. 4. We won’t agree ________________________ (do) what the bosses want. 5. We hope _______________________ (invite) to discussions with the company. 6. We insist on ________________________ (hear). Exercise 59. Active forms with a passive meaning. Put in an active or passive to-infinitive or an

ing-form. Rory: Are you going to be busy this evening? Claire: Well, I’ve got a few things to do (do). This room ought (1) ________________ (clean) up

a bit. And we’ve got some clothes (2) _________________ (take) to the launderette. Rory: Yes, my trousers need (3) ______________ (wash). I’ll put them in the bag. Claire: Those trousers have (4) _____________ (dry-clean), don’t they?

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Rory: Oh yes, of course. Claire: I’ve got too much (5) ________________ (carry). I’ll take it in the car. Rory: Well, if this mess in here needs (6) ____________ (clear) up, I can do that when you’ve

gone. Exercise 60. Have and get as ordinary verbs. Complete the conversation. Use have something

done with each verb. A: Oh, what’s happening in here? B: We’re having this room decorated (decorate). We got tired of the old wallpaper, so we’re (1)

______________ the walls ______________ (re-paper). And when we’ve (2) _____________ that ____________ (do), we’re going to (3) ________________ a new carpet ________________ (lay).

A: When did you (4) ______________ these shelves ________________ (fit)? Are they new? B: Oh no. Those have been there for a long time. Exercise 61. Make these active sentences passive, if possible in two different ways. Example: The secretary gave me a message.

I was given a message (by the secretary). A message was given to me (by the secretary).

1. The head office sent us a telegram. ___________________________________________________________________________

2. My colleague recommended me the hotel. ___________________________________________________________________________

3. Why did not they listen to him? ___________________________________________________________________________

4. We will remit the money to you tomorrow. ___________________________________________________________________________

5. The wholesaler offered us a discount. ___________________________________________________________________________

6. The manufacturer has shown us a few samples. ___________________________________________________________________________

7. They informed us that they approved of the quality. ___________________________________________________________________________

8. We shall look into the matter carefully. ___________________________________________________________________________

9. My father lent me a large sum of money. ___________________________________________________________________________

10. They paid him a good salary. ___________________________________________________________________________

11. When did they promise you a raise? ___________________________________________________________________________

12. They told her the news yesterday. ___________________________________________________________________________

13. He took no notice of my argument. ___________________________________________________________________________

14. My secretary will deal with your questions. ___________________________________________________________________________

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Exercise 62. Choose the correct tense (Passive). 1. The student _____________ (expel) for disorderly behaviour some time ago. 2. These management consultants _____________ (consult) on this matter more than once in the

past few years. 3. A new bill _____________ (bring) in to regulate strike measures. 4. While the enemy _____________ (advance), he _____________ (kill) in a counterattack. 5. He _____________ (acquit) of the crime long ago. 6. His book _____________ (turn down) by the publishers. 7. I asked to see him, but they said that the witness _____________ (interrogate) at that moment. 8. The team _____________ (beat) in last week's match. 9. The job _____________ (complete), so you can all go home now. 10. The men got into the building, while the interview _____________ (record). 11. Such things __________ (do) when money is getting tight. 12. Since the late 70s the questions __________ (raise) how companies must proceed in case they

wish to control productivity. Exercise 63. Choose the correct tense (Passive). 1. So far this particular problem _____________ (not - deal) with adequately. 2. Permits _____________ (grant) ever since Mr Lipton's case in court. 3. It _____________ (report) in several newspapers, that he had been in the plot. 4. New measures _____________ (introduce) by the government last week. 5. The plan _____________ (regard) carefully, when in the adjacent room a bomb exploded. 6. The personnel manager informed me that six applicants for the job _____________ (write

off). 7. At yesterday's meeting it _____________ (resolve) to drop the matter. 8. While the investigation _____________ (hold), it _____________ (prove) that he was

innocent. 9. The project _____________ (still - discuss). I hope it will end soon. 10. After the man _____________ (find) guilty of the crime, he _____________ (sentence) to 5

years imprisonment. 11. New methods __________ (develop) in the years to come. 12. We __________ (fascinate) by the tennis match in which he beat Lendl. 13. She __________ (drive) to drink by the cruel treatment of her late husband. 14. His speech __________ (prepare) carefully, but it didn’t come across very well. 15. The car __________ (polish), after the mechanic has finished repairing it. 16. The shed __________ (erode) by constant rain and wind, before it collapsed altogether. 17. This famous painting __________ (track) down with a lot of trouble. Exercise 64. Choose the correct tense (Active or Passive). 1. The city _____________ (destroy) by Japanese invaders. Nowadays it is a prosperous

business town again. 2. Jack _____________ (constantly – change) his mind when we need an urgent decision. 3. Such methods _____________ (choose) because of their obvious merits. 4. Latin America's once modern industrial structures _____________ (gradually - become) out

of date with the decline in investments. 5. The ship _____________ (explode) when the tanks _____________ (clean). 6. _____________ (you - ever - bite) by a dog?

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7. You cannot go in now. Your case _____________ (discuss) at the moment. 8. Let's call it a day when this problem _____________ (deal) with. 9. Finally the strike _____________ (break) when the workers were forced to give in. 10. The factory _____________ (close) the production lines because of a lack of orders. 11. Rumours have it that the town _____________ (strike) by another disaster soon. 12. The case _____________ (examine) closely at the moment. 13. I _____________ (study) these proposals for no less than three days now. 14. Before they ____________ (take) up the challenge they _____________ (provoke) for some

time. 15. While he _____________ (talk) to a lady, his TV set _____________ (steal). 16. The victim who _____________ (have) a severe accident the other day _____________ (take)

to hospital at once. 17. Unfortunately this film _____________ (expose) to daylight. 18. Your money _____________ (‘ability’ + put) to good use instead of being left idle in the

bank. 19. The owners _____________ (go) away last March and since then their house _____________

(use) by squatters. 20. He _____________ (make) to surrender his passport when he _____________ (arrive) at the

airport last night. 21. Lifeguards __________ (‘moral obligation’ + pay) more money, but the government

__________ (‘ability’ + afford) to raise their wages at the moment. 22. The new speed limit __________ (‘formal announcement’ + introduce) next year. 23. The referee __________ (‘necessity’ + escort) from the field by a strong police guard after

Groningen’s last home match. 24. They __________ (carry out) extensive survey work long before any of the company’s

finances __________ (invest) in the project. 25. The instructions for operating this machine __________ (‘ability’ + find) in the office, if they

__________ (not lose). Exercise 65. Translate into English using the passive voice. 1) Улицу перед нашим домом всю разрыли: чинят газопровод. 2) Трое студентов в нашей группе освобождены от занятий по физкультуре, так как они занимаются в спортивных секциях. 3) Покажите мне, где в вашем городе строится новый театр. 4) Во время экскурсии по городу нам показали завод, где производится синтетический каучук. 5) Со мной так никогда еще не разговаривали. 6) Нам в лагерь регулярно доставляют на вертолете провизию и почту. 7) Книги, которые хорошо читаются, редко найдешь на полках библиотеки. 8) Объяснили ли вам, почему вам не разрешили принимать участие в этих соревнованиях? 9) Жаль, что на конференции таких вопросов не касались. 10) Когда мы приехали в Киев, это здание было только что восстановлено. 11) В прошлом месяце, наконец, вышла книга, которую с таким нетерпением ожидали. Сейчас ее широко обсуждают в прессе. О ней написано уже много статей, из которых видно, что мнения критиков разделились. 12) Не говори таких вещей, а то над тобой будут смеяться. 13) Мне еще ничего об этом не говорили. 14) Ваш проект уже принят? ~ Нет, он все еще рассматривается. ~ Сколько же времени его уже рассматривают? 15) Ничего удивительного, что цветы погибли: их не поливали целую неделю. 16) Вас уведомят по телеграфу, как только чертежи будут посланы. 17) Почему так прохладно в зале? ~ Его как раз проветривают. Читальный зал, как вы знаете, проветривается несколько раз в день. 18) Булочная закрыта на обед; она закрывается с часу до двух. ~ А сколько времени осталось, до того как она снова откроется? 19) Когда делегатам переводили выступление представителя профсоюза, оно их так заинтересовало, что они

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захотели записать некоторые факты, и им их специально повторили. 20) Я боюсь, что наш запас бензина будет истрачен, прежде чем мы доберемся до ближайшей бензоколонки. Exercise 66. Translate into English. 1) Первая часть этой книги печатается в Москве, а вторая будет печататься в С.- Петербурге. 2) Когда был построен этот вокзал? 3) В нашем городе сейчас строится новый театр. 4) Наш завод оборудован современными машинами. 5) Его скоро пошлют в С.- Петербург. 6) Его спросили, где он работает. 7) Я думаю, что этот завод будет построен к маю. 8) Он уедет из Москвы, когда договор будет подписан. 9) Договор был уже подписан, прежде чем он приехал. 10) Где будет построена новая библиотека? 11) Что производится на этой фабрике? 12) Эти книги продаются во всех книжных магазинах Москвы. 13) Он сможет прочесть эту статью, если она будет переведена на русских язык. 14) Этот завод только что переоборудован. 15) Новый мост строится около вокзала. 16) Библиотека была закрыта, так как было уже восемь часов. 17) Письмо не может быть отправлено сегодня, так как оно еще не подписано директором. 18) Московский Государственный Университет основан в 1755 году. 19) Самый молодой университет нашей страны находится в городе N. Он открыт осенью 1951 года. 20) Книги и учебники печатаются на 119 языках. 21) После того как ящики были распакованы, мы обнаружили, что некоторые части машины были сломаны во время перевозки. 22) Мы не пошлем им телеграммы до тех пор, пока не будет зафрахтован пароход. 23) Какие товары грузили, когда вы приехали в порт? 24) Товары отгрузили. Пошлите покупателю телеграмму. Exercise 67. Translate the following questions into English using the passive voice (Dictation-

translation). 1) Кто сконструировал этот прибор? 2) Где сейчас конструируют этот прибор? 3) Как долго конструируется этот прибор? 4) Где конструируются такие приборы? 5) Когда будет сконструирован этот прибор? 6) Чей фортепьянный концерт сейчас исполняется? 7) Интересно, сколько раз уже исполнялся этот концерт. 8) Скажите, когда этот концерт исполнялся в первый раз? 9) В который раз уже обсуждается этот вопрос? 10) Часто у вас обсуждаются подобные вопросы? 11) Давно уже этот вопрос обсуждается? 12) Обсуждался ли когда-нибудь этот вопрос, до того как он был передан в комитет. 13) Его можно было видеть в саду в любую погоду. 14) Такие туфли нельзя носить в плохую погоду. 15) Над ним всегда смеялись, когда он был школьником. 16) Зимой свет зажигается очень рано. 17) За билеты было давно уплачено. Exercise 68. Translate into English (Dictation-translation). 1) О ней очень хорошо отзываются. 2) Свет в квартире погас, и послали за электромонтером. 3) В магазине ему предложили целый ряд книг на интересующую его тему. 4) Можно положиться на эти цифры? 5) Будет ли ему предоставлена возможность пользоваться лабораторией? 6) Задавали ли вам дополнительные вопросы на экзамене? 7) Решение, к которому, наконец, пришли, было всеми одобрено. 8) Их тепло благодарили за помощь. 9) Надо положить конец этим бесполезным спорам. 10) В детском саду за детьми не только присматривают и не только играют с ними, но также учат их песням и танцам, читают им, водят в кино и детские театры. Exercise 69. Translate into English.

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1) Подписано ли это письмо? 2) Это письмо только что подписано директором. 3) Пароход зафрахтован. 4) Соглашение уже заключено. 5) Это соглашение недавно заключено. 6) Товары еще не доставлены. 7) Товары доставлены сегодня самолетом. 8) Этот вопрос еще не исследован. 9) Погружены ли товары? 10) Эта проблема разрешена российскими учеными. 11) Это здание полностью восстановлено. 12) Ящики пересчитаны. Их можно отвезти на склад. 13) Это здание было только что построено, когда мы приехали в Киев. 14) Когда мы получили их телеграмму, пароход был зафрахтован, но товары еще не были доставлены в порт. 15) Когда мы приехали в Киев, там было много домов, которые были разрушены немецкими фашистами. 16) Когда пришел директор, все было готово: документы были проверены и письма были напечатаны. 17) Дом был отремонтирован, забор был покрашен, и много новых фруктовых деревьев было посажено в саду к тому времени, когда он вернулся. 18) Когда вы позвонили по телефону, работа была только что закончена. 19) Вам не придется ждать. Документы будут проверены и письма напечатаны, когда вы придете. 20) Я уверен, что товары будут уже доставлены в порт, когда мы получим их телеграмму. Exercise 70. Translate into English. 1) Мне еще ничего не говорили об этом. 2) Мне говорили вчера, что его пригласили работать в нашем институте. 3) Им обещали информацию по этому вопросу. 4) Мне предложили билет на концерт, но я отказался. 5) Мне дали этот каталог на заводе. 6) Студентам медицинских институтов преподают латинский язык. 7) Им показали лаборатории и библиотеку Университета. 8) Если мне предложат эту работу, я, конечно, соглашусь. 9) На днях мне рассказали очень интересный анекдот. 10) Нам сказали, что он уехал на завод и что его ожидают не раньше 8 часов. 11) Мне вчера показали очень хорошие снимки Гамбурга.

Indirect Speech Exercise 71. Changes of person. Put in the pronouns (I, you etc.) 1. Susan (to you): ‘I feel really fed up with my job.’

You (to Wayne): Susan says ___________ feels really fed up with her job. 2. Laura (to you): ‘How is Louise?’

You (to Louise): Laura asked how ____________ are. 3. Phil (to you): ‘I haven’t got any money.’

You (to Gary): Phil says ______________ hasn’t got any money. 4. Joanna (to you): ‘Kevin never speaks to me.’ You (to Kevin): Joanna says ___________ never speaks to ____________. Exercise 72. Changes of place and time. Put in: here, that day, the day before, the next day, the

week before. 1. Angela (a week ago): ‘Terry and I are going to a concert tomorrow.’

You (today): Angela said she and Terry were going to a concert ________________________ 2. Jan (two day ago): ‘I’ve only been in England since yesterday.’

You (today): Jan said he had only been in England since ______________________________ 3. Neil (a week ago): ‘I’m meeting my friend at the airport today.’

You (today): Neil said he was meeting his friend at the airport later _____________________ 4. Max (in the street): ‘I’ll see you at the coffee bar.’

You (at the coffee bar): Max said he would see me __________________________________

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5. Paul (a month ago): ‘The festival was last week.’ You (today): Paul told me the festival had been _____________________________________ Exercise 73. The choice of tense. Put in is or was (Sometimes both are possible.) Is the statement

still true (is) or out of date (was)? Example: I heard today that the block of flats where I live is for sale. I wonder who is going to

buy it? I saw Martin yesterday. He said he was on his way to visit his sister.

1. This wallet is made of plastic not leather. Why did you tell me it ________ leather? 2. We had to hurry yesterday morning. Just as we arrived at the station, we heard an

announcement that the train __________ about to leave. 3. What did Barbara said just now? — She said her tooth __________ still aching. 4. I was going to get a cup of coffee, but Mike just told me the machine ___________ out of

order. It’s going to be fixed tomorrow. 5. I’m surprised Emma lost her match against Sheila. I thought she __________ a much better

player than Sheila. 6. It said on the radio that the Queen ____________ coming here next month. Isn’t that exciting? 7. When he spoke to reporters yesterday, the Chairman said that the company ___________ now

in a much better financial position. 8. The advertisement said that the swimming-pool ___________ free, but when we got here, we

found we had to pay. Exercise 74. The tense change. Reply to the statements. The speakers are all saying something

different to what they told you before. Example: ‘I’m going out with Ingrid.’

But you said you weren’t going out with her. ‘I prefer pop music to classical music.’ You told me you preferred classical music.

1. ‘I haven’t finished my project.’

I thought you said ___________________________________________________________ 2. ‘I’m better at tennis than golf.’

But you told me _____________________________________________________________ 3. ‘I enjoy parties.’

I remember you saying ________________________________________________________ 4. ‘I’ve got a video recorder.’

But you said yesterday ________________________________________________________ 5. ‘I’m applying for the job.’

I thought you told me _________________________________________________________ 6. ‘I like Indian food more than Chinese.’ But you said ________________________________________________________________ Exercise 75. The tense change. A comedy show called “Don’t Look Now!” has just closed after

five years at the theatre in London’s West End. It was the most popular comedy for a long time. This is what the critics said when it opened five years ago.

* ‘It’s a marvelous show.’ The Daily Mail. * ‘You’ll love it.’ The Guardian.

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1. ‘The production is brilliant.’ The Sunday Times. 2. ‘I can’t remember a funnier show.’ Stephen Devine. 3. ‘It made me laugh.’ Ben Walsh. 4. ‘You must see it.’ The Evening News. 5. ‘It will be a great success.’ The Telegraph. 6. ‘You might die laughing.’ The Daily Express. 7. ‘It’s the funniest show I have ever seen.’ Joan Proctor. 8. ‘You shouldn’t miss it.’ Time Out.

Now report what critics said.

Example: The Daily Mail said it was a marvelous show. The Guardian said people would love it.

1. The Sunday Times said ________________________________________________________ 2. ___________________________________________________________________________ 3. ___________________________________________________________________________ 4. ___________________________________________________________________________ 5. ___________________________________________________________________________ 6. ___________________________________________________________________________ 7. ___________________________________________________________________________ 8. ___________________________________________________________________________ Exercise 76. Read the interviews and then complete the newspaper report below. The first one has

been done for you. Interviewer: As Minister of Education, what do you think of the teachers’ demand for a ten per

cent rise? Minister: (1) Frankly, I have little sympathy for the teachers. (2) They are extremely lucky to

have a short working day and long holidays. (3) The Government is not prepared to pay them more for doing nothing. (4) The Teachers’ Union must accept that fact. (5) If they go on strike, they will be acting totally irresponsibly.

Reporter: As leader of the Teachers’ Union (TU), what if your reaction to the Minister’s remarks?

Leader of TU: (6) I am extremely angry at the Minister’s remarks. (7) Teachers are hard-working, responsible people. (8) When they go home, they cannot relax because they have to mark books and prepare lessons. (9) I have been teaching for twenty years, and during that time the pay and conditions have gone down. (10) The Minister has no idea what he’s talking about and should resign!

Minister Unsympathetic Towards Teachers

In a television interview last night, the Minister of Education (1) said (that) he had little sympathy for the teachers. (2) He said ______________________________________________________________________ (3) ____________________________________________________________________________ (4) ____________________________________________________________________________ (5) ____________________________________________________________________________ When asked to comment on the Minister’s remarks, Tom Bolland, leader of the Teachers’ Union, said (6) __________________________________________________________ (7) ____________________________________________________________________________

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(8) ____________________________________________________________________________ (9) ____________________________________________________________________________ (10) ___________________________________________________________________________ Exercise 77. Wh-questions and yes/no questions. What do these tourists want to know at the

Tourist Information Centre? Example: German student: What are the most interesting sights?

A German student wants to know what the most interesting sights are. Young man: Have you got a town plan? A young man wants to know if the Centre has got a town plan.

1. Young woman: How can I find out about the town? A young woman wants to know _________________________________________________

2. Woman: Are there guided tours? A woman wants to know ______________________________________________________

3. French couple: Where can we stay? A French couple wants to know _________________________________________________

4. Tourist: Which way is the castle? A tourist ____________________________________________________________________

5. Japanese man: What shows are there? A Japanese man ______________________________________________________________

6. Two young men: When does the festival start? Two young men _____________________________________________________________ Exercise 78. Asking for information. Ask for information using could you tell me …? or do you

know…? Example: ‘Where are the toilets?’ (tell) Could you tell me where the toilets are? 1. Can I park here? (know) _______________________________________________________ 2. How long does the film last? (tell) _______________________________________________ 3. How often do the buses go? (know) ______________________________________________ 4. Are we allowed to smoke? (know) _______________________________________________ 5. What time is the flight? (tell) ___________________________________________________ 6. How much does a ticket cost? (tell) ______________________________________________ Exercise 79. is - was etc. Gavin has worked for Brisco Supermarkets for thirty years. He can still

remember his job interview after leaving school, and he can remember the questions that the interviewer asked him.

Example: ‘Where do you live?’ She asked him where he lived. ‘Have you worked before?’ She asked him if he had worked before. 1. “Why do you want the job?” She asked him _______________________________________ 2. “How did you hear about it?” She asked him ______________________________________ 3. “Are you fit?” She asked him __________________________________________________ 4. “Can you work on Saturdays?” She asked him _____________________________________ 5. “How will you travel to work?” She asked him _____________________________________ 6. “Have you got a bicycle?” She asked him _________________________________________ 7. “How much do you expect to earn?” She asked him _________________________________ 8. “When can you start?” She asked him ____________________________________________

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Exercise 80. Put the following into indirect (reported) speech. 1. ‘Where did you live in Wales?’ she enquired. _________________________________________________________________________ 2. ‘Who is your favourite film star?’ I asked her. _________________________________________________________________________ 3. ‘Have you ever seen the Phantom of the Opera?’ she asked me. _________________________________________________________________________ 4. ‘Did she like living here?’ he wondered. _________________________________________________________________________ 5. ‘Would he support our claim for higher wages?’ I asked them. _________________________________________________________________________ 6. ‘Are you going to the IBS Gala on Thursday week?’ he asked me. _________________________________________________________________________ 7. ‘Had she visited Singapore before?’ I asked him. _________________________________________________________________________ 8. ‘Am I on time?’ my colleague asked me. _________________________________________________________________________ 9. ‘Do you know who is meeting our Hungarian agent at the airport?’ asked our Sales Manager. _________________________________________________________________________ Exercise 81. Tim is very unhappy with his landlady. Read what the landlady says and then

complete the dialogue below. 1. Stay in your room after dinner! 2. Eat your meals in the kitchen, not the dining-room! 3. Don’t bring your friends to the house! 4. Don’t use telephone! 5. Take your shoes off when you come indoors! 6. Don’t make noise after nine o’clock! 7. Don’t use the bathroom after 8.00 p.m.! 8. Smoke in the garden, not the house! Example: ‘Take your washing to the launderette!’ She told me to take my washing to the launderette. or She told me (that) I should/must take my washing to the launderette. ‘Don’t use my washing machine!’ She told me not to use her washing machine. or She told me (that) I shouldn’t/couldn’t use her washing machine. Tim: I must find somewhere else to live. My landlady’s impossible! Bob: Why? Tim: She’s so unfriendly. You know, she told me (1) __________________________________ Bob: Really? Tim: Yes, and she (2) ___________________________________________________________

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Bob: You mean, by yourself? Tim: Yes. But that’s not all. (3) ___________________________________________________ Bob: She sounds awful! Tim: She is. The day I arrived, (4) _________________________________________________ Bob: Oh, dear! Tim: And (5) __________________________________________________________________ Bob: Your shoes! Tim: Yes! Then (6) _____________________________________________________________ Bob: Incredible! Tim: But listen to this! (7) ________________________________________________________ Bob: I don’t believe it! Tim: It’s true! And, finally, (8) ____________________________________________________ Bob: Well, I’m not surprised you want to move! Exercise 81. Read the following extract from a board meeting of Discoverer Lines, a shipping

company. Then complete the minutes of the meeting below. The first one has been done for you.

Director: Right. (1) There are two ship we have to discuss this morning: the Magellan and the

Columbus. (2) Mr McManus, is there any more news about the Columbus? Mr McManus: (3) I had another telex from the captain yesterday. (4) The ship’s still in Sydney

Harbor and can’t be unloaded because of the docker’s strike. Mr Wates: (5) Could the crew on the Columbus unload the ship themselves? Mr McManus: No, (6) it’s out if the question. (7) The Union would stop every ship in the

company! Director: Well, (8) let me know as soon as you have any news, Mr McManus. Now, (9) I

understand there is a problem with the Magellan. (10) What do you know about it, Mr Greaves?

Mr Greaves: (11) The Magellan broke down in the Mediterranean two days ago. (12) We’re going to take the ship into Malta for repairs.

Director: (13) How long will the repairs take? Mr Greaves: (14) They shouldn’t take longer than two or three days, but we may have to wait for

spare parts. Director: (15) How much will the repairs cost, Mr Wates? Mr Wates: (16) I’ve got an estimate for $20,000, but that doesn’t include the port charges. Director: (17) Are you going to supervise the repairs yourself, Mr Greaves? Mr Greaves: (18) Yes. My flight to Malta leaves tomorrow morning.

Discoverer Lines

Minutes of meeting held on Tuesday, 29 March

1. The Director said (that) there were two ships they had to discuss that morning: the Magellan and the Columbus.

2. He asked Mr McManus _______________________________________________________ 3. Mr McManus ______________________________________________________________ 4. He ________________________________________________________________________ 5. Mr Wates __________________________________________________________________ 6. Mr McManus _______________________________________________________________ 7. He ________________________________________________________________________ 8. The Director ________________________________________________________________

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9. He ________________________________________________________________________ 10. He ________________________________________________________________________ 11. Mr Greaves _________________________________________________________________ 12. He ________________________________________________________________________ 13. The Director ________________________________________________________________ 14. Mr Greaves _________________________________________________________________ 15. The Director ________________________________________________________________ 16. Mr Wates __________________________________________________________________ 17. The Director ________________________________________________________________ 18. Mr Greaves _________________________________________________________________ Exercise 82. Indirect Speech Statements. Put the following into indirect (reported) speech. 1. "I'm too cold to talk properly," he says.

___________________________________________________________________________ 2. "Halloween is on the thirtieth of October," she said.

___________________________________________________________________________ 3. They said, "We work for the Tourist Board."

___________________________________________________________________________ 4. "We are only trying to help," they said.

___________________________________________________________________________ 5. "We've got a busy week ahead of us," said my boss.

___________________________________________________________________________ 6. "You can keep your overtime bonus!" she exclaimed.

___________________________________________________________________________ 7. "I've been working all afternoon while you have been sitting on the beach," she complained.

___________________________________________________________________________ 8. "I started my new job yesterday, but it isn't as interesting as my old one," she complained.

___________________________________________________________________________ 9. "We must find the time to meet Mr Jones," she said.

___________________________________________________________________________ 10. "I'll tell you the answer as soon as I know it myself," he promised her.

___________________________________________________________________________ 11. She said, "I've only just started, but I am learning fast."

___________________________________________________________________________ 12. "These two make enough noise for the whole class put together," remarked the teacher.

___________________________________________________________________________ 13. "They're going to go to Austria in December," she said.

___________________________________________________________________________ 14. ‘They had left the room before I could stop them,’ she explained.

___________________________________________________________________________ 15. ‘It isn’t so foggy today as it was yesterday,’ said the air traffic controller.

___________________________________________________________________________ 16. ‘I found the information we need in the library,’ he claimed.

___________________________________________________________________________ 17. ‘We shall do everything in our power to help you,’ he assured me.

___________________________________________________________________________ 18. ‘I find things here altogether to hectic,’ she explained.

___________________________________________________________________________ 19. ‘We may get that telegram next week,’ he said.

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___________________________________________________________________________ Exercise 84. Translate into English. I. 1) Я думал, что ты занят. 2) Он показал нам, где работает его отец. 3) Мы надеялись, что вы умеете плавать. 4) Мне было жаль, что я не могу встретиться с ней после занятий. 5) Том спросил, сколько раз в неделю мы занимаемся английским. 6) Врач сказал, что я должен остаться дома. 7) Мне было жаль, что ему пришлось остаться дома. 8) Разве вы не знали, что это очень важная беседа? 9) Я не знал, что он живет на окраине. 10) Петр сказал, что музей сегодня закрыт. II. 1) Ты знал, что он уехал за город? 2) Мы слышали, что этот студент хорошо сдал экзамены. 3) Мать сказала, что они уже пообедали. 4) Генри спросил меня, где я достал эту книгу. 5) Он позвонил на вокзал и узнал, что поезд уже ушел. 6) Учитель спросил нас, когда мы сделали упражнение. 7) Джон сказал сегодня утром, что их учитель заболел. 8) Неужели он не знал, что дети ушли в лес? 9) Она думала, что он уже закончил институт. 10) Том сказал, что видел этот фильм. III. 1) Анна решила, что будет звонить туда завтра. 2) Мать надеялась, что сын вернется туда через неделю. 3) Отец сказал, что наши друзья приедут через неделю. 4) Родители думали, что врач осмотрит ребенка немедленно. 5) Мы надеялись, что вечером сможем пойти в кино. 6) Я не знал, что твои друзья поедут отдыхать без тебя. 7) Отец сказал нам, что мы будем делать в субботу. 8) Они сказали, что лекция начнется в 5 часов. 9) Мы планировали и надеялись, что поедем в отпуск в конце недели. 10) Я думал, что у каждого из нас будет месяц отпуска летом. IV. 1) Он сказал, что пошлет телеграмму, если не получит известий от брата. 2) Роберт сказал, что его жена все еще в больнице, и он собирается навестить ее вечером. 3) Наш гид сказал, что автобус только что пришел и отправится в Глазго через час. 4) Ваш товарищ сказал мне в чем дело, и я думаю, что смогу помочь вам. 5) Я думал, что моя сестра хорошо их знает. 6) Он решил, что его товарищи все еще играют в шахматы. 7) Она сказала, что очень занята и еще не была в театре после каникул. 8) Мы много занимались и надеялись, что весной хорошо сдадим экзамены. 9) Почему вы не сказали, что вам нужно переводить эту статью? 10) Она сказала, что они обычно встают в 8 часов. 11) Учительница сказала, что мы должны повторить все правила, если хотим сдать экзамены хорошо. 12) Она спросила, кто из студентов сделал сообщение о жизни Диккенса. 13) Она сказала, что этот студент делает презентацию в аудитории 631. 14) Мой друг обещал достать несколько книг по этому вопросу, как только я начну работать над статьей. 15) Я не знала, что вы тоже любите музыку. 16) Она думала, что завтра будет хорошая погода. 17) Мы решили, что вы свободны и сможете помочь нам. Exercise 85. Translate into English. 1) Мы не знали, что он болен. 2) Он сказал, что вернется очень скоро. 3) Я знал, что она живет в Санкт-Петербурге. 4) Я знал, что она жила в Санкт-Петербурге. 5) Он сказал, что знает два иностранных языка. 6) Нам только что сообщили, что пароход прибыл в Одессу. 7)

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Он сказал, что они в Крыму с начала августа. 8) Я думаю, что они придут к соглашению. 9) Я думал, что он работает и поэтому не вошел в комнату. 10) Он сказал, что получает письма от отца каждую неделю. 11) Я чувствовал, что она на меня сердится. 12) Он сказал мне, что видел их накануне. 13) Он сказал нам, что эта фирма экспортирует шерсть. 14) Мне сказали, что они вернулись в Москву вчера. 15) Он сказал, что он обедал, когда пришла телеграмма. 16) Он сказал, что в этом журнале часто печатаются статьи по сельскому хозяйству. 17) Мне сказали, что А. избран в Московский Совет. 18) Он сказал, что он уже спал, когда они вернулись. 19) Он сказал, что вопрос будет обсужден, когда директор вернется из Санкт-Петербурга. 20) Мы написали фирме, что мы закажем у них эти моторы, если цена будет снижена. 21) Мы сказали, что мы сможем написать полный отчет только после того, как мы получим все материалы. 22) Я сказал, что прочту эту книгу после того, как сдам экзамены. 23) Я читал рассказ, который я вам сейчас собираюсь рассказать, несколько лет тому назад. 24) В прошлом году он пел лучше, чем поет теперь. 25) В прошлом году я жил в той деревне, в которой они будут жить в этом году. Exercise 86. Translate into English. 1) Она говорит, что Д. сказал ей вчера, что он хочет провести отпуск на Волге. 2) Я был уверен, что он сказал вам, что получил премию за свою работу. 3) Я был удивлен, что вы не сказали им, что собираетесь ехать в Санкт-Петербург. 4) Я думал, что вы прочтете в газете, что делегация уже прибыла в Москву. 5) Он обещал мне, что скажет вам, что я уже вернулся в Москву и очень хочу вас видеть. 6) Я только что узнал, что представитель фирмы сказал на совещании, что он согласен на наши условия и готов подписать контракт. 7) Думая, что он болен, я поехал к нему. 8) Думая, что он согласится принять участие в нашей работе, мы послали ему письмо, прося его зайти к нам. 9) Чувствуя, что он на меня сердится, я решил написать ему письмо. 10) Я был уверен, что вы написали им, что мы получили их каталоги и ожидаем новых.

Modal Verbs Exercise 87. Complete the following sentences by using can/can’t, could/couldn’t or a suitable

form of be able to. 1. _______ you stand on your head? — I _______ when I was at school but I _______ (not)

now. 2. When I’ve passed my driving test, I _______ hire a car from out local garage. 3. At the end of the month the Post Office will send him an enormous telephone bill which he

_______ (not) pay. 4. The car plunged into the river. The driver _______ get out but the passengers were drowned. 5. I was a long way from the stage. I _______ see all right but I _______ (not) hear very well. 6. We _______ borrow umbrellas; so we didn’t get wet. 7. _______ I speak to Mr Pitt, please? — I’m afraid he is out at the moment! 8. If a letter comes to me, _______ you please forward it to this address? 9. He had hurt his leg so he _______ (not) walk very well. 10. She wasn’t at home when I phoned, but I _______ contact her at her office. 11. My grandmother loved music. She _______ play the piano very well. 12. The boy fell into the river, but fortunately we _______ rescue him. 13. The doctors say he _______ (never) walk again. 14. Fortunately, he _______ swim quite well so he _______ save little girl from drowning.

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15. He had a ticket so he _______ to the match but he was too busy. 16. I __________ (not) to play tennis since I broke my arm last month. 17. Although she was not very tall, she __________ reach the book she wanted by standing on a

chair. 18. He was so confused that he __________ (not) remember who he was. 19. I don’t think that I __________ mend it but I’ll try. 20. He __________ get out of the smoke-filled room by crawling on his hands and knees. Exercise 88. could or was/were able to? Put in could or was/were able to with the verbs. Use

the negative if necessary. ‘There was a fire at Oxford Circus Underground Station last night. It was awful. I was really afraid. I was walking along a corridor, and suddenly I could see (see) smoke. It was everywhere. I (1) ______________ (hear) people screaming and shouting. I turned round, and luckily I (2) ______________ (get) away from the smoke. There was a loudspeaker announcement, but I (3) ______________ (understand) what it was saying. But fortunately I (4) ______________ (find) the way out of the station. No one was hurt, I found out later. The ticket collectors (5) ______________ (help) all the passengers to safety.’ Exercise 89. could or was / were able to? Put in could or was/were able to. Use a negative if

necessary. Sometimes two different answers are possible. Example: It was dark. We couldn’t see a thing. 1. The concert was sold out. I’m afraid I ______________ get the tickets. 2. The fence fell down in the storm. Luckily I ______________ repair it myself. 3. Someone in our street was having a party last night. You ______________ hear the music half

a mile away. 4. I learnt to swim very early in life. I ______________ swim when I was three. 5. The residents heard warnings about the flood, and they ______________ move their

belongings upstairs in time. Exercise 90. Asking permission. How would you ask permissions in these situations. Use Can

I..?/Could I..?/May I..? and these verbs: borrow, join, look at, sit down, use. Example: You are at the friend’s flat. You want to make a phone call.

Can I use your phone?

1. You need a ruler. The student sitting next to you has got one. ___________________________________________________________________________

2. You are at the manager’s office. You want to discuss something with him, but you don’t want to stand the whole time. ___________________________________________________________________________

3. You have gone into a cafe. Three people who you know fairly well are sitting at a table. You go over to the table. ___________________________________________________________________________

4. You had to go to a lecture but you were ill. Your friend went to the lecture and took notes. Next day you are well again, and you see your friend.

___________________________________________________________________________ Exercise 91. may and might. Put in the pronoun (e.g. it, she) and may (not)/might (not) + verb.

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Use the verbs in brackets. Example: There are lots of clouds. It may rain (rain) you know.

Don’t give your grandmother these sweets. She might not like (like) them.

1. I’m thinking of learning Italian. ___________ (go) to evening classes. 2. I wonder why Jeff is late. — Well, there’s a lot of traffic. __________ (be) in a hold -up. 3. It’s a long way to go in day. We think __________ (break) the journey somewhere. 4. The car has been standing outside in the cold all week. __________ (start) first time. 5. Emma is pleased that she’s got an interview for a job. __________ (get) the job, of course. 6. The caravan is a bit small for all of us. __________ (sell) it and buy a bigger one. 7. Don’t you think that box is a bit too heavy for you? __________ (drop) it. Exercise 92. mightn’t or couldn’t? Put in mightn’t or couldn’t. Example: I mightn’t have time to come out tonight. I’ve got one or two little jobs to do. I couldn’t be a taxi driver. I can’t drive. 1. We’re going to need lots of plates. We _________ have enough, you know. 2. Bruce _________ be in the office tomorrow. He thinks he’s getting a cold. 3. We _________ have a dog, living in a small flat like this. 4. How do you manage to work with all this noise going on? I _________ study in these

conditions. 5. There __________ be a drama festival this year. We don’t know if anyone will be willing to

organize it. 6. Ring me on Saturday. Don’t ring me tomorrow because I __________ be in. I’m not sure what

I’m doing. Exercise 93. Complete the following, using can(‘t), could(n’t), may (not) or might (not) and

choosing the suitable verb from the box below. Don’t use any verb more than once. There is sometimes more than one acceptable answer. The first one has been done for you.

come go have leave read take turn understand use

1. Honestly, he spoke so fast I couldn’t understand a word he said! 2. _________ we _________ our cases here while we have lunch? 3. I’d take a coat with you. It _________ cold later. 4. _________ I _________ your phone? Ours is out of order. 5. I’d like to go to Sally’s party, but I __________ time. 6. If you don’t want to drive, you _________ always _________ by train. 7. Tom’s a very good pianist, even though he _________ a note of music! 8. The House of Commons was interesting, but we _________ photos, which was a pity. Exercise 94. Complete the following news items by choosing from boxes A or B. There is often

more than one acceptable answer. The first one has been done for you. A B

can can’t could couldn’t

might might not may may not

will be won’t be is isn’t are aren’t + allowed to able to was wasn’t were weren’t

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Mrs Hilda Barker, who lost her eyesight five years ago (1) can now see again, thanks to

surgeons at Moorfields Eye Hospital. Mrs Barker said, ‘I (2)______________ tell you how wonderful it was when I opened my eyes and I (3) ______________ see!’ A hospital spokesman said, ‘There is always the chance that she (4) ______________ lose her sight again, but we doubt it.’ Mrs Barker hopes she (5) ______________ leave hospital in two weeks’ time.

John Barratt, M.P., is looking into the case of Vietnamese refugee who (6) ______________ enter the country because his papers were not in order. ‘The poor man (7) ______________ speak a word of English,’ said Mr Barratt, ‘so he (8) ______________ understand what was happening. He’s obviously very worried that the Government (9) ______________ let him stay here. I hope I (10) ______________ do something for him, but it (11) ______________ take several weeks.’ Two schoolgirls, who were sent home for wearing make-up, (12)______________ miss their university entrance examinations if they (13)______________ return to school next week. ‘If the girls (14)______________ take these exams,’ complained one parent, ‘they (15)______________ go to university. I know they broke the school rules, but the headmaster is being unreasonable.’ The headmaster, James Craig, said, ‘The girls knew they (16) ______________ wear make-up, but they did. However, if they are prepared to apologize, I (17) ______________ consider letting them return.’ Exercise 95. In the following sentences, underline the modal verb and explain the meaning it is

expressing. Example: I will pay you back later. — willingness 1. I will pay you back. Give me time. _____________ 2. I’ll help you with your bags. _____________ 3. Will you come out of rain? _____________ 4. Shall I give you a lift? _____________ 5. Shall we go out tonight? _____________ 6. I’d like to make this clear. _____________ 7. You should listen to your mother. _____________ 8. You must be here by 9 o’clock. _____________ 9. You have to be here by 9 o’clock. _____________ 10. You needn’t pay immediately. _____________ 11. We need to go to the shops. _____________ 12. She daren’t go out alone at night. _____________ 13. You can all go home now. _____________ 14. Can you drive? _____________ 15. We may go away, I don’t know. _____________ 16. You may all go home now. _____________ 17. We might go away if the weather improves. _____________ 18. Could I borrow a screwdriver? _____________ 19. I could swim much faster when I was a teenager. _____________ 20. What shall we do this evening? _____________ We could eat Italian. _____________ Exercise 96. Complete the sentences by putting mustn’t, needn’t or doesn’t/don’t have to in the

spaces. 1. You ______________ ask me when you want to use telephone.

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2. This plant ______________ stand in direct sunlight or it will die. 3. Students ______________ attend English classes if they don’t want to. 4. The doctor says I ______________ get overtired but I ______________ stay in bed. 5. You _____________ park your car on double yellow lines.

Exercise 97. Rewrite the following sentences using modal verbs. Be careful to use the right past participle! You do not need to use all the information.

1. There is a possibility that my mother phoned while we were out. My mother

______________. 2. Perhaps Helen saw the film on TV last night. Helen ______________ . 3. The most likely reason for your stomach upset is that you ate too much at lunch. You

______________. 4. I’ve just been reading quietly so I certainly didn’t wake the baby. I ______________. 5. I wonder where John is. Perhaps he forgot the appointment in his diary. John

______________. 6. Oh no! Look at all the water on the floor. I suppose a pipe burst while we were away. A pipe

_____________ . 7. It is possible that the cleaning lady threw your cheque book away by mistake. The cleaning

lady _____________ . Exercise 98. Read the Conditions of Service and decide whether an employee may, must or should

do the following things: Example: Every employee is obliged to give his/her services to the firm. Every employee must give his/her services to the firm. 1. Employees are required to live within a radius of 80 kms from the place of work. Employees ______________ live within a radius of 80 kms from the place of work. 2. Although no specific holiday periods are laid down, staff are expected to take their main

holiday during the summer month. Staff ______________ take their holiday during the summer month.

3. Sick leave is allowed and paid according to current government regulations. There is an annual maximum of 90 days’ sick leave with pay. They ______________ be away sick for up to 90 days and still receive pay.

4. It is essential that notification of sickness be sent together with a medical certificate after 48 hours’ absence. A medical certificate ______________ be sent after 48 hours’ absence.

5. Retirement is compulsory at the age of 65. However, employees are entitled to retire on reaching the age of 60, subject to appropriate notice being given. Stuff ______________ retire before the age of 60. You ______________ retire on reaching 65.

6. It is understood that an employee applying for another post will keep the company informed. Employees ______________ keep the firm informed if they are applying for another post.

7. Employees have the right to appeal against dismissal. Employees ______________ appeal against dismissal. Exercise 99. Comment on each of these situations using the appropriate form of the word in

brackets and needn’t have or didn’t need/didn’t have to. 1. Patrick and Annie decided to go to France for a holiday. He went to evening classes to learn

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the language but she already spoke French well. She ______________ (go) to evening classes.

2. George was invited to a formal party but had nothing suitable to wear and no money to buy new clothes. Fortunately a friend lent him a suit. He ______________ (buy) new clothes.

3. It took Alan four hours to do his homework. The next day his teacher said his essay was rather long. She has asked for 200- not 2000- words. He ______________ (write) so much.

4. Sidney was ill. The doctor gave him some medicine to try but suggested that an operation was probably the only solution. The medicine worked and Sidney got better very quickly.

He ______________ (have) the operation. 5. Judy looked through her bag several times but couldn’t find her door key so finally she kicked

the door down. Later she noticed the key lying on the path. She _____________ (damage) the door. Exercise 100. Using a suitable expression of obligation write what you would say in the following

situations. 1. There’s a no-smoking sign in the room. Your friend takes his cigarettes out of his pocket.

___________________________________________________________________________ 2. A friend is planning a holiday in the U.S.A. and he thinks he has to get a visa here.

___________________________________________________________________________ 3. You invited some friends to dinner and spent all day preparing a wonderful meal. They

telephone you at 8 p.m. to say they cannot come. ___________________________________________________________________________ 4. You are looking after two children while their parents are out. It’s 11 p.m. and the children are

still watching television. ___________________________________________________________________________ 5. Your parents have decided to go out for a meal. You recommend an excellent restaurant that

never gets too crowded. They wonder whether they should reserve a table. ___________________________________________________________________________ Exercise 101. Read the situation and decide what you would say. 1. You wish to borrow your friend’s camera. What do you say to him / her?

___________________________________________________________________________ 2. You have a car and you wish to give someone a lift. What do you say?

___________________________________________________________________________ 3. You have to go to the airport but you don’t know how to get there. You ask a passer-by.

___________________________________________________________________________ 4. You are telephoning the owner of a flat which was advertised in a newspaper. You are

interested in the flat and you want to come and see it today. ___________________________________________________________________________

5. You are at an interview. You would like to smoke a cigarette. What do you ask first? ___________________________________________________________________________

6. You would like to leave work early because you have some important things to do. What do you ask your boss? ___________________________________________________________________________

7. You wish to invite someone to come and stay with you for the weekend. ___________________________________________________________________________

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8. The person in the next room has some music on very loud. How do you ask him politely to turn it down? ___________________________________________________________________________

9. You’ve got a pound coin but you need some change for the phone. You ask somebody to help you.

___________________________________________________________________________ Exercise 102. Rewrite the following sentences by replacing the underlined words with the correct

form of one of the modal verbs in the sections on ability and obligation. Make any other changes necessary.

1. I was supposed to finish the report by today but now they will have no choice but to wait for

it. ___________________________________________________________________________

2. Luckily enough, I managed to get hold of some tickets which had been returned to the box office. ___________________________________________________________________________

3. We weren’t obliged to wait a long time in the doctor’s surgery. The receptionist told us to go straight in. ___________________________________________________________________________

4. It was in your power to do a lot more to help people than you did. ___________________________________________________________________________

5. It’s important for me to come to a decision soon. Otherwise I might lose the chance. ___________________________________________________________________________

6. I miss having a view. In my last house it was possible to see for miles on a clear day. ___________________________________________________________________________

7. If you want to apply for a council improvement grant, it is compulsory to fill in Form RYC ___________________________________________________________________________

8. When will it be possible for you to deliver the new computer? ___________________________________________________________________________

9. It was thoughtless of you not to give me a hand with washing up. After all, it was your friends we had to dinner, not mine. ___________________________________________________________________________

10. Is it really necessary for you to ask my advice about every little matter? ___________________________________________________________________________ 11. It wasn’t necessary to buy all those provisions. We are only going for a weekend, not a month.

___________________________________________________________________________ 12. Don’t bother to make out a receipt. I only throw them away.

___________________________________________________________________________ 13. Do you think it would be advisable for me to book a seat in advance?

___________________________________________________________________________ 14. Perhaps it would have been wise to think of the consequences before you told the boss to drop

dead. ___________________________________________________________________________ Exercise 103. Complete the following sentences by choosing the most suitable form of have to or

must. 1. My cough is terrible. I ______________ stop smoking. 2. The bus ______________ turn back because there was so much snow.

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3. Everyone who works ______________ pay income tax. 4. You ______________ try to improve your results next year. 5. I ______________ take these tablets everyday since I was a child. 6. In the army you ______________ obey orders. Exercise 104. must or have to. Complete the following sentences by choosing the correct words

(must or have to). Sometimes both answers are suitable. Example: As he’s the managing director, he must / has to attend a lot of meetings. 1. It’s a really good film. You ______________ go and see it. 2. Remind me to go to the bank at lunchtime. I ______________ cash a cheque. 3. Richard’s long-sighted. He ______________ wear glasses for reading. 4. You can’t go straight on. It’s a one-way street. You ______________ go round the market

square. 5. I’m not going out for lunch. I’ve got some work I ______________ finish. 6. I really _____________ wash my hair tonight. It’s filthy! 7. It’s my mother’s birthday on Friday. I _____________ remember to get her a card. 8. Your father’s already gone to bed. He _____________ go to work tomorrow. Exercise 105. Read the following and then complete the spaces by choosing from boxes A and B.

Each phrase in box B should be used twice. The first one has been done for you. A B 1. You mustn’t tell the others. It’s confidential. 2. You ____________________________. You’re not well enough. 3. You ____________________________. I heard you the first time! 4. You ____________________________. I’ve already told them. 5. You ____________________________ if it’s poisonous. 6. You ____________________________. It’s not polite! 7. You ____________________________. We’ve got plenty of time. 8. You ____________________________. It’s only 5.00 a.m. 9. You ____________________________ if it’s dangerous. 10. You ____________________________ if you don’t like it. 11. You ____________________________. There’s a 30 m.p.h. speed limit. 12. You ____________________________ if you don’t want to. Exercise 106. Complete the following with must, can't, must have or can’t have and the correct

form of the verb in brackets. The first one has been done for you. 1. ‘Bill (a) can’t (be) serious about giving up his job, surely?’

‘I think he is.’ ‘Well, in that case, he (b) ______________ (be) mad!’

2. ‘Oh, you (a) ______________ (know) who I mean! She’s terribly famous and she’s made lots of films. You (b) ______________ (see) her!’

3. ‘There’s no answer. They (a) ______________ (be) in.’

mustn’t needn’t don’t have t

do it get up yet drive so fast say it again eat it tell the others

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‘Don’t be silly. They (b) _____________ (go) out. They’re expecting us. They (c) _____________ (be) in the garden.’

4. ‘Have the police got any idea how the man got in?’ ‘Well, they say he (a) ______________ (climb) through the window, as they were all closed. So they think he (b) ______________ (have) a master key.’

5. ‘That’s Barbara over there, isn’t it?’ ‘No, it (a) ______________ (be). That girl’s much too fat.’ ‘It is Barbara, you know.’ ‘Well, she (b) ______________ (put) on a lot of weight, then!’

6. ‘My key (a) ______________ (be) here somewhere, I (b) ______________ (lose) them.’ ‘You (c) ______________ (have) some idea where you put them, surely?’ Exercise 107. Complete the following pieces of conversation, heard at a party, with a suitable

modal verb. Sometimes there may be more than one acceptable answer. The first one has been done for you.

‘Are you going already?’ ‘Yes, we (1) have to take the babysitter home.’ ‘(2) ______________ I get your coats for you?’ ‘Another glass of wine, Harry?’ ‘No, thanks. I (3) ______________ have a beer this time.’ ‘Harry, you (4) ______________ drink too much or you (5) ______________ drive home!’ ‘Who’s that man over there, talking to Peter?’ ‘Oh, I (6) ______________ remember his name, but I think he (7) ______________ work with

Sheila before she changed her job.’ ‘You (8) ______________ be Sheila’s sister! You look just like her!’ ‘I thought Tom was coming to the party.’ ‘Oh, he phoned earlier to say he (9) ______________ be late.’ ‘You (10) ______________ try one of these sandwiches, Terry. They’re awfully nice.’ ‘(11) ______________ you ______________ dance, Catherine?’ ‘Not really, if you don’t mind. I (12) ______________ sit here and talk.’ ‘It’s getting awfully late, Derek. We (13) ______________ go home.’ ‘Oh, we (14) ______________ leave yet. Tomorrow’s Saturday.’ ‘(15) _____________ I open a window, Sheila? It’s awfully hot in here.’ ‘Yes, of course. (16) _____________ you manage, or (17) _____________ I do it for you?’ ‘I (18) _____________ give you a lift home if you like, Mary.’ ‘If you (19) _____________ drop me off at the end of my road, I’d be very grateful.’ ‘Lovely party, Sheila. Thanks for inviting us.’ ‘Well, I was glad you (20) _____________ come.’ Exercise 108. Translate into English. (Dictation-translation.)

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I. 1) Как удачно! Еще пять минут – и мы могли бы не получить билетов. 2) Надо было поставить нас в известность, что вы не сможете сделать свое сообщение. Мы могли бы отложить обсуждение этих вопросов. 3) Вы могли бы предупредить меня, что не придете; не пришлось бы так долго вас ждать. 4) Незачем вам было ходить туда, они могли бы сами прийти. 5) Не надо было так разговаривать с ним; все же он постарше вас. 6) Надо было подумать об этом раньше, теперь этого уже не исправишь. 7) Экспедиция должна была зимовать в Арктике, но из-за неблагоприятных метеорологических условий вынуждена была вернуться в январе. 8) Нельзя ли мне задать вам несколько вопросов? 9) Не могли бы вы дать мне консультацию сегодня? 10) Неужели вы им поверили? Они скорее всего пошутили над вами. II. 1) Я не могу понять, почему Ринго не пришел на совещание. Не может быть, чтобы он забыл о нем; он, вероятно, заболел. 2) После прохождения практики в школе каждый студент должен представить отчет. 3) Тебе придется много заниматься. Если бы ты мог приходить ко мне по воскресеньям, я бы с удовольствием занимался с тобой. 4) Если вы не хотите заниматься этим сегодня, вы можете закончить работу в течение завтрашнего дня. – Зачем же мне откладывать на завтра то, что я могу сделать сегодня! 5) В прошлом году я жил близко от института, и мне приходилось вставать не так рано, как сейчас. 6) Я думаю, что вам не следует обращать на это внимание. Стоит ли беспокоиться о пустяках? 7) Вы, должно быть, все читали эту книгу. Если нет, то вам следовало бы ее прочесть как можно скорее, чтобы вы могли обсудить ее на занятии. 8) Вы все, вероятно, прочли книгу Энтони Берджесса “Заводной апельсин”. Вам следует почитать критическую литературу. Exercise 109. Translate into English. 1) Мы бы, возможно, опоздали на пароход, если бы поехали вечерним поездом. 2) Я бы ни за что не взял свои слова обратно, даже если бы он извинился передо мной. 3) Может быть, она и была на концерте, но я ее не видела. 4) Он не должен быть в это время дома, он, очевидно, еще работает. 5) Напрасно ты сказала ей об этом. Тебе надо было промолчать. 6) Не может быть, чтобы он не слышал о нашем решении, но я все же скажу ему об этом сама. 7) Он, должно быть, не успел еще прочитать эту книгу или, возможно, не достал ее. 8) Он просил предупредить, что вам, возможно, придется подождать еще дня два - три прежде чем он сможет вас принять. 9) Операция должна быть сделана 10-го, но ввиду плохого состояния больного, ее пришлось отложить на неопределенное время. 10) Незачем было вам это делать вчера; вы могли бы сделать это сегодня. 11) Он, должно быть, приготовил перевод заранее. 12) Он, должно быть, не готовил перевод заранее. 13) Он, вероятно, не успел подготовить перевод и был вынужден потратить на него все воскресенье, так как его нужно закончить к следующей неделе. 14) Он, вероятно, не смог закончить перевод или, возможно, не знал, что его нужно подготовить к началу следующей недели. Exercise 110. Translate into English using may, might, must, can, could. 1) Может быть, он и вернулся в Москву, но я его еще не видел. 2) Он очень бледен. Он, вероятно, очень устал. 3) Эта статья, должно быть, была написана в начале войны. 4) Он сказал мне, что я могу приходить сюда в любое время. 5) Он, возможно, придет завтра, так как он, должно быть, получил нашу телеграмму. 6) Я думаю, что это может случиться очень скоро. 7) Эта книга, может быть, показалась ему скучной, но он, должно быть, прочел ее

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очень внимательно, так как он помнит все подробности. 8) Можно мне курить здесь? 9) Товары, должно быть, были упакованы очень небрежно. 10) Он сказал, что он, возможно, вернется в мае. 11) Им, вероятно, сообщили об этом несколько дней тому назад. 12) Она, должно быть, была очень рада встретиться с вами. 13) Он, должно быть, очень образованный человек. 14) Я не мог найти этот журнал в библиотеке. 15) Я выберу несколько книг для вас, чтобы вы прочли их во время ваших каникул. 16) Мы смогли перевезти все товары в течении 10-и дней. 17) Мы могли бы сделать этот перевод тщательнее, если бы у нас было больше времени. К сожалению, у нас было очень мало времени. 18) Если бы все меры были приняты, этого могло бы не произойти. 19) Он сказал, что не может прийти завтра. 20) Я должен написать ему об этом немедленно. 21) Не может быть, чтобы он уехал из Москвы, не сказав мне об этом. 22) Неужели он сказал это?! Он, должно быть, был очень сердит на вас. Exercise 111. Translate into English. 1) Вы знали, что он был болен вчера. Вам следовало навестить его. 2) Мы должны были встретиться с ним на вокзале в 6 часов, но он не пришел. 3) Мне придется сделать эту работу сегодня вечером. 4) Вы не должны курить так много, если вы чувствуете себя плохо. 5) Вы выглядите больным. Вы не должны были приходить в институт сегодня. 6) Мы должны идти очень быстро, чтобы не опоздать на поезд. 7) Почему вы не пришли вчера? Вы должны были позвонить мне, если вы были заняты. 8) Я должен буду зайти к нему сегодня вечером. 9) Я должен был вернуться домой, так как я оставил портфель дома. 10) Они не выполнили условий договора. Теперь 25 мая, а товары должны быть доставлены не позже 10 мая. 11) Согласно контракту, товары должны быть доставлены не позже 1 сентября. 12) Пароход должен был прийти в Одессу 15 сентября, но из-за шторма он вынужден был зайти в Новороссийск и поэтому прибыл в Одессу на два дня позже.

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Exercise 112. Translate into English. 1) Вы можете не приносить статью сегодня: все равно ее будут печатать только завтра. 2) Вы можете не приносить статью сегодня, хотя я собирался прочесть ее вечером. Но завтра утром она должна быть у меня. 3) Ты напрасно спрашивала соседей: я нашел книгу на твоем письменном столе. 4) Ты напрасно не спросил тогда соседей: книга может быть у них, а теперь они ушли. 5) Ему даже не нужно было называть своей фамилии: его и так все хорошо знали. 6) Ему не нужно было называть своей фамилии так громко: это привлекло излишнее внимание. 7) Вы могли бы закончить рисунок к вечеру, и газета вышла бы вовремя. 8) Чтобы не задерживать выпуск газеты, вам следовало закончить рисунок к вечеру. 9) Он мог бы сделать это и один, но вдвоем они закончили работу, конечно, намного быстрее. 10) Он мог бы сходить туда сам: ему незачем было посылать вас, вы все же постарше его. 11) Друзья, с какой стати мы будем ждать одного человека так долго, он должен был прийти в 5, а теперь уже 6. 12) Не могу понять, что могло с ним случиться; он всегда такой аккуратный. 13) Возможно, какая-нибудь срочная работа задержала его или, может быть, он забыл, что должен прийти сюда. 14) Вряд ли возможно, чтобы он забыл о нашей встрече: он сам назначил день и время. 15) Не могу ли я попросить вас сделать это сегодня? ~ Даже не просите. Я уже сказал вам, что, возможно, не сумею сделать даже то, что я должен сделать в первую очередь. Я охотно помогу вам, но только в другое время. 16) Не могли бы вы сделать это сегодня? ~ Нет, не могу. У меня очень много работы. И вообще с какой стати я должен откладывать то, что я должен делать, и делать то, чего не должен? 17) Могу я видеть капитана Иванова? ~ Подождите, он должен сейчас прийти. 18) Где я могу найти капитана Иванова? ~ Он, должно быть, в соседней комнате. 19) Неужели он действительно так смутился? ~ Конечно, и даже покраснел. Вы бы взглянули на него в этот момент. 20) Он не так уж застенчив. Возможно, ваш вопрос был неожиданным и привел его в замешательство. 21) Вы могли бы предупредить его заранее и не ставить его в такое неловкое положение. 22) Он, очевидно, не уловил вашей мысли. Вам следовало бы подробно объяснить свою точку зрения. 23) Вряд ли он был искренен, когда отказался ехать с вами на юг. Все его поведение говорило о том, что он только об этом и мечтает. ~ Возможно, родители не разрешили ему ехать. Напрасно вы сами не поговорили с ними. 24) Зря вы бросили эту работу и принялись за другую. Ведь вы были так близки к цели. 25) Почему ее нет? Неужели она обиделась и решила не приходить? 26) Нужно было бы мне спросить у вас об этом раньше. Оказалось, что я зря ездил на вокзал и стоял в очереди. Билеты можно было заказать по телефону. 27) Мне не пришлось долго искать твой дом, так как я встретил твоего соседа по квартире и мы пришли вместе. 28) Жаль, что мы не пробыли в С.- Петербурге дольше. Так и не пришлось осмотреть весь город. 29) Почему ты так рано? Ты ведь собирался закончить доклад. ~ Мне не пришлось сегодня это сделать. Библиотека закрыта; пришлось отложить работу на завтра. 30) Почему ты так рано? ~ Нам не пришлось долго совещаться: все вопросы решили быстро.

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