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Site Specific Nutrient management (SSNM)

for rice

09 June 2011

IBO, Dhaka

M. Murshedul Alam

International Rice Research Institute

(IRRI), Bangladesh

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Average cost of production using

farmers¶ practice for Aman rice

Parameters Tk/ha % of total Scope for

cost

reduction

Scope for

yield increase

Seed & Seedling 2350 3.8 No/Yes Yes

Land preparation 4740 7.7 Yes No/Yes

Seedling uprooting

& transplanting

9375 15.3 Yes Yes

Weed control 24326 39.6 Yes Yes

Fertilization 5241 8.5 No/Yes Yes

Insectide 2245 3.7 Yes Yes

Harvesting &

threshing

13098 21.4 Yes Yes

Total 61375 100

Production cost = 3.5 t/ha rice, Rice @ Tk. 17.5/kg

Rice yield must be > 3.5 t/ha to get farmer any return from investment

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Soil nutrient status in Jessore (AEZ 11)

& BRRI recommendation for Aman

(BR11, TY: 5 ± 0.5 t/ha)Nutrient Status in

soil

Source Rate

(kg/ha)

Source cost

(Tk/kg)

Cost

(Tk/ha)

N VL ± L Urea 200 20 4000

P L - M TSP 50 20 1000

K M MOP 50 22 1100

S L ± M Gypsum 45 12 540

Zn L ± M ZnSO4 5 150 750

Assume farmer receives Tk. 17.5/kg for rice

Cost of all fertilizer = Tk. 7390/ha = 0.42 t/ha rice

Cost of TSP and MOP = 0.12 t/ha rice

TSP and MOP must increase rice yield by > 0.12 t/ha before

farmer earns any return for investment in P and K

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Soil nutrient status in Jessore (AEZ 11)



soil

Source Rate

(kg/ha)

Source cost

(Tk/kg)

Cost

(Tk/ha)

N VL ± L Urea 296 20 5920

P L - M TSP 70 20 1400

K M MOP 74 22 1628

S L ± M Gypsum 45 12 540

Zn L ± M ZnSO4 6 150 900






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Soil nutrient status in Gazipur (AEZ 28)



soil

Source Rate

(kg/ha)

Source cost

(Tk/kg)

Cost

(Tk/ha)

N VL ± L Urea 296 20 5920

P L TSP 86 20 1720

K L MOP 124 22 2728

S L Gypsum 56 12 672

Zn L ± M ZnSO4 6 150 900






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Soil nutrient status in Barisal (AEZ 13)



soil

Source Rate

(kg/ha)

Source cost

(Tk/kg)

Cost

(Tk/ha)

N VL ± L Urea 200 20 4000

P VL - M TSP 75 20 1500

K Opt - H MOP 33 22 726

S Opt - H Gypsum 22 12 264

Zn L ± M ZnSO4 5 150 750






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Basic components of fertilizer management

� Total amount required

� Time of application

� Method of application

� High yield (75-80% of yield potential with good crop

management)

� High use efficiency

� High profit

Aim of fertilizer management

Goal of fertilizer management

� Optimally µfeed¶ the crop as and when needed

with essential nutrients

� Achieve high profit from the fertilizer use

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Crop needs for fertilizer vary among

fields, seasons, and years

� Yield of the crop

� Amount of crop residueretained in the field

� Nutrients in irrigation water

� Past crop

� Past fertilizer use

� Nutrients supplied by soil

Factors affecting crop needs for fertilizer include

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Site Specific Nutrient management (SSNM)

� provides an approach to adjust fertilizer rates and

timing to location and season-specific needs and

conditions

� helps in profit and efficiency increases of fertilizer

uses

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Site-specific nutrient management (SSNM)

A set of scientific principles for determining the best

nutrient management for specific fields

A plant based approach for supplying rice with addednutrients as and when needed

Feed the plant¶s need for additional nutrients� Establish a yield target (plant¶s need for

nutrients)

� Effectively use the indigenous supply of

nutrients (soil, water, crop residues, andmanures)

� Apply fertilizer to fill the gap between cropneed and indigenous supply

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SSNM: A plant-based approach

� Establish a yield target (plant¶s need for

nutrients)� Effectively use the indigenous supply of

nutrients (soil, water, crop residues, andmanures)

� Apply fertilizer to fill the gap between cropneed and indigenous supply

Feed the plant¶s need for additional nutrients

� Firmly based on scientific principles of nutrientrequirements of the crop to achieve high yields

� RTOP 2005

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1. Establish a

yield target

the crop¶s

total needs

2. Effectively

use existing

nutrients

3. Fill deficitbetween total

needs and

indigenous

supply

Site-specific nutrient management (SSNM)

� RTOP 2005

Feeding

cropneeds!

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Goal of fertilizer management

� Optimally µfeed¶ the crop as and when

needed with essential nutrients

� Achieve high profit from the fertilizer

use

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Steps in fertilizer management

1. Set an attainable yield:Determine total nutrient needed

2. Estimate indigenous nutrient supply:Obtain as much yield as possible from indigenous

nutrient

3. Apply nutrient to fill gap:In case of P and K also apply nutrient to maintain soil

fertility

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Determination of attainable yield

1. 75 80% of yield potential with good

crop management (High yield)

2. Average of 10 top yields in a location

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The nutrient taken up by a mature crop

is directly related to grain yield

Source: Buresh et al. 2010

Example for rice

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N P and K requirements for cereals as

predicted by QUEFTS

Crop kg nutrient/t grain

N P K

Rice 15 2.6 15

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Determination of total nutrient need

Total N needed = Attainable yield * 15

Total P needed = Attainable yield * 2.6

Total K needed = Attainable yield * 15

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Options for developing a fertilizer

recommendation

Fertilizer

recommendation

µDetermine¶nutrient supply

µCompute¶need for additional

nutrient

Soil analysis (soil test)

Soil classification

Mapping units

Algorithms or

derived

relationships

LCC

Spectral analysis

Nutrient omissionplots

Nutrient input-output balance

Critical value & N

dose associated

with yield gain

SSNM

Nutrient Manager decision tools

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Basic components of N management

� Total amount required

� Distribution of N during growing season

� High yield (75-80% of yield potential with good crop

management)

� High efficiency (Agronomic efficiency of fertilizer N = 18 to 22 kg

grain increase per kg N fertilizer

� High profit

Aim of N management

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The rate of fertilizer N depends on rice response to N

Grain

yield

Attainable

yield

target

Yield without N

N response

(t/ha)Target AEN

Estimated N

rate (kg N/ha)

1 16 to 18 55 to 65

2 18 to 20 100 to 110

3 20 to 23 130 to 150

4 22 to 25 160 to 180

N response

2

t/ha 3

t/ha4

t/ha

1. Estimate response to N2. Estimate N rate based on

response to N and target

efficiency for fertilizer N

(AEN)

N = (N response*1000)/AEN

AEN = kg grain increase/kg N applied

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Apply fertilizer N to match crop needs for N

sowing

seedling

(transplanting)

pre-tillering

panicle initiation

(PI)

tillering

floweringmaturity

� Apply only a

moderate amount

� Increase N rate

with increasing

response to N

Early N

� Apply N based on leaf

N status

� Adjust N rate based

on anticipated crop

response to N

� Achieve optimal tiller

number and LAI

Active tillering and PI

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Manage fertilizer N by crop growth stage

�Apply only moderate

amount of N

� Increase amount in

propose to crop yield

Early

�Apply at critical growthstages

�PI application is 55 to 60

days before harvest

�Vary N based on crop

needs

Active tillering and

panicle initiation

Early growthActive

tillering

Panicle

initiation HarvestHeading

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 days

-20 -10 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110

DAT

Transplanting

Direct seeding

Flowering or heading

�Small amount of N can

be optional in highyielding conditions

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Real-time N management

Basal to14 DAT or21 DAS

1. Apply N early, if needed

Monitor leafcolor at 7 to 10

day intervals

2. Monitor leaf color

Plant N uptake

Days after transplanting (DAT) or sowing (DAS)

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2. Monitor leaf color 3. Apply N when LCC reading is below critical value


1. Apply N early, if needed

Plant N uptake


Monitor leafcolor at 7 to 10

day intervals

LCC reading below critical value

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Using the LCC

Immediately apply N

Do not apply N

Apply N very soon


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Critical stages for nitrogen management

Days after transplanting (DAT) or

sowing (DAS)

Plant N uptake

Tillering

Panicleinitiation


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Fixed time ± adjustable dose N management

Monitor leaf color at critical stages

3. Adjust N dose up or down based on LCC reading

Basal to14 DAT or

21 DAS

1. Apply early N, if needed

Tillering

Panicleinitiation

2. Topdress N at predetermined critical times (growth stages)

Plant N uptake


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Using the LCC

Apply high N dose

Apply intermediate N dose

Apply little or no N

Fixed time ± adjustable dose N management

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Determine fertilizer P and K

requirements in four steps

1. Establish an attainable target yield

2. Estimate a nutrient balance

3. Estimate yield gain from added nutrient

4. Apply fertilizer to overcome deficiencies

and ensure profitable farming

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Establish an attainable target yield

� Target yield is the grain yield attainable withthe recommended nutrient management,farmer¶s crop management practices, andtypical climatic conditions

� Target yield provides an estimate of the totalamount of nutrient taken up by the crop

Nutrient uptake by crop = YTarget x RIE

YTarget = Target yield (t/ha)

RIE = Reciprocal internal efficiency (kg plant nutrient per t

grain)

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The uptake of P by rice increases inproportion to grain yield

A mature rice crop

takes up about 2.6 kg P

or 6 kg P2O5 per 1 tonof grain yield

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Principles of P management for rice

� The need of a crop for P depends on:

± Anticipated crop yield

± Estimated supply of µnative¶ or µindigenous¶ P

� On soils with high soil P or no rice response to P,

apply about 4 kg P2O5 per ton of rice grain yield to

maintain soil P fertility

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Recommended P2O5 ratesaccording to yield target and P-limited yield

Fairhurst et al. 2007. Rice: A practical

guide to nutrient management.

00

87654 Yield goal(t/ha) à

65

8050

956535

805020

9565350

906030 t3

0007

05

008

06

4

Yield in 0-Kplots (t/ha)

87654 Yield target

(t/ha)

35

4030

453525

60403020

60402515

6040203

7

5

8

6

4

Fertilizer P2O5 rate (kg/ha) Yield in 0-P

plots (t/ha)

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The uptake of K by rice increases inproportion to grain yield

A mature rice crop

takes up about 15 kg K

or 18 kg K2O per 1 tonof grain yield

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Improving K management for rice

� The need of a crop for K depends on:

± Anticipated crop yield

± Management of crop residues

± Estimated supply of µnative¶ or µindigenous¶ K

� Apply at least some of the needed fertilizer K

early -- to the young crop

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Yield target

(t/ha) 4 5 6 7 8

Yield in 0-K

plots (t/ha)Fertilizer K2O (kg/ha)

3 30 60 90

4 0 35 65 95

5 20 50 80 110

6 35 65 95

7 50 80

8 65

2 to 3 t/ha straw input

Recommended K2O ratesaccording to yield target and K-limited yield at medium

straw input

Fairhurst et al. 2007. Rice: A practical

guide to nutrient management.

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K management for rice

� Important for grain filling

� Supplied by irrigation water and minerals deposited

by floods

� Enable farmers to determine merit of additional

fertilizer K

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Estimate a nutrient balance

P balance = POM + PCR (GY x RIEP)

K balance = KW + KOM + KCR KL (GY x RIEK)

KOM and POM = K and P inputs from added organic materials (kg/ha)

KCR and PCR = K and P inputs with retained crop residues (kg/ha)

KW = K input with irrigation water (kg/ha)

KL = K loss by percolation or leaching (kg/ha)

GY = Targeted grain yield (t/ha)RIEP = Reciprocal internal efficiency (kg P nutrient per t grain)

RIEK = Reciprocal internal efficiency (kg K nutrient per t grain)

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Fertilizer P and K requirements based on

partial maintenance plus yield gain approach

Fertilizer P = (GY x RIEP PCR POM PS) + ((GY GY0P) x 1000/AEP)Fertilizer K = (GY x RIEK KCR KW KOM KS + KL) +((GY GY0K) x

1000/AEK)

GY = Targeted grain yield (t/ha)

RIEP

= Reciprocal internal efficiency (kg P nutrient per t grain)

RIEK = Reciprocal internal efficiency (kg K nutrient per t grain)

KCR and PCR = K and P inputs with retained crop residues (kg/ha)

KOM and POM = K and P inputs from added organic materials (kg/ha)

KW = K input with irrigation water (kg/ha)

KL = K loss by percolation or leaching (kg/ha)

PS and KS = threshold limits for draw down of soil P and K reserves (kg/ha)

GY0P = P-limited yield (t/ha)

GY0K = K-limited yield (t/ha)

AEP = Agronomic efficiency of fertilizer P (kg grain yield increase/kg P applied)

AEK = Agronomic efficiency of fertilizer K (kg grain yield increase/kg K applied)

Source: Buresh et al. 2010

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Major uncertainty in P and K

management

What is the scientific basis for recommending P

and K rates that increase profitability by

applying less nutrient than removed by the crop,

especially when yield gain from the addednutrient is negligible

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Fertilizer cost in 2008 with BRRI

recommendation for aman (Comilla)

Nutrient Source Rate

(kg/ha)

Source cost

(taka/kg)

Cost (taka/ha)

N Urea 167 12 2004

P TSP 50 40 2000

K MOP 50 35 1750S gypsum 45 6 270

Zn Zinc sulfate 5 90 450

Assume farmer receives 12 taka/kg for rice

Cost of all fertilizer = 6474 taka/ha = 0.54 t/ha rice




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Transform science into locally

adapted decision making tools

� Nutrient Manager ± Provides field-specific

guidelines for extension

workers, crop advisors,

and farmers ± Uses IT to provide

needed information

± Tailored to countries

and regions

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How does the Nutrient Manager

decision tool work?

� The decision tool presents a farmer or extension

worker with 10 to 15 easy-to-answer questions

about their rice field

� The farmer or extension worker responds to the

questions in less than 15 minutes

� The farmer or extension worker then receives a

nutrient management guideline tailored to their

specific field and crop-growing conditions

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Extension workers and farmers will be

able to access Nutrient Manager via the

internet and mobile phones

Mobile phone via

Web connection

Computer via

Web connection

Nutrient

Manager

Web

Nutrient

Manager

Mobile

Mobile phone

SMS compatibleNutrient

Manager

Text

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Based on answers to a few simple

questions, a farmer receives a nutrient

management guideline for their rice field

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Nutrient Manager Text version uses

interactive voice response (IVR)

Apply 3.5 bags 14-14-14

w/in 14 days after transplanting (DAT); 1 bag

urea at 23 to 27 DAT;1.5

bags urea at 33 to 37 DAT

� The user calls a toll-free number to access the software.

� Once connected, a voice prompt instructs the caller to

select statements describing his/her field conditions by

pressing the number on the phone.

� After all statements are answered, the field-specificfertilizer guideline is sent as a text message.

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Nutrient Manager decision tool for rice in Bangladesh

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Nutrient Manager for Rice

English version

f

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page 1

N t i t M f Ri

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page 1

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Nutrient

Manager for

Ricepage 2

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Nutrient Manager for Rice output

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Nutrient Manager for Rice page 1,

selection of cropping system

Aman

Boro

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Nutrient Manager for Ri ce page 2,

se le ction of LCC u se

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output with LCC

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Nutrient Manager for Rice page 2,

selection of organic materials

f

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output with organic material

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Internet, mobile phones, and videos

can help accelerate delivery of

nutrient management technologies

Science-based principles can be used

to µdetermine¶ and µcompute¶ locally-adapted recommendations for specific

fields

Documents

Ibo Ssnm 09 June 11