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Cold War Origins of the Cold War (1945-49) A. Early Hostilities during WWII (tension between US and USSR) i. Different ideologies/civil war Communism Capitalism Business Govt, spreading wealth Private, making as much $$ as they want Religion Not allowed Allowed Media Censored, govt-run radios and tv Personal freedom Elections Only communist party Different parties Social life Govt is involved in every aspect of life People have freedom in life – to compete, succeed Conflicting ideologies started competing for followers 1918-21 : Civil War ravaged Russia o Lenin doesn’t have control over USSR o Allied power (BR and US) not happy o GE turned to western front to fight o Allied powers felt betrayed by communist Russians Tried to get rid of comm right after ww1 Ever since comm began, allied powers did not like comm. distrust ii. Shifting Alliances/appeasement/league of nations Stalin allies with Hitler o US and Western EU did not trust him then RU doesn’t trust west o Because of relations of allied powers with H RU felt west had prejudice towards Communist Soviet o Blocked them from joining LON Thus, no faith in alliances 1

IB History Origins of Cold War

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These were my previous notes on the Origins of Cold War. They might've been typed up in shorthand so if there's a need for further clarification, please email me at [email protected] . Thank you and hope it helps!

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Page 1: IB History Origins of Cold War

Cold War

Origins of the Cold War (1945-49)A. Early Hostilities during WWII (tension between US and USSR)

i. Different ideologies/civil war

Communism CapitalismBusiness Govt, spreading wealth Private, making as much $$ as

they wantReligion Not allowed AllowedMedia Censored, govt-run radios and tv Personal freedomElections Only communist party Different partiesSocial life Govt is involved in every aspect

of lifePeople have freedom in life – to compete, succeed

Conflicting ideologies started competing for followers 1918-21 : Civil War ravaged Russia

o Lenin doesn’t have control over USSRo Allied power (BR and US) not happyo GE turned to western front to fighto Allied powers felt betrayed by communist Russians

Tried to get rid of comm right after ww1 Ever since comm began, allied powers did not like comm. distrust

ii. Shifting Alliances/appeasement/league of nations

Stalin allies with Hitlero US and Western EU did not trust him then

RU doesn’t trust westo Because of relations of allied powers with H

RU felt west had prejudice towards Communist Sovieto Blocked them from joining LON

Thus, no faith in alliances

iii. Delayed assistance

3 years before D-Day (27 mil die in USSR while US & BR doesn’t do anything)

US & USSR Superpowers

Due to military strength – atomic bomb/ economically strongest/ politically strongest (many allies)

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Cold War

Conferences1. Tehran Conference, 1943

2. Yalta Conference, Feb 1945 o Happened in USSRo BIG THREE = CHURCHILL, ROOSEVELT AND STALIN

Experienced veterans Roosevelt –very sick, died soon after

Wanted democracy and liberty Trusted Stalin

Churchill – strong-anticommunist Doesn’t trust Stalin Worried about future EU and doesn’t want expansionist USSR

Stalin – strong racist against GE Punish and destroy GE

Discussionso Germany

To be run as one Policies collectively decided by allies ‘temporary’ governing

o State of War GE on verge of being defeated 2nd front opened

o Poland USSR took ½ of Poland in exchange for ‘free elections’ Poland’s borders move West and take territory from GE ‘London Poles’ – Polish members who ran to London to be safe

Tried to oversee matters from far Some Poles wanted them to govern again However, there are the comm Lublin Poles

o Causing internal struggle Fought amongst themselves USSR did not help because if they did, Warsaw would be

liberated and become democratic Thus, 300 000 died while Stalin did nothing to stop

it

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Cold War

o Eastern EU ‘free elections’ everywhere and Stalin agrees to this

o Japan Stalin agreed to go to war with Japan As ‘reward’, demanded territory

o United Nations US, Br and USSR members

Ensure security Conclusion!

o Agreement on UNo Soviet agreement to join war against JPo Signed ‘Declaration of Liberated Europe’ – free elections

Developments between Yalta and Potsdam

Roosevelt died, Truman takes overo Inexperiencedo More aggressive and tough

Churchill not re-elected, Clement Atlee takes over War in EU over USSR still all over Eastern EU Day after Potsdam, USA successfully tested its first atomic bomb

o BR being told about it but didn’t tell Stalin (Stalin, however, already knew)

3. Potsdam Conference, July 1945 Generally bad-tempered conference, no compromise Stalin, Clement Atlee and Truman Held in GE

Discussions

Germanyo Agreed to disarm, demilitarize, de-Nazify

Couldn’t agree howo Soviets took reparations from other zones

West – 25% of industrial East – agriculture/ got food

Poland:o Truman doesn’t agree with borders established at Yaltao Also doesn’t agree the ‘Lublin Poles’ running govto Everyone thinks Stalin just wants more terrirtory

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Cold War

Stalin insists it’s for security - protection from GE like WW1 and WW2 Eastern EU

o Red army stays there Truman worries Stalin takes over them

o ‘Percentage Agreement’ Between C & S – on their influence on Eastern EU

o Japan Did not encourage Soviets to join war USA bombs JP – Hiroshima & Nagasaki

o United Nations Power of veto for all

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Cold War

1945-47: Soviet Takeover of Eastern EU

1946: Long Telegram

1946: Iron Curtain Speech

1947: Truman Doctrine

1948: Marshall Plan/Comecon (1949)

1948-49: Berlin Blockade and Airlift

1949: Formation of NATO

1955: Warsaw Pact

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Cold War

Policy of Containment (POC) in Asia

Korean War China Japan Taiwan Vietnam War

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Cold War

Korean War (1950-53)Background

Russo-JP war in 1905o JP wono Humiliating for USSR

Gained territory = KOREA! Kept it as their bread basket and took all raw materials from them Koreans RAWWRRR!!!

But they remain under JP until end of WW2 After WW2, Korea free

o Because of USSR and USo Stalin then tried to take Korea

Aug 6, 1945 – First A-bomb dropped

Aug 8, 1945 – RU soldier sent to fight

Aug 9, 1945 – Second A-bomb dropped

Red Army soldiers went into the North Korea and Americans come in by boat – taking Southo Liberating Korea – making JP surrender

Americans then decided to divide Korea into twoo 38th parallel – line dividing Koreao Stalin agrees with thiso Reasons

Korea needed help after being occupied for so long US & USSR occupies it ‘temporary’

o Problem? South – agriculture North – industry

Less likely to work together

Aug 14, 1945 – JP Surrender

North Koreao Happy to be liberated by RUo Liked Comm

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Cold War

o Stalin nationalises industry Korean-state owned industrieso Land reforms – equal for everyoneo Elections – Comm Koreans in power and ALL JP eliminatedo Leader? KIM IL SUNG

South Koreao US poorly prepared

Leaves JP there Military units took charge – unpopular amongst people US did not want to be there long – get UN to take over

This keeps Korea divided US have puppet leader: RHEE

1948 – 2 countries officially created

Democratic Republic of Korea (North) Republic of Korea (South)

Americans and Russians leave. Kim then wants to take power of the whole country.

1949:

Berlin blockade done China becomes comm USSR develops A-bomb US not interested in Korea

o This makes Stalin feel confident

1950:

N Korea attacks S Korea Kim has Stalin’s support (provide weapons) But Stalin doesn’t publicly get involved

NSC-68:

Report written by an American Purpose: increase military spending in US Saying USSR very well-armed Beginnings of Arms Race

o Report ignored at firsto Soon realised comm takeover

Report = extremely exaggerated

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Cold War

Nonetheless, report passedo Increased military spendingo Became more aggressive

Next level of POLICY OF CONTAINMENT

America develops tactic – goes to UN for help

UN countries agreed to get involved in Korea 16 nations create coalition to fight BUT majority of soldiers were American, led by general Douglas McArthur

Stages

1. N Korea invade S Korea Takes almost all over

2. Americans come in, close to 38th parallel and enters enemy’s territory3. US strong – push N Korea past 38th parallel

McArthur then becomes confident about winning4. Chinese come to Korea to help N Korea, pushing S Korea back

McArthur then insists on dropping A-bomb on China – this causes everyone to be worried.

Truman disagrees and said use DIPLOMATIC PRESSURE. McArthur said Truman weak.

1951: Truman fires McArthur

1952-3: Fighting continues

Americans fighting a stalemate N and S Korea both militarised their borders at 38th parallel

1953: UN proposes an armistice

Negotiates peace treaty Problem? Both sides very difficult to negotiate with and didn’t sign peace treaty

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In the end,

o US felt like they won with Policy of Containment but failed to push back communismo Koreans :/o USSR – lost some prestigeo China and N Korea felt that Stalin could’ve done moreo Unknown war: no one really knew the purpose of war

However! JP benefitted from war

o US helped rebuild JP as they used it as baseo BUT 10 million died and Korea destroyed!!!!!!

Extra notes:

DOMINO THEORY – refers to communism spreading in Asia SEATO formed - to fight communism in Asia

o Caused China to be diplomatically isolatedo Taiwan well-protected

Korean Waro US stopped policy of containmento INSTEAD, uses Eisenhower’s policy of ‘massive retaliation’ – use of nuclear armso Proved UN capable to taking action

US military expenditure – from 13 billion to 50 billion per year

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Korea (success + failure in POC) Success in P.O.C. Failure in “roll back” of communism Cost US alot

o $$o Deaths

Thus, not popular back home Military spending UP! = beginnings of arms race

Japan (success in POC) US wanted to destroy JP after WW2

o Changed mindo Scared if JP weak, they’d fall to communismo Thus, made JP allies

US actionso Punished military leaders of countryo Created new constitution – increased democracyo Made JP anti-comm, as a threat to China

‘red purge’ = eliminated all comm from govto Used JP as base

Thus, helped JP rebuild – economically and militarily Successful!!!!!!

o Strong militaryo Strong economy – ‘economic miracle’o JP traditionally more conservativeo JP allowed US to do anything to help

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Taiwan (success in POC) When Mao takes over China, Comm defeated nationalists

o Nationalist escape to Taiwano Fortify island from Chinao US did not really care

Realised Taiwan not commo Taiwan = only official Chinese state (acknowledged by west)o Sent US fleet to protect them

Eisenhower threatened China to use nuclear power if China attacked Taiwano China backed downo Thus, ‘brinkmanship’ = scaring them= worked

Success in P.O.C.

Vietnam (failure) – 1955-75 Cambodia + Laos + N Vietnam = Indo China (under FR)

o JP went here and took over in WW2o After ww2, Indo China liberated and JP left

Thought they were free but FR wanted them back Indo Chinese people :/ cause they fought for their freedom

Ho Chi Minh – set up Viet Minh (fought against colonialism + JP)

1946-54: Vietnamese continued to fight against FR

Communism appealed to these countries as they were anti-colonialism US tried to help FR get Vietnam back – give $$ Viet Cong (fought against America, were pro-Communist and hated Diem)

At the beginning,

Kennedy sent 400 US advisors to Vietnam and increased to 1600o E.g. of POC

Ho Chi Minh – turned to communism Military aid sent to FR to defeat Viet Minh

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o E.g. of POC

Geneva Accords (1954)

Ends war between Vietnam and FRo FR withdraws from Indo Chinao Temporarily divides Vietnam = 17th parallelo Ho controls north (comm)

1955 – BEGINNINGS OF WAR (unite north and south)

US attempts at stopping commo Established SEATO

Met together if there’s an armed attack Laos and Cambodia included, despite defying geneva accords

o US sent aid of million dollars to Diem (south leader)o More US advisors sento Democratic leader in southo Gave training to Vietnamese armies to prevent war

BUT despite all this...o Diem – unpopular, corrupted, refused to give ‘free elections’o US agreed not to hold elections

Confirm Ho Chi Minh would win Ensure comm did not spread Kennedy = ‘flexible response to Communism’

Strategic Hamlets Program – get rid of Vietcongs in South Encourage Diem to intro unpopular reforms Introduces ‘green berets’ – special US fighters

o Did all this to prevent war and hope people would be won over by Diem

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Uprisings in Eastern EU When Stalin takes over Eastern EU, he:

o Established one-party rule o Nationalisation of enterprise o Established 5-yr planso Collectivization’o Intergration of economy o Social and ideological controlo Censorhipo Suppression of religious freedomo Political purges

Uprising in GE (1953)

1953, Stalin dies First uprising behind Iron Curtain Difficultly in USSR finding leader power vacuum 1956, Khrushchev becomes leader

o Total opp of Stalino De-Stalinized the countryo Gave secret speech in Politburo

Denounced Stalin – reveal trutho “There are different roads to communism”

Shows his flexibility + openness + less radical GE starts going on strike against East GE leader Problems in E GE

o Mass exodus to Westo USSr told Ulbricht to be more lenient

Red Army comes in and suppresses strikeo Embarrassing – showed people didn’t want communism

Uprising in Poland (1956)

Began with a strike Gomulka: preferred by Polish, wanted to come to power Red army about to attack BUT Gomulka talked him into letting him be in power

o 1st time USSR compromise Successful for both side

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Uprising in Hungary (1956)

Similar to Poland I. Nagy wanted to come to power

o Becomes more radical by Allowing diff political parties Withdraw red army Defy warsaw pact

o Red army comes in and put down this uprisingo I. Nagy executed

US doesn’t do anything to help = failure of POC

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Berlin WallBackground

Mainly young and skilled E Berliners left West Berlin – propaganda & spies

o US flaunting capitalismo US spies in East Berlin

Khrushchevo Wants to take over all of Berlino Keeps insisting and threatens to do various thingso Berlin = source of tensiono No one wanted to start a war OR appear weak

Reasons Khrushchev did this:o Fear that W. GE rearms with nuclear weaponso Failures of E GE economyo Pressure from Ulbricht

Khrushchev dropped ultimatum

Geneva Summit (1959) – no agreement on GE

Parris Summit (1960) – cancelled because USSR shot American U2 spy plane. No agreement

Khrushchev tires to meet with JFK after Einsenhower

JFK – young and inexperienced Believed he could then get Berlin

JFK = ‘Flexible Response”o Spending more $$ on conventional forceso Build more nuclear bombso Continue with CIAo Give economic acido Continue negotiation with USSR

Vienna Summit (1961) - Kennedy and Khrushchev meet for first time

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Kennedy:o Bay of pigs invasion – failed to overthrow comm leader in Cuba

Khrushchev renewed his ultimatum on Berlino Kennedy turns it down

o “Berlin is an island of freedom in a Communist sea”o “...a beacon of hope behind the Iron Curtain”o US military spending UP!

THE WALL

In one day, 40 000 people leave E Berlin So 13th Aug 1961, border of Berlin, barbed wire erected Wall – all around W Berlin enclose

Meaning of wall

For Khrushchevo Comm propaganda failo Managed to regain control over situation & Ulbricht

For Ulbrichto Helped him consolidate Comm control in GDR

Berliners

o“front line of Cold War”

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Cold War

Arms Race Massive retaliation

o Idea by US govt when they had A-bombs + H-bombso Used these to threaten other countrieso Extreme solutions to small problems

Space raceo Tech developing for space

Missile gapo US and USSR felt like there was a huge gap in weaponaryo Basically, feat of being behind

So both continuously built more

Deterrento Stop violence and avoid war

Mutually assured destruction (MAD)o Threaten in extreme measureso Both destroyed

Arms Race of who had it first:US A-bombUS H-bomb

USSR ICBM (intercontinental ballistic missiles)USSR Satellites (sputnik)USSR 1st man in space

US ABMs (anti-ballistic missiles)US MIRVs (multiple independent re-entry vehicle)

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U2 Incident 1960 Under Einsenhower, he wanted to spy on USSR

o US wanted “open skies” over USSRo Illegal to fly over other countries to spy

About 4 years before, CIA sent U2 planes to take close-up pictureso USSR left them as they had no missiles

Gary Powerso USSR managed to shoot him down

US lied about GP but Khrushchev exposed himo Big embarrassment

TENSION!!!! Another characteristic of CW = spying!

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Cold War

Cold War HistoriographyIn accordance with the _____________ view,

Orthodox: o Stalin and Communism were responsible to Cold Waro It was expansionist

Revisionist:o Emerged from Americanso US didn’t realise how weak USSR was and how much stronger they wereo Americans had economic boom AND nuclear monopolyo Stalin was just being defensive

Post-revisionist:o Cold war = result of mutual misunderstanding and overreactions due to fear from both

sideso USSR’s need for securityo Defensive measures by one power were often seen as offensive by the other

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