IB DP BIOLOGY HL/SL · Web viewD.They inhibit the antigen-antibody reaction. (Total 1 mark) 7. What is required to produce monoclonal antibodies? A.T-lymphocytes and oocytes B.T-lymphocytes

1. What prevents antibiotics from being effective against viruses?

A. Viruses have a high rate of mutation.

B. Viruses have no RNA.

C. Viruses have no metabolism.

D. Viruses have a protein shell that protects them.(Total 1 mark)

IB Questionbank Biology 1

2. The diagram below shows some stages in the production of monoclonal antibodies. What are stages X, Y and Z?

[Used with the permission of Access Excellence @ the National Health Museum]

X Y Z

A. injection of antibody isolation of B-cell fusion between B-cell and tumour cell resulting in plasma cell

B. injection of antibody isolation of T-cell fusion between T-cell and tumour cell resulting in plasma cell

C. injection of antigen isolation of T-cell fusion between T-cell and tumour cell resulting in hybridoma cell

D. injection of antigen isolation of B-cell fusion between B-cell and tumour cell resulting in hybridoma cell

(Total 1 mark)


3. How can active immunity be acquired?

A. By having the disease

B. Injection of antibodies

C. Through colostrum

D. Via placenta(Total 1 mark)

4. What are fused in the production of monoclonal antibodies?

A. Tumour cells and T-cells

B. Tumour cells and B-cells

C. B-cells and T-cells

D. Antibodies and antigens(Total 1 mark)

5. Where in a cell are antigens found?

A. In the nucleus

B. In the cytoplasm

C. In the plasma membrane

D. On the surface of the Golgi apparatus(Total 1 mark)


6. How do vaccines give immunity to infectious diseases?

A. They kill pathogenic microbes.

B. They produce an immune response.

C. They contain antibodies against pathogens.

D. They inhibit the antigen-antibody reaction.(Total 1 mark)

7. What is required to produce monoclonal antibodies?

A. T-lymphocytes and oocytes

B. T-lymphocytes and early embryo cells

C. B-lymphocytes and tumour cells

D. B-lymphocytes and stem cells(Total 1 mark)

8. When a pathogen is ingested by a phagocyte, which event occurs first?

A. T-cell activation

B. Memory cell proliferation

C. Antigen presentation by the phagocyte

D. B-cell activation(Total 1 mark)


9. Which cells activate helper T-cells by antigen presentation?

A. B-cells

B. Bacteria

C. Macrophages

D. Plasma cells(Total 1 mark)

10. What name is given to the molecules that bind to foreign proteins that enter the body?

A. Antigens

B. Antibodies

C. Allergens

D. Antibiotics(Total 1 mark)

11. (a) Define the term passive immunity.

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(b) State one use of monoclonal antibodies in diagnosis.

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(c) Define the term pathogen.

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(d) Outline why antibiotics are effective against bacteria but not against viruses.

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(Total 5 marks)

12. HIV was discovered in 1981 and is now one of the most serious causes of disease in the world.It causes the immune system to fail, leaving the patient vulnerable to other infections.

(a) Distinguish between active immunity and passive immunity as a defence against disease.

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(b) Outline how monoclonal antibodies are produced.

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(c) Discuss how the HIV virus is transmitted.

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(d) Explain why antibiotics are ineffective against viruses.


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(Total 8 marks)

13. (a) Describe the transmission of malaria.

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(b) Discuss the prion hypothesis.

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(Total 7 marks)


14. Up to two additional marks are available for the construction of your answers.(2)

(a) Outline the role of the skin in temperature regulation.(5)

(b) Outline the role of hormones in the process of birth in humans.(4)

(c) Explain the principles of vaccination.(9)

(Total 20 marks)

15. Outline the roles of gastric acid and Helicobacter pylori in the development of stomach ulcers and stomach cancers.

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16. Up to two additional marks are available for the construction of your answers.


(2)

(a) Draw a labelled diagram of a mature sperm cell.(4)

(b) Outline the role of hormones in the menstrual cycle.(6)

(c) Discuss the cause, transmission and social implications of AIDS.(8)

(Total 20 marks)


(a) Outline how antibiotic resistance in bacteria can arise in response to environmental change.

(5)

(b) Outline the principle of immunity.(6)

(c) Discuss the benefits and dangers of vaccination.(7)

(Total 20 marks)



(a) Draw a labelled diagram of the heart showing the chambers, associated blood vessels and valves.

(4)

(b) Describe the processes involved in blood clotting.(6)

(c) Discuss the benefits and risks associated with vaccination programmes.(8)

(Total 20 marks)


19. Neutrophils are a primary defence against bacterial and fungal infection. This defence involves both phagocytosis and hydrogen peroxide production. If there is an excess production of hydrogen peroxide, tissue damage may occur.

In hospitals, intravenous feeding of patients is often necessary and lipids form an essential part of the solutions used. A study was undertaken to measure the impact of two different types of lipid solutions on the activity of neutrophils in blood samples and on their production of hydrogen peroxide. The two lipid solutions were tested at two different concentrations,0.06 mg cm–3 (Graph A) and 0.6 mg cm–3 (Graph B). The control has no lipid solutions.

[Source: Björn Jüttner, Janina Kröplin, Sina M Coldewey, Lars Witt, Wilhelm A Osthaus, Christian Weilbach, Dirk Scheinichen. 2008. “Unsaturated long-chain fatty acids induce the respiratory burst of human neutrophils and monocytes in whole blood.” Nutrition & Metabolism. Vol 5. P 19. © 2008 Jüttner et al; licensee BioMed Central Ltd]

(a) Identify the maximum percentage value of neutrophils producing hydrogen peroxide for the LCT-MCT solution at 0.06 mg cm–3.

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(b) Compare the effects of the two different lipid solutions at the two different concentrations on the percentage of neutrophils producing hydrogen peroxide.

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(c) Suggest why the addition of an increasing concentration of lipid into a hydrophilic medium, such as the intravenous feeding solution, may be a problem.

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(d) Evaluate the data in terms of decisions for the intravenous feeding of patients.

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(Total 8 marks)


20. Antibiotic peptides occur naturally on the surface of human skin. One of these peptides, called LL-37, and three other similar synthetic peptides were investigated to assess both their antibiotic properties and effect on human cells.

The graphs show the antibiotic effect of the peptides against two microbes, S. aureus and C. albicans. The technique involves measuring the inhibition of growth of the microbes.

1 0 1 0

10 0 1 0 04 02 054 02 05

8

6

4

2

8

6

4

2

S . a ureus C . a lb ican s

Am

ount

of i

nhib

ition

/ ar

bitra

ry u

nits

P e p tid e co n c en tra tio n / m o l d m – 3

K ey forp ep t ides:

L L G G K E F K R L L -3 7

[Source: T Sigurdardottir, et al., (2006), Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, 50 (9), pages 29832989]

(a) Describe the effect of the FKR on C. albicans.

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(b) Compare the effects of the peptide LLG on S. aureus and C. albicans.

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(c) Evaluate the effectiveness of LL-37 against the two microbes.

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There is concern that the peptides could damage living human cells. One form of damage is fragmentation of DNA. Human cells were incubated for 16 hours with each peptide at varying concentrations. The amount of DNA fragmentation was measured.

8 0 8 0 8 0 8 02 0622 0622 0622 062

2 5

2 0

1 5

1 0

5

0

P ep tid e co nc en tra tio n / m o l d m –3

DN

A fr

agm

enta

tion

/ x-f

old

incr

ease

ove

r con

trol

L L -3 7 L L G G K E F K R

[Source: T Sigurdardottir, et al, (2006), Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, 50 (9), pages 29832989]

(d) State which peptide causes the least damage to DNA.

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(e) Calculate the percentage increase in DNA damage that results when the concentration of LL-37 increases from 2 mol dm–3 to 6 mol dm–3. Show your working.

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(f) Discuss the hypothesis that synthetic peptides are most suitable for controlling S. aureus infection inside the human body.

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The shape of the secondary structure of a peptide can be predicted from its amino acid composition. The figure shows the theoretical likelihood of the peptide LL-37 forming an -helix, based on the properties and position of its 37 amino acids.

1 5

1 0

5

0

Poss

ibili

ty o

f for

min

g -h

elix

/ar

bitra

ry u

nits

α

N u m b e r o f a m in o ac id s

3 02 01 0

[Source: T Sigurdardottir, et al., (2006), Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, 50 (9), pages 2983–2989]

(g) In addition to the -helix, state a type of shape commonly formed as the secondary structure of proteins.

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(h) Analyse the data to determine the region of LL-37 most likely to form a helical shape.

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(i) Draw and label the structure of a peptide bond between two amino acids.(2)

(Total 19 marks)

21. The diagrams show the death rate in January from influenza in Canada and the United Kingdom

(UK). Canada is a very large, sparsely populated country. The United Kingdom is a densely populated island.

C a n ad a

2 0

1 5

1 0

5

0

U n ited K in gd om

8 0

6 0

4 0

2 0

0

Dea

th ra

te fr

om

infu

enza

per

10

0 00

0 in

habi

tant

s

Dea

th ra

te fr

om

infu

enza

per

10

0 00

0 in

habi

tant

s

Jan 19 51

Jan 195 3

Jan 19 55

Jan 195 7

Jan 195 9

Jan 1 961

Jan 1 963

Jan 196 5

Jan 196 7

Jan 1 969

Jan 197 1

Jan 1951

Jan 195 3

Jan 1 955

Jan 195 7

Jan 19 59

Jan 19 61

Jan 19 63

Jan 1 965

Jan 1 967

Jan 1969

Jan 1971

W in te r sea so n

W in te r seaso n

[Source: G Vihoud, et al., (2006), Emerging Infectious Diseases, 12, (4), pages 661668]

(a) (i) Identify the year in which there were no observed deaths from influenza in either country.

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(ii) Calculate the total number of deaths from influenza in 1968 in Canada assuming


the population size was 19.8 million.

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(b) Compare the death rates between Canada and the United Kingdom between 1953 and 1963.

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(c) Suggest two reasons for the differences in observed death rates in 1951 between Canada and the United Kingdom.

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(Total 7 marks)


Documents

IB DP BIOLOGY HL/SL · Web viewD.They inhibit the antigen-antibody reaction. (Total 1 mark) 7. What is required to produce monoclonal antibodies? A.T-lymphocytes and oocytes B.T-lymphocytes